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Geriatric Medicine Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

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Page 1: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Geriatric MedicineGeriatric Medicine

Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD

Professor of Faculty of medicine

Kaohsiung Medical University

Page 2: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

何謂老人何謂老人• 依世界衛生組織的定義,六十五歲是分際。依世界衛生組織的定義,六十五歲是分際。老人醫學英文叫老人醫學英文叫 gerontologygerontology 。。

• DorlandDorland 英文醫學辭典說:「診治所有老英文醫學辭典說:「診治所有老人與老化相關的健康上的特殊問題的醫學人與老化相關的健康上的特殊問題的醫學領域,包涵與老人健康有關的社會學或歷領域,包涵與老人健康有關的社會學或歷史學。」 史學。」

Page 3: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

The elderly patient

• Persons aged ≥65

• Growing numbers of elderly person

• Elderly persons ≥ 7% 老人國 (82年起 )

• Cannot go on as we have; new approaches are needed

• Taiwan 2004:– ≥65 year old 9.48%– 17-64 year old 71.19%

Page 4: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Male: 73.60Male: 73.60Female: 79.41Female: 79.41

2004 TAIWAN2004 TAIWAN 2003 JAPAN2003 JAPANMale: 77.6Male: 77.6Female: 84.4Female: 84.4

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

41 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 79 80 85 88 89 90 91 92年

國人平均壽命國人平均壽命

男性 女性

Page 5: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University
Page 6: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

人口成長率及 65歲以上人口結構

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91年5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

%0/00

65歲以上人口結構

人口成長率

Page 7: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

60歲以上人口比率(2002) 1970 1980 1990 2002

1970-2002增減百分點

英國 20.80 59.20 56.18 53.54 53.00 -6.20

美國 16.20 61.77 50.88 52.21 51.00 -10.77

德國 24.00 58.51 51.71 45.02 48.00 -10.51

法國 20.50 60.50 56.86 52.05 53.00 -7.50

加拿大 17.10 61.44 47.26 46.96 45.00 -16.44

荷蘭 18.50 59.87 51.14 45.07 48.00 -11.87

南韓 11.80 83.04 60.79 44.60 39.00 -44.04

澳洲 16.70 59.23 53.57 49.37 48.00 -11.23

紐西蘭 15.90 67.42 57.97 52.72 53.00 -14.42

日本 24.40 45.13 48.35 43.65 48.00 2.87

台灣 12.57 74.18 57.16 49.89 42.00 -32.18

國際資料來源:WHO ( The World Health Report 2004 )

60歲以上人口比率暨依賴人口比趨勢-1970-2002 單位:%

Page 8: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University
Page 9: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

總數 年增率都會區所占比

(萬人) (0/00) (%) (歲)

79年 2,040 12.1 67 27.1 66.7 6.2 27.2 50 9 41

80年 2,061 10.0 67 26.3 67.1 6.5 27.7 49 10 39

81年 2,080 9.6 67 25.8 67.4 6.8 28.2 48 10 38

82年 2,100 9.3 67 25.1 67.8 7.1 28.7 47 10 37

83年 2,118 8.7 67 24.4 68.2 7.4 29.1 47 11 36

84年 2,136 8.5 67 23.8 68.6 7.6 29.6 46 11 35

85年 2,153 7.9 67 23.1 69.0 7.9 30.1 45 11 33

86年 2,174 10.1 67 22.6 69.3 8.1 30.5 44 12 33

87年 2,193 8.5 68 22.0 69.8 8.2 31.2 43 12 32

88年 2,209 7.5 68 21.4 70.1 8.5 31.6 43 12 31

89年 2,228 8.3 69 21.1 70.3 8.6 32.1 42 12 30

90年 2,241 5.8 69 20.8 70.4 8.8 32.6 42 13 30

91年 2,252 5.1 69 20.4 70.6 9.0 33.1 42 13 29

資料來源:內政部;行政院主計處註:1.扶老比=65歲以上年底人口 /15-64歲年底人口×100%  2.扶幼比=0-14歲年底人口 /15-64歲年底人口×100%  3.扶養比=(0-14歲年底人口 /+65歲以上年底人口 )/15-64歲年底人口×100%

青壯年扶養負擔 (%)

扶養比 扶老比 扶幼比年底

人口結構變遷人口數 人口年齡結構 (%)

0-14歲 15-64歲65歲以

年齡中位數

Page 10: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

家庭消費按消費型態分家庭消費按消費型態分

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

70 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91年

%

醫療及保健

運輸交通及通訊

食品、飲料及菸草

Page 11: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

疾病別與性別就診率

87.7

3.610.8

1.16.2

94.1

18.6

39.2

77.1

63.9

35.330.4 26.327.224.125.4

0.19.4

55.8

67.8

12.9

30.9

16.9 11.8

26.9

0.9 0.2

39.032.6

3.5

14.49.12.6

11.78.0

26.6

1.0 0.2

0102030405060708090

100

總計

傳染病及寄生蟲病

腫瘤

內分泌、營養及新陳

代謝疾病與免疫性疾

血液及造血器官之疾

精神疾患

神經系統及感覺器官

之疾病

循環系統疾病

呼吸系統疾病

消化系統疾病

泌尿生殖系統疾病

妊娠﹑生產及產褥期

之併發症

皮膚及皮下組織疾病

骨骼肌肉系統及結締

組織之疾病

先天畸形

周產期病態

徵候﹑症狀及診斷欠

明之各種病態

損傷及中毒

需要醫療服務之其他

原因

%

男性 女性

Page 12: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

單位:人數

男 女20,399,283 10,051,207 10,348,076 4,583,664 9,882,941 4,105,735 1,901,470

I 傳染病及寄生蟲病 3,993,358 1,942,896 2,050,462 1,130,331 1,726,137 764,412 389,147

II 腫瘤 1,288,951 412,162 876,789 51,375 609,371 432,970 205,768

III 內分泌、營養及新陳代謝疾病與免疫性疾患 2,524,759 1,238,453 1,286,306 90,664 768,633 1,015,289 692,362

IV 血液及造血器官之疾病 406,339 122,146 284,193 33,575 186,213 104,318 84,563

V 精神疾患 1,706,526 705,362 1,001,164 94,997 647,407 584,948 399,056

VI 神經系統及感覺器官之疾病 7,856,253 3,545,566 4,310,687 2,185,057 2,999,911 1,631,484 1,107,428

VII 循環系統疾病 3,065,580 1,479,995 1,585,585 44,170 630,939 1,245,352 1,204,214

VIII 呼吸系統疾病 16,247,596 7,769,477 8,478,119 4,291,062 7,679,200 3,065,531 1,488,937

IX 消化系統疾病 13,426,627 6,401,789 7,024,838 3,096,064 6,245,288 2,843,274 1,397,294

X 泌尿生殖系統疾病 4,950,688 1,072,786 3,877,902 272,876 2,750,927 1,351,112 620,917

XI 妊娠﹑生產及產褥期之併發症 401,641 12,432 389,209 7,345 377,870 12,409 4,246

XII 皮膚及皮下組織疾病 6,494,969 2,906,561 3,588,408 1,383,586 3,211,721 1,261,198 682,591

XIII 骨骼肌肉系統及結締組織之疾病 6,112,867 2,767,350 3,345,517 238,496 2,724,173 2,067,603 1,151,770

XIV 先天畸形 204,121 98,444 105,677 98,863 51,663 31,921 22,479

XV 周產期病態 55,054 28,387 26,667 47,999 4,547 1,342 1,174

XVI 徵候﹑症狀及診斷欠明之各種病態 7,407,156 3,121,457 4,285,699 1,317,878 3,293,888 1,806,589 1,053,245

XVII 損傷及中毒 6,017,456 3,088,766 2,928,690 889,789 3,118,259 1,383,358 661,541

XVIII 需要醫療服務之其他原因 ( V 分類 ) 4,240,887 1,351,986 2,888,901 566,636 1,389,137 1,048,140 1,254,891

民國九十一年門診人數統計─按疾病別、性別及年齡別分

疾病別

總計

45-64歲

門診人數

總計 65歲以上0-14歲 15-44歲

Page 13: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

• 老年人占西醫門診人次之老年人占西醫門診人次之 19.11%19.11% ,平均每,平均每人每年就診人每年就診 24.624.6 次 次

• 西醫門診費用中老年人口占西醫門診費用中老年人口占 28.76% 28.76% • 門診費用以消化系統疾病占一成八最多;門診費用以消化系統疾病占一成八最多;其次則為呼吸系統疾病 其次則為呼吸系統疾病

Page 14: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

─西醫門診費用占全體比率 按年齡別分

0-14歲

15-44歲

45-64歲

65歲以上

100%

傳染病及寄生蟲病 腫瘤內分泌、營養及新陳代謝疾病與免疫性疾患 血液及造血器官之疾病精神疾患 神經系統及感覺器官之疾病循環系統疾病 呼吸系統疾病消化系統疾病 泌尿生殖系統疾病妊娠﹑生產及產褥期之併發症 皮膚及皮下組織疾病骨骼肌肉系統及結締組織之疾病 先天畸形周產期病態 徵候﹑症狀及診斷欠明之各種病態損傷及中毒 ( V ) 需要醫療服務之其他原因 分類

Page 15: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

單位:人數

男 女1,890,174 935,733 954,441 323,436 727,083 409,161 457,675

I 傳染病及寄生蟲病 256,104 147,663 108,441 76,397 44,493 51,470 85,537

II 腫瘤 179,485 84,265 95,220 3,451 45,410 65,350 69,009

III 內分泌、營養及新陳代謝疾病與免疫性疾患 352,232 188,618 163,614 49,346 44,349 103,542 160,320

IV 血液及造血器官之疾病 122,158 55,991 66,167 12,624 30,297 29,451 50,697

V 精神疾患 97,377 54,890 42,487 1,617 46,679 24,297 27,397

VI 神經系統及感覺器官之疾病 191,596 105,509 86,087 39,773 35,674 46,242 71,629

VII 循環系統疾病 444,529 247,946 196,583 5,442 56,588 133,418 256,629

VIII 呼吸系統疾病 492,852 291,116 201,736 176,969 90,442 73,007 158,044

IX 消化系統疾病 503,063 302,566 200,497 101,325 119,017 122,637 165,586

X 泌尿生殖系統疾病 357,894 173,809 184,085 23,941 88,394 93,419 156,369

XI 妊娠﹑生產及產褥期之併發症 220,130 23 220,107 121 220,243 118 2

XII 皮膚及皮下組織疾病 117,930 71,213 46,717 22,473 30,257 26,007 39,888

XIII 骨骼肌肉系統及結締組織之疾病 164,119 82,031 82,088 3,945 43,889 51,505 66,136

XIV 先天畸形 31,995 17,152 14,843 17,969 6,557 3,912 3,661

XV 周產期病態 34,098 19,290 14,808 34,029 58 6 5

XVI 徵候﹑症狀及診斷欠明之各種病態 255,352 146,155 109,197 38,083 60,119 62,675 96,104

XVII 損傷及中毒 325,116 194,585 130,531 24,774 141,956 80,789 79,403

XVIII 需要醫療服務之其他原因 ( V 分類 ) 216,193 72,929 143,264 19,808 123,294 35,433 39,082

不詳 629 560 69 5 434 139 65

疾病別

總 計

民國九十一年住院人數統計─按疾病別、性別及年齡別分

住院人數

總計 0-14 歲 15-44 歲 45-64 歲 65 歲以上

Page 16: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

單位:萬點

醫學中心 區域醫院 地區醫院 其他

11,855,824 11,727,129 5,302,740 4,020,091 1,869,358 534,940 128,612

I 傳染病及寄生蟲病 334,574 334,545 134,277 125,773 66,666 7,828 29

II 腫瘤 1,497,375 1,494,588 1,021,031 400,272 67,061 6,225 2,787

III 內分泌、營養及新陳代謝疾病與免疫性疾患 264,154 264,153 126,093 95,861 36,441 5,758 1

IV 血液及造血器官之疾病 53,121 53,120 37,142 11,117 4,421 440 1

V 精神疾患 660,621 660,621 91,831 133,250 102,982 332,558 -

VI 神經系統及感覺器官之疾病 327,719 327,714 200,261 96,289 27,656 3,508 5

VII 循環系統疾病 1,559,130 1,559,130 828,400 578,564 134,559 17,608 -

VIII 呼吸系統疾病 1,918,667 1,918,662 527,399 702,775 614,262 74,227 5

IX 消化系統疾病 1,062,711 1,062,710 455,869 435,182 155,552 16,106 2

X 泌尿生殖系統疾病 720,200 717,494 303,168 298,325 105,284 10,717 2,706

XI 妊娠﹑生產及產褥期之併發症 467,227 344,239 99,927 128,166 102,999 13,147 122,905

XII 皮膚及皮下組織疾病 172,618 172,615 73,354 65,501 30,937 2,823 3

XIII 骨骼肌肉系統及結締組織之疾病 721,154 721,148 355,699 229,255 128,071 8,123 6

XIV 先天畸形 157,122 157,096 133,473 18,896 4,155 573 26

XV 周產期病態 148,912 148,883 102,157 37,183 9,279 264 29

XVI 徵候﹑症狀及診斷欠明之各種病態 220,143 220,130 82,352 90,608 42,462 4,708 13

XVII 損傷及中毒 1,229,248 1,229,242 517,838 469,830 221,220 20,354 7

XVIII 需要醫療服務之其他原因 ( V 分類 ) 336,502 336,434 208,304 102,832 15,333 9,966 68

不詳 4,625 4,605 4,166 413 19 7 20

總 計

疾病別

民國九十一年住院費用統計─按疾病別及院所別分

住院費用 (點數 )

醫院合計 總計 診所

Page 17: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

癌症標準化死亡率之國際比較 自 殺 死 亡 率 國 際 比 較

─ 以1976年W.H.O. ─之世界標準人口數為準 單位:每十萬人口

年 名 中華民國 美 國 德 國 英 國 義 大 利 日 本 澳 洲 新 加 坡 南 韓 別

1990 102.5 134.1 133.5 147.3 136.9 107.7 126.0 135.2 ...

1991 104.4 133.5 135.7 145.9 137.1 107.3 125.7 133.4 ...

1992 108.0 132.2 135.4 145.0 134.8 107.6 123.5 131.7 117.4

1993 111.0 131.9 134.6 141.7 133.7 106.1 124.2 128.7 121.9

1994 112.1* 130.8 132.3 139.4 134.3 106.2 126.2 131.7 125.2

1995 120.1 130.0 130.8 137.1 127.6 110.9 121.0 130.8 123.1

1996 126.0 128.0 130.1 136.1 ... 110.7 ... 127.7 119.3 1997 126.7 125.8 126.5 132.8 ... 108.9 ... 127.9 118.8 1998 123.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1999 120.9 123.3 123.7 128.9 119.9 107.8 113.9 ... ... 2000 123.5 121.9 ... ... ... ... ... 113.9 118.3

2001 124.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2002 125.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

資料來源:世界衛生組織Mortality Database 之 Table 1 計算而得;美國1999年和2000年資料由NVSS Vol 49, No. 8 之Table 9和 NVSS Vol 50, No. 15 之 Table 10 計算而得。附 註:*自1994年起含金門縣及連江縣。

Page 18: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

65 - - 92 VS 82台灣地區 歲以上人口主要死因死亡率變動 年 年

-5.55

30.56

-30.82 -30.63

41.51 40.15

23.31

-30.43

14.51

-41.92-41.68

-60.0

-40.0

-20.0

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0%

Page 19: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

肺癌年齡別死亡率92民國 年

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

25歲以下 25-29歲 30-34歲 35-39歲 40-44歲 45-49歲 50-54歲 55-59歲 60-64歲 65-69歲 70-74歲 75-79歲 80-84歲 85+

每十萬人口死亡數

肺癌死亡率

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92年

標準化死亡率

粗死亡率

Page 20: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

結核病年齡別死亡率92民國 年

0.0

40.0

80.0

120.0

160.0

200.0

240.0

280.0

25歲以下 25-29歲 30-34歲 35-39歲 40-44歲 45-49歲 50-54歲 55-59歲 60-64歲 65-69歲 70-74歲 75-79歲 80-84歲 85歲以上

每十萬人口死亡數

結核病死亡率

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92年

70依 年人口

粗死亡率

標準化死亡率

附 註:標準化死亡率係以民國七十年臺灣地區年中人口年齡結構為基準

Page 21: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

肺炎年齡別死亡率92民國 年

0.0

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0

1000.0

1200.0

25歲以下 25-29歲 30-34歲 35-39歲 40-44歲 45-49歲 50-54歲 55-59歲 60-64歲 65-69歲 70-74歲 75-79歲 80-84歲 85+

每十萬人口死亡數

計肺炎死亡率

0. 0

5. 0

10. 0

15. 0

20. 0

25. 0

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92年

標準化死亡率

粗死亡率

Page 22: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

自 殺 死 亡 率 國 際 比 較 表 44. 事 故 傷 害 死 亡 率 國 際 比 較

單位:每十萬人口

年 名 中華民國 美 國 德 國 英 國 義大利 日 本 澳 洲 新加坡 南 韓

別 (2003年 ) (1999年 ) (1999年 ) (1999年 ) (1999年 ) (1999年 ) (1999年 ) (2000年 ) (2000年 )

計 11.6 9.1 9.8 6.3 5.0 17.7 11.5 8.2 12.0

總 計 男 15.6 15.0 15.1 9.9 7.9 26.3 18.5 11.0 17.6

女 7.7 3.5 4.7 2.6 2.3 9.3 4.6 5.6 7.0

計 6.1 10.3 8.0 6.7 4.3 12.0 13.9 7.1 8.7

15-24歲 男 7.1 17.2 12.7 10.6 6.8 16.5 22.1 6.5 10.2女 5.1 3.1 3.0 2.5 1.7 7.3 5.3 7.7 7.0

計 35.2 15.9 24.8 7.8 14.2 37.2 13.1 24.7 35.6

65歲以上 男 43.9 32.1 41.5 12.1 26.1 51.0 24.9 37.0 55.8

女 26.1 4.4 14.7 4.7 6.1 27.4 3.8 14.5 23.6

資料來源:世界衛生組織 (W.H.O.) World Health Statistics Annual 1995 及 1997-1999 online version of the World Health Statistics Annual 之 Table 1 計算而得。 附 註:1.臺灣地區自殺及自傷每十萬人口標準化死亡率 1999 年總計 9.0, 男 12.0, 女 5.9;2000 年總計 9.6, 男 12.5, 女 6.6。 2.臺灣地區15-24歲自殺及自傷每十萬人口死亡率 1999 年總計 4.3, 男 5.6, 女 3.1;2000 年總計 4.0, 男 4.7, 女 3.7。 3.臺灣地區65歲以上自殺及自傷每十萬人口死亡率 1999 年總計 32.1, 男 41.0, 女 21.8;2000 年總計 35.0, 男 44.6, 女 25.2。

─ 以1976年W.H.O. ─之世界標準人口數為準

Page 23: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

老人醫學在此地不易成長的原因• 老人的毛病既然是眾多器官的功能同時衰退的綜合表

徵,要抽絲剝繭其中問題,非三、五分鐘的問診可以達成,目前的醫療制度做不到這一點。

• 台灣醫學太專科化,成人與老人都被視為器官的聚合體,醫師看病把病人肢解為器官慣了。

• 台灣社會仍在大小家庭兩種習俗之間徘徊,在家安置與照顧年老病人常是社會衡量孝道的尺度,殊不知這種病人在家照料不易周延,也使真正診治與照料老人的好設施難以代之而起。不像美國,彼邦老人早已覺悟必須照顧自己,所以老人醫學與老人院設施並立,有發達的動力。台灣的老人院多半類似庇護所,還沒有到能顧及老病人生活品質的程度,尚有待加強。

By: 黃崑巖

Page 24: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

•醫療制度醫療制度•醫師無共視醫師無共視 ,, 自我太強自我太強•整個社會制度、福利制度尚未成熟整個社會制度、福利制度尚未成熟•政府沒有重視老人問題政府沒有重視老人問題

老人醫學在此地不易成長的原因

By: 黃明賢

Page 25: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

老化•由於生物學上的老化分為三個層次

–包括原發性老化–外加因素引起的老化–心理的老化,

•老年人身心健康與保健醫療需求除了老人疾病外,有很大的一部份需歸因於身心功能狀態的持續退化所致

Page 26: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

老人身體功能的改變 • 老年人身體功能的改變可因老化或疾病所引起,身體機能的老化包括神經、肌肉、骨骼、呼吸、循環、內分泌、眼、耳鼻喉、泌尿、皮膚等各系統器官均會有程度上的改變,而姿勢的變化、平衡的失常、記憶與判斷能力的失常等也會造成功能上的改變或障礙,進而影響老年人獨立自主的生活能力。例如老年人易發生跌倒的原因,常是步態改變、姿勢不穩定、肌肉功能控制不良、視力與聽力不良、平衡協調能力失常,甚至於短暫的記憶失常等多重功能退化與障礙所引起。

Page 27: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

AgingAging

Page 28: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

• Aging process is Aging process is normal, progressive, and normal, progressive, and physiologically irreversiblephysiologically irreversible..

• Aging occurs despite optimal nutrition, Aging occurs despite optimal nutrition, genetic background, environmental genetic background, environmental surroundings, and activity patterns.surroundings, and activity patterns.

• Biological aging process, may Biological aging process, may demonstrate altered rates of progression demonstrate altered rates of progression in response to an individual’s genetic in response to an individual’s genetic background and daily living habitsbackground and daily living habits

Page 29: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University
Page 30: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

老人醫學的特點 • 慢性疾病的增加• 疾病的併發症增加• 常併發全身性或系統性疾病• 疾病症狀不典型• 與年齡增加有關的疾病• 對於疾病的處理與治療方式不同

Page 31: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Goals of Care• The usual “fix-it” model is inadequate for

geriatric medicine• The best possible outcome for an elderly

patient must be defined by patient’s preferences and values

• Most treatments are only partially effective and carry both burdens and benefits, and reasonable persons differ in evaluating these

• Good decision making requires that the possible futures of the patient

Page 32: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Age (years)

O2MBC

RBF

CI

FBS

30 40 50 60 70 80

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0

O2= maximum oxygen uptake MBC= maximum breathing capacityRBF= renal blood flow CI= resting cardiac index FBS=fasting blood glucose

Page 33: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Major theories on aging

Theory Mechanisms Manifestations

Accumulation of damage to informational molecules

Spontaneous mutagenesis

Failure in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis

Superoxide radicals and loss of scavenging enzymes

Copying error

Error catastrophe

Oxidative cellular damage

Regulation of specific genes

Appearance of specific proteins

Genetically programmed senescence

Page 34: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Hospital

Home

Dead

FirstNursingHome

RepeatNursingHome

Page 35: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Components of assessment of the elderly

PHYSICAL

SOCIO-ECONOMIC

PSYCHOLOGIC

FUNCTION

Page 36: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Aging

Acutediseases

Chronicdiseases

Page 37: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Initial evaluation of geriatric patient• Primary reason for visit• Current medical problems• Past medical and surgical history• Current medications• Medication allergies• Vaccine status

– Influenza, pneumococcus, tetanus

• Social issue– Living status– Driving– Smoking– Drinking alcohol

Page 38: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Potential difficulties in taking history from elderly

• Communication– Diminish vision– Diminish hearing– Slowed psychomotor performance

• Underreporting of symptoms– Health belief, fear, depression, altered physical and

psychological responses to disease process– Cognitive impairment

• Vague or nonspecific symptoms– As above– Altered presentation of specific diseases

• Multiple complaints

Page 39: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Important aspects of the history in the elderly

• Social history– Living arrangement, relationships with family and

friends, expectation of family or other care givers, economic status, abilities to perform activities of daily living, social activities and hobbies, mode of transportation

• Past medical history– Surgical procedures, major illnesses and

hospitalizations, immunization status, TB, medications, perceived beneficial or adverse drug effects

Page 40: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Purposes and objectives of functional status measures

• Description

• Screening

• Assessment

• Monitoring

• prediction

Page 41: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Examples of measures of physical functioning

• Basic activities of daily living (ADL)– Feeding, dressing, ambulation, toileting, bathing

transfer (from bed and toilet), continence, grooming, communication

• Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL)– Writing, reading, cooking, cleaning, shopping,

doing laundry, climbing stairs, using telephone, managing medication, managing money, ability to perform paid employment or outside work, ability to travel

Page 42: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

初步測試問卷初步測試問卷• 今天幾號 ?• 今天星期幾 ?• 您現在身處何處 ?• 您的電話號碼 ? 您家的住址 ?• 您幾歲 ?• 您的出生年月日 ? 年 月 日或生肖 ?• 現任總統是誰 ?• 前任總統是誰 ?• 您母親的娘家姓氏 ?• 20-3=?-3=?-3=?-3=?-3=?

Page 43: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Geriatric Problems

• Immobility• Instability• Incontinence• Intellectual

impairment• Infection• Impairment of vision

and hearing• Irritable colon

• Isolation (depression)

• Inanition (malnutrition)

• Impecunity• Iatrogenesis• Insomnia• Immune deficiency• Impotence

Page 44: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Confusion

• 5% of older than 65 y/o, 20% of those older than 75 y/o

• As a mental state in which reaction to environmental stimuli are inappropriate

• DD of confusion:– Delirium (acute)– Dementias (more slowly)– Impaired cognitive function associated with aff

ective disorders and psychoses

Page 45: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Depression • Biological factor

– Family history, aging changes in neurotransmission

• Physical– Specific diseases, chronic medical conditions,

sensory deprivation, loss of physical function

• Psychological – Unresolved conflicts, memory loss and dementia,

personality disorders

• Social– Losses of family and friends, isolation, loss of job,

loss of income

Page 46: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Treatment modalities for depression in the elderly

• Supportive measures

• Psychotherapy

• Drugs

• Sedative for associated anxiety or agitation

• Antipsychotics for associated psychoses

• Electroconvulsive therapy

Page 47: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Incontinence

• Basic causes incontinence

• Acute causes incontinence

• Persistent causes incontinence

Page 48: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Basic underlying causes

Urologic Neurologic

Functional/Functional/PsychologicalPsychological

Iatrogenic/Environmental

Page 49: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Acute and reversible forms of urinary Acute and reversible forms of urinary incontinenceincontinence

• D delirium• R restricted mobility, retention• I infection, inflammation, impaction (feca

l)• P polyuria, pharmaceuticals

Page 50: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Types of persistent incontinence

Urge Stress

Functional Overflow

Page 51: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Instability and fallsComplications of falls in the elderly• Injuries

– Painful soft tissue injuries– Fracture : hip, femur, humerus, wrist, ribs– Subdural hematoma

• Hospitalization – Complications of immobilization– Risk of iatrogenic illnesses

• Disability– Impaired mobility due to physical injury– Impaired mobility from fear, loss of self-confidence, and restrictio

n of ambulation• Risk of institutionalization• Death

Page 52: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Falls

Intrinsic factors Extrinsic factors

Medical and neuropsychiatricconditions

Impaired visionand hearing

Age-related changesIn neuromuscular function,gait and posture reflexes

Medications

Improper prescription and/or use of assistive devices for ambulation

Environmentalhazards

Page 53: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Insomnia

Sedative-hypnotic drug

Morning delirium/lethargy

Fall

Hip fracture

Cascade of drug-induced illnessCascade of drug-induced illness

Page 54: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Seizures

Phenytoin

Ataxia

Fall

Hip fracture

Cascade of drug-induced illnessCascade of drug-induced illness

Page 55: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Immobility

Page 56: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Common causes• Musculoskeletal disorders

– Arthritides, osteoporosis, fractures…. • Neurological disorders

– Stroke, parkinson’s disease…. • Cardiovascular diseases

– CHF (severe), CAD…..• Pulmonary diseases

– COPD (severe type)• Sensory factors

– Fear, impairment vision• Environmental causes:

– Forced immobility…..• Others :

– Malnutrition, malignancy, depression…

Page 57: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

Complications• Skin: pressure sores• Musculoskeletal: muscular atrophy…• Cardiovascular: thrombosis, embolism• Pulmonary : pneumonia, atelectasis• GI: constipation, anorexia, impaction • GU: incontinence, infection, retention• Metabolic: impaired glucose tolerance, altered

drug pharmacokinetics• Psychological: depression, dementia, delirium

Page 58: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

General management General management

• Iatrogenesis

• Drug therapy

• Developing clinical expectations

• Long-term-care resources

• Nursing home care

Page 59: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University
Page 60: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University

大英博物館大英博物館

倫敦橋倫敦橋

Page 61: Geriatric Medicine Ming-Shyan Huang, MD, PhD Professor of Faculty of medicine Kaohsiung Medical University