GEODETSKA (R)EVOLUCIJA

Daniel Steudler MODERN LAND ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS AND

STATUS IN SWITZERLAND SODOBNI SISTEMI ZEMLJIKE ADMINISTRACIJE IN

STANJE V VICI

Massimiliano Basso, Alberto Beinat, Fabio Crosilla, Sergio Lunazzi, Roberto Piuzzo CADASTRAL AND LAND REGISTRY UPGRADING ACTI-

VITIES IN FRIULI VENEZIA GIULIA, ITALY DEJAVNOSTI NA PODROJU RAZVOJA KATASTRA IN

ZEMLJIKE KNJIGE V FURLANIJI JULIJSKI KRAJINI, ITALIJA

Olaf Magnus stensen NORWAY DIGITAL THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL

LAND SURVEY SERVICES IN THE NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE IN NORWAY

NORWAY DIGITAL VLOGA DRAVNE GEODETSKE UPRAVE V DRAVNI PROSTORSKI PODATKOVNI INFRASTRUKTURI NA NORVEKEM

Markus Seifert THE NEW AAA-STANDARD OPPORTUNITIES AND

CHALLENGES FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONS IN GERMANY NOVI STANDARD AAA PRILONOSTI IN IZZIVI ZA

JAVNO UPRAVO V NEMIJI

Miodrag Roi STATUS AND CHALLENGES OF GEODESY IN CROATIA STANJE IN IZZIVI GEODEZIJE NA HRVAKEM

Bojan Stopar, Jurij Reek, arko Komadina, Klemen Medved,Sandi Berk, Katja Bajec, Katja Oven, Boo Koler, Tilen Urbani, Miran Kuhar, , Polona Pavlovi Preeren, Oskar Sterle AKTIVNOSTI PRI VZPOSTAVITVI SODOBNEGA GEODET-

SKEGA REFERENNEGA SISTEMA V SLOVENIJI RECENT ACTIVITIES TOWARDS A MODERN GEODETIC

REFERENCE SYSTEM IN SLOVENIA

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ZBORNIK POSVETA 43. GEODETSKEGA DNE

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 43RD SLOVENIAN SURVEYING DAY

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Kritof Otir UPORABA SATELITSKIH POSNETKOV ZA OPAZOVA-

NJE ZEMLJE APPLICATION OF SATELLITE IMAGERY FOR EARTH

OBSERVATION

Mihaela Triglav ekada, Vasja Bric, Domen Mongus NAPREDNE ANALIZE POVRJA S PODATKI LASER-

SKEGA SKENIRANJA SLOVENIJE LASER SCANNING OF SLOVENIA FOR ADVANCED

LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS

Mojca Kosmatin Fras, Rok Vali, Matej Bone, Marko Mesari UPORABA MALIH BREZPILOTNIH LETALNIKOV ZA

ZAJEM PROSTORSKIH PODATKOV USE OF SMALL UNMANNED VEHICLES FOR SPATIAL

DATA ACQUISITION

Toma Petek, Jurij Mlinar PROGRAM PROJEKTOV ePROSTOR eSPATIAL PROGRAMME

Joc Triglav KAVELJ 22, GEODETI IN GEOPROSTORSKI PODATKI CATCH-22, LAND SURVEYORS AND GEOSPATIAL

DATA

Roman Novak, Andrej Mesner, Matej Kovai DELOVANJE GEODETSKE SLUBE V SAMOSTOJNI

SLOVENIJI FUNCTIONS OF THE PUBLIC SURVEYING SERVICE

IN THE INDEPENDENT SLOVENIA

Anka Lisec, Bojan Stopar, Mojca Kosmatin Fras, Marjan eh, Toma Petek PRILONOSTI IN IZZIVI JAVNE GEODETSKE SLUBE

V SLOVENIJI OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF THE PUBLIC

SURVEYING SERVICE IN SLOVENIA

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| 1 |Zbornik posveta 43. geodetskega dne | proceedings of the 43rd slovenian surveying day | 2015

Geodetska(r)evolucija

land surveyinG(r)evolution

Univerza v Ljubljani

Fakulteta za gradbenitvo in geodezijo

GEODETSKA (R)EVOLUCIJA

etrtek, 9. april 2015SLAVNOSTNA AKADEMIJA

petek, 10. april 2015STROKOVNI POSVET

Seana, Kosovelov dom

Zbornik posveta 43.geodetskega dne | 2015

proceedings of the 43rd slovenian surveying day | 2015

urednikidr. Anka Lisec

dr. Bojan StoparSandi Berk

dr. Mojca Kosmatin Fras

editorsAnka Lisec, Ph.D.Bojan Stopar, Ph.D.Sandi BerkMojca Kosmatin Fras, Ph.D.

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geodetska (r)evolucija | land surveying (r)evolution | 58/1 |

vseb

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UVODNIK | EDITORIAL

Anka Lisec, Bojan Stopar, Sandi Berk, Mojca Kosmatin Fras 5PREDGOVOR PREfacE

Bla Mozeti 7GEODETSKa (R)EVOLUcIJa LaND SURVEYING (R)EVOLUTION

TUjE IzKUNjE | INTERNATIONAL ExpERIENcE

Daniel Steudler 9MODERN LaND aDMINISTRaTION SYSTEMS aND STaTUS IN SwITzERLaND SODObNI SISTEMI zEMLJIKE aDMINISTRacIJE IN STaNJE V VIcI

Massimiliano Basso, Alberto Beinat, Fabio Crosilla, Sergio Lunazzi, Roberto Piuzzo 11caDaSTRaL aND LaND REGISTRY UPGRaDING acTIVITIES INfRIULI VENEzIa GIULIa, ITaLYDEJaVNOSTI Na PODROJU RazVOJa KaTaSTRa IN zEMLJIKE KNJIGEV fURLaNIJI JULIJSKI KRaJINI, ITaLIJa

Olaf Magnus stensen 23NORwaY DIGITaL ThE ROLE Of ThE NaTIONaL LaND SURVEY SERVIcES IN ThE NaTIONaL SPaTIaL DaTa INfRaSTRUcTURE IN NORwaY NORwaY DIGITaL VLOGa DRaVNE GEODETSKE UPRaVE V DRaVNI PROSTORSKIPODaTKOVNI INfRaSTRUKTURI Na NORVEKEM

Markus Seifert 27ThE NEw aaa-STaNDaRD OPPORTUNITIES aND chaLLENGESfOR PUbLIc aDMINISTRaTIONS IN GERMaNYNOVI STaNDaRD aaa PRILONOSTI IN IzzIVI za JaVNO UPRaVO V NEMIJI

VSEBINA cONTENTS

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geodetska (r)evolucija | land surveying (r)evolution| 58/1 |

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s Miodrag Roi 35STaTUS aND chaLLENGES Of GEODESY IN cROaTIaSTaNJE IN IzzIVI GEODEzIJE Na hRVaKEM

STANjE IN pRILONOSTI V SLOVENIjI | STATE AND chALLENgES IN SLOVENIA

Bojan Stopar, Jurij Reek, arko Komadina, Klemen Medved, Sandi Berk, Katja Bajec, Katja Oven, Boo Koler,Tilen Urbani, Miran Kuhar, Polona Pavlovi Preeren, Oskar Sterle 37

aKTIVNOSTI PRI VzPOSTaVITVI SODObNEGa GEODETSKEGa REfERENNEGaSISTEMa V SLOVENIJI REcENT acTIVITIES TOwaRDS a MODERN GEODETIc REfERENcE SYSTEMIN SLOVENIa

Kritof Otir 57UPORaba SaTELITSKIh POSNETKOV za OPazOVaNJE zEMLJEaPPLIcaTION Of SaTELLITE IMaGERY fOR EaRTh ObSERVaTION

Mihaela Triglav ekada, Vasja Bric, Domen Mongus 59NaPREDNE aNaLIzE POVRJa S PODaTKI LaSERSKEGa SKENIRaNJa SLOVENIJELaSER ScaNNING Of SLOVENIa fOR aDVaNcED LaNDScaPE aNaLYSIS

Mojca Kosmatin Fras, Rok Vali, Matej Bone, Marko Mesari 67UPORaba MaLIh bREzPILOTNIh LETaLNIKOV za zaJEM PROSTORSKIh PODaTKOV USE Of SMaLL UNMaNNED VEhIcLES fOR SPaTIaL DaTa acqUISITION

Toma Petek, Jurij Mlinar 78PROGRaM PROJEKTOV ePROSTOR eSPaTIaL PROGRaMME

Joc Triglav 87KaVELJ 22, GEODETI IN GEOPROSTORSKI PODaTKIcaTch-22, LaND SURVEYORS aND GEOSPaTIaL DaTa

Roman Novak, Andrej Mesner, Matej Kovai 100DELOVaNJE GEODETSKE SLUbE V SaMOSTOJNI SLOVENIJI fUNcTIONS Of ThE PUbLIc SURVEYING SERVIcE IN ThE INDEPENDENT SLOVENIa

Anka Lisec, Bojan Stopar, Mojca Kosmatin Fras, Marjan eh, Toma Petek 109PRILONOSTI IN IzzIVI JaVNE GEODETSKE SLUbE V SLOVENIJI OPPORTUNITIES aND chaLLENGES Of ThE PUbLIc SURVEYING SERVIcE IN SLOVENIa

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Anka Lisec, Bojan Stopar, Sandi Berk, Mojca Kosmatin Frasuredniki

predgovor pREfAcE

Geodetski dan velja v Sloveniji za osrednje sreanje geodetov in strokovnjakov, ki se v svojem poslovnem svetu sreujejo z geodezijo ali s podroji, povezanimi z geodezijo. Letna sreanja so namenjena predstavitvi novosti v stroki, izobraevanju, izmenjavi in oblikovanju novih idej ter seveda tudi druenju. Organizatorji in lani programskega odbora 43. Geodetskega dne smo podobno kot leta poprej poskusili v program vkljuiti aktualne in zanimive teme, ki smo jih zdruili pod naslovom Geodetska (r)evolucija.

Z naslovom dogodka in zbornika smo eleli poudariti, da nao stroko dandanes zaznamu-jejo velike spremembe. Te se ne pojavljajo le na lokalni ali dravni ravni, ampak globalno, na svetovni ravni. Temelj nae stroke pa ostaja geodetska izmera merjenje, prikazovanje in prouevanje Zemlje kot celote ali njenih delov. Naa glavna blagovna znamka, blagovna znamka geodetske stroke, je predstavitev rezultatov izmere entitet v prostoru, skupaj z oceno natannosti in zanesljivosti. Ta skrb za kakovost in verodostojnost naih izdelkov podatkov in izvedenih informacij o prostoru pojasni na mednarodni ravni pogosto poimenovanje geodeta kot zastopnika ali notarja naega planeta. Razvoj informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije, vesoljske tehnologije, avtomatizacija in nove metode pridobivanja prostorskih podatkov prinaajo geodetski stroki tevilne prilonosti. Hkrati je na globalni ravni kot tudi na nacionalnih ravneh opaziti znaten porast dejavnosti na podroju zemljike administracije in upravljanja zemlji, saj je stabilen in kakovosten sistem zemljike administracije kljunega pomena za gospodarski razvoj vsake drube. Ni dvoma, da se geodetska stroka sreuje s tevil-nimi prilonostmi in izzivi. S tega vidika se nam ni treba bati za dobro kondicijo geodetskih organizacij. Toda prilonosti je treba prepoznati in izzivom je treba slediti z jasno vizijo, pri tem pa ne pozabiti na temeljno blagovno znamko stroke.

Upamo, da bo k prepoznavanju prilonosti v geodetski stroki prispeval tudi letonji Geodetski dan, saj so v program predavanj vkljueni cenjeni tuji in domai predavatelji. Prispevke s strokovnega sreanja Geodetskega dneva smo v preteklosti objavili v Geodetskem vestniku, lansko leto pa smo prvi izdali zbornik posveta. Ker je bila ta sprememba sprejeta z velikim

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odni

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ial odobravanjem, smo tudi letos predavatelje povabili k pripravi prispevkov za objavo v zborniku

posveta. Predavatelji so se prijazno odzvali na nae vabilo in nastala je nova publikacija, ki jo boste lahko tudi po posvetu v miru prebirali ne le udeleenci, temve tudi sodelavci, ki se posveta niso udeleili.

V uvodnem delu zbornika so predstavljene tuje izkunje in mednarodni trendi na podroju zemljike administracije in prostorske podatkovne infrastrukture. Poudarek je na predstavitvi dejavnosti javne geodetske slube na teh podrojih in njenem pomenu za drubo in njen razvoj. Predstavitvi mednarodnih trendov na podroju zemljike administracije in izkuenj vice (Sodobni sistemi zemljike administracije in stanje v vici) sledi predstavitev izkuenj kolegov iz Italije na podroju izboljave kakovosti zemljikega katastra (Razvojne dejavnosti na podroju katastra in zemljike registracije v Furlaniji - Julijski krajini, Italija). Norveka je ena izmed vodilnih drav pri razvoju standardov na podroju prostorske podatkovne infrastruk-ture in izvedbe Direktive INSPIRE. Tako so v nadaljevanju predstavljene Norveke izkunje (Norway Digital vloga dravne geodetske uprave v dravni prostorski podatkovni infrastrukturi in zemljiki administraciji na Norvekem). Predstavitev izkuenj pri prenovi konceptualnih in podatkovnih modelov temeljnih geodetskih podatkovnih zbirk v Nemiji (Novi standard AAA prilonosti in izzivi za javno administracijo v Nemiji) je tudi zagotovo zanimiva za nao stroko, ki se ravno zdaj sreuje s temi izzivi. V sklepnem delu tega prvega sklopa predavanj se seznanimo e z izzivi geodetske stroke na Hrvakem (Stanje in izzivi geodezije na Hrvakem), ki so najverjetneje zelo podobni tistim, s katerimi se sreujemo v Sloveniji.

Tudi v Sloveniji se vsakodnevno sreujemo s tevilnimi izzivi v geodetski stroki bodisi zaradi novih tehnologij in reitev ali pa zaradi spremenjenih ali novih zahtev drube, uporabnikov. V prvem delu avtorji predstavljajo dejavnosti in izzive geodetske stroke, ki so povezane z razvojem novih tehnologij in metodologij. V tem sklopu so prispevki: Aktivnosti pri vzpo-stavitvi sodobnega geodetskega referennega sistema v Sloveniji, Uporaba satelitskih posnetkov za opazovanje Zemlje, Napredne analize povrja s podatki laserskega skeniranja Slovenije in Uporaba malih brezpilotnih letalnikov za zajem prostorskih podatkov. Sledi sklop prispevkov, ki obravnava predvsem vlogo in izzive javne geodetske slube v dananjem asu: Program projektov eProstor, Kavelj 22, geodeti in geoprostorski podatki, Delovanje geodetske slube v samostojni Sloveniji in Prilonosti in izzivi javne geodetske slube v Sloveniji.

lani urednikega odbora se zahvaljujemo predavateljem, avtorjem prispevkov, ki ste svoja znanja pripravljeni deliti s strokovno javnostjo. Hvala vsem sodelavcem urednikega odbora in recenzentom, ki ste s svojim delom prispevali h kakovosti publikacije. V naem imenu in v imenu celotnega programskega odbora se ob tej prilonosti zahvaljujemo tudi organizator-jem, sponzorjem in drugim, ki ste prispevali k uspeni izvedbi prireditve in k izdaji zbornika.

Prijetno branje vam elimo.

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Bla Mozetipredsednik Zveze geodetov Slovenije

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Strokovnjaki, ki preuujejo dogajanje v nai preteklosti, se najraje opirajo na materialne in/ali pisne zgodovinske vire. Prvi so seveda najbolj zanesljivi in tudi najbolj zaeleni, medtem ko drugi lahko izkrivljajo sliko zgodovinske realnosti zaradi pisca ali ustvarjalca samega. Skozi tok asa, ki ga zaznamujejo posamezni enkratni dogodki, t. i. revolucije, in dogajanja, ki so se odvijala dalje obdobje, t. i. evolucija, se hitreje ali poasneje briejo sledi lovekovega uma in ustvarjanja. Geodetsko stroko ustvarja lovek. Za to smo najbolj poklicani geodeti, ki pa moramo svoje ideje, koncepte in reitve usklajevati, a vasih al tudi podrediti monostim in priakovanjem gospodarstva in drube nasploh.

Kot stroka, v najirem pomenu te besede, se sreujemo z vpraanjem, kakni dokazi o naem delu bodo ostali za nami, ko bo svoje opravil asovni mlin. Delek odgovora drite v rokah. Zbornik 43. Geodetskega dne z naslovom Geodetska (r)evolucija je delek v mozaiku dokazov, da je geodetska stroka aktivna.

Zbornik ni samo pregled opravljenega dela, ampak je tudi mesto, kjer so nakazani prihodnji strokovni in drubeni izzivi geodetske stroke. Kljune za reevanje izzivov so ideje, ki so pra-viloma vedno revolucionarne. To zadnjo besedo razumite kot predlog hitre, velike, korenite in pomembne spremembe na podroju lovekovega delovanja, kamor sodi tudi geodetska stroka. as, okoliine in zmonosti, ki jih lahko opiemo kot evolucija, pa ele pokaejo uspenost ali neuspenost nae ideje.

Preprian sem, da Zbornik nakazuje odgovor na vpraanje, Ali so revolucionarne ideje e dosegle evolucijsko pozitivne uinke in rezultate v geodetski stroki?, eprav bomo morali na pravi odgovor e poakati in ga prepustiti naim zanamcem, ki ga bodo najbr premlevali in usklajevali tudi na prihodnjih Geodetskih dnevih.

Naj se vam ob branju Zbornika porodi im ve idej!

LAND SURVEYINg (R)

EVOLUTION

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Geodetska (r)evolucija | Land Surveying (R)evolution

ABSTRACT IZVLEEK

ZboRnik poSveta 43. GeodetSkeGa dne | pRoceedinGS of the 43Rd SLovenian SuRveyinG day | 2014

Sodobni katastrski sistemi so pogosta tema medn-arodnih strokovnih in znanstvenih razprav. Medn-arodne organizacije in zdruenja, kot so Medn-arodna zveza geodetov FIG (angl. International Federation of Surveyors), Svetovna banka (angl. World Bank), Organizacija Zdruenih narodov za prehrano in kmetijstvo FAO (angl. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations), podpirajo te dejavnosti tako, da ponujajo prostor za mednarodno izmenjavo in razvoj idej, in to tudi na podroju katastrskih sistemov. Med pomembnejimi publikacijami teh organizacij velja izpostaviti Kataster 2014 in naprej (angl. Cadastre 2014 and Beyond), Prostovoljne smernice upravljanja zemlji (angl. Voluntary Guidelines on Tenure) ter Pros-torsko usposobljena druba (angl. Spatial Enabled Society). Treba je omeniti tudi dejavnosti Komisije 7 pri FIG Kataster in upravljanje zemlji, ki ponuja mednarodni forum za pridobivanje in iz-menjavo znanj o katastru, zemljiki administraciji in upravljanju zemlji, poudarja pomen razvoja trajnostne zemljike administracije kot pomembne infrastrukture za trajnostni razvoj in s tem krepitev gospodarske rasti ter podpira uporabo inovativnih in naprednih tehnologij v katastru in zemljiki admin-

The topic of modern cadastral systems is a common subject of several professional and scientific discus-sions at the international level. International organ-isations and associations, such as the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), the World Bank (WB), and the Food and Agriculture Organisa-tion of the United Nations (FAO), support those activities by providing international platforms to exchange and develop the ideas, also in the field of cadastral systems. Among the important pub-lications of those organisations, the publications Cadastre 2014 and Beyond, Voluntary Guide-lines on Tenure, and Spatial Enabled Society are presented. Furthermore, the activities of the FIG Commission 7 Cadastre and Land Management are to be emphasized. Commission 7 provides an international forum for enhancing and exchanging knowledge about cadastre, land administration and land management, promotes the importance of development of sustainable land administration as infrastructure for sustainable development to underpin economic growth, and promotes the ap-plication of innovative and advanced technology in cadastre and land administration. Special attention is given to the Swiss experiences in the fields of land

Daniel Steudler

SODOBNI SISTEmI zEmLjIKE

ADmINISTRAcIjE IN STANjE V VIcI

mODERN LAND ADmINISTRATION SYSTEmS AND STATUS IN SwITzERLAND

Published Professional conference contribution abstract

Klasifikacija prispevka po cObISS.SI: 1.13

UDK: 528.4:332.2(494)

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| 10 || 10 | Zbornik posveta 43. geodetskega dne | proceedings of the 43rd slovenian surveying day | 2015


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istraciji. Posebna pozornost je namenjena izkunjam in izzivom na podroju zemljikega katastra v vici. Posebej je izpostavljena razprava Beyond Limits, ki z vidika sodobne drube obravnava izzive v zemljiki administraciji.

cadastre, where the current state and challenges are presented. Here, a discussion paper Beyond Limits is to be mentioned, where the challenges of land administration are presented from the perspective of modern society.

KEY WORDSKLJUNE BESEDE

zemljiki kataster, zemljika administracija, prostorska podatkovna infrastruktura, fIG, faO, Svetovna banka, vica

land cadastre, land administration, spatial data infrastructure, fIG, faO, wb, Switzerland

Dr. Daniel Steudler, Dipl. Eng.Swiss Federal Office of Topography swisstopo, Swiss Federal Directorate for Cadastral Surveying

Seftigenstrasse 264, CH-3084 Wabern, Switzerlande-mail: [email protected]

steudler d. (2015). Modern land administration systems and status in switzerland. v a. lisec, b. stopar, s. berk, M. kosmatin fras (ur.), geodetska (r)evolucija, Zbornik posveta 43. geodetskega dne. ljubljana: Zveza geodetov slovenije in primorsko geodetsko drutvo, 9-10.

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ABSTRACT IZVLEEK

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Zbornik posveta 42. geodetskega dne | proceedings of the 42nd slovenian surveying day | 2014


digital cadastre, reference frame, Land Registry, e-Governance

An upgraded cadastral map and a revised Land Registry database are essential tools for a correct interrelationship among citizens, and for carrying out reliable technical activities in Civil Engineering and Geomatics. Furthermore, the updated cadastral map must be characterized by enough precision and accuracy, while the Land Registry content must be usable in a digital form in order to guarantee a real-time updating process. This paper analyses the results of a global and qualified set of interventions, carried out during the last decade by the Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) regional administration, within an agreement established with the former Italian Agenzia del Territorio (IAT)2, in cooperation with Insiel SpA and the University of Udine. These interventions make the cadastral database fully harmonized and interoperable with the regional spatial data infrastructure, and allow the updated Land Registry content to be completely usable in digital format.

digitalni kataster, referenni okvir, zemljika knjiga, e-uprava

Vzdrevani katastrski narti in posodobljeni podatki zemljike knjige so kljunega pomena za ustrezno sodelovanje med dravljani kot tudi za izvajanje ustreznih inenirsko-tehnikih dejavnosti v gradbenitvu in geomatiki. Sodobni in posodobljeni katastrski narti morajo danes ustrezati zahtevani tonosti in natannosti, medtem ko morajo biti podatki zemljike knjige na voljo v digitalni obliki, e elimo slediti zahtevam transparentnih in uinkovitih postopkov v zemljiki administraciji. lanek predstavlja rezultate niza dejavnosti, ki jih je v preteklem desetletju na tem podroju izvajala regionalna uprava Furlanije - Julijske krajine, v sodelovanju z nekdanjo geodetsko upravo IAT (ital. Agenzia del Territorio)1, s podjetjem Insiel SpA in Univerzo v Vidmu. Rezultati dejavnosti se kaejo v usklajenosti zbirke podatkov zemljikega katastra in njeni interoperabilnosti z regionalno prostorsko podatkovno infrastrukturo, reitev pa danes omogoa tudi elektronsko poslovanje zemljike knjige.

Published Scientific conference contribution


Massimiliano Basso, Alberto Beinat, Fabio Crosilla, Sergio Lunazzi, Roberto Piuzzo

cADASTRAL AND LAND REgISTRY UpgRADINg AcTIVITIES IN fRIULI VENEzIA gIULIA, ITALY

DEjAVNOSTI NA pODROjU RAzVOjA

zEmLjIKEgA KATASTRA IN zEmLjIKE KNjIgE V fURLANIjI - jULIjSKI

KRAjINI, ITALIjA

UDK: 528.4:332.2(450)

1 IAT se je leta 2012 z ostalimi finannimi upravami (s carinsko upravo in davnimi upravami) zdruila v skupno finanno upravo Agenzia delle Entrate.

2 IAT was suppressed in 2012, together with two other fiscal agencies (Customs, and State Property Agencies), and incorporated in a unique global Agenzia delle Entrate (Revenue Agency).

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As is well known, one of the most frequent requests in the everyday Civil Engineering and Geomatics activities is the possibility to join a set of land services, like urban plans, distri-bution networks, transport networks and so on, to the content of the cadastral and Land Registry data bases. This is usually carried out by GIS spatial analysis tools. To satisfy this need, the FVG regional administration, under the leadership of the former IAT, carried out some years ago various technical and innovative activities, by its in-house company Insiel SpA, and with the scientific support of the University of Udine, in order to harmonize the cadastral data base with the regional GIS layers (Beinat et al., 2012). Furthermore, Insiel is currently performing a new global digitization of the Land Registry Information System which also includes the Land Register Master Book, never digitized before.

The cadastral upgrading process, after the preliminary vectorization of the remaining re-gional cadastral maps still in raster format, and the insertion of the most recent acts not yet registered, was carried out according to the following steps:

geometrical strengthening of the cadastral fiducial point network; realization of a unique continuous cadastral cartographic frame, referenced in the

former national Gauss-Boaga/Roma Monte Mario 1940, and in the current European UTM/ETRS89 coordinate system.

In the first part, this paper synthetically reports the main phases of this complex experience, deepening on the methodology adopted for the strengthening of the fiducial points network, on the analytical approach used to reference the cadastral maps in the national cartographic datum, and on the employed solutions to satisfy the automatic correspondence between the cadastral map, managed by the former IAT, and the corresponding technical layers in the GIS of the regional administration.

Then, the paper considers the peculiar territorial and organizational duality of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region: a historical situation inherited from the first world war, following the acquisition of territories belonging to the former Austrian Empire, arranged in an unu-sual institutional cohabitation that is still nowadays the cause of various functional and informational questions.

2 cadastral upgradIng actIvItIes

As previously mentioned, the first relevant activity carried out by the FVG administration was to strengthen the coordinates of the fiducial point network in the national reference system. The national fiducial point (FP) network was established in 1987 by the former IAT, to guarantee a stable point location in the cadastral reference system, with vertices easily accessible and very dense, located at mutual distances of some hundred metres. Initially, for

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cemost of the cases, the fiducial point coordinates were estimated on the map, and for this reason they have a very poor accuracy.

The current national cadastral norms oblige the professionals to locally constrain to at least three points of the fiducial network every updating cadastral survey, and to determine, in the meanwhile, the mutual distances between the involved fiducial points. In this way, with the years passing, the activity of the professionals has permitted to determine with redundancy the main part of the fiducial vertices, through the repeated measurement of the sides of the FP network.

At the beginning, the former IAT planned the use of these surveys to progressively improve the coordinate values of the fiducial network, and the metric quality of the cadastral map-ping, as soon as the measurements reached enough consistency. Today, these surveys are only used for updating the existing mapping, without considering its distortions, while the measurements between FPs are only marginally used to improve the fiducial network. This remains weakly joined to the cadastral datum, and the main part of its coordinates are heterogeneous, not accurate, and subjected to changes in time.

In this context, the FVG administration understood the opportunities offered by the largest amount of cadastral observations gathered by the former IAT, to better fix the position of the FP located on its territory. A stable fiducial network is well suited to furnish correspondences and constraints to improve the geometrical precision of the current cartography.

To enforce the geometry of the fiducial network, it is necessary to constrain the measure-ments to a certain number of FP topographically determined with alternative procedures. According to the shape of the network, the interconnections among the nodes, and the required precision, the percentage of the constrained points was experimentally established in the order of 10% (Beinat et al., 2002; Sossai, 2005).

For the FVG network, constituted by more than 34,000 FPs, the selection of the 3538 con-strain FPs was planned with the support of a GIS that handled all the data, the characteristics of the regional FPs, and all the mutual distances contained in the IAT archives. The analyses have permitted to identify 620 FPs having a high reliability, connected to the fiducial net-work by at least two updating surveys, and corresponding to national triangulation points, cadastral vertices, or stable reference points, of which the analytical original coordinates were known in the Cassini-Soldner local system. The remaining 2918 FPs, having only provisory coordinates, were selected among those most widely used by the professionals, in such a way to guarantee a homogeneous spatial distribution not less than 1 FP per square kilometre in the flat areas, and 4 FP per square kilometre in complex morphological areas. The topographic surveys were executed with classical and satellite techniques. GPS L1+L2 receivers were used in relative rapid static positioning, with measurement sessions not less

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ce than 20 minutes, in double base. All this was facilitated by the 23 permanent stations active in the region, belonging to the FredNet, Marussi and ItalPos GPS networks, to which additional 55 temporary local masters were joined. This permitted to determine 6409 GPS vertices, of which 722 co-located on the selected PFs (20% of 3538), while the remaining established as off centres for the determination of 2816 FPs not directly measurable with GPS antennas. Technical reasons and reliability questions have precluded, at that time, the employ of the NRTK technology. The field measurements started at the end of 2007 and lasted for more than 15 months. At the end of the field work, the testing procedures carried out by the former IAT for a sample corresponding to the 5% of the surveyed FPs, furnished fully positive results.

To adjust the fiducial network, a procedure developed by the group of Udine University was adopted. This procedure is conceptually inspired to the photogrammetric block adjustments by independent models (Beinat and Crosilla, 2002; 2003; Beinat et al., 2002; 2004b; Sossai, 2005). In the adopted solution an iterative global least squares similarity transformation of the various fiducial polygons was applied. At each iteration the various fiducial polygons are translated, rotated and eventually scaled in such a way to optimally fit all the other polygons without anisotropic deformations. The running procedure ends when the variations of the transformation parameters for all the polygons satisfies a minimum condition. The procedure, derived from the Generalized Procrustes analysis (Beinat and Crosilla, 2003), allows a robust estimate and the capability to model possible systematic effects by an isotropic scale factor, like in the case of the linear deformation module variations between Cassini-Solder and Gauss map-ping systems. The solution equation is given by the relationship (Beinat and Crosilla, 2003):

( ) ( )

1m m

1trace c c c c minTi i i i k k k k i k j i i i i k k k k

i k jS

< =

= + + =

A T jt A T jt D D D A T jt A T jt

(1)

where:

Ai is a generic matrix containing by rows the 2D or 3D coordinates of the FPs that con-stitute the survey of the professionals; ci, is the scale factor; Ti is the rotation matrix; ti is the translation vector of the i-th fiducial polygon; Di is the diagonal weight matrix relating to matrix Ai; j is the unit vector of dimension 1m; and m is the total number of fiducial polygons to adjust.

The Procrustes solution, that is the final optimal configuration of the fiducial network A*, is given by:

( )

1m m

1 1* ck i i i i

k i

= =

= + A D D A T jt

(2)

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ceThis activity permitted to adjust the coordinates of 28,355 FPs, nearly 87% of the whole regional fiducial network, with the exclusion of the FPs not joined by a sufficient number of measurements. For details about the topographic field work, and the adjustment of the fiducial network, see Basso et al. (2009a).

The second step was the cadastral map recomposition. This aims to unify the cadastral reference system, and to restore the geometric continuity without gaps or overlaps between contiguous sheets. The University of Udine research group developed and ex-perimented different solutions on this topic, all based on a common analytical model. These techniques can be distinguished according to the smaller map elements on which they operate:

Recomposition by parcels, where the map sheet is first exploded in its parcels and buildings, and then reassembled with further constraints and updates by means of a new adjustment of the individual geometric elements (Beinat et al., 2005a; 2005b; Sossai, 2006). The format, in this case, is vector only.

Recomposition by map sheets, both raster and vector, performed by geometric trans-formations of the entire maps so to fit them in the cadastral datum, and adapt each sheet with the others (Beinat et al. 2010).

The first solution yielded excellent results but the costs of implementation and the reduced availability of the required data limited its use.

For the upgrading of the cadastral map in the FVG region, the adopted approach was by sheets, because of the reduced timing and favourable cost-benefit analysis. The planned goal was to achieve a level of agreement of the order of 12 metres between the cadastral map and the technical digital map (RTDM) of the FVG Region. According to the regional laws, the RTDM is the base map for the realization of urban and land planning instruments of the regional authorities and municipalities. The actual RTDM accuracy is equivalent to that of a map at a nominal scale 1:2000. The 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:1440 and 1:2880 cadastral maps, despite their often larger scale, generally reveal a much lower accuracy.

Because of the different cadastral systems, and the lack of reliability of the coordinates frames of the various cadastral maps, it was considered appropriate to define the transformation parameters of the individual sheets through the identification of a series of double points of various kind, like constraints of consistency and continuity between two sheets. The analytical model adopted for the upgrading of the map sheets was inspired to the block adjustment by independent models (Figure 1). The block size corresponds to the number of sheets covering the total area of the municipality, and ranges from several tens to several hundred units. For each sheet of the block, specific transformations can be applied: rigid, conformal or affine.

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ce The implemented procedure is articulated as follows (Basso et al., 2009b):

at the computer screen, a hundred correspondence points between the cadastral map (in the national cadastral proprietary format CXF) and the RTDM are interactively identified. The redundancy can statistically attenuate the problems related to the different cartographic properties of the two sheets. Depending on the transformation model adopted, the operator can progressively verify the reliability of the correspon-dence points selected through the analysis of the residuals;

in addition, some constraint points given by the fiducial points topographically de-termined, and those stabilized with the analytical procedure described in the previous paragraph, are introduced;

finally, the greatest number of perimeter bindings, detectable between the contiguous sheets of the block, are automatically joined (Sossai, 2006).

A weight empirically defined is then assigned to each of the three kinds of points. To the perimeter points, a weight value twice than the others was chosen. This choice provides a balance between the goal of minimizing the differences between the correspondence points and the need for reducing the surface and shape deformation of the map sheets.

The kind of transformation is fixed by the operator for each sheet, prior to the adjustment:

for sheets with uncertain or insufficiently constrained matches, the program applies a rotation and translation (3 parameters) or a similarity transformation (4 parameters);

for inner sheets firmly framed to each other, or in the presence of evident distortions, the program suggests to apply a general affine transformation (6 parameters).

The least-squares estimation of the affine transformation parameters pi = [a b c d E0 N0]i of the model Ap 1 = v for the generic i-th sheet, is performed by composing a design matrix A whose generic block element ak,i is given by:

[ ]0 0, , ,

0 0 1 00 0 0 1

T xi

yk i k i k i

vx y Ea b c d E N

vx y N

=

(3)

Where {x y}k,i are the coordinates, in the source reference frame, of the k-th correspondence point of the i-th sheet, {E N}k,i are the coordinates in the target reference frame of the same point, and {vx vy}k,i are the residuals. In case of tie points, in order to estimate the unknown coordinates of the point, appropriate components must be added to the generic element al,i of the linear system, and to the unknown vector pi.

From the generic element of the affine transformation it is possible to easily pass to the cor-responding elements of the rigid transformation, or of the similarity transformation, by posing d = a and c = - b. For the rigid rotation and translation, the rotation angle is = tan-1(a/b)

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ceand the scale factor is = 1, while for the similarity transformation, we have =tan-1(a/b)

again, but = a/cos . The weighting matrix P is diagonal.

figure 1: conceptual scheme of a block for the alignment of the cadastral map sheets: red dots represent constrains (consolidated or surveyed fiducial points), double arrows show point correspondences between sheets (from beinat et al. 2010).

After the block adjustment, the transformation parameters are assigned to the various map sheets. In this way, it is possible to automatically modify their coordinates, from the original cadastral reference system to that defined for the GIS, every time a new version of the map is available by the former IAT (now a branch of Agenzia delle Entrate), that is the only institution in charge to provide the continuous updating.

The upgrading of the cadastral map has been completed for all the 219 municipalities of the region, for a total of 9640 map sheets, on the basis of 403.408 correspondence points and 359.033 tie points.

The set of actions described so far allows the FVG Region to have updated and satisfac-tory georeferenced the cadastral data. The misalignments of the map sheets, that before the interventions reached even several tens of meters, are generally reduced to below 12 meters.

After the geo-referencing of the map sheets, it is necessary to eliminate the inconsistencies along the perimeter of adjacent sheets, consisting of empty areas or overlapping edges. It is therefore necessary to develop objective criteria and a procedure that can automatically perform the task. Along with other proposals (Garnero and Ferrante, 2009), a prototype is under development that works on geo-referenced maps. Inside a perimeter buffer of some tens of meters, the procedure compensate the geometry of the parcels, by equally distributing the corrections between the adjacent sheets, and propagating the deforma-tions inside the sheet to an extent inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the edge.

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ce 3 land regIstry dIgItIzatIon

The Italian cadastre is set on the Napoleonic system, like most of the Latin European countries, and it is different from the Habsburg inherited one, typical of the Mittel-European area. The former Austro-Hungarian system is probatory and based upon the juridical primacy, and the two main entities regarding mapping and estimation on one hand, and juridical registration on the other, are strictly integrated.

On the contrary, the Italian cadastral system is based upon two entities that are not strictly integrated: one (Cadastre) related to maps, parcel appraisal and tributes, and another (Land Registry) concerned with document archiving, properties and notary acts.

The Friuli Venezia Giulia region, after the first world war, with the acquisition territories belonging to the former Austrian Empire, was put in the condition of dealing with a mixed situation, still enduring.

Nowadays the Land Registry system is in charge of the regional government (properties and the like), as inherited in the way mentioned before, that regards only a small part of its territory.

On the other hand, the cadastral system (maps, parcels and so on) is in charge of the national Revenue Agency (Ministry of Economy and Finance) over the whole regional territory.

Therefore the two coexist in the Land Registry part of territory, forming an odd dual situ-ation (Figure 2).

figure 2: The fVG territory; the part ruled by the Land Registry system is highlighted.

A similar situation has been inherited also by other Italian territories, like the Trentino Alto Adige region, but in this case the regional government (1980) obtained to independently administrate also the cadastral system.

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ceThe Land Registry system has always put, as a primary management condition, the so called principle of accord between cadastre and land registry, that is, in other words, the essential informational alignment between the topographic and juridical aspects of the same real estate object.

figure 3: flux chart representing a standard procedure between cadastre (National agency) and land registry (Region), useful to understand the peculiar situation as described.

Obviously this principle is well practicable only if related to one and only subject that guarantees a complete organizational and institutional concurrence. This is not the case of the FVG Region where two distinct entities national and regional administrations, with different structures, rules and information systems need to continuously relate to guarantee the respect of such a principle.

This appears to be an extremely complex matter, especially when related to the present infor-mation systems, but it also represents an opportunity that computer science can contribute to resolve.

In such a dual situation, obviously the major critical problem stands in the concurrence/divergence between the two information systems that, up to short time ago, used to commu-nicate only by paper documents, in a condition of substantial absence of a proper feedback.

With this procedure, the notice sheet until some time ago exclusively on paper is the key link to guarantee a proper alignment between the cadastral and the land registry systems. In fact, it is one of the main goals of the new land registry system, properly included in the context of the land registry on-line petition.

The procedures that characterize the land registry systems are not of administrative nature, but instead of juridical character. Therefore we must apply to them the rules pertaining to the Civil on-line legal action, the only way to legitimate a computerized management of the communications based upon certified e-mail and digital signature.

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ce We underline two more important aspects that hold back the realization of the principle of accord, which are the full correspondence between maps and acts, and the full correspond-ence between papers and reality:

First, the Land Registry system operates mainly upon acts with attached isolated map parcels, out of a proper and updated cadastral map context;

Second, the Land Registry jurisprudence does not accept a topographic evidence as an implicit reason for correcting actions, but it wants, above all, a superior jurisdictional order (Quod non est in actis non est in mundo!), usually rather slow and often very expensive.

Recent tests, carried out by Regione FVG and Insiel SpA over three representative areas, have shown some of the causes (within the relations between the two systems) of the bad alignments, and underlined also a systematic tendency to diverge (not uniformly distributed over the territory). Theres a lot of work to be done in this field.

Starting from such results we began evaluating the possibility to build a third system devoted to monitoring the phenomenon, i.e. an information system (evocatively named Giano Janus), independent from the cadastral and land registry ones, capable of detecting and recording (not modifying) systematically the main situations of contrast when related to the same real estate object.

Table 1: Main activities and costs of the Renewal of the IT Land Registry System project.

WP Macro-ActivitiesCosts K(approx.)

%

A0 Set up of the preliminary project 20.3 0.5%

A1Release of the final design and working plan for the identification of the best suitable architecture and technologies

48.8 1.2%

A2Analysis, design, planning, realization, testing, release and start-up of the IT system according to the iterative-incremental model

3346.4 82.3%

A2.1 Net: WAN and offices LAN 307.3 7.6%

A2.2 Hardware and System Software 971.5 23.9%

A2.3 Software applications 1757.5 43.5%

A2.4 Data activities, management and governance 300.0 7.4%

A3 Assistance and support 312.2 7.7%

A4 Training and advertisement 193.5 4.8%

A5 Monitoring of the system performance 46.3 1.1%

A6 Completion and conclusion activities 97,6 2.4%

A6.2 Design of system improvements 16.3 0.4%

A6.3 Realization, testing, release and startup of the system improvements 65.0 1.6%

A6.4 Proposals for future activities 16.3 0.4%

TOTAL COST 4,065+VAT 100%

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ceThe regional land registry IT system has taken advantage of significant investments since the end of the seventies. In the eighties it has grown and reorganized, on a mainframe platform, mainly based upon a DB2 / Cobol environment, partly still in use. The first web applications have been introduced at the end of the nineties; among them the visualization of the docu-ments pertaining to the land registry is one of the most important. Since the first years of the present century some hypothesis of a global remake of the system have been taken into account, and some prototypes have been made, but, due to still substantial technological limits, only four years ago a project regarding a deep revision of the whole system has been started, thanks also to the availability of suitable less expensive IT technologies, capable to afford the complex juridical process proper of the land registry system.

A new Regional law (n.15 of 11/08/2010) and a consequent Regional Decree (DGR n.2001/2011) have been emanated regarding the development of the system. In this context, a new plan of about 5 M (VAT included) for the Renewal of the IT Land Registry System has been financed and started; at the present the project is on the way, run by the regional in-house company Insiel SpA.

4 conclusIons

The activities carried out in Friuli Venezia Giulia in the last years for the cadastral upgrading and for the Land Registry digitization have been synthetically presented in this paper. Nowa-days, these interventions make the cadastral database fully harmonized and interoperable with the regional spatial data infrastructure, and allow the updated Land Registry content to be completely usable in digital format.

Following the European Directive INSPIRE, the authors hope for the rapid adoption of common standards for the management of the cadastral and Land Registry databases among all the members of the European Union.

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ce references: basso, M., battaino, s., beinat, a., bertos, s., crosilla, f., furlan, M., ghidini,

M., picech, g., piuzzo, r., sossai, e., tommasoni, l. (2009a). il rilievo con strumentazione gps e la ricomposizione della rete dei punti fiduciali della regione friuli venezia giulia, proc. xiii conferenza nazionale asita, bari, 14/12/2009.

basso, M., battaino, s., beinat, a., bertos, s., crosilla, f., furlan, M., ghidini, M., picech, g., piuzzo, r., sossai, e., tommasoni, l. (2009b). la georefer-enziazione delle mappe catastali della regione friuli venezia giulia nel sistema cartografico regionale, proc. xiii conferenza nazionale asita, bari, 14/12/2009.

beinat, a., crosilla, f. (2002). una procedura per la ricomposizione conforme della cartografia catastale digitale, bollettino sifet, 1, 1734.

beinat, a., crosilla, f., basso, M., piuzzo, r., sossai, e. (2012). cadastral Map upgrading and layers harmonization for the spatial data infrastructure in friuli venezia giulia, italy. in: fig Working Week 2012 territory, environment, and cultural heritage. rome, 610/05/2012, 116, rome: fig int. federation of surveyors, isbn: 97887-90907-98-3.

beinat, a., crosilla, f., clerici, a. (2002). prime sperimentazioni di una proposta innovativa per la ricomposizione cartografica del catasto, proc. vi conf. nazionale asita, perugia 58/11/2012, 355360.

beinat, a., crosilla, f. (2003). generalised procrustes algorithms for the conformal updating of a cadastral Map, Zfv-Zeitschriftfrgeodsie, geoinformation und landmanagement, 5, 341349.

beinat, a., crosilla, f., furlan, M., sossai, e. (2004b). ricomposizione procustiana della rete fiduciale catastale mediante dati dellarchivio pregeo, proc. viii conf. naz. asita, roma 1417/12/2004, 333338.

beinat, a., crosilla, f., sossai, e. (2005a). un metodo particellare per laggiornamento progressivo della cartografia catastale. proc. ix confer-enza nazionale asita, catania, 15-18/11/2005, 279284.

beinat, a., crosilla, f., sossai, e. (2005b). ricomposizione particellare conforme della cartografia catastale numerica, proc. convegno nazionale sifet, Mondello (palermo), 29/0601/07/2005.

beinat, a., crosilla, f., sossai, e. basso, M., battaino, s., bertos, s., furlan, M., piuzzo, r., ghidini, M., tommasoni, l. (2010). laggiornamento e la ricomposizione della carta catastale per i sit della regione e degli enti locali del friuli venezia giulia: Metodologie e risultati, bollettino della sifet, pavia, 1/2010, 926.

garnero, g., ferrante, f. c. (2009). la valorizzazione delle mappe originali dimpianto del catasto per la ricostruzione delle congruenze topologiche tra fogli adiacenti. proc. xiii conf. naz. asita, bari, 14/12/2009.

sossai, e. (2005). la ricomposizione di una rete fiduciale catastale di ampie dimensioni: lesempio di tarcento (ud), proc. ix conferenza nazionale asita, catania 1518/11/2005.

sossai, e. (2006). ricomposizione cartografica mediante integrazione di rilievi pregeo e di cartografia numerica esistente, proc. x conferenza nazionale asita, bolzano 1417/11/2006.

Dott. Ric. Ing. Alberto BeinatDICA, Universit di Udine

Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italye-mail: [email protected]

Prof. Fabio CrosillaDICA, Universit di Udine

Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italye-mail: [email protected]

Dott. Ing. Roberto PiuzzoINSIEL S.p.A.Via Umago 15, 33100 Udine, Italye-mail: [email protected]

Dott. Ing. Sergio LunazziRegione Friuli Venezia Giulia / Presidenza-Direzione Generale SIEG- Sistemi informativi territorialiVia Sabbadini 31, 33100 Udine, Italye-mail: [email protected]

Dott. Ing. Massimiliano BassoINSIEL S.p.A.

Via Umago 15, 33100 Udine, Italye-mail: [email protected]

basso M., beinat a., crosilla f., lunazzi s., piuzzo r. (2015). cadastral and land registry upgrading activities in friuli venezia giulia, italy. v a. lisec, b. stopar, s. berk, M. kosmatin fras (ur.), geodetska (r)evolucija, Zbornik posveta 43. geodetskega dne. ljubljana: Zveza geodetov slovenije in

primorsko geodetsko drutvo, 11-22.

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| 23 |


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ABSTRACT Norway digital (geoNorge) is the Norwegian governments initiative to build the national spatial data infrastructure. It is a nationwide program supporting cooperation for establishment, maintenance and distribution of digital geographic data. The aim is to enhance the availability and use of quality geographic information among a broad range of users, primarily in the public sector. A broad representation of Norwegian public bodies is participating, at national level ministries and their directorates, at local and regional level most of the Norwegian Municipalities and different regional public bodies. At the municipal level, Oslo is missing since they follow their own geo-policy.

The cooperation is based on the white paper on the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) presented by the Norwegian government and accepted by the Parliament on June 18, 2003. The NSDI is building upon various national level programmes including eNorge, which is the eGovernment programme, and Geovekst, a cooperation programme for establishing digital geographic data. The National Mapping and Cadastre Authority is the major executive and de facto coordinating body within the NSDI. Strategic

Norway digital (geoNorge) je pobuda norveke vlade za vzpostavitev nacionalne prostorske podatkovne infrastrukture. Gre za program na nacionalni ravni, ki podpira sodelovanje za namene vzpostavitve, vzdrevanja in posredovanja digitalnih prostorskih podatkov. Cilj programa je ponuditi dostop do kakovostnih prostorskih podatkov raznolikim uporabnikom, predvsem v javnem sektorju. V programu sodelujejo tevilne norveke javne institucije na nacionalni ravni ministrstva in njihovi direktorati, na lokalni in regionalni ravni pa veina obin in razline regionalne javne ustanove. Na obinski ravni je izjema le mesto Oslo, ki je vzpostavilo lastno prostorsko podatkovno politiko.

Sodelovanje v okviru programa temelji na beli knjigi o dravni prostorski podatkovni infrastrukturi (NSDI, angl. National Spatial Data Infrastructure), ki jo je pripravila norveka vlada in jo je dne 16. 6. 2003 sprejel norveki parlament. NSDI se vzpostavlja v okviru programov raznolikih ravni in vkljuuje program e-uprave eNorge ter program sodelovanja za vzpostavitev digitalnih prostorskih podatkov Geovekst. Glavni izvajalec in koordinator programov na podroju NSDI je

NORwAY DIgITAL ThE ROLE Of ThE NATIONAL LAND SURVEY SERVIcES IN ThE NATIONAL SpATIAL DATA INfRASTRUcTURE IN NORwAY

NORwAY DIgITAL VLOgA DRAVNE gEODETSKE

UpRAVE V DRAVNI pROSTORSKI pODATKOVNI

INfRASTRUKTURI NA NORVEKEm

Olaf Magnus stensen

Published Professional conference contribution abstract


UDK: 528.4:332.2(481)

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dravna geodetska uprava. Strateke razprave in odloitve vodi in sprejema upravni odbor, v katerem so predstavniki vseh omenjenih institucij. Trenutna politika vzpostavitve NSDI temelji na osnovnih sestavinah, ki vkljuujejo:

splone sporazume med vsemi vkljuenimi partnerji,

prostorski podatkovni portal, metapodatkovne storitve za geografske

informacije, razline storitve dostopa.

Splona pravila in pogoji za sodelovanje v okviru Norway digital so bili objavljeni leta 2008 in se redno posodabljajo. Sporazumi o sodelovanju med deleniki NSDI se obnavljajo vsako leto, to pa vkljuuje tudi letno doloevanje obveznosti posameznih delenikov. Za doloanje finannih obveznosti (lanarine) posameznih delenikov so na Norvekem razvili fleksibilen mehanizem (Digital Norway calculator), ki temelji na vrsti zahtevanih podatkovnih nizov osnovni vrednosti in ostalih parametrih (tj. pomen podatkovnih nizov za uporabnike, pogostnost uporabe podatkov z vidika povpraevanja). Sistem ima vgrajen mehanizem za spremljanje rabe podatkov, ki ponuja informacije o uporabi podatkovnih nizov, kar se uporablja za izraun obveznosti delenika oziroma lanarine, mehanizem pa slui tudi za spremljanje pravic o stalnem dostopu in uporabi podatkovnih nizov preko skupne storitve. V letu 2010 so drave Evropskega gospodarskega prostora (EGP) sprejele direktivo INSPIRE, pri emer so se obvezale, da direktivo prenesejo v nacionalno zakonodajo. Norveka je v ta namen pripravila Zakon o prostorskih podatkih, katerega namen je izboljati postopke izmenjave podatkov in razviti sodelovanje med razlinimi deleniki na podroju geoinformacijskega sektorja.

Eden izmed rezultatov pobude Norway digital je razvoj nacionalne medmrene vstopne toke (geoNorge). GeoNorge je najveji, na standardih utemeljeni, javni sestavni del e-uprave, ki se iroko vsakodnevno uporablja. Kot del dejavnosti v skladu z norveko politiko na podroju informacijske in komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT), poznane kot informacijska druba za vse, je geoNorge krovni

discussions and decisions are made within the Management Board in which the above mentioned stakeholders all have representatives. The current policy for the NSDI development is based on the main components:

overall agreements between the partners, a geodata portal, a geographic information metadata service, a range of access services.

A document on General Terms and Conditions for Norway Digital Co-Operation has been published in 2008 and is regularly updated. Agreements between the NSDI participants are renewed annually, including the calculation for their contribution. A system of partnership fees has been elaborated, called the Digital Norway calculator which is a flexible pricing mechanism based on the type of datasets needed (and related interest factor), base value and other parameters (e.g. the importance of the data set for the users, the intensity of use based on service requests). The system is fed by a monitoring mechanism which provides information on the usage of data sets taken into account for calculating the fee, but also provides some rights regarding permanent accessibility and usability of the data sets through services. In 2010, the countries of European Economic Area decided to implement INSPIRE and to do so by transposing the Directive in national legislation. Norway prepared a Geodata Act. The Act is deemed to improve data sharing and cooperation between the different stakeholders in the GI-sector.

A result of the Norway digital initiative is the development of the national portal (geoNorge). GeoNorge is the largest open, standards based eGovernment component in daily use in Norway. Being part of the current Norwegian ICT policy An Information Society for All, the portal constitutes the umbrella for a large number of geospatial eServices, making basic geographic information and a variety of thematic information readily available. The information currently provided by the portal enables geospatial information to be used by different communities and institutions, including public administration and environmental management bodies.

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portal za tevilne geoprostorske e-storitve in ponuja temeljne geografske informacije in raznolike tematske informacije razlinim uporabnikom. Geoprostorske informacije, ki jih danes portal ponuja, so na voljo tevilnim skupnostim in institucijam, tudi javni upravi in okoljskim institucijam.

Vse institucije, ki sodelujejo v pobudi Norway digital, v sistem prispevajo lastne podatke, ki jih ponujajo ostalim delenikom. V okviru Norway digital se prostorski podatki delijo v dve temeljni skupini: referenni prostorski podatki in tematski podatki. Referenni prostorski podatki vkljuujejo prostorske in hidrografske podatke ter podatke o cestni in drugi infrastrukturi. Tematski podatki se nanaajo na razline tematske vidike, kot so demografija, tveganja in obvladovanje tveganj, zavarovana obmoja, onesnaenje, kmetijski in gozdni viri. V pobudi sodeluje ve kot 600 partnerjev in vkljuenih je preko 100 spletnih kartografskih storitev, geoportalov in drugih storitev. Norveka prostorska podatkovna infrastruktura skua slediti direktivi INSPIRE in dobro pokriva vseh 34 opredeljenih tem: 222 podatkovnih nizov je bilo vkljuenih v poroilo INSPIRE MR (eprav slednje za Norveko ni obvezno), ki pokrivajo veino tem treh aneksov direktive. Norway digital in dravna geodetska uprava imata sicer veliko izkuenj na podroju posredovanja podatkov preko spletnih kartografskih storitev (WMS). Preko teh storitev je mogoe pridobiti podatke v standardnih oblikah zapisov, kjer so metapodatki obvezna priloga. Nacionalni portal tako podaja aktualne informacije o podatkih, ki so dosegljivi preko vstopne toke, in o sami spletni kartografski storitvi, reitve pa temeljijo na mednarodnih standardih (ISO in OGC). Reitev Norway digital temelji na standardih in specifikacijah SOSI (nacionalni standardi), ki izhajajo iz mednarodnih standardov ISO. Nacionalna prostorska podatkovna infrastruktura na Norvekem nadalje sledi direktivi INSPIRE, izpostaviti pa velja, da so tevilni norveki deleniki prostorske podatkovne infrastrukture zelo dejavni pri mednarodni standardizaciji na podroju obravnave.

All institutions participating in Norway digital bring their own data into the infrastructure making it available to the other partners. Norway digital treats geographical data divided in two main categories, reference data and thematic data. Reference data include among other things topographical data, hydrography, roads and other infrastructure. Thematic data include a broad range of information produced by national institutions and municipalities at the local level. The themes cover aspects such as demography, risks and risk management, protected sites, pollution, agricultural and forest resources. More than 600 partners and over 100 operational web map services, geoportal and other services are involved. The Norwegian SDI covers the 34 themes of INSPIRE quite well: 222 data sets were reported under INSPIRE MR (although this is not an obligation for Norway) covering most of the themes of the three annexes. Norway digital and the National Mapping and Cadastre Authority have a long experience in disseminating data as web map services (WMS). Downloadable data are available on standard formats and metadata are delivered together with the data. The national portal is giving information about the present status of the available data and web map services, while the technologies used are based on international standards (ISO and OGC). The NSDI approach Norway digital is based on core and agreed standard and specifications SOSI (The National Standard) which is based on ISO standards. The NSDI is also implementing the data specifications and other INSPIRE Implementing Rules. In addition, several Norwegian stakeholders are very active in the field of the international standardisation.


spatial data, spatial data infrastructure, geoinformation, INSPIRE, eGovernment, Norway digital

prostorski podatki, prostorska podatkovna infrastruktura, geoinformacije, INSPIRE, e-uprava, Norway digital

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Olaf Magnus stensen Statens kartverk

Kartverksveien 21 N-3511 Hoenefoss, Norway

e-mail: [email protected]

stensen o. M. (2015). norway digital the role of the national land survey services in the national spatial data infrastructure in norway. v a. lisec, b. stopar, s. berk, M. kosmatin fras (ur.), geodetska (r)evolucija, Zbornik posveta 43. geodetskega dne. ljubljana: Zveza geodetov slovenije in

primorsko geodetsko drutvo, 23-26.

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ABSTRACT

The Working Committee of the Surveying Authorities of the States of the Federal Republic of Germany (AdV) developed a common AAA-application schema for AFIS, ALKIS and ATKIS based on the AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS-Reference Model for the basic Geodata sets of all public surveying and mapping authorities in Germany. The AAA-application schema is ISO-based (ISO/TC 211 in form of the 19100 series of standards), and describes the structure and setup of basic geodata in an object-oriented manner, and constitutes a modelling frame for the integration of other thematic data. Thus, with the AAA model a fundamental technical and practical contribution for the German SDI is available now. AAA is described in the Documentation on the Modelling of Geoinformation of Official Surveying and Mapping in Germany (GeoInfoDok), which is published at www.adv-online.de. The advantages of AAA-modelling are the integration of the Spatial Reference System, the Real Estate Cadastre and Topography in one AAA-application schema, the harmonization of cadastral and topographic data, the AAA basic schema as the basis for the modelling of application-specific thematic schemas, and the data exchange process using NAS (Standard-Based

Delovna skupina Zdruenja deelnih geodetskih uprav Zvezne Republike Nemije (AdV) je razvila skupno izvedbeno shemo za uradni informacijski sistem referennih geodetskih tok (AFIS), za uradni zemljikokatastrski informacijski sistem (ALKIS) in za uradni topografski informacijski sistem (ATKIS), ki temelji na skupnem referennem modelu AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS za vse temeljne prostorske podatkovne nize vseh javnih geodetskih uprav v Nemiji. Tako imenovana AAA-shema, ki temelji na mednarodnih standardih ISO (standardi tehninega odbora ISO/TC 211, poznani kot niz standardov 19100), doloa strukturo in vzpostavitev temeljnih prostorskih podatkov, kjer modeliranje temelji na objektno orientiranem nainu, shema pa podaja tudi pravila za vkljuevanje razlinih tematskih podatkov. Z modelom AAA je Nemija vzpostavila enotni temelj za javno prostorsko podatkovno infrastrukturo. Model AAA je opisan v dokumentu GeoInfoDok (angl. Documentation on the Modelling of Geoinformation of Official Surveying and Mapping in Germany), ki je na voljo na spletni strani www.adv-online.de. Glavne prednosti skupnega modela AAA so povezljivost prostorskega referennega sistema,

Markus Seifert

NOVI STANDARD AAA pRILONOSTI IN IzzIVI zA jAVNO UpRAVO V NEmIjI

ThE NEw AAA-STANDARD OppORTUNITIES AND chALLENgES fOR pUBLIc ADmINISTRATION IN gERmANY

Published Professional conference contribution


UDK: 528.4:332.2(430)

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1 IntroductIon

The development of the components of the cadastral databases for maps (ALK) and textual descriptions (ALB) started in the 70s and 80s of the last century. They were developed by the surveying and mapping authorities under the technical environment and possibilities in that time. Links from ALK to the topographical information system ATKIS are very difficult because of different object catalogues with same objects but different semantics. The models did not follow national or international GI standards.

The Working Committee of the Surveying Authorities of the States of the Federal Republic of Germany (AdV) decided to design a new and future oriented system ALKIS in combi-nation with a re-design of the Official Topographic and Cartographic Information System ATKIS. ALKIS stands for the Official Cadastral Information System. Adding also the geodetic reference points (AFIS), almost all official data of the surveying and mapping agencies are now defined in a common and harmonized data model, called the AAA data model (AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS data model).

The AAA data model is designed to:

process all necessary cadastral and topographical data for a parcel based map and register of land owners, land use and more unified basic data for the entire republic,

KLJUNE BESEDE KEY WORDS

land, data harmonization, data model, application schema, GIS standards, Germany

zemljie, usklajevanje podatkov, podatkovni model, izvedbena shema, standardi GIS, Nemija

katastra nepreminin in topografskega sistema v eno izvedbeno shemo, uskladitev katastrskih in topografskih podatkov, skupna shema AAA za modeliranje posebnih tematskih shem ter standardizirana reitev za izmenjavo podatkov NAS (angl. Standard-Based Data Exchange Interface). AAA vsebuje tako opisne kot grafine podatke za razline skupine podatkov sistemov AFIS, ALKIS in ATKIS, digitalni model povrja (ATKIS-DLM), digitalni model reliefa (ATKIS-DGM) in digitalne topografske karte (ATKIS-DTK). Namen AAA je postaviti temelje, da bi deelne geodetske uprave Republike Nemije strankam zasebnega sektorja in javni upravi ponudile podatke in storitve visoke kakovosti.

Data Exchange Interface). AAA contains descriptive and illustrative data in several product groups for AFIS, ALKIS and ATKIS Digital Landscape Models (ATKIS-DLM), the Digital Terrain Model (ATKIS-DGM) and Digital Topographic Maps (ATKIS-DTK). AAA will enable the surveying authorities to provide their customers in business and administration with data of high quality.

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ce control the use and maintenance of the system, and enable the use of the entire geographical data of the surveying authorities for all users

via a metadata system including quality information for all data and a standardized data interface for ALKIS and ATKIS. Of course existing links of user specific data to the ALK, the ALB or the ATKIS are transferred to the new systems without major additional costs.

The modeling of ALKIS and ATKIS is fully based on the ISO standard Unified Modeling Language (UML) (OMG, 2008) and regarding the definition of the data interface on the Extensible Markup Language (XML).

2 the aaa-standard the step to an offIcIal and standardIzed geographIc InformatIon system

As mentioned above a number of independent geographic information systems have been developed in the field of cadastre and topographical mapping in the last three decades. The new approach was launched in order to harmonize the models of ALK and the topographic database ATKIS on the one hand and to integrate the cadastral map and the land titles into one single model which was separated into ALK and ALB in the past for historical and technical reasons (see previous chapter). The adding of the geodetic reference points (AFIS) completes the AAA data model (AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS data model).

For that reason the AdV has started developing a new conceptual data model based on In-ternational GIS Standards which helps to fulfill this harmonization. That will provide the surveying and mapping agencies in Germany with a nationwide well defined database that can be used as a baseline for many other thematic application schemas. For the increasing efforts in building up a spatial data infrastructure the AAA data model can generally be used for the standardization of the related thematic data as well and help to standardize the geographic information in Germany brick by brick.

While the data model is a common approach for all states in Germany, the corresponding transposition of this concept and the software development and implementation is up to the states. The task of the surveying, mapping, and cadastral authorities of the federal states of Germany is provision of basic data for spatial referencing (Geobasis Data) for the use in official, industrial and private domains. The demand for this digital data is still increasing with the upcoming spatial data infrastructures and INSPIRE initiative. Most of the Fed-eral States in Germany are encouraged by a political order and a legal advice to use official Geobasis Data as a basis for all other technical information systems.

The former information systems ALK and ALB, which are currently migrated to the new AAA data model, and the topographical data base ATKIS contain a lot of redundant information

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ce (e.g. topographic objects, buildings, land use objects) with sometimes different semantics. So, one of the core achievements was to harmonize those different semantics on the level of the conceptual data model which enables the surveying administration to optimize cadastral maintenance processes considering sufficient quality assurance measures.

The AdV projects AFIS, ALKIS and ATKIS, with their nationally standardized features, are described in a common form under the heading Documentation for Modeling Geoinforma-tion of Official Surveying and Mapping (AdV, 2015). They are associated with each other in a common reference model and described in the following Chapters of this document as a common application schema for AFIS, ALKIS and ATKIS (see next sub clause). The common application schema provides for the recording and management of metadata and quality data in accordance with the ISO standards.

The former ALK system was originally used within the surveying organizations, performing as a central information system to fulfill all tasks that had to be carried out related to cadastral issues. Besides that, from the very beginning an objective of the ALK has been also to provide basic geographic data for many GIS applications in various fields in local governments, utili-ties companies and other customers. Right now there is also a great demand on having access to these valuable data from others like the financial sector, lawyers, and notaries. Generally, all users need up-to-date data for their applications. So a fast data transfer or even an online access to these data using the SDI technology will be very helpful in the future. Currently, a lot of projects are established in order to build up a national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI). That will help to ease the access to the public geodata and reach interoperability between different geographic information systems within various state administrations.

Therefore the approaches aiming at GIS interoperability like those based on the concepts of the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and the OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) are very useful in this field and have to be taken into account by modeling the new AAA application schema. The goal of the international standardization is to create foundations for the common, holistic and cross-domain use of geodata at various locations by individuals, applications and systems based on a standard description of the content of existing or planned data inventories, the functionalities of data processing and communica-tion. The modeling is based on the results of ISO/TC 211 in the form of the 19100 series of standards (ISO, 2015) at their current stage of processing. The data exchange interface also uses parts of the OGC specifications (OGC, 2015).

The AAA application schema also provides concepts for the following issues:

A data versioning concept is integrated for historicizing all object classes and to allow a differential updating of secondary data bases.

With the semantic harmonization of the cadastral and topographical information the conceptual possibility is given to store all the spatial data of the cadastral and

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cemapping agencies in just one data base. Practical implementations that are able to solve the challenge of generalization currently are research issues but the theoretical possibility is given.

The new data model provides clear advice how the data have to be collected and structured. Therefore only fully compliant data can be stored in the data bases. For example the topological elements for cadastral information (surface, boundary, point) will secure consistent data by avoiding overlaps and gaps. It is expected that the quality of cadastral and other information will be significantly enhanced.

3-D application schema is also modeled based on the AAA Basic Schema which contains fundamental geometrical and topological elements.

By the consequent use of ISO standards the AAA application schema is fully compliant with the INSPIRE data specifications and the ISO/TC 211 standard 19152: Land Administration Domain Model which use the same model driven approach.

The data of the surveying and mapping agencies in Germany are described in a formal and transparent way using a conceptual schema language.

The concept of the AAA data model is now publicly available at the website of AdV (www.adv-online.de) and the maintenance is guaranteed for the future. This conceptual data model describes geographic and non-geographic features as well as their relations (associations). In order to describe this model in a standardized way it has been based on the ISO draft standards in the field of geographic information. The AdV decided to use a standardized conceptual schema language, the Unified Modeling Language (UML) for describing the application schema and the feature catalogue. This language is also used by ISO/TC 211 in the field of standardization of geographic information.

3 the afIs-alKIs-atKIs applIcatIon schema

The application schema provides the formal description for data structures and data content in one or several applications. It contains the complete description of a database and in addi-tion to geographical data, may also contain other associated data. The fundamental concept of abstracting the real world means the introduction of thematic objects and of rules and regulations on how it is documented and managed. Thematic objects are classified by types. At the type level, the application schema describes the feature types of the real world. Data themselves exist at instance level. They represent individual examples of a feature type in the real world and can be interpreted by the application schema, see also ISO 19101 Reference model and ISO 19109 Rules for application schema. The purpose of an application schema is to achieve a common and unified understanding of data and document the data content for a specific application environment so as to obtain unique information about these data (Figure 1).

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figure 1: Data modeling and application schema.

The common AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS application schema offers a unified and object-oriented basic model for AFIS, ALKIS and ATKIS, which wherever possible is to be depicted and managed using the commercially available GIS software. An application schema can use specifications from various sub-schemas. In the case of the AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS application schema, mainly sub-schemas from the ISO 19100 series of standards are used. In those areas, where there are no ISO-standards up to now, additional schemata of the Open Geospatial Consortium are used (e.g. Web Feature Service, Filter Encoding). That OGC specification will be replaced by the corresponding ISO standard once they are available.

4 the aaa applIcatIon schema as a brIcK of a spatIal data Infrastructure

The methodology for setting up a spatial data infrastructure in principal is independent from the geographical extent that will be covered. Basically a spatial data infrastructure should meet at least the following requirements:

Implementation of controlling mechanism for the compliance to the defined SDI standards (monitoring and reporting)

Organizational framework for the creation process (who will make the decisions?) Defining conditions for data access and data use Collecting and providing metadata for discovery services Providing the data and services within a geoportal Defining harmonized geodetic reference systems Harmonized data and services Standardized description of the provided data (model driven architecture) and, based

on this, methods for model transformation

Most of these points are also addressed by the INSPIRE directive for creating a spatial data infrastructure in Europe (INSPIRE, 2007). For the last two bullets the AAA data model

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ceprovides methodology that in principle can be used for the official surveying and mapping data as well as in other domains.

With the political acceptance the SDI coordination group in Germany has reflected the requirements above and decided on a three step approach for implementing the SDI in Germany:

Step 1: Development of a data access based on the ISO 19115 metadata standard and the corresponding catalogue services for queries

Step 2: Model harmonization using GI standards (possibly also the AAA-model) and decision on commonly used SDI-standards or profiles (e.g. WMS, WFS, Catalogue Service - CSW)

Step 3: Development of a geoportal

In principle, no one will be forced to implement the AAA data model in any other domain. On the other hand the AAA application schema with the model-driven, ISO-based approach provides a framework and a methodology which could widely be used to describe and provide the spatial data in a standardized way. That will open possibilities to map between one data model to another, maybe to handle semantic model transformation. This is a fundamental precondition to make a SDI alive.

5 conclusIons

The implementation of the new AAA data model in Germany is a big task. Currently, not all federal states of Germany have moved the old data to the new system. Additionally, the internal administrative processes have to be adapted to the new software and tools. But once the new system is operational running as in most federal states in Germany, there are meas-urable benefits for the administration itself but also for the users who now get harmonized official data throughout the country in a standardized data exchange format. The link to the German SDI as well as to the INSPIRE initiative will even increase the benefits by additional data delivery possibilities (e.g. Web Services). The AAA data model with the standardized model-driven approach is well prepared for those requirements.

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ce references:adv (2015). documentation on the Modelling of geoinformation of official

surveying and Mapping in germany (geoinfodoc) version 6.0.1, Wor-king committee of the surveying authorities of the states of the fe

Documents

GEODETSKA (R)EVOLUCIJA