Geographic Information SystemsGeographic Information SystemsSGO 1910, 4930SGO 1910, 4930November 8, 2005November 8, 2005

AnnouncementsAnnouncements

eSeminar in GIS: Putting the e into GI Science eSeminar in GIS: Putting the e into GI Science (Mark Birkin, Leeds). Thursday, November 17, (Mark Birkin, Leeds). Thursday, November 17, room 3514 Georg Sverdups Hus.room 3514 Georg Sverdups Hus.

Norsk ESRI brukerkonferanse 2006Norsk ESRI brukerkonferanse 2006Den 17. norske ESRI brukerkonferansen går av Den 17. norske ESRI brukerkonferansen går av stabelen 1. -3. februar 2006. Konferansen byr på stabelen 1. -3. februar 2006. Konferansen byr på en rekke foredrag, tekniske minikurs, en rekke foredrag, tekniske minikurs, bransjeseminar og sosiale aktiviteter. Vi ser frem bransjeseminar og sosiale aktiviteter. Vi ser frem til spennende dager sammen med deg! Påmelding til spennende dager sammen med deg! Påmelding og mer informasjon kommer senere.og mer informasjon kommer senere.

AnnouncementsAnnouncements

Extended access to GIS lab during Nov.-Extended access to GIS lab during Nov.-Dec?Dec?

GIS Internships: Any interest?GIS Internships: Any interest?

Oslo Project GroupsOslo Project Groups

1.1. Marita Sanni, Kristin I. Dankel, Solveig Melå + Svein Johan Hansen?Marita Sanni, Kristin I. Dankel, Solveig Melå + Svein Johan Hansen?2.2. Åslaug Enger Olsen, Maria Lyngstad, Guro Bakke Håndlykken og Jorunn Randby Åslaug Enger Olsen, Maria Lyngstad, Guro Bakke Håndlykken og Jorunn Randby

(4)(4)3.3. Nina Ambro Knutsen, Ellen Winje og Leif Ingholm, Gjermund Steinskog (4) Nina Ambro Knutsen, Ellen Winje og Leif Ingholm, Gjermund Steinskog (4) 4.4. Birte Mobraaten, Hans Petter Wiken, Silje Hernes and Bente Lise Stubberud (4)Birte Mobraaten, Hans Petter Wiken, Silje Hernes and Bente Lise Stubberud (4)5.5. Daniel Molin, Ida Sjølander, Anne-Lise Folland and Nicolai Steineger (4)Daniel Molin, Ida Sjølander, Anne-Lise Folland and Nicolai Steineger (4)6.6. Hæge Skjæveland, Marie Aaberge, Cecilie Hirsch, Kaja Korsnes Kristensen (4)Hæge Skjæveland, Marie Aaberge, Cecilie Hirsch, Kaja Korsnes Kristensen (4)7.7. Urs Dippon, Steven huiching Yip, Harald Kvifte & Eirik Waag (4)Urs Dippon, Steven huiching Yip, Harald Kvifte & Eirik Waag (4)8.8. Marthe Stiansen, Marielle Stigum, Tomas Nesset, Andreas Skjetne (4)Marthe Stiansen, Marielle Stigum, Tomas Nesset, Andreas Skjetne (4)9.9. Andreas Dyken, Håkon Grevbo, Terje-Andre Gudmundsen, Øystein Kristiansen (4)Andreas Dyken, Håkon Grevbo, Terje-Andre Gudmundsen, Øystein Kristiansen (4)10.10. Andreas Wilhelm Westgaard, Grete Simensen og Ingvild Jøranli, Solveig Lyby (4) Andreas Wilhelm Westgaard, Grete Simensen og Ingvild Jøranli, Solveig Lyby (4) 11.11. Linda Markham, Marte Hunsdal Knutsen, Anette Nesvold, Berit Indset (4)Linda Markham, Marte Hunsdal Knutsen, Anette Nesvold, Berit Indset (4)12.12. Magnus Campbell, Johannes Devik Brekke, Espen Fait, Magnus Campbell, Johannes Devik Brekke, Espen Fait, Mathias Ødegård (4)Mathias Ødegård (4)13.13. Julie Aaraas, Tonje Einarsen, Anne Marie Skancke, Bård Bergland (4)Julie Aaraas, Tonje Einarsen, Anne Marie Skancke, Bård Bergland (4)

Making Maps With GISMaking Maps With GIS

IntroductionIntroduction

Output is the pinnacle of GIS projectsOutput is the pinnacle of GIS projects Two main types of outputTwo main types of output

– MapsMaps– Visualizations (see chapter 13)Visualizations (see chapter 13)

Maps are good at summarizing and Maps are good at summarizing and communicatingcommunicating

What is a map?What is a map?

““A graphic depiction of all or part of a A graphic depiction of all or part of a geographic realm in which the real-world geographic realm in which the real-world features have been replaced by symbols in features have been replaced by symbols in their correct spatial location at a reduced their correct spatial location at a reduced scale.”scale.”

power line

Map function in GISMap function in GIS

StorageStorage Temporary communicationTemporary communication Intermediate check of dataIntermediate check of data Final reportFinal report

GIS Processing TransformationsGIS Processing Transformations

Characteristics of MapCharacteristics of Map

Two main typesTwo main types– TopographicTopographic– ThematicThematic

Some map problemsSome map problems– Can miscommunicateCan miscommunicate– Each map is just one of all possible mapsEach map is just one of all possible maps– Complex maps can be difficult to understandComplex maps can be difficult to understand

Topographic Map

Thematic Map

Map TypesMap Types

Point dataPoint data Line dataLine data Area dataArea data Volume dataVolume data Time dataTime data

Choosing a Map TypeChoosing a Map Type

Cartographers have designed hundreds of Cartographers have designed hundreds of map types: methods of cartographic map types: methods of cartographic representation.representation.

Not all GISs allow all types.Not all GISs allow all types. Most have a set of basic typesMost have a set of basic types Depends heavily on the dimension of the Depends heavily on the dimension of the

data to be shown in the map figure.data to be shown in the map figure.

Choosing the Wrong TypeChoosing the Wrong Type

Fairly common GIS error.Fairly common GIS error. Due to lack of knowledge about Due to lack of knowledge about

cartographic options.cartographic options. Can still have perfect symbolization.Can still have perfect symbolization. Possibility of misinformationPossibility of misinformation Definite reduction in communication Definite reduction in communication

effectiveness.effectiveness.

Choropleth Choropleth Class SchemesClass Schemes

Choosing TypesChoosing Types

Check the dataCheck the data– ContinuousContinuous– DiscreteDiscrete– Accuracy & PrecisionAccuracy & Precision– ReliabilityReliability

Dimension (Point, Line, Area, Volume)Dimension (Point, Line, Area, Volume) Scale of MeasurScale of Measureement (Nominal, ordinal, etc.)ment (Nominal, ordinal, etc.) GIS capabilityGIS capability Is there aIs there a need to supplement GIS software need to supplement GIS software? (e.g. with a ? (e.g. with a

drawing package)drawing package)

Maps and CartographyMaps and Cartography

Map – ‘digital or analog output from a GIS Map – ‘digital or analog output from a GIS showing information using well established showing information using well established cartographic conventions’cartographic conventions’

Cartography is the art, science and Cartography is the art, science and techniques of making mapstechniques of making maps

The Need for DesignThe Need for Design

To appear professional and avoid errors, To appear professional and avoid errors, GIS maps should reflect cartographic GIS maps should reflect cartographic knowledge about map design.knowledge about map design.

A map has a visual grammar or structure A map has a visual grammar or structure that must be understood and used if the best that must be understood and used if the best map design is desired.map design is desired.

Cartographic conventionCartographic conventions should be s should be followedfollowed (e.g. forests should be green). (e.g. forests should be green).

Map DesignMap Design

Good map design requires that map Good map design requires that map elements be placed in a balanced elements be placed in a balanced arrangement within the neat line.arrangement within the neat line.

A GIS map is designed in a process called A GIS map is designed in a process called the design loop.the design loop.

To be effective, To be effective, a map a map must be must be correctly designed and correctly designed and

constructed.constructed.

The Parts of a Map: Map ElementsThe Parts of a Map: Map Elements

The United States of America

Alaska

Lambert Conformal Conic ProjectionSource: U.S. Dept. of State

0 41 2 3

hundreds ofkilometers

0 4 0 4

Washington,D.C.National Capital

Legend

Scale

CreditsNorth ArrowPlace nameInset

Ground

Figure

Neat line Border Title

Hawaii

TitleLegend

Projection

Grid

Data Source

Inset map

Map Body

Author

North Arrow

Scale

Bertin's Graphic Bertin's Graphic PrimitivesPrimitives

Visual balance is key!Visual balance is key!

Visual balance is affected by:Visual balance is affected by: the "weight" of the symbolsthe "weight" of the symbols the visual hierarchy of the symbols and the visual hierarchy of the symbols and

elementselements the location of the elements with respect to the location of the elements with respect to

each other and the visual center of the map.each other and the visual center of the map.

Visual centerVisual center

5% of height

5% of height

Landscape Portrait

Visual LayoutVisual Layout

Title Here

Title Here

Eye expects (1) balance and (2) alignment

Text: Selection and PlacementText: Selection and Placement

Kristiansand

BM 232

US Route

66

200

L a

ke

M u d

POINT LINE AREASome cartographic label placement conventions. Points: right and above preferred with no overlap.

Lines: Following the direction of the line, curved if a river. Areas: On a gently curved line following the shape of the figure and upright.

Bæ

rum

Osl

o

Text placementText placement

TrondheimTrondheim

Trondheim

Trondheim

Bogstadvann

Path right

Path Down

Symbol “weight”Symbol “weight”

Line weight Pattern Shading Hue

Map Design and GISMap Design and GIS

When a GIS map is the result of a complex When a GIS map is the result of a complex analytical or modeling process, good design analytical or modeling process, good design is essential for understanding.is essential for understanding.

The map is what distinguishes GIS as a The map is what distinguishes GIS as a different approach to the management of different approach to the management of information, so extra care should be taken information, so extra care should be taken to improve the final maps that a GIS to improve the final maps that a GIS generates in a GIS task.generates in a GIS task.

Limitations of Paper MapsLimitations of Paper Maps

Fixed scaleFixed scale Fixed extentFixed extent Static viewStatic view Flat and hence limited for 3D visualizationFlat and hence limited for 3D visualization Only presents ‘complete’ world viewOnly presents ‘complete’ world view Map producer-centricMap producer-centric

ConclusionsConclusions

Cartography is both an art and a scienceCartography is both an art and a science Maps are fundamental to GIS projectsMaps are fundamental to GIS projects Modern advances in cartography make it Modern advances in cartography make it

easy to produce good and bad mapseasy to produce good and bad maps New technology and especially the Internet New technology and especially the Internet

has change the content and techniques of has change the content and techniques of GIS-based cartographyGIS-based cartography

Multivariate Mapping