gŸë¡fšé¤ Jiமதி ெபக 1 3 5 10 ெமாˆத 1 ஆசிேயா ெப கள வைக பா 3 6 5 10 24 2 தாவர உ ளைம ப"ய# 2 6 5 10 23 5 தாவர

gŸë¡fšé¤ Jiw

nkåiy¥ gŸëfS¡fhd f‰wš f£lf«

m¿Kf«

khãy¡ fšéæaš MuhŒ¢Á k‰W« gæ‰Á ãWtd«, 2016-17M« fšéah©oš

nkåiy¥ gŸëfë‹ f‰wš ju¤Âid ca®¤Â¤ nj®¢Á éG¡fh£oid nk«gL

¤Jtj‰bfd jäœ, M§»y«, fz¡F, Ïa‰Ãaš, ntÂæaš, cæç-jhtuéaš, cæç-

éy§»aš, òéæaš, tuyhW, bghUëaš, tâféaš, fz¡F¥gÂéaš M»a

ghl§fS¡fhd f‰wš f£lf§fis cUth¡» cŸsJ.

Fiwªj kÂ¥bg© bgW« khztid¤ nj®¢Ábgw¤ jFÂ¥gL¤JtJ«, nj®¢

Áæ‹ éë«Ãš ÏU¡F« khztid mÂf kÂ¥bg© bgw it¥gJ«, mÂf kÂ¥bg©

bg‰W tU»‹w khzt®fis KG kÂ¥bg© bgw têfh£Ltj‰Fkhd Ïy¡Ffis

K‹åW¤Â Ï¡f£lf« totik¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

muÁ‹ édh¤jhŸ Â£l tiué‹ mo¥gilæš khzt®fë‹ nj®¢Á éG¡fh

£oid mÂfç¡F« neh¡»š cUth¡f¥g£LŸs Ï¡f£lf¤Âid khzt®fS¡F

e‹Kiwæš vL¤J¢ br‹W, khzt®fis¤ nj®Îfis vÂ®bfhŸs¤j¡f JâÎ«

j‹d«Ã¡ifÍ« ä¡ft®fshf cUth¡FkhW khãy¡ fšéæaš MuhŒ¢Á k‰W« gæ

‰Á ãWtd« mid¤J MÁça¥ bgUk¡fisÍ« nf£L¡ bfhŸ»wJ.

tpdhj;jhs; jpl;l tiuT (BLUE PRINT)

உய�� - தாவரவ�ய

வ

எ�பாட�

மதி�ெப�க�

1 3 5 10ெமா�

த�

1

ஆ�சிேயாெப� கள�� வைக�பா�

3 6 5 10 24

2 தாவர உ ளைம�ப"ய# 2 6 5 10 23

3

ெச# உய"$ய# ம%& மரப"ய#

2 3 5 - 10

4 உ�ரெ்தா�ல் டப் யல் 2 3 5 10 20

5 தாவர ெசயலிய# 3 9 10 10 32

6

மன�த நல ேம பா,-# உய"$ய#

2 3 5 - 10

!

!

f qj z ! .! 2! Gj xf <k h m<s! l k qh <oh { <gt<! 4 1g<G ! Ol z <! oh x!

!

!

ghl v© பாட�

மதி�ெப�க�

1 3 5 10 ெமா�த�

1ஆ�சிேயாெப� கள�� வைக�பா�

3(37) 2(20) 1(8) 1(5) 24

2 தாவர உ ளைம�ப"ய# 2(30) 2(7) 1(3) 1(7) 23

5 தாவர ெசயலிய# 3(38) 3(19) 2(8) 1(5) 32

1. nk‰f©l _‹W ghl§fë‹ bgU«ghyhd 5, 10 kÂ¥bg© édh¡fŸ brŒKiw¤

nj®ényna Ïl« bg‰¿U¥gjhš mnj ghl§fis¡ fU¤Âaš nj®Î¡F« nj®Î

brŒJ go¥gJ vëJ.

2. khzt®fŸ Ï¥gæ‰Á¡ f£lf¤Âš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs nk‰f©l _‹W

ghl§fë‹ éil¡F¿¥òfis fU¤Âš bfh©L KGikahf¥ go¤J vGÂdhš

w tqkig¤! Oki <s <s q! oh x z il </ !!

1

!

!

f qj z !–! 3 ! nk qgh m <s! l k q h <oh { <gt <! 8 1g<G ! Ol z <! o h x!

!

ghl v©!

பாட�மதி�ெப�க�

1 3 5 10 ெமா�த�

1ஆ�சிேயாெப� கள�� வைக�பா�

3 6 5 10 24

2 தாவர உ ளைம�ப"ய# 2 6 5 10 23

5 தாவர ெசயலிய# 3 9 10 10 32

� ghl v© 1, 2 k‰W« 5 M»a ghl§fis nj®Î brŒJ KGikahf¥ go¤jhny

69/75 kÂ¥bg©fis vëjhf¥ bgwyh«

� nk‰f©l _‹W ghl§fë‹ bgU«ghyhd 5, 10 kÂ¥bg© édh¡fŸ

brŒKiw¤ nj®ényna Ïl« bg‰¿U¥gjhš mnj ghl§fis¡ fU¤Âaš

nj®Î¡F« nj®Î brŒJ go¥gJ vëJ.

� 69/75 š vŠÁÍŸs 6 kÂ¥bg©fS¡F« ghl v© 3,4 k‰W« 6 èUªJÏJtiuæš bghJ¤nj®éš nf£f¥g£l mid¤J xU kÂ¥bg©édh¡fisÍ« KGikahf¥ go¤jhny vëjhf KG kÂ¥bg©fisÍ« bgwKoÍ«.

G xqh < Hg t<;.

� FiwªjJ 8 Kjš 13 kÂ¥bg©fŸ tiu gl« tiuªJ ghf§fis¡F¿ ngh‹w

édh¡fŸ nf£f¥gLtjhš ÏJtiuæš bghJ¤nj®éš nf£f¥g£l nk‰f©l

tifæyhd édh¡fis¥ gæ‰Á vL¤J¡ bfhŸtJ äfÎ« mtÁa«.

� mÂf kÂ¥bg©fŸ bgw éU«ò« khzt®fŸ Ï¥gæ‰Á¡ f£lf¤Âš

bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs éil¡F¿¥òfis¡ fU¤Âš bfh©L KGikahf¥ go¤J

vGÂdhš mªjªj édh¡fS¡F cça KG kÂ¥bg©fis vëjhf¥ bgwyh«.

� tiuaW v‹whš v‹d ? ngh‹w _‹W kÂ¥bg© édh¡fS¡F¥ bghU¤jkhd

vL¤J¡fh£LfSl‹ éilfis vGÂdhš k£Lnk KG kÂ¥bg©fis¥ bgw

KoÍ«.

2

� 5 k‰W« 10 kÂ¥bg©fŸ gl¤Jl‹Toa édh¡fS¡F¡ f©o¥ghf¥ gl« tiuªJ

mid¤J ghf§fis¡ F¿¤jhš k£Lnk KG kÂ¥bg©fis¥ bgw KoÍ«.

� jhtu braèaš ghl¤Âš cŸs 10 kÂ¥bg© édh¡fS¡F tiuaiwÍl‹ Toa

tiugl¤ij vGÂdhš KGikahd kÂ¥bg©fis¥ bgwyh«.

� 5 kÂ¥bg© f£lha édh bgU«ghY« tif¥gh£oaš ghl¤ÂèUªnj mÂf Kiw

nf£f¥g£LŸsJ, vdnt Ït‰¿š mÂf ftd« njit.

� tif¥gh£oaèš cŸs 4 FL«g§fë‹ bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt¤ij KGikahf¥

go¤jhš _‹W k‰W« xU kÂ¥bg© édh¡fS¡F vëjhf éilaë¡fyh«,

� 3 k‰W« 5 kÂ¥bg© bfh©l ntWghL tif édh¡fŸ ghl v© 1,2,3 k‰W« 5 Ïš

nf£f¥gLtjhš mj‰F K¡»a¤Jt« bfhL¤J go¥gJ mÂf kÂ¥bg©fŸ bgw

cjÎ«.

� Fiwthd g¡f§fŸ bfh©l ghl v© 4'I e‹F go¤jhš xU 10 kÂ¥bg©

édhé‰F vëjhf éil më¡fyh«.

� cæç jhtuéaèš neuo édh¡fŸ mÂf« nf£f¥gLtjhš ghl¥gFÂæ‹ Ã‹

gFÂæš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs édh¡fis e‹F f‰W¥ gæ‰Á brŒjhš mÂf

kÂ¥bg©fŸ bgwyh«.

� jhtu braèaš ghl¤Âš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs MŒÎfŸ bjhl®ghd édh¡fis

brŒKiw¤ nj®Î gFÂæYŸsthW go¤jhš 5 kÂ¥bg©fŸ bgwyh«.

� mÂf kÂ¥bg©fis bgw Ï¥gæ‰Á f£lf¤Â‹ ÏWÂæš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs 3, 4

k‰W« 6M« ghl§fS¡F¿a édh éilia e‹F go¤J gæ‰Á bgwÎ«.

� cæç jhtuéaiy¥ bghU¤jtiu 75 kÂ¥bg©fS¡F éilaë¡f

nt©oÍŸsjhš 85 ãäl§fS¡FŸ gÂš vGj nt©L«. filÁ 5 ãäl§fŸ

éilfis¢ rçgh®¡f nt©L«.

3

1.ஆ�சிேயாெப� கள�� வைக�பா�

3 kjpg;ngz;fs; 1. ÏUbrh‰ bgaçL Kiw v‹whš v‹d?

x›bthU jhtu¥bgaU« ÏU brh‰fshš MdJ. v.fh. khŠÁ~bguh Ï©ofh. ÏÂš khŠÁ~bguh v‹w brhš – ngçd¤ijÍ«, Ï‹ofh v‹w brhš – Á‰¿d¤ijÍ« F¿¡F«.

2. jhtu tif¥gh£o‹ neh¡f§fis vGJf.1. x¤j g©òfë‹ mo¥gilæš jhtu§fis xG§fhd Kiwæš tçir¥gL¤JtJ.2. bt›ntW bjhFÂfëilnaÍŸs jhtu§fë‹ kuò têia ãiyãW¤Jjš.

3. ghpNrhjid tifg;ghl;bd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?

1. ,aw;if capH myFfspd; tiuaiwfis epHzapj;jy;.2. gyjug;gl;l Nrhjid tifg;ghl;Lf; FOkq;fshd #o;epiyr; rpw;wpdk;> #o;epiy

tif> $l;Lr; rpw;wpdk; kw;Wk; fk;Nghpak; Kjyhditfis mwpjy;.

4. gçnrhjid tif¥gh£oaš - tiuaW ÏJ cæUŸs jhtu¤ bjhifæ‹ Kiw¥gh£oaš vd tiuaW¡f¥gL»wJ.

bršèaš, kuÃaš, jhtu¥ òéæaš, jhtu ntÂæaš, v©âaš tif¥ghL, _y¡TW ntÂæaš M»a m¿éaš _y§fëèUªJ bgw¥gL« g©òfŸ mo¥gilæš tif¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ.

5. ó¡F« jhtu§fë‹ 3 tF¥òfŸ ahit?

1. ilfh£oèlnd ( ÏU é¤Âiy jhtu«)2. í«ndh°bg®nk3. khndhfh£oèlnd ( xU é¤Âiy jhtu«)

6. bA®ngça« v‹whš v‹d? mG¤Â cy®¤j¥g£L, jhëš x£l¥g£L V‰W¡bfhŸs¥g£l VjhtbjhU

tif¥gh£o‹go tçir¥gL¤j¥g£l cy® jhtu¤bjhF¥ò bA®ngça« vd¥gL«. (v.fh) ÏªÂa jhtuéaš bA®ngça«, nfha«ò¤ö®.

7. khndh¡sikona - F¿¥ò tiuf?

X® mL¡F ÏjœfisÍila KGika‰w ky®fis¡ bfh©l jhtu§fŸ, òšè k‰W« mšè ÏjœfŸ bjëthf ntWgL¤Â¡ fhzKotÂšiy. khwhf óéjœ t£l« fhz¥gL»wJ. ÏÂš 8 tçir, 36 FL«g§fŸ cŸsd.

8. khšntÁ FL«g eh®¤ jhtu§fŸ _‹¿id vGJ.1) fhì¥Ãa« gh®gbl‹°( v»¥J gU¤Â)2) fh.ï®N£l« (mbkç¡f gU¤Â)3) fh. bA®ngÁa« (gU¤Â)

9. khšntÁæ‹ tif¥gh£L ãiyia vGJf.tF¥ò - ilfh£oèlnd Jiz tF¥ò - ghèbg£lhny tçir - jyhä ~ònshnu Jiw - khšntš° FL«g« - khšntÁ

4

10. òw¥òšè t£l« v‹whš v‹d? mò£oyh‹ Ï‹of« jhtu¤Âš cŸsjh? ó¡fh«ò¢ brÂšfŸ xU t£l¤Âš òšè ÏjœfS¡F òw¤nj mikªJ cUthtJ

òw¥òšè t£lkhF« v.fh : khšth Ášbt°£ç° jhtu¤Âš 3 ó¡fh«ò brÂšfŸ cŸsJ. mò£oyh‹ Ï‹of« jhtu¤Âš òw¥òšè t£l« Ïšiy.

11. khšntÁ FL«g kU¤Jt jhtu§fŸ _‹¿id vGJf.1) mò£oyh‹ Ï‹of« - nt® k‰W« ÏiyfŸ fhŒ¢riy Fz¥gL¤J«. 2) khšth Ášbt°£ç° - nt® k‰W« ÏiyfŸ fhŒ¢rš k‰W« f¡Fth‹

ÏUkiy Fz¥gL¤J«. 3) MšÂah nuhÁah - nt® tæ‰W¥ngh¡»id Fz¥gL¤J«.

12. m£nuhÃ‹ v‹whš v‹d? m£nuhgh bgšynlhdh jhtu¤Â‹ ntçèUªJ bgw¥gL« MšfyhŒL¡F `m£nuhÃ‹’ v‹W bga®. ÏJ jirtèia Ú¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.

13. brhyhndÁ FL«g kU¤Jt¤jhtu§fŸ _‹¿id vGJf.1) m£nuhgh bgšynlhdh – nt® - jirtèia Ú¡f.2) brhyhd« £iunyhng£l« (öJtis)- Ïiy,ky®, få - ÏUkY¡F kUªjhf3) it¤jhåah rh«å ~bguh (mK¡»uh)-Ïiy,nt® - ÁWÚ®¥ngh¡if ö©l4) lh£ûh °£uhnkhåa« - Ïiy,ky® - M°Jkh, f¡Fth‹ ÏUkiy Fz¥gL¤j

14. òifæiyæš cŸs MšfyhŒLfis vGJf?1) ã¡nfh£o‹ 2) eh® ã¡nfh£o‹ 3) mdngÁ‹

15. ôngh®ÃnaÁ FL«g¤Â‹ tif¥gh£L ãiyia vGJf. tF¥ò - ilfh£oèlnd Jiz tF¥ò - khndh¡sikona tçir - ôåbr¡Rntš° FL«g« - ôngh®ÃnaÁ

16. »shnlhL v‹whš v‹d?

ôngh®Ãahé‹ gy Á‰¿d§fë‹ j©L xë¢nr®¡ifia nk‰bfhŸs cUkh‰w« milªJŸsJ. Ï¤jifa cUkh‰w« »shnlhL vd¥gL«. v.fh. ôngh®Ãah ÂU¡fŸë, ô. M‹onfhu«.

17. äônrÁæ‹ tif¥gh£L ãiyia jUf.tF¥ò - khndhfh£oèlnd tçir - v¥Ãifnd FL«g« - äônrÁ

18. ghènfk° v‹whš v‹d?

M©ky®fŸ, bg©ky®fŸ, ÏUghš ky®fŸ xnu jhtu¤Âš cŸsd. Ïj‰F ghènfk° v‹W bga®. ( v.fh ) äÍ[h ghuoÁahfh.

19. khndhfh®Ã¡ gšyh©L jhtu« v‹whš v‹d?

äôrh jdJ thœfhy¤Âš xU Kiw k£Lnk ky®fis c‰g¤Â brŒJ fåfis¤ jU»wJ. vdnt, ÏJ khndhfh®¥Ã¡ gšyh©L¤jhtu« MF«.

20. bghŒ¤j©L v‹whš v‹d? äôrhéš mJ v›thW cUth»wJ?

5

äÍ[héš jiu¡F nkš fhz¥gL« »isa‰w ãä®ªj j©L ngh‹w gFÂ bghŒ¤j©lhF«. ÏJ Ú©l fdkhd k‰W« mf‹w ciwngh‹w Ïiyao¥gFÂfŸ x‹iw x‹W jGé cUthdJ.

5 kjpg;ngz;fs; 1. bA®ngça¤Â‹ K¡»a¤Jt¤ij vGJf.

� xU eh£o‹ mšyJ xU F¿¥Ã£l Ïl¤Â‹ mšyJ xU Ãunjr¤ÂYŸsjhtu§fë‹ étu§fis m¿ªJ bfhŸS« _ykhf bA®ngça« cŸsJ.

� bA®ngça« guhkç¡f¥gL« mid¤J jhtu§fë‹ étu§fis¢ nrä¡F«ãiyakhf cŸsJ.

� jhtu§fis Ïd§f©l¿a, cy® khÂçfŸ äfÎ« Jiz òç»‹wd.� tif¥gh£oaš k‰W« cŸsik¥Ãaš MuhŒ¢ÁfS¡F bA®ngça« xU

f¢rh¥bghUshf cŸsJ.� 200 M©LfŸ tiu nrä¡f¥g£l cy® jhtu khÂçæYŸs kfuªj¤JfŸfŸ vªj

éj ghÂ¥Ã‰F« cŸshtÂšiy. Mfnt, kfuªj¤ öŸfë‹ g©òfŸ k‰W« òwmik¥ò jftšfŸ jhtu tif¥gh£o‰F¥ bgçJ« gaDŸsJ.

� bršèaš, ov‹V-é‹ mik¥ò, v©âaš tif¥ghL, ntÂKiw tif¥ghL ngh‹wMuhŒ¢ÁfS¡F bA®ngça« _ykhf¥ ga‹gL»wJ. É‹fë‹ MuhŒ¢Á¡F É‹nrä¥ò ãiyakhf brašgL»wJ.

2. m»y cyf jhtuéaš bga® N£L¢ r£l¤Â‹ K¡»a m«r§fŸ (VnjD« IªJ)1. ngçd¥bga® x‰iw bga®¢brhšyhF«. M§»y¤Âš vGJ«nghJ ngçd¥bgaç‹

Kjš vG¤J bgça vG¤J¡fëš vGj¥gl nt©L«. Á‰¿d¥bga® xU g©ò¢brhšyhF«. Ïjid¢ Á¿a vG¤Âš vGj¥gl nt©L«.

2. bga® Á¿adthfÎ«, JšèakhfÎ«, vëÂš thÁ¡f¡ ToajhfÎ« ÏU¤jšnt©L«.

3. ÏUbrh‰ bga®fis m¢ÁL« nghJ rhŒthf m¢Ál nt©L« mšyJmo¡nfho£L¡ fh£l nt©L«. v.fh. mò£oyh‹ Úš»ça‹°

4. xU jhtu¤Â‰F¥ òÂa bga® N£L« nghJ m¤jhtu¤Â‹ bA®ngça« jah®brŒa¥g£L VnjD« xU m§Ñfç¡f¥g£l bA®ngça ãWtd¤Âš mj‹éçth¡f¤Jl‹ nrä¤J it¡f nt©L«. Ï›thW nrä¤J it¡f¥gL«jhtu¥gFÂ _y cy® jhtukhÂç vd¥gL«.

5. vªj xU eg® jhtu¤Â‰F Kj‹Kiwahf bga® N£o, m¤jhtu¤Â‹ és¡f¤ijmë¡»whnuhmšyJ jhtu¤Â‰F òÂa bga® N£L»whnwh mªeg® MÁça® vd¡fUj¥gL»wh®. xU jhtu¤Â‹ Á‰¿d¥ bgaç‹ ÏWÂæš MÁçaç‹ bga® RU¡f«vGj¥gL«. Ïj‰F MÁça® bga® F¿¤jš v‹W bga®. v.fh. khšth Ášbt°£ç°è‹ (è‹ v‹gJ è‹nda° v‹w bga® RU¡f¤ij F¿¡F«)

6. jtwhd _y¤ÂèUªJ xU jhtu« bga® N£l¥g£oUªjhš m¥bga® jtwhd bga®vd¡ fUj¥gL«. ÏJ ehbk‹ M«ÃFt« v‹W miH¡f¥gL«. Ï¥bga®cgnahf¤ÂèUªJ KGikahf ãuhfç¡f¥gL«.

7. xU jhtu¤Â‹ ngçd¢ brhšY« Á‰¿d¢ brhšY« xnu khÂçahf ÏU¡Fnkahdhšm¤jifa bga® lh£nlhå« vd¥gL«. v.fh. rhrh~¥u° rhrh~¥u°. ÏJngh‹wbga®fŸ V‰W¡bfhŸs¥gLtÂšiy.

8. bga® N£l¥g£l jhtu¤Â‹ Kj‹ikahd és¡f« Ïy¤Ô‹ bkhêæšbkhêbga®¥ò brŒa¥g£oU¡f nt©L«.

6

3. bgªj« k‰W« Ë¡f® tif¥gh£o‹ ãiwfis vGJf.1. E©âa neuo MŒé‰F c£g£L äfÎ« Ïa‰if Kiwæš btëæl¥g£l

tif¥ghL MF«.2. jhtu§fë‹ és¡f§fŸ bjëthfÎ«, KGikahfÎ«, rçahfÎ« ÏU¥gJ Ïj‹

Áw¥ò m«rkhF«.3. Ï›tif¥ghL Ã‹g‰Wtj‰F vëikahfÎ«, jhtu§fis Ïd§f©l¿a xU

ÂwÎnfhyhfÎ« cŸsJ. »ô bA®ngça« k‰W« cy»YŸs mid¤JbA®ngça§fëY« Ï›tif¥ghL ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.

4. ÏJ xU Ïa‰ifahd tif¥ghlhf ÏU¥ÃD«, Ïj‹ bgU«gh‹ikahd fU¤J¡fŸj‰fhy kuò tê bfhŸiffS¡F x¤jik»‹wd. v.fh. jhtu§fë‹ tçirmik¥Ãš uhndš° v‹w Jiw Kjèl« bg‰¿U¥gJ Áw¥ò m«rkhF«.

5. khndhfh£oèlnd jhtu§fŸ Ï›tif¥gh£o‹ ÏWÂæš ilfh£oèlndjhtu§fS¡F¥ ÃwF Ïl« bg‰¿U¥gJ kuò têæš mikªjjhf¡ fUj¥gL»wJ.

4. ôngh®ÃnaÁ jhtu§fëš fhz¥gL« gšntW kŠrçfis és¡fÎ«.

t.vz; kQ;rhp v.fh (,Unrhw; ngaH)

1 ghdpf;fps; hp]pd]; fk;A+dp]; 2 jdpj;j nurpNkh]; FNuhl;;;ld; ];ghHrp~GNshu]; 3 Nfl;fpd; mfhyp~gh ,z;bfh.

4 jdpj;j ,iyf; Nfhz irk;

~gpy;yhe;j]; mkhu];

5 rahj;jpak; A+~NghHgpah

5.khy;Nt]p FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid vOJf?

tif jhtutpay; ngaH gad;gLk; ghfk; gad;fs;

ehHj; jhtuq;fs;

fh]pg;gpak; ghHgnld;]; (vfpg;J gUj;jp)

tpijAiwapd; Nk‰gu¥ò eh®fŸ

ehH> Ehypiofs;

czTj; jhtuq;fs;

Vngy;kh];f]; v];Fnyz;l]; ( ntz;il )

KÂ®¢Á milahj få

czT

fl;ilj; jhtuq;fs;

nj];gPrpah ghGy;dpah (G+tuR) fl;il

glF> kur;rhkhd;fs; kw;Wk; Ntshz; cgfuzq;fs;

kUj;Jtj; jhtuq;fs;

mGl;byhd; ,z;bfk; kw;Wk; khy;th rpy;nt];l;hp];

NtH> ,iyfs; fha;r;ry; ff;Fthd; ,Uky;

myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs;

My;jpah Nuhrpah(N`hyp `hf;) KG¤jhtu« moFj; jhtu«

7

6. A+NghHgpNarpf; FLk;gj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid vOJf?

7. äôrh, uhtbdyh jhtu§fS¡»ilna cŸs ntWghLfis vGJf.äôrh uhtbdyh

1 bgça msthd gšyh©L ÁWbro ku« 2 c©ikahd j©L jiuao iunrh«.

jiu¡F nkš fhz¥gL« ãä®ªj j©L bghŒ¤j©L MF«.

jiu¡F nkš tsU« f£il¤ j‹ik cila j©L c©ikahd j©L

3. RHš ÏiyaikÎ ÏUtçir mikÎ Kiw 4 »is¤j °gho¡° kŠrç kŠrç – T£L ir« MF« 5 6 kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ, 5 kfuªj jhŸfŸ

tskhdit x‹W ky£L kfuªj¤jhŸ 6 kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ, mid¤J« tskhdit.

6 få - bg®ç bto få

8. äônrÁ FL«g¤ jhtu§fë‹ bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt¤ij vGJf.tif jhtutpay; ngaH gad;gLk;

ghfk; gad;fs;

czTj; jhtuq;fs;

kpA+]h ghub]pahfh (thio)

fdpfs;> thioj; jz;L> kyHfs;.

czthfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

kpA+]h irbd‹Á° (F£il neªÂu thiH)

få czthfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

ehHj; jhtuq;fs; kpa+]h nlf;];ilyp° (kzpyh ehHj; jhtuk;)

,iyab ciw

ehHfs; mghfh Jzp nea;jYf;Fk; kw;Wk; fapW jahhpf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs;

];nlhpypl;[pah nu[pNd KG¤jhtu« mofpw;fhf Njhl;lq;fspYk; tPLfspYk; tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

uhtbdyh klfh°fça‹Á°

KG¤jhtu« mofpw;fhf Njhl;lq;fspYk; tPLfspYk; tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

tif jhtutpay; ngaH gad;gLk; ghfk;

gad;fs;

czTj; jhtuq;fs;

~gpy;yhe;j]; vk;g;spf;fh (ney;ypf;fha;)

fdpfs; itl;lkpd; “C” mjpfk; cila czT> CWfha; jahhpf;f.

vz;nza; jhtuq;fs;

hp]pd]; fk;A+dp]; (Mkzf;F) tpijfs;

Mkzf;F vz;nza; ,ae;jpuq;fSf;F caT vz;nza; MfTk;> rikaYf;Fk;> tapw;Wg; Nghf;fpidj; Jhz;Lk; kUe;jhfTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

kUe;Jj; jhtuq;fs;

~gpy;yhe;j]; mkhu]; (fPoh ney;yp)

KOj;jhtuk;

kQ;rl;fhkhiy Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;j gad;gLfpwJ.

,ug;gH jhtuq;fs;

`Ptpah gpNurpypnad;rp]; (ghuh ug;gH)

Nyl;lf;]; ,ug;gh; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

myq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs;

A‡ngh®Ãah gy;nrhpkh KOj;jhtuk;

jhtuq;fs; moFf;fhf¤ Njhl;lq;fspYk; tPLfspYk; tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

8

10 kjpg;ngz;fs; 2 / oh f <k l<!. !a Qg<gi <!u j gh <hi m<M !n m <m u j { !; . !

!

2. iAÃ°f° - nuh[h irbd‹ìid fiy¢ brh‰fshš étç.tsçašò - gy M©L òj®¢bro nt® - Mâ nt®¤ bjhF¥ò j©L - ãy¤Â‹ nkš fhz¥gL«, ãä®ªjJ , cUisahdJ, f£il

j‹ikÍilaJ. Ïiy - jå Ïiy, KGikahdJ, Ïiyfh«ò bfh©lJ

kh‰¿iyaikÎ, g‰fŸ ngh‹w éë«òilaJ, tiy¥Ã‹dš eu«gikÎ.

kŠrç - Ïiy¡ nfhz x‰iw ky® ir«. ky® - óto¢ brÂYilaJ, ó¡fh«ò¢ brÂYilaJ, Mu¢rk¢Ó®

cilaJ, ÏUghš ky®, Iªj§f ky®, KGikahd ky®, Nyf nkš ky®, äôÁny{ kyçš fhz¥gL«.

òw¥òšè t£l« - 5 Kjš 8 ó¡fh«ò¢brÂšfŸ òšè ÏjœfS¡F òw¤nj mikªJ òw¥òšè t£l¤ij cUth¡F»‹wd.

òšèt£l« - òšèfŸ 5, ÏizªjJ, bjhL ÏjHikÎ, x‰iw¥òšè kyç‹ nk‰òw¤Âš fhz¥gL«.

mšè t£l« - mšèfŸ 5, Ïizahjit, ÂUF ÏjHikÎ. kfuªj¤jhŸ t£l« - kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ v©z‰wit, Ïizªjit, xU f‰iw

kfuªj¤ jhŸfŸ, kfuªj¥ig XuiwÍilaJ, ÁWÚuf totkhdJ.

9

⊕

Nyf t£l« - Nš ÏiyfŸ IªJ, Ïizªjit, Nyf miwfŸ IªJ, m¢R Nš x£L Kiw, nkšk£l N‰ig.

få - bgU«ghY« Áijtilªjit

kyç‹ thŒghL - Br, Brl, ⊕,♀ , K(5), C5,A(α),G (5)

3. lh£Luh bk£lš jhtu¤Âid fiy¢ brh‰fshš étç.

tsçašò - ãä®ªj, bgça gUkdhd ÁWbro. nt® - Mâ nt®¤ bjhF¥ò. j©L - c£FêÍŸsJ, gRikahdJ,

bk‹ikahdJ, äFªj kzKilaJ. Ïiy - jåÏiy, KGikahdit,

kh‰¿iyaikÎ, tiy¥Ã‹dš eu«gikÎilaJ.

kŠrç - jå¤j, Ïiy¡ nfhz irnkh°. ky® - óto¢ brÂYilaJ, ó¡fh«ò¢

brÂy‰wit, KGikahdit, Mu¢rk¢Ó® cilaJ, ÏUghš ky®, Iªj§f ky®, Nyf nkš ky®.

òšèt£l« - òšèfŸ 5, ÏizªjJ, gRikahdJ, bjhL Ïjœ mikÎilaJ, x‰iw¥òšè kyç‹ nkšghf¤Âš fhz¥gL«.

mšè t£l« - mšèfŸ 5, Ïizªjit , gRik fyªj bt©ik, ¥ënf£ , ÂUF ÏjHikÎ.

kfuªj¤jhŸ t£l« - kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ 5, jå¤jit, mšè x£oait, kfuªj¥ig ÏU miwfis cilaJ.

Nyf t£l« - Nš ÏiyfŸ Ïu©L, Ïizªjit, ÏU Nyf miwfŸ cŸsd. nghèahd FW¡F¢Rt® bfh©ljhš eh‹F Nyf miwfis¡ bfh©L fhz¥gL«. Nyf ÏiyfŸ m¢Á‰F ne®¡nfh£oš mikahkš r‰W rhŒthf¡ fhz¥gL«, nkš k£l N‰ig.

få - ãiy¤j òšèÍl‹ Toa btofå . éij - fUñ© cilaJ.

kyç‹ thŒghL -

4. çÁd° f«ôå° - jhtu¤Âid fiy¢ brh‰fshš étç.tsçašò - gy M©L òj®¢ bro. nt® - Mâ nt®¤ bjhF¥ò. j©L - ãy¤Â‹ nkš fhz¥gL« ãä®ªj j©L, bk‹ikahdJ,

mo¤j©L f£ilahdJ, c£FêÍilaJ, ny£l¡° v‹w rhW cŸsJ.

Ïiy - jå Ïiy, Ïiy¡fh«ò cilaJ, kh‰¿iy mikÎ, 7 mšyJ mj‰F« nk‰g£l klšfisÍilaJ, m§if tot éçªj tiy¥Ã‹dš eu«gikÎ cilaJ.

kŠrç - T£L buÁnkh° mšyJ ghå¡»Ÿ. M© ky® - óto¢ brÂYilaJ, ó¡fh«ò¢ brÂy‰wJ, Mu¢rk¢Ó®

cilaJ k‰W« KGika‰wit.

10

óéjœ t£l« - óéjœfŸ 5, Ïizªjit, bjhL ÏjœmikÎ, x‰iw¥ óéjœ kyç‹ nkšghf¤Âš fhz¥gL«.

kfuªj¤jhŸ t£l« - gy kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ cilait, gy f‰iw kfªj¤jhŸ, kfuªj¡ f«ÃfŸ »is¤J«, ÏizªJ« IªJ »isfshf cŸsd, <uiw kfuªj¥ig.

Nyf t£l« - Ïšiy, våD« ky£L Nyf« fhz¥gL«.

bg© ky® - óto¢ brÂYilaJ, ó¡fh«ò¢ brÂy‰wit, Mu¢rk¢Ó® cilaJ k‰W« KGika‰wit, Nyf nkš ky®.

óéjœ t£l« - óéjœfŸ 3, bjhL Ïjœ mikéš Ïizªjit. kfuªj¤jhŸ t£l« - Ïšiy, våD« ky£L kfuªj¤jhŸ fhz¥gL«. Nyf« - _‹W NèiyfŸ, Ïizªjit, _‹W Nyf miwfŸ, m¢R

Nš x£L Kiw ,nkšk£l N‰ig. få - bu¡kh vd¥gL« ÃsÎ¡få. éij - fUñ© cilaJ.

kyç‹ thŒghL -

5. äôrh ghuoìahfh – jhtu¤Âid fiy¢ brh‰fshš étç.tsçašò - bgça mséyhd khndhfh®Ã¡ gšyh©L ÁWbro. nt® - nt‰¿l ršè nt®¤ bjhF¥ò j©L - c©ikahd j©L jiuao iunrh«, jiu¡F nkš

fhz¥gL« j©L bghŒ¤j©lhF«. ÏJ Ú©l, fodkhd, mf‹w Ïiyao¥ gFÂfŸ x‹iwbah‹W jGé cUthdJ.

Ïiy - jå Ïiy, Ú©l Ïiy¡ fh«òl‹ Toa bgça Ïiy¤jhis cilaJ. RHš ÏiyaikÎ, ÁwF Ïiz¥ngh¡F eu«gikÎ cilaJ.

11

kŠrç - »is¤j °gho¡° kŠrç. ky® -óto¢ brÂYilaJ, ó¡fh«ò¢ brÂy‰wit, _t§f ky®fŸ,xU ghš

k‰W« ÏUghš j‹ikÍilait, ÏUg¡f¢ rk¢Ó® cilait, Nyf Ñœ ky®.

óéjœ t£l« - óéjœ 6. mL¡»‰F 3 Åj« 2 mL¡Ffëš mikªJŸsd. btë mL¡»š 3 óéjœfS« cŸ mL¡»š 2 óéjœfS« bjhL Ïjœ mikéš ÏizªJ fhz¥gL»‹wd. cŸ t£l nkšg¡f óéjœ

jå¤jJ. kfuªj¤jhŸ - kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ 6, jå¤jJ, t£l¤Â‰F _‹whf Ïu©L ⊗ t£l« t£l§fëš fhz¥gL« ,6 š 5 kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ

k£Lnk tskhdit, 1 ky£L kfuªj¤jhŸ, <uiw cilait, óéjœfS¡F vÂuhdit.

Nyf t£l« - NèiyfŸ 3, ÏizªjJ, 3 NyiwfŸ bfh©lit, m¢RNš x£L Kiw, Ñœ k£l N‰ig .

få - Ú©l bg®ç

kyç‹ thŒghL - Br, EBrl, ⊗,♀ , P(3+2)+1, A3+3, G(3)

2. தாவர உ ளைம�ப"ய#

3 kjpg;ngz;fs;

1. top nry;fs; vd;why; vd;d ?

Nthpd; GNuhl;Nlhiryf; TWfS¡F vjphpy; cs;s mfj;Njhy; nry;fspy; fh];ghhpad; gl;ilfs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,J top nry;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,J ePiuAk;> fåk cg ;Gf;fisAk; GwzpapypUe;J iryj;jpw;F flj;JfpwJ.

2. GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp vd;why; vd;d?

xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;by; Kjph;e;j th];FyhH fw;iwapd; fPo;g;gf;fkhf cs;s GNuhl;Nlhiryk; rpijtile;J XH ,ilntsp cUthfpwJ. ,jw;F¥ GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp vdg;gLk;.

3. A+];By; vd;why; vd;d?

,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;by; th];FyhH fw;iwfs; gpj;ijr; #o;e;J tisa tbtpy; mike;J fhzg;;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F A+];By; vdg;gLk;.

4. ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh> ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh NtWgLj;Jf?

t.vz; ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh

1 Ïit nry;ypilntspapd;wp neUf;fkhf mike;Js;sd.

Ïit mjpfkhd nry;ypilntspfSld; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

2 mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; gRq;fzpfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifapy; gRq;fzpfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

3 xspr;NrHf;ifapy; <LgLfpwJ. thA ghpkhw;wj;jpy; <LgLfpwJ.

12

5. vy;iy ghud;ifkh vd;why; vd;d?

,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyapy; th];FyhH fw;iwfisr; #o;e;J neUf;fkhf nry;ypilntspfspd;wp XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshyhd ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F vy;iy ghud;ifkh my;yJ fw;iw ciw vd;W ngah;.

6. ];fpsPiuLfs;- ehHfs; NtWgLj;Jf .

t.vz; ];fpsPiuLfs; ehHfs; 1. Fl;ilahdit. ePskhdit.

2. mjpfkhd Fopfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Fiwthd Fopfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

3 éijÍiwæ‹ fod¤j‹ik¡F fhuzkh»wJ.

ÏJ jh§F¤ ÂRthF«

7. fw;iw ciw - fw;iwj; njhg;gp NtWgLj;Jf?

t.vz; fw;iw ciw fw;iwj; njhg;gp

1.

ÏJ th°Fyh®¡ f‰iwia¢ NœªJ fhz¥gL«. °»Çu‹ifkh ÂRthš MdJ.

th°Fyh® f‰iwæ‹ ~ònsha¤Â‹ ÛJ Â£L¡fshf¡ fhz¥gL»‹w °»Çu‹ifkh eh®fshš MdJ.

2. v.fh: xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtu jz;L v.fh. ,Utpj;jpiy¤j jhtuj;jz;L

5 kjpg;ngz;fs;

1. miktplj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Mf;Fj;jpRtpd; tifg;ghl;bid tpthp?

Edp Mf ;Fj;jpR :

1.NtH jz;L kw;Wk; fpisfspd; Edpay; fhzg;gLk;;

2.,it jhtuj;jpd; ePs;Nghf;F tsHr;rpf;F gad;gLk;.

3.,it %d;W gFjpfis nfhz;lJ.GNuhl;NlhnlHk; - Gwj;Njhy; jpRit cUthf;FfpwJ.

GNuhNfk;gpak; - Kjy;epiy th];FyhH jpRf;fis

cUthf;FfpwJ.

jsj; jpR – Gwzp kw;Wk; gpj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.,ilahf;F jpR

1.fZg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

2.epiyj;j jpRf;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.

3.,it fZtpilg; gFjpapd; ePl;rpf;Ffhuzkhf mikfpwJ. V.fh: xUtpj;jpiy

jhtuq;fs; (Gw;fs;)

gf ;f Mf ;Fj;j pR

1.jz;L kw;Wk; Nthpd; gf;fthl;by; mjd; ePs; mr;Rf;F,izahf fhzg;gLk;.

2.,it ,uz;lhk;epiy jpRf;fis cUthf;Ftjpd;

%yk; jz;L kw;Wk; Nthpd; FWf;fsit mjpfhpf;f

nra;fpwJ. v.fh: fhHf; Nfk;gpak; (ngy;Nyhn[d;) kw;Wk; th];FyhH Nfk;gpak;.

13

2. Gwj;Njhy; jpRj; njhFg;gpd; gzpfs;:

1. jz;Lj; njhFg;gpy; cs;s Gwj;Njhy; jpRj;njhFg;gpy; fpa+l;bf;fps; ,Ug;gjdhy;mjpfg;gbahd ePhpog;G jil nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

2. Gwj;NjhyhdJ cl;Gwj; jpRf;fisg; ghJfhf;fpwJ.3. Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; ePuhtpg;Nghf;F kw;Wk; thAg; ghpkhw;wk; Mfpa nray;fspy;

<LgLfpd;wd.4. tpijfs; kw;Wk; fdp guTjypy; biuf;Nfhk;fs; cjtpGhpfpd;wd.5. NtHj;Jhtpfs; kz;zpypUe;J ePiuAk;> fdpk cg;Gf;fisAk; cwpQ;Rfpd;wd.

3. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuNth;- ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtu Nth; NtWghL vOJf

t.v xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtu NtH ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuNtH

1 gyKid iryk; fhzg;gLk;. ehd;F Kid iryk; fhzg;gLk;.

2 ikaj;jpy ;nghJthf xU nghpa gpj; fhzg;gLk;.

gpj; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy

3 nkl;lhiryf;Foha;fs; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wj;jpy; tl;l tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;.

nkl;lhiryf;Foha;fs; FWf;F ntl;Lj; Njhw;wj;jpy; gyNfhz tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;.

4 ,izg;Gj;jpR ];fpspnud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.

,izg;Gj;jpR ghud;ifkh bršfshy ; MdJ.

5 ,uz;lhk; epiy tsHr;rp fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,uz;lhk; epiy tsHr;rp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

10 kjpg;ngz;fs;

1. th];FyhH jpRj;njhFg;G gw;wp tpthp :

� iryKk;> GNshaKk; xd;W NrHe;J njhFg;Gfshff; fhzg;gLtJ th];FyhH jpRj;njhFg;G vdg;gLk;.

� jpwe;j th];FyhH fw;iw: iryj;jpw;Fk; ~GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Nfk;gpak; fhzg;gLtJ jpwe;j th];FyhH fw;iwfs; vdg;gLk;. v.fh ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuj; jz;L.

� %ba th];FyhH fw;iw:; th];FyhH fw;iwapy; iryj;jpw;Fk; ~GNshaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Nfk;gpak; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. v.fh xU tpj;jpiy jhtuj; jz;L

14

� Mug;Nghf;F mikT ( Radial arrangement): iryKk;> ~GNshaKk; ntt;NtW

Muq;fspy; fhzg;gL»wJ. v.fh Nth;

� fd;[hapz;l; th];FyhH fw;iw: iryk; kw;Wk; ~GNshak; xNu Muj;jpy; mike;J fhzg;gLtJ fd;[hapz;l; th];FyhH fw;iw vdg;gLk;. ,J %d;W tifg;gLk;.

� 1. xUq;fike;j th];FyhH fw;iw:; iryKk; ~GNshaKk; xNu Muj;jpy; mike;J ~GNshak; ntspNehf;fp mike;J fhzg;gl;lhy; mjw;F xUq;fike;j th];FyhH fw;iw vdg;gLk;. v.fh. jz;L kw;Wk; ,iy.

� 2. ,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];FyhHfw;iw:; iryj;jpw;F ntspg;gf;fKk;> cs;gf;fKk; ~GNshak; fhzg;gl;lhy; mj;jifa th];FyhH fw;iw ,Ugf;f xUq;fike;j th];FyhH fw;iw vdg;gLk;. v.fh.Ff;fHgpl;Nlrp FLk;;gk;.

� 3. #o;e;jike;jit: ~GNshak; KOtJkhf iryj;ijr; #o;e;Njh my;yJ iryk;

KOtJk; ~GNshaj;ijr; #o;e;Njh fhzg;gLtJ.

� m) ~GNshak; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw ( Amphicribral ): ~GNshak; iryj;ij KOtJkhf #o;e;J fhzg;gLtJ v.fh. ghypg;Nghbak;.

� M) iryk; #o; th];FyhH fw;iw (Amphivasal): iryk; ~GNshaj;ij KOtJkhf #o;e;J fhzg;gLtJ v.fh. mf;Nfhu];.

� vf;]hHf; (ntspNehf;F) iryk:; GNuhl;Nlhiryf; Foha;fs; ntspNehf;fpAk;>

nkl;lhiryf; Foha;fs; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpAk; fhzg;gLtJ. v.fh. NtH.

� vz;lhHf; (cs;Nehf;F) iryk:; GNuhl;Nlhiryf; Foha;fs; ikaj;ij Nehf;fpAk;>

nkl;lh iryf;Foha;fs; ntspg;Gwj;ij Nehf;fpAk; fhzg;gLtJ. v.fh. jz;L.

2. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtu Nthpd; cs;sikg;G gw;wp tpthpiuNrhnlh;kp]; (m) vgpgpskh:1. Nthpd; ntspaLf;F. XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.

2. ,jpy; Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs;> fpA+l;bfps; ,y;iy.

3. Nth;j;J}tp xNu nry;yhy; MdJ. kz;zpypUe;J;; ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkcg;Gfis cwpQ;RfpwJ

4. cl;GwjpRf;fis %b ghJfhf;fpwJ.

Gwzp

1. gy mLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshdJ2. ,r;nry;fs; Kl;il (m) Nfhs tbtj;jpy; cs;sJ.

gRq;fzpfq;fs; ,y;iy. ,itfspy; ];lhh;r; nfhz;l

ypA+f;Nfhgpsh];l;Lfs; cs;sd.3. Gwzpapd; filrpaLf;fhd mfj;Njhy; XuLf;F gPg;gha;

tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.

4. mfj;Njhypd; Mur;Rth; kw;Wk; fpilkl;l Rthpy;Rghpd; nghUs; gbe;J jbg;Gw;W fhzg;gLk; ,it

fh];ghhpd; gl;ilfs; vdg;gLk;.ePu; Gwzpf;F jpUk;gp

nry;tij jilnra;fpwJ.

5. GNuhl;Nlhiry $WfSf;F vjpNu f];ghhpad; gl;ilfs;mw;w topr;nry;fs; fhzg;gLk;.,jd; topNa ePUk; fdpkKk;

flj;jg;gLfpwJ.

];By;: 6. mfj;NjhYf;F cl;GwKs;s midj;J jpRg;gFjpAk;

Nrh;e;J ];By; vdg;gLk;.,jpy; nghpirf;fps;> th];Fyhh;

jpRf;fs;> kw;Wk; gpj; Mfpait cs;sd.7. ngupirf;fps;: ];Bypd; ntspaLF XuLf;F ghud;ifkh

nry;fshy; MdJ

8. th];Fyhu;; njhFg;G : Mug;Nghf;F mikT> gy Kid iryk;.

ntspNehf;F iryk;> ,izg;Gj;jpR ];fpspud;ifkhthy; MdJ.9. gpj; :ghud;ifkhthyhd gpj; czit Nrkpf;Fk; .

15

3. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu Nthpd; cs;sikg;G gw;wp tpthp :

iuNrhnlh;kp]; (m) vgpgpskh:1. Nthpd; ntspaLf;F. XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.

2. ,jpy; Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs;> fpA+l;bfps; ,y;iy.

3. Nth;j;J}tp xNu nry;yhy; MdJ. kz;zpypUe;J;; ePh; kw;Wk; fdpk

cg;Gfis cwpQ;RfpwJ

4. cl;GwjpRf;fis %b ghJfhf;fpwJ.

Gwzp

1. Gy mLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshdJ

2. ,r;nry;fs; Kl;il (m) Nfhs tbtj;jpy; cs;sJ.

gRq;fzpfq;fs; ,y;iy. ,itfspy; ];lhh;r; nfhz;l

ypA+f;Nfhgpsh];l;Lfs; cs;sd.

3. Gwzpapd; filrpaLf;fhd mfj;Njhy; XuLf;F gPg;gha;

tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.

4. mfj;Njhy;fspd; Mur;Rth; kw;Wk; fpilkl;l Rthpy;

Rghpd; nghUs; gbe;J jbg;Gw;W fhzg;gLk; ,it

fh];ghhpd; gl;ilfs; vdg;gLk;.ePu; Gwzpf;F jpUk;gpnry;tij jilnra;fpwJ.

5. GNuhl;Nlhiry $WfSf;F vjpNu fh];ghhpad; gl;ilfs;

mw;w topr;nry;fs; fhzg;gLk;.,jd; topNa ePUk; fdpkKk;

flj;jg;gLfpwJ.

];By;: 6. mfj;NjhYf;F cl;GwKs;s midj;J jpRg;gFjpAk;

Nrh;e;J ];By; vdg;gLk;.,jpy; nghpirf;fps;> th];Fyhh;

jpRf;fs;> kw;Wk; gpj; Mfpait cs;sd.

7. ngupirf;fps;: ];Bypd; ntspaLF XuLf;F ghud;ifkh

nry;fshy; MdJ

8. th];Fyhu;; njhFg;G : Mug;Nghf;F mikT> ehd;F Kid

iryk;. ntspNehf;F iryk;> ,izg;Gj;jpR ghud;ifkhthy;

MdJ.

9. gpj; :fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

4. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtu (kf;fhr; Nrhsk;) jz;bd; cs;sikg;gpid tpthp?

Gwj;Njhy;:1. jz;bd; ntspaLf;F> XuLf;F nrt;tf tbt

ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.2. ,jpy; Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs; kw;Wk; fpA+l;bfps;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J cl;Gwj; jpRf;fis %bghJfhf;fpwJ.

jsj;jR :1. Gwzp> mfj;Njhy;> nghpirf;fps;> gpj; vd

NtWghlw;wit.2. ,J gy mLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshyhdJ. ,jpy;

vz;zw;w th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs; rpjwpfhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J czT nghUl;fis Nrkpj;jy;kw;Wk; thA ghpkhw;wj;jpy; <LgLfpwJ.

3. th];Fyhu; fw;iwfs; : kdpj kz;ilNahL tbtk; >

fd;[hapd;l;> xUq;fike;jit> %bait >cs;Nehf;F iryk;;. th];Fyhh; fw;iwia Rw;wpYk;];fpspud;ifkh ehh;fshyhd fw;iw ciw cs;sJ.

4 . GNshak;: ry;yilf;Foha;fs; kw;Wk;Jiznry;fs;cilaJ.

5. iryk;: Y tbtk; nfhz;lJ. Kjph;e;j th];Fyhh;fw;iwapy; fPo;Gw GNuhl;Nlhiryk; rpijtiltjhy;

GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp cUthfpwJ.

16

5. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuj; jz;bd; (#hpa fhe;jp) cs;sikg;gpid tpthp?

Gwj;Njhy;:

1. jz;bd; ntspaLf;F> XuLf;F nrt;tf tbt ghud;ifkh

nry;fshy; MdJ.

2. ,jpy; Gwj;Njhy; Jisfs;> J}tpfs; kw;Wk; fpA+l;bfps;

fhzg;gLfpwJ. cl;Gwj; jpRf;fis %b ghJfhf;fpwJ.

Gwzp %d;W gFjpfis nfhz;lJ.

1.Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fshyhd Gwj;Njhybj;Njhy; (m)

i`g;Nghnlh;kp];-jz;bw;F cWjpia mspf;fpwJ.

2.FNshnud;ifkh mLf;F xspr;Nrh;f;if nra;fpwJ.

3.ghud;ifkh mLf;F – czT Nrkpf;fpwJ.

4.];lhu;r; mLf;F Gwzpapd; filrpaLf;F ,J XuLf;F gPg;gha;

tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ. ];lhh;r; Jfs;fs;

kpFe;Js;sJ. ,J Ntupd; mfj;NjhYf;F xg;ghf

fUjg;gLfpwJ.

5. ];By; : mfj;NjhYf;F cl;GwKs;s midj;J

jpRg;gFjpAk; Nrh;e;J ];By; vdg;gLk; th];Fyhh; fw;iwfs;

gpj;ij #o;e;J xU tisakhf cs;sjhy; ,J A+];By;

vdg;gLk;

6. nghpirf;fps; : ghud;ifkh kw;Wk; ];fpspud;ifkhthyhdJ.

GNshaj;jpd; kPJ fhzg;gLk; ];fpspud;ifkh ehu;fshyhd

jpl;L fw;iw njhg;gp (m) td;ikahd gh];l; vdg;gLk;.

7. th];Fyhu; fw;iw : Mg;G tbtk;> fd;[hapd;l;>

xUq;fike;jit> jpwe;jit> cs;Nehf;F iryk;

8. GNshak; : ,jpy; ry;yilf;Foha;fs;> Jiznry;fs;>

GNshak; ghud;ifkh cs;sJ

9. Nfk;gpak;: 2 (m) 3mLf;F nrt;tf tbt nry;fshyhdJ.

10.iryk;: iryf;Foha;fs;>buf;fPLfs;>iryk; ehh;fs;>iryk;

ghud;ifkh cs;sJ

11.gpj; :,ilntspfSila ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.

];lhh;r; Jfis Nrkpf;fpwJ.12. Kjyh« ãiy Ã¤ fÂ®fŸ : ÏJ ghu‹ifkhthš MdJ

6. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bw;Fk; xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;bw;Fk; cs;sNtWghl;bid vOJf?

t.vz; ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuj;jz;L

1 i`g;NghnlHkp]; Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.

i`g;NghnlHkp]; ];fpsPnud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.

2 jsj;jpR Gwzp> mfj;Njhy;> nghpirf;fps;> gpj; vd NtWghL mile;Js;sJ.

jsj;jpR xU njhlHr;rpahd NtWghLwhj ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.

3 ];lhHr; mLf;F fhzg;gLk;. ];lhHr; mLf;F fhzg;gltpy;iy.

4 gpj; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gpj; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

5 nghpirf;fps; fhzg;gLfpwJ. nghpirf;fps; ,y;iy.

6 nkLy;yhp fjpHfs; cs;sd. nkLy;yhp fjpHfs; ,y;iy.

7 th];FyhH fw;iwfs; jpwe;jit. th];FyhH fw;iwfs; %bait.

8 th];FyhH fw;iwfs;;gpj;j k¢ NœªJ xU tisakhf mike;Js;sd.

th];FyhH fw;iwfs; jsj;jpRtpy; rpjwpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

17

9 fw;iwj; njhg;gp fhzg;gLfpwJ. fw;iw ciw fhzg;gLfpwJ.

10 GNuhl;Nlhi]y ,ilntsp fhzg;gltpy;iy.

GNuhl;Nlhi]y ,ilntsp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

11 ~GNshak; ghud;ifkh fhzg;gLfpwJ.

~GNshak; ghud;ifkh fhzg;gltpy;iy.

12 th°Fyh® f‰iw M¥ò totKilaJ

th°Fyh® f‰iw kåj k©il X£L totKilaJ

7. ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu ,iyapd; (#hpa fhe;jp) mikg;ig glj;Jld; tpthp?

Gwj;Njhy;:

1. Nky; Gwj;Njhy;> fPo; Gwj;Njhy; vd;w ,U mLf;FfisAilaJ. nry;,ilntspfspd;wp neUf;fkhf mike;j XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshy; MdJ.

2. Nky; Gwj;Njhiy fhl;bYk; fPo; Gwj;Njhypy; ,iyj;Jisfs; mjpfKs;sd.

3. fPo; Gwj;Njhiy fhl;bYk; Nky; Gwj;Njhypy; jbj;j fpA+l;bfps; glyk;fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J cl;Gwj; jpRf;fis %b ghJfhf;fpwJ.

4. ,iyapilj;jpR : ,iyapd; Nky;Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; fPo;Gwj;NjhYf;Fk; ,ilapy;fhzg;gLtJ ,iyapilj;jpR (kPNrh~gpy; ); vdg;gLk;. ,J ,U tifg;gLk;.

5. m. ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh M. ];ghd;Q;rp ghud;ifkh

m) ghypNrl; ghud;ifkh : Nky;Gwj;NjhYf;F¡ fPNo fhzg;gLk;. ePz;lJ> cUistbtj;Jld; neUf;fkhf mike;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjpf gRq;fzpfq;fs; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd; gzp xspr;Nrh;f;ifahFk;.

M) ];ghQ;rp ghud;ifkh : ghypNrl; ghud;ifkhtpw;F fPNo fhzg;gLk;. xOq;fw;wtbtk; nfhz;lJ. mjpf nry; ,ilntspfSld;> fhw;W miwfis nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ. Fiwe;j gRq;fzpfq;fs; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,it thA ghpkhw;wj;jpw;F cjTfpwJ.

5. Rthr miw: ,iyj;Jisf;fUNf cl;Gwkhf fhzg;gLk; fhw;wiw Rthr miw(m) ,iyj;Jis fPo; miw vdg;;gLk;.

6. fw;iw ciw (m) vy;iy ghud;ifkh : ,iyapd; th];FyhH fw;iwia¢ Rw;wpneUf;fkhf fhzg;gLk; XuLf;F ghud;ifkh nry;fshyhd ciw.

7. th];Fyhu; fw;iw : fd;[hapd;l;> xUq;fike;jit> %bait. GNuhl;Nlhiryk;Nky;GwjNjhiy Nehf;fpAk; nkl;lhiryk; fPo; Gwj;Njhiy Nehf;fpAk; cs;sJ.

18

5. தாவர ெசயலிய#!

4 !l kqh<oh{ <!u qeig <gt<!

2 / ! fQi <!y tqh <hq tk <k z<!w e <xi z<!we <e @ !!

fqxl qk <ok i Gh <ò! ! II! )PS II) N g<̂ q\ Oe x<x ! fq j zb qz<! dt<t! Oh i K ! fQj v ! HOv im <m ie igUl<!

w zg<m <v i e igUl <! l x<X l<! N g<s q\ e ig Ul <! h qtg<G l <! Âwid më¡»wJ. Ï›thW xëæ‹ cjéahš Ú® _y¡TWfŸ Ãs¡f¥gL« ãfœ¢Á! fQi<! ytqh <h q tk <k z<! we h <hM l </ ! -k qz<!

l i r <geQ̂ <, giz<s q bl <!l x <X l<!GOt i j v M !n b e qgt <!h r <Ogx<gq e <xe / !

3 / !yt qh i <̂h v qgv {l<! we <xi z<!we <e @!

gRr<g{qgk <k q z<< xëæ‹! dk u qbi z<! ADP –Bm e <! yV! h i ^ <Oh m <! Osi <f<<K ! ATP &zg< %X !

d Vui Gl < !fq gp <s < sq !yt q hi ^ <h v qgv {l <!we h <hM l </ !

3. Roy; xsp gh];ghpfuzk; ve;j #oypy; eilngWfpwJ?

1. PSI kl;Lk; nray;gLk;NghJ

2. ePh; xë¥gpsj;jy; eilngwhj NghJ

3. mjpf msT ATP Njitg;gLk; NghJ

4. xLf;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd NADP+ fpilf;fhj NghJ Roy; xsp gh];ghpfuzk;epfo;fpwJ.

5 / !- Vu c u !gR§fâf§fŸ !w e <xi z<!w e <e @!

C5 ! k i uv r<g tqz<! - jzb qj m k<k qS ! gR§fâf§fŸ ! ! gqv i e i g<gis¡ bfh©L«,! ! ! f‰iw!

d j x! ! gR§fâf§fŸ ! ! gqv i e i g<gt<! n‰W«! ! fhz¥gL»‹wd/ ! - K! - Vuc u!

gR§fâf§fŸ vd¥gL«/ !

6 / !yt qs <S u i s l<!. !- Vt<!S u i s l<! Ou X h Mk <K g/ !

yt q s <Su i s l<! - Vt<!S u i s l<!

2 /y tqs <Osi <g<j g!os z<g tqz<!l m <M l<!fj m oh X l<! !

!

3 /y tq!- Vg<Gl <!Oh i K! l m<M l<!fj m o hX l</ !

4 /h Sr<g {qg l <? !oh v i g<̂ qOs il <?!j l m <Om i gi{<m <v qb ig<gt qz< !fj m oh X l</!

n j e k<K !d b q Vt<t!o s z<g tq Zl <!fj m o hX l</ !

yt q!l x<X l <!yt q!- z< zi k !Oh iK l < !fj m o hX l</ !

j l m <Om i g<gi {<m <v qb iu qz< !k£L« fj m o hX l</ !

7 / ! Ou k qs <Os i <g<j g !w e <xi z<!w e<e @ !

s qz! db qv qe r <gt<! g e ql h <oh i Vm <gj t! N g<s q\ Oe x<x l<! os b <K! gqj m g<Gl <! N x<x j zg<! o gi{< M !fh®nghiA£onu£il! k b iv qg<gqx K/ !- K!O uk q s <Os i<g<j g !we h <hM l </!w/ g i/ !h i g<C v qbr <gt </!

8 / !S u i s != U!. !u j v b X/ !S u is qk <k zqe <! Oh iK ! ou tqb qm h <h M l<! gii <h e <! j m ! N g<j sM g <Gl <! hb e<h M k<k h <h M l <!N g<s q\E g <Gl <!- j m Ob!dt<t !uqgq k l <!S ui s != U !we h <h M l <</ !

btë¥gL« CO2 msÎ

Rthr <Î = ---------------- ga‹gL¤j¥gL« O2 msÎ

19

9 / !ATP!n j l h <H !h m l <!; .!

!

: / CO2 s l fqj z h<! H t<tq !we <xi z<! we <e @ !

CO2.u qe <! wf<k ! o sx qU ! fqj zb q z<! ytq s< Os i <g<j gbi e K! S u is qk <k Zg<G¢! s l l i g! - Vg<gqx Ok i!

n KOu ! CO2 ! s l fqj zh <! H t<tq ! we h<h M l </ ! Ïªj ãiyæš xë¢nr®¡ifæ‹ ãfu c‰g¤Â VJäšiy.

2 1 /!o fi k qk<k z <!. !u jv bX /!

ofi k qk <k z<! ! we <h K! Ou k ql i x<xk <Ok iM ! %c b! F jv k<k z<! n z< zK ! oh ir <Gk z<! we h<h M l </!GT g<Ogi ^ <! & zg<%X ! gi x<x qz< zi K ! s qj k U x<X ! wk <k qz<! N z<ga izigU l <! g i i <he <! j m!N g<j s m i gU l<!l iX uK!ofik qk <k z <!we h <hM l </!

2 2 /!L j e !N k q g<gl <! we <xi z<!we <e @<!

F e qol im <m ie K! n K! dx<h k <k q! o sb<Bl <! N g<s qe <! & zl <! h g<g! ol im<M g<gtqe <! uti <s <sq j b¤!

k jm o s b<gq xK/ !- K!Lj e !N k qg<gl <!we h <h M l <</ !

2 3 /!Oh i z <c r<!. !u jv bX / !!

ofVr <gqb ! - j z! n M g<gl <! o gi{<m ! k i uv r<g tqz<! \ qh <v zqg<! nl q zk < j k¥! h be <hM k<Kl <! Ohi K!

ÂObud j©L ÚŸtJ« mijk <!ok i m i <f< K!l zi<kš!fq gp <tJ«!Oh i z< c r<!we h <h M l </ !

2 4 /!v qs<l i {<m<! zi r<!u qj tU !w e<x i z<!w e<e @ !

k i uv r<gt<! LKj l bjm uj k¢! j sm <Om i j geq e <! k il k h<h M k <Kgqx K ! - K! v qs<l i{<m <! zi r <!

u qj tU !we h <hM l </ !

2 5 /!s qg <li b <M !u j tU !we <x i z<!w e <e @!

Yi <! d b qv qe k <k qe <! n t u qz< ! Wx<h M l <! ut i<s <s q ! n z< zK! o s z<g tqe <! w{ <{ qg<j gb qz<! Wx<h M l<!n k qgv qh<H! N gqb ux <j x! gi z! ntu qx <G ! wk qv i g! u j v h ml <! uj v f<k i z<! nK ! S ! u c uk <k qz< !- Vg<G l </!- K !s qg<l ib <M !uj tU ! we h <h M l </ !

2 6 /!ytq g<gi z k<Ku l <!we <h K !bi K@!

ytq ! l x<X l<! - Vm <gi z! n tu qx<Og x<h ! Wx<h M l <! k iu v k<k q e<! h k qz<! os b z<! ytqg <gi zk <K u l <!we h <hM l </! ! xë¡fhy¤Â‹ gÂš braš ky®jiy Jt¡FtjhF«.! - K! H j gb qj z!

k i uv k<k qz< !L k e <!Lj xb i g¡!g {<m x qb h <hm <m K/ 2 7 /!Gt q i<! hk e l<. !u j v bX !/ !

ou i <e j zOs ]e <! n z< zK! Gt qi<h k e l <! we <h K! =v i{<M k <k i uv r<g t<! l x<X l <! h z<zi {<M k<!k i uv r<gtqz< ! l zi <k z< ! 2°C! Lk z<! 2 1°C! o uh < h fq j zb q z<! K{<m h <h M gqx K/ ! - K! G tqi <! h k e l <!we h <hM l </!!

17. Fsph; gjdq;fspd; gad;fs; ahit?1. gapHfspd; rhFgbf;fhy msit¡ Fiwf;fyhk;2.,aw;ifapy; tsuhj ,lq;fspYk; gaphplyhk; 3.jhtug; gapHg;ngUf;fj;ij tpiuTgLj;JfpwJ!

20

2 9 /!s qg<l i b <M !u j tu qz<! dt<t !h c fq j zgt <!b i ju @ 2 * !o l Kfqj z

3 * !Ou gfqj z 4 * !dX k qb ie !s Qv i e !fqj z!!

2 : /S ui s qk<k z <!l x <X l<!g q jtg <g iz q s q <̂!N gq bu x<x qe <!ym <M o li k<k !u qjej bg<! Gx qg<Gl < ! !s l e<h i m <cj e !w PK g/ S u i s qk<k z<!!! !!; !C6H12O6+6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2900 kJ N x<x z</ !

g q jtg <g ijzs q ^ <;!C6H12O6+2ADP+2pi+2NAD ------> 2C3H4O3+2ATP+2NADH2

2ATP 2ADP

!

6 / !lk qh<oh{<!u qe ig<g t<!

1.RH‰Á k‰W« RH‰Áæyh xspgh];ghpfuzk; - NtWgLj;Jf

vz; RH‰Á ; xspgh];ghpfuzk; RH‰Áæyh xspgh];gupfuzk;

1 PSI kl;Lk; gq;Nfw;fpwJ PSI, PSII Mfpa ,uz;Lk; gq;Nfw;fpwJ

2

gr;ra %yf;$wpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l vyf;l;uhd; Row;rpaile;J kPz;Lk; Gwg;gl;l ,lj;jpw;Nf te;J Nrh;fpwJ

vyf;l;uhd; Row;wpaile;J jpUk;Gtjpy;iy

3 ePh; xsp gpsj;jy;> O2 ntspNaw;wk; eilngWtjpy;iy

ePh; xspgpsj;jy;> O2 ntspNaw;wk; eilngWfpwJ.

4 xsp gh];gupfuzk; ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; eilngWfpwJ

xsp gh];gupfuzk; xU ,lj;jpy; kl;Lk; eilngWfpwJ

5 NADP+ xLf;fk; miltjpy;iy

NADP+ ahdJ xLf;fk; mile;J

NADPH2 Mf khWfpwJ.

2.C3 kw;Wk; C4 Row;rp – NtWgLj;Jf.

vz; C3 Row;rp C4 Row;rp

1 xspr;Nrh;f;if ,iyapilj; jpRf;fspy; eilngWk;.

xspr; Nrh;f;if ,iyapil jpR kw;Wk;

fw;iw ciw nry;fspy; eilngWk;

2 CO2it Vw;Fk; %yf;$W 5C bfh©l RuBP

CO2it Vw;Fk; %yf;$W 3C bfh©l PEP

3 Kjypy; cUthF« ãiyahd bghUŸ

3C bfh©l PGA Kjypy; cUthtJ 4C bfh©l OAA;

4 xspr; Rthrj;jpd; msT mjpfk; xspr;Rthrj;jpd; msT kpfTk; FiwT

5 cfe;j ntg;gepiy 200C-250C cfe;j ntg;gepiy 300C-450C tiu

6. v.fh. ney;> NfhJik> cUisv.fh. fUk;G> kf;fhr;Nrhsk;>mkuhe;j];.

21

3. ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl; topj;jlj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?

1.,J fhHNghi`bNul; rpijTf;F khw;W topahFk;.

2.,jpy; NADPH2 %yf;$Wfs; cz;lhfpd;wd. ,it nry;nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jpapy;

xLf;fpfshf gad;gLfpd;wd. ÏJ ATP c‰g¤ÂnahL Ïiz¡f¥g£ljšy.

3.epA+f;spf; mkpyq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;aj; Njitahd iuNgh]; fpilf;fpwJ.

4. mNuhNkbf; NrHkq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;aj; Njitahd vhpj;Nuh]; gh];Ngl; ,jpypUe;Jfpilf;fpwJ.

5.Ru5P xspr;NrHf;ifapy; CO2 epiyepWj;jg; gad;gLfpwJ.

4. Mf;rpdpd; tho;tpay; tpisTfs; ahit?

1) jz;L kw;Wk; Kisf; FUj;J ePz;L tsu cjTfpwJ.

2) nry; ePl;rpiaj; Jhz;LfpwJ.

3) Edp nkhl;L cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Mf;rpd; gf;f nkhl;bd; tsh;r;rpia¤ jilnra;tJ

Edp Mjpf;fk; (m) Kid Mjpf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

4) Nfy]; kw;Wk; Nfk;gpaj; jpRtpy; nry; gphpjiy¤ Jhz;LfpwJ.

5) fUTwhf; fdp cUthf;fj;ijj; Jhz;LfpwJ. v.fh jf;fhsp, Mg;gps;

6) ,iy> fdp cjph;jiyj; jil nra;fpwJ.

7) 2>4-D fisf; bfhšèahf¥ gad;gLfpwJ.

5. [pg;uypd; tho;tpay; tpisTfs; ahit?

1) jz;bd; mrhjhuz ePl;rpia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

2) Fl;ilahd jhtuq;fspd; Fl;ilj;jd;ikia¥ Nghf;FfpwJ.

3) jz;L jpBh; vd ePs;;tJk; mij njhlh;e;J kyh;jy;; epfo;tJk; Nghy;bq; vdg;gLk;.

4) kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; kyh;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk;.

5) fUTwhf; fdpfis Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; v.fh jf;fhsp, Mg;gps; , nts;shp.

6) tpij Kisj;jiyj; Jhz;Lk;.

7) cUisf; fpoq;fpy; tsh;tlf;fj;ij ePf;FfpwJ.

6. irl;Nlhifdpd;fspd; tho;tpay; tpisTfs; ahit?

1) nry; gphpjiy Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

2) fhy]; jpRtpypUe;J nkhl;L kw;Wk; Ntu; cUthjiyj; Jhz;LfpwJ.

3) Edp nkhl;L ,Uf;Fk; NghJ gf;f nkhl;bd; tsh;r;rpiaj; Jhz;LfpwJ.

4) tpijAwf;fj;ij ePf;fp> Kisf;fr; nra;fpwJ.

5) jhtuq;fs; KJikailtijj; jhkjg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J hpr;khz;l; yhq; tp;isT vdg;gLk;.

22

7. vj;jpypdpd; tho;;tpapy; tpisTfis vOJf1) jz;L kw;Wk; Ntu; Mfpatw;wpd; ePs;thl;l tsh;r;rpia¤ jil nra;fpwJ.

2) Nth;fspd; Gtp Neh;ehl;lj;ij Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.

3) gl;lhzpapy; gf;f nkhl;L tsh;r;rpia¤ jil nra;fpwJ.

4) fdpfs; gOg;gjpy; vj;jpypd; gq;fhw;WfpwJ.

5) igd;> kh jhtuq;fspy; g+j;jiyj; Jhz;LfpwJ.

6) nkhl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; tpijAwf;fj;ij ePf;FfpwJ.

!

9 / ! Gtqi <h k e l<! Gx qk <K !wP Kg/ !

! !o ui <e j zOs ]e <! n z< zK! G tqi <hk e l <! we <h j k ! T.D j zo se <Og i! we <h u i< !n xqL gh <hM k<k qe i i</ ! k i u v r<gt<! h z ux <xqz< ! n k iu K! = v i {<M ! l x<X l<! h z<zi {<M k <! k iu v r <gt qz< !l zi<k z <!2 1C Lk z<!2 1 1C!ou h<h f qj zbq z< !K~ {<m h <hM g qxK/ !- KOu !Gtq i < hk e l<!we h <h M l </ !

! !! !G tqi<hk e l<! n z< zK! l q gg<Gj x f<k ! ! ou h <hfqj z ! n j e k<K! k i u v r<gtq Zl <!yOv l ik qv qb ie ! hk q z<! u q j tU gj t! Wx<h M k<Ku k qz<j z/ ! Gtq i<h k e k <k qx <G! d m <h M l<! k i u v r <gt<!K~{<m h <h M l <!k iu v r <gt <,!Gtqi <h k e k<k qx <G!d m <h m i k j u!K~{<m h <h m ik !k i uv r <gt<!N Gl </ !

Gt qi <h k e ! os b z <Lj xgt<! ! G tqi<h k e k <k iz<! K~ {<m h<h M l <! k iu v r<gt qe <! uqj k g j t! Lj tg<g!j u g<g! G j xf<k ! ou h<h fqj z! n k iu K! Gtqi <h k e ! o uh<h fq j zg< G ! d m<h M k <k q ! u qj k ! Ofi <k <k q!os b <K! !s qx qK !Ofv l <!dzi<k <k qb !h qe <!Lj tg <g!j u g<g! Ou {<M l </ ! !

Gt qi <h k e ! fQg<gl <! ! ! Gtqi <h k e k <k i z<! Wx <h M l<! uq j tj u! f Qg<g q! h j p b ! fqj zg<G¡!

og i{<M u Vl <! fqg p <s<s q ! Gtqi <h k e ! fQg<gl<! w e h<h M l </ ! n k iu K! G tqi<h k e k <k qx<G ! d m<h M k<k q b!u qj k gj t!db i<!ou h< h fqj zg <G !dm <hM k <Kl <!Ohi K !Gtq i <h k e !uqj t Ugt<!fQr <gq uq M gqe <x e /!

h be <gt<! !! !2 /!h bq i<gt qe <!si Gh c !gi z! nt j u g<!Gj x g<gqx K/ !

!!! !! ! !! !!!3 / !- bx <j gb qz<!o hi Ku ig !ut v !Lc b ik !- mr<gtqZl< !h bqv qm h<h M gqx K/ !

3. jhtu gapu;ngUf;fj;ij tpiuU h Mk<Kg qxK/

23

10 lk qh<o h{<!u qe ig<g t<!

1. gi z<u q e<!Row;rp (,Us; tpid) tpsf;fg;glk; tiuf my;yJ tpsf;fk; jUfxsp tpidapdhy; cz;lhd ATP Mw;wy; NADPH2 Mfpatw;wpd; cjtpapdhy; CO2 MdJ fhHNghi`bNul;lhf xLf;fk; miljiy Cf;Ftpf;Fk; tpidfs; ,Us; tpidfs; vdg;gLk;. Kjypy; cUthFk; epiyahd NrHkk; 3PGA MFk; vdNt ,J C3 Row;rp vdg;gLk;

24

2. C4 Row;rp tpsf;fg;glk; tiuf my;yJ tpsf;fk; jUffUk;G Nghd;w rpy jhtuq;fs; CO2 MdJ ,U fhHgd; NrHg;G tpidfs; %yk; 4C

%yf;$W (OAA) M¡[hnyh mÁ£o¡ mäy« Kjèš cUth¡F»wJ. vdnt ÏJ C4 Row;rp vdg;gLk;

25

3.Xspr;Rthrk; my;yJ C2 Row;;rpia tpthpxspapUf;Fk; NghJ xspr;Nrh;f;if nra;Ak; jpRf;fspy; tof;fj;ijtpl mjpfkhf eilngWk; Rthrk;.

26

4. fpisf;fhyprp]; tpsf;fg;glk; tiuf my;yJ tpsf;fk; jUf6 fhHgd; NrHkkhd FSf;Nfh];> 3 fhHgd;fisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L _y¡TW igUtpf;

mkpykhf khw;wkilAk; epfo;r;rpNa fpisf;fhyprp]; vdg;gLk;

27

5. fpug; Row;rp tpsf;fg;glk; tiuf my;yJ tpsf;fk; jUfigUtpf; mkpykhdJ fhHgd; il Mf;irlhfTk;> ePuhfTk; khWk; NghJ thpirahf

eilngWk; epfo;r;rpfNs fpug;]; Row;rp MFk;.

!

!

28

உய�� - தாவரவ�ய 1. MŠÁnah°bg®«fë‹ tif¥ghL

1 kjpg;ngz;fs; 1. bra‰if Kiw tif¥gh£oid ãWéat® °Ål‹ jhtuéayh®2. vªj tif¥ghL Ïd¥bgU¡f tif¥ghL vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ bra‰if Kiw

tif¥ghL3. ÏU brh‰ bgaçL Kiwia m¿Kf¥gL¤Âat® fh°g®L ghï‹ 4. ÏUbrh‰ bgaçL Kiwia ga‹gL¤Âat® fnuhy° è‹nda° 5. bA®ngça¤jhë‹ ã®zæ¡f¥g£l ãiyahd msÎ 41cm x 29 cm 6. m»y cyf jhtuéaš bga® N£L¢ r£l« eilKiw¡F tªj M©L 1978 7. bgªj« k‰W« Ë¡f® btëæ£l b#åuh Ãsh©lhu« bjhFÂfisÍilaJ. _‹W8. bgªj« k‰W« Ë¡f® tif¥gh£oš j‰fhy JiwfŸ v›thW miH¡f¥g£ld

nfhAh®£LfŸ9. bgªj« k‰W« Ë¡f® tif¥gh£oš étç¡f¥g£l FL«g§fë‹ v©â¡if 20210. Ïizahj jå¤j mšèfisÍila jhtu§fŸ Ïl« bg‰WŸs Jiz tF¥ò

ghèbg£lhny11. Ï‹~bgnu tçiræYŸs JiwfŸ k‰W« FL«g§fë‹ v©â¡if Kiwna 3 k‰W« 912. jyhä ~ònshnuæš Ïl« bg‰WŸs JiwfŸ k‰W« FL«g§fŸ 6 k‰W« 3413. Nyf Ñœ ky®fŸ bfh©l jhtu§fŸ Ïl« bg‰WŸs tçir Ï‹~bgnu14. bj°ÃÁah gh¥òšåah Ïl« bg‰WŸs FL«g« khšntÁ 15. ôåbr¡Rntš° v‹w tçiræš cŸs FL«g« ô~ngh®ÃnaÁ 16. XuiwÍila kfuªj¥ig fhz¥gL« FL«g« khšntÁ 17. bt©il jhtu¤Â‹ ÏU brh‰bga® Vbgškh°f° v°Fy©l° 18. khšntÁ Ïl« bg‰WŸs tçir jyhä~ònshnu 19. Vbgškh°f° v°Fy©l° jhtu¤Â‹ få Nyf miw btofå 20. brhyhndÁ Ïl« bg‰WŸs Jiw ghènkhånaš°21. eL eu«ò k‰W« g¡f eu«òfë‹ ÛJ kŠrŸ ãw K£fŸ fhz¥gL« jhtu«

brhyhd« rhªnjhfh®¥g«22. NèiyfŸ ne®¡nfh£oš mikahkš r‰W rhŒthf mikªJŸs ky®fisÍila

FL«g« brhyhndÁ 23 çÁd° f«ôå° xU F‰Wku« mšyJ òj®¢bro 24 ôngh®ÃnaÁ FL«g¤Âš Ïl« bg‰WŸs ngçd§fŸ 300 25. »shnlhL¡F xU vL¤J¡fh£L¤ jUf. ôngh®Ãah ÂU¡fŸë / ô. M‹onfhu«26. ïéah ÃnuÁèa‹ì° jhtu¤Â‹ ÏiyfŸ _‹W Á‰¿iyfisÍila T£oiy27. bjhG nehŒ¡F kUªjhf ga‹gL« jhtu« #£nuh~gh fhì¥Ã~nghèah 28. vè Mkz¡F vd miH¡f¥gL« jhtu¤Â‹ jhtuéaš bga® Fnuh£l‹

°gh®ì~ònshu°29. ôngh®ÃnaÁ FL«g¤Â‹ Áw¥ò kŠrç irah¤Âa« 30. gwitfë‹ brh®¡fky® v‹wiH¡f¥gLtJ °blçè£Áah buínd 31. gaâfë‹ gid v‹wiH¡f¥gLtJ uhtbdyh klfh°fça‹Á° 32. äôrh jhtu¤Â‹ ÏiyaikÎ RHš Kiw 33. uhtbdyh klfh°fça‹Á° jhtu¤Â‹ kŠrç T£L ir« 34. uhtbdyh klfh°fça‹Á° kyçš fhz¥gL« tskhd kfuªj¤jhŸfŸ 635. äônrÁ FL«g« Ïl« bg‰WŸs tçir vÃifnd 36. kuò tê tif¥gh£o‹ mo¥gilæš xU é¤Âiy¤ jhtu tF¥Ãš nk«ghL

milªj FL«g« M®¡»nlÁ37 äô[héš fhz¥gL« få tif bg®ç ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

29

jhtu cs;sikg;gpay;

1 kjpg;ngz;fs;

2 / !N g<Gk <k q S u ie K!fqj zk <k !k q S u ig!l i x<x l <!n j m u K! O u X hi mj mk z<!we !n j p g<gh <h M gqx K/ !

3 </ !ui j p ? !gz< u ij p !O hi e <x !k i uv r<gtqz< !g i {h<h M l <!fm <sk <k qv !u c u !h i v e <j gl i!os z<g t< !^ <om z<Oz m<! hi v e<j gl i!we h <hM g qxK/ !

4 / !k iu v k <k qe <!nj e k<K!dX h <Hg tqZl < !g i {h< h M l <!k q S !h i v e<j gl i /!

5 / ! a Qzq bi f<k ^ <!k i uv k<k qz<!n M g<G !Ogi ze <j gl i !gi {h<h M gq xK/ !

6 / !Oui <k <K u qgj t!dx<h k <k q!os b <hj u ! m <j v Ogi h qti ^ <m<M gt<! n z<z K !Gm <jm !o sz <gt</ !

7 / N <̂c Ob i ^ <gqtQj v M !!gi {h <h M l <!k i uv h <h Gk q !h m <mi {qb q e<!u qj k Bj x /!

8 </ - Vh g<g!yVr <gj l f<k !u i^ <G zi i<!gx<j x !gi {h <hM l <!k i uv g<GM l <hl <!G g <gi<h qm <O<m sq /!

9 </ j s zg <Gp i b<gt qz< !yx <j xk<Kj t k <km<M !gi {h <h M l<!k iu v l <! l i R <sq0 oh vi /!

: / h zL j e !j szl <!gi {h <hM uK ! y V !u qk<k qj z !k iu v Ou i</ !

2 1 /H x {q bqe <!g j m s qbM g<G! n g k <Ok i z</!

2 2 /j szLl<!H Ot ib Ll <!yOv !N v k <k qz<!g i {h<h M u K! ge <\i bq {<m <!we h <hM gqxK /!

2 3 /l e qk !l {<j m !YM !Oh i e <x!u i^ <G zii < !gx<j x gt<!gi{h <hM u K! y V u qk <k qj zk <!k i u v k<k {<M /!

2 4 /!H Ov i m<Om i !j sz !- j m ou tq!gi {h <h M u K !y Vu qk <k qj z k<!k i u v k<k {<M /!

2 5 /!- V!uq k <k qj z!k i u v Oui qz<< !gi {h <h M l <!u i ^ <Gzi i <!n j l h <H !fi e <G !Lj e !j s zl</ !

2 6 /!- Vh g<g!yk <k !n j l h<H j m b!- j zgt<!gi {h <hM uK !! !!!!! !!!!! !!!! !!! !! !!! !! ! !!!! !!! !!H z <!n z<z K!y Vu qk<k q j zk <!k i uv k <k {<M !!

2 7 /!- j zb qz<!gi {h <h M gqx !ui ^ <G zi i<!gx <j xgt <!y Vr <gj l f<k K? !& c b ju /!

2 8 /!- j z!S Vr <Gk z<!l x X l<!fQt<k Zg<G¥!h b‹h M l<!H xk <Ok i z< !os z<g t<!H z <zq0 hi i<l <!o sz <gt </ !

3 1 /!o k im i<f<K!hG h<h j m Bl <!k e <j l !og ie <m !o sz<gtqe <<!o k iG h< H ! N g<G k <k qS g<gt<! we h<h M l </!

3 3 /Og i{g<Ogi ze <j gl i!gi {h <hM l <!k iu v l <! m i m<_ v i !)l * !fqg<O gi m <c bie i /!!

3 4 /- jm o utq g<!Og i ze <j gl i !gi {h<h M l <!k i u v l<!J h<O h i l qbi / !!

3 5 /j szl<!fi i<gt qe <! Ou X oh bi <!z qh <v q0 hi i <l <!fi i <gt/ <! !

3 6 /!H Oti bl <!fi i <gtqe <! Ou X oh b i<! h i ^ <m<! fi i <gt</ !!

3 7 / !H Oti bl <!h i v e<j gl i !yVu qk <k qj zk <!k iu v r <gtq z< !gi {h <hM uk q z< j z/!

3 8 /Ou v qe <!out qh <Hx !n M g<G !j v Osi om i<l q ^ <!n z<zK !wh <h qh qtl i !we h <hM l</ !

3 9 /g i <̂h iv qb e<!hm <j m gt<! - Vu qk<k qj z, yVu qk <k j z!k iu v ! Oui <g tqe<<!n gk <Ok i zq z< !gi {h <h M gqx K/ !

3 : /u p qs<!os z<g t< !- Vu qk <k q j zk<! k iu v ! Ou iqe<! n gk <Ok i zq z< !g i {h<h M gq xK/ !

4 1 /H Ov im <Om ij s zl <!k {< c e <!j l b k<j k !Ofig<gq !n j l f<Kt<t !ui ^ <G z ii <!gx<j x !d t<O fi g<G !j s zl<!N Gl </!

30

k iu v !os b zqb z <!

2 / ytq s<Os i <g<j g!fj m o hX l<!- m l <!h S r <g {qgl <</ !

3 / Sp x<s q! wzg<m <v ie<!gm k <k zqe <!Oh iK !d Vui u K !ATP l m<M l </ !

4 / ! j v Oh i <̂!yV !6 !g ii < he <!Os i<l l </ !

5 / !C5 !k iu v k <k q x<G!y V!wM k <Kg <gim <M !g Vl <H, lg <gis <Os itl <, m <iq sH z^ <, n l v if<k ^ <

6 / !hs <j s b !dx <hk <k q g<G !Ok j uh <h M l <!Lg<gq b! oh i Vt <!o l g<e qs qb l </ !)Mg)

7 / !$ v qb !N x<x j z!gu i< f<k qPg<Gl < !n k qg!k qx e <!o gi {<m !fqxl q !h s <j sb l</ !

8 / n Ol ie qb ij u !j fm <jv m<m i g!N g<s q\Oe x <xl <! os b <Bl <!h i g<C v qbi ! j fm <v Os i Ol i ei ^ </!

9 / ! g^<Gm <mi !yV!L Py m<M {< {q k <!k i u v l i Gl </ !

: / !ytqs <Os i<g<j gj b !l qgk <k qxl<h m !K~ {<M l <!y tq !n j z !5 1 1 !nm-700 nm.

2 1 /!- Vm <S ui s l<!fj m o h xl<!F {<[ X h <H !j l m <Om i gi {<m <v q br<gt </!

2 2 /!ytq s<Os i <g<j gb qe <!Oh i K!ou tqb qm h <hM l<!ui B! N g<s q \e </ !)O2*

2 3 /!- Vt<u qj e b qe <!l X oh b i<! gi z <u q e<!S p x<s q/ !

2 4 /!C5 !S px<s qbq e <!l X o hb i<! O a m<s <. <̂zi g<!h i j k !we h<h M l</ !

2 5 /!ytq !S ui sk <k qe <!Ou X !o hb i<!C2! S p x<s q !n z< zK ! y tq<s <Os i <g<j g!gi i<h e<!!! !!!!! !!! !! !N g<̂ q\ Oe x<x !S p x<s q!we h <h M l</ !

2 6 /!H ,s <s qB {<[ l <!k i u v k <k q x<G !wM k <Kg<g im <M !m <v ^ Qvi /!

2 7 /! h s <j sb l<!a!!Lk e <j l !fqx l q!we h<h M l </ !

2 8 /!ytq s<Os i <g<j gb qe <! - Vt<!u qj e j b¡!g{< m xqf<k u i<! ol z<u qe <!gi z <u qe </!

2 9 !C3!k iu v r <gtqz<!yt q!l x<x l <!- Vt<!uqj e gt<!fj m o h X l<!- m l <!- j zb qjm k <k qS !os z<g t</ !

2 : /!C3!k i uv r <gtqz<!CO2 Wx <Gl <!& zg<%X !RuBP.

20.! u i {<m i !yV!o k ix <X k<!k i uv l <!N G l </ !

3 2 /hS r<g {qg k <k qz< !ytq s<Os i<g <j g !fqx l qgt<!g i {h <h M l <!- m l <!j k z g<gi b<M /!

3 3 /o h iKu ie !S ui s!k th <oh i Vm <gt<! gi i <O hi ja m<Ov m<M g t<!N G l </ !

3 4 /L Pjl b ig!N g<s q\ Oe x <xl<!n j m Bl <!GT g<Ogi^ q zqV f<K !gqj m g<G l <!N x <xz< ! 4 9ATP.

3 5. G Tg<Ogi s qe <!S u is != U ! ye <X / !

3 5 /!wzg<m <v i e<!gm k <K! s r<g qzq bq z< !ATP d{ < m i uK !N g <s q\ Oe x<x !hi <̂h v qgv {l<!!we h <hM l </!

3 6 /y V!GT g<Ogi ^ < !& zg <%X !N g<s q \Oe x <xl <!n j m f<K !o ut q h<h M l <! N x<x zq e <!ntU ! !

3 : 11 !kJ.

3 7 /k iuv !a i i<Ol i e <gtqz< !Lk zq z< !g {<m xq bh <h m<m K !N g<s qe<g t</!

3 8 /o s bx<<j g!N g<sq E g< G!yV !wM k <Kg<g im <M !NAA l x <X l <!3 , 5 !D

31

3 9. Lj e !N k q g<gl <!N g<s qe <gti z<!! Wx <hM gqxK /!

3 : / sq g <l i b<M !u j t U!uj v hmk <k qz<!u qj v ui e ! uti <s <sq !f qj z!Ou g fq j z!we g<G xqh <h qm h <h M gqx K/!

4 1 N g<s qe <gt<! d k qi <k jz!!!k j m !o sb <gqx K/ !

4 2 /!o fx <hb qv qz<!)h g<gi O e *!Ogil itq k <k e !Ofi j b!dV ui g<Gu K!\ qh <vz qe </ !

4 3 /!- j zk <Kj t !& M u j k !K ~{<M uK ! n h<s qs qg<! n l qz l </ !)ABA)

4 4 /!u iB! fq j zb q z<!d t<t!a i i<Ol i e <! w k <k q zQe </ !

4 5 /!fqzk <k q z<! dt<t!g j tgj t !fQg<Gu K ! 3 ? 5 .D.

4 6.!db i<k i u v r <gtqz< !g i{h<h M l <!- b x <j gbi e !a i i<Ol i e <!IAA l x <X l <!(PAA)!!

4 7 /!ytq g<gi z!nt uqx < O gx<h !nj l Bl <!k i uv r <gtqe <!h k qz< !o sb z< ! y tqg <gi z k<Ku l<!we h <hM l </!

4 8 /fQt<!h gz< !k i uv k <k qx<G !y V! wM k <Kg<gi m <M ! O gi K j l !l x<X l <!Ym <^<</!

!!!4 9 !G X l <h gz< !k u v k <k q x<g<G !y V !wM k <Kg<g i m<M ! H j gb q j z!lx<X l <! gqj v si f<k q l l</ !

----------------------------------------------------------

mÂf kÂ¥bg©fŸ bgWtj‰fhd TLjš édhéil¥gFÂfŸ

3. brš cæçaš k‰W« kuÃaš

1 kjpg;ngz;fs;

1 Fnuhnkhnrh« v‹w bgaiu m¿Kf¥gL¤Âat® thšila®

2 Fnuhnkhnrh«fŸ É‹fis¡ bfh©LŸsd v‹gjid Kj‹ Kjyhf cWÂ

brŒjt® Ãç£#°

3 É‹ v‹w brhšiy m¿Kf¥gL¤Âat® W.n#hA‹r‹

4 Ïiz¥ò nrhjid¡ fy¥ò é»j« 7 : 1 : 1 : 7

5 Fnuhnkhnrh«fë‹ ÛŸ nr®¡if F‹wš Ãçjè‹ nghJ ònuh~ng° I š vªj

ãiyæš ãfœ»wJ gh¡»O‹

6 ËÍnfh Oéß° ÂO® kh‰w¤ij f©l¿ªj jhtu« <ndhÔuh yhkh®»ahdh

7 ÏJ Éå‹ brašgh£L myF Á°£uh‹

8 kåjDila 17-tJ Fnuhnkhnrh« m¡nuh br‹£ç¡

9 ešè nrhä vd¥gLtJ 2n-2

10 DNA é‹ Ïu£il RUŸ khÂçia és¡»at® th£r‹ k‰W« »ç¡

11 DNA _y¡T¿‹ é£l« 20A0

12 bršèYŸs RNA éš m-RNA é‹ msÎ 3-5 rjÅj«

32

_d;W kjpg;ngz;fs;

1.ghypBd;; kw;Wk; tpsf;F Jhhpif FNuhNkhNrhk; glk;

2. B-Fnuhnkhnrh«fŸ ahit?

B-Fnuhnkhnrh«fŸ Ïašghd Fnuhnkhnrh«fë‹ mo¥gil mik¥òfëèUªJ

ntWgL« mrhjhuz Fnuhnkhnrh«fŸ MF«. Ïit N¥g®ãôkhç k‰W« Jiz

Fnuhnkhnrh«fŸ v‹W« miH¡f¥gL«

v.fh. k¡fh¢nrhs«. Ïit jhtu§fë‹ thœÂwid¡ Fiw¡»‹wd.

3. FW¡nf‰w« v‹whš v‹d?

x¤j Fnuhnkhnrh«fŸ ÏizÍ« nghJ rnfhjç mšyhj Fnuhnk£oLfë‹

J©LfŸ gçkh‰w« miltjhš òÂa É‹ nr®¡if cUthF« ãfœ¢Á FW¡nf‰w«

vd¥gL«. F‹wš Ãçé‹ nghJ ònuhng° 1š gh¡»o‹ ãiyæš FW¡nf‰w«

ãfœ»wJ.

4. kuò tiugl« v‹gJ ahJ?

xU Fnuhknrhäš É‹fë‹ mikél« mit mikªJŸs Kiw k‰W«

Ãiz¥ò É‹fS¡»ilnaÍŸs öu« M»at‰iw tiugl¤Â‹ _y« és¡F»‹w

gl¤bjhF¥ò kuò tiugl« vd¥gL«. kuò tiugl¤Â‹ myF kh®f‹ mšyJ

br‹okh®f‹ vd¥gL«.

33

5. Fnuhnkhnrh«fë‹ tiffis gl« tiuªJ ghf§fis¡ F¿.

6. FW¡nf‰w¤Â‹ K¡»a¤Jt§fis F¿¥ÃLf.

1. òÂa gçkh‰w É‹fis cUth¡Ftjhš òÂa jhtu Ïd§fë‹ njh‰w¤Â‰Fmo¥gilahf cŸsJ.

2. gçzhk¤Âš K¡»a g§F t»¡»wJ.3. Fnuhnkhnrh«fë‹ kuò tiugl§fis jahç¥gÂš cjéahfÎŸsJ

7. FNuhNkhNrhk; mikg;G glk; tiuf ?

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ie;J kjpg;ngz;fs;

1. ÂO®kh‰w¤Â‹ K¡»a¤Jt« ahJ?

• òÂa Á‰¿d§fŸ njh‹Wtj‰F« gçzhk ts®¢Áæš K¡»a fUéahfÎ«és§F»‹wd.

• bra‰ifahf njh‰Wé¡f¥gL« ÂO® kh‰w§fŸ étrha«, fhšeil guhkç¥òk‰W« cæ® bjhêš E£géaš M»at‰¿š gaDŸsjhF«. vL¤J¡fh£lhfÂO® kh‰w¤Â‰F c£gL¤j¥g£l bgåÁèa« mÂfkhd bgåÁèidcUth¡F»wJ

• òÂa gæ® uf§fis njh‰Wé¤J gæ®fis nk«gL¤j ÏJ Áwªj têahF«.

• ÉDila E© mik¥ig¥ g‰¿ m¿ªJ bfhŸs itu°fëš V‰gL« ÂO®kh‰w§fŸ ga‹gL»‹wd. É‹fŸ ahÎ« ÁWÁW brašgh£L myFfisbfh©LŸsd. mit Á°£uh‹, bu¡fh‹ k‰W« äô£lh‹ vd¥gL«.

• gy tifahd ÂO®kh‰w§fŸ kåj®fëš gu«giu nehŒfisÍ«. ò‰WnehŒfisÍ« njh‰Wé¡f fhuzkhf cŸsd.

34

2. ÃshŒoæ‹ K¡»a¤Jt§fŸ g‰¿ vGJf.

1. jhtu¥gæ® bgU¡f« k‰W« njh£l¡ fiyæš K¡»a g§fh‰W»wJ.

2. òÂa Á‰¿d§fë‹ njh‰w¤Âš K¡»a g§fh‰W»wJ.

3. ky®fŸ k‰W« fåfŸ njh‹W« gUtfhy¤Âš kh‰w¤ij V‰gL¤J»wJ.

4. òÂa thœ Ïl§fëš ghèÃshŒo jhtu§fŸ e‹whf C‹¿ ts®»‹wd.

5. bl£uhÃshŒo nfh° k‰W« j¡fhë M»at‰¿š mÂf msÎ m°fh®Ã¡ mäy«

cŸsJ. bl£uh ÃshŒo k¡fhnrhs¤Âš mÂf mséš é£lä‹ A cŸsJ.

3. fl¤J RNA mik¥ò g‰¿ ÁW F¿¥ò tiuf.

1. t-RNA Fsht® Ïiy toéš fhz¥gL«.

2. 1965š R.W. nAhè v‹gt® Ïªj Fsht® Ïiy tot khÂçia btëæ£lh®.

3. t-RNA _y¡TW xnu xU ÏiHia bfh©LŸsJ.

4. ÏÂš eh‹F fu§fŸ cŸsd. mitahtd vÂ® r§nfj fu«, D-fu«, T C-fu«

k‰W« mändh mäy¤ij V‰F« fu«.

5. t-RNA _y¡TWfŸ 73èUªJ 93 tiu iungh ãô¡ënahilLfshš Mdit

6. Áy t-RNA fëš Ïªj eh‹F fu§fSl‹ k‰bwhU fuK« cŸsJ. Ïj‰F

khWgL« fu« v‹W bga®.

7. mändh mäy V‰Ã fuK« vÂ® r§nfj fuK« vÂ® vÂ® Âirfëš cŸsd.

35

4. DNA ¡F« RNA Î¡F« cŸs ntWghLfŸ ahit?

t. v© DNA RNA

1 ÏÂš 5C o M¡ìiungh° r®¡fiu cŸsJ.

1. ÏÂš 5 C iungh° r®¡fiu cŸsJ.

2 ÏÂš moid‹ Fthid‹ irnlhÁ‹ k‰W« ijä‹ cŸsd.

2. ÏÂš moid‹ Fthid‹. irnlhÁ‹ k‰W« ôuhÁš cŸsd

3 ÏJ bgU«ghY« Ïu£il RUŸ ÏiHahf cŸsJ.

3. ÏJ bgU«ghY« x® ÏiHahyhdmik¥ghF«.

4 ÏJ äf ÚskhdJ. 4. ÏJ F£ilahdJ.

5 ãiy¥ò¤ j‹ik mÂf«. 5. ãiy¥ò¤ j‹ik FiwÎ .

4. cæç bjhêšE£géaš

1 kjpg;ngz;fs;

1. bu°lç¡r‹ behÂfŸ ÏÂš k£Lnk c‰g¤Â brŒa¥gL»wJ gh¡Oça§fshš

2. bu°lç¡r‹ behÂfŸ O.v‹.V _y¡TWfis mj‹ ãô¡ënahilL tçirfëš

J©o¡»wJ

3. maš Éid bršèDŸ brY¤j¥ ga‹gL« Kiw ä‹Jisah¡f«

4. Ï‹iwa ãiyæš maš É‹fis bg‰w jhtu§fë‹ v©â¡if I«gJ

5. ó¢Áfis¡ bfhšY« blšlh v©nlhlh¡Á‹ v‹w òuj¤ij c‰g¤Â brŒtJ

ngÁšy° JçŠÁa‹Á°

6. É‹ Ïlkh‰¿aik¡f¥g£l Nnlhnkhdh° óolh f¢rh v©bzia Áij¡»wJ.

7. cæUŸs jhtu brš KG¤jhtu¤ij cUth¡F« Âw‹ KG¤Âw‹ bg‰WŸsik vd¥gL«.

8. fhy° ÂR ts®¥Ãš ir£nlhifå‹ gâ brš gF¥ò

9. ÂR ts®¥ò Kiw _y« bgw¥gL« K¡»a bghUŸ bra‰if éijfŸ

10. ònuh£nlhÃshr Ïizéš ÏizÎ¡fhuâ ghè v¤Âè‹ »is¡fhš

11. Ïj‹ _y« cly¡fy¥Ãd« cUth¡f¥gL»wJ ònuh£nlhÃshr ÏizÎ

12. kåj‹ c£bfhŸs¤j¡f it£lä‹ br¿ªj kh¤ÂiufŸ °igUèdh éèUªJ

jahç¡f¥gL»wJ

13. jå¢brš òuj c‰g¤Â¡F ga‹gL« Mšfh °igUèdh, Fnshbušyh, »shänlhnkhdh°.

14. bršfS¡F itu°fis vÂ®¡F« Âwid më¥gJ Ï‹l®bguh‹fŸ

15. nehŒ vÂ®¥ò¤Âw‹ bg‰w btŸisaQ¡fis cUth¡f ga‹gLtJ Ï‹l®èô¡»‹

16. ÚuêÎ nehŒ¡F Á»¢iraë¡f ga‹gLtJ Ï‹Rè‹

17. Ïu¤j mG¤j¤ij Fiw¡f ga‹gLtJ buå‹ jL¥gh‹fŸ

36

18. jåbrš òuj¤Âš cŸs fhkh-èndhèå¡ mäy« ÚuêÎ nehahëfë‹ Ïu¤j r®¡fiu

msit Fiw¡f ga‹gL»wJ.

19. mrfha ó¢Á vd miH¡f¥gL« gh¡Oça« Nnlhnkhdh° óolh

20. DNA J©Lfis x£L« behÂ DNA iynf°

21. kU¤Jt k‰W« thrid¤ jhtu§fS¡fhd ika MuhŒ¢Á ãiya« mikªJŸs Ïl«

y¡ndh.

22. thiHæš itu° m‰w E©âa ts®bkh£LfŸ njh‰Wé¡f ga‹gL« ãfœ¢Á

Eå M¡F¤ÂR ts®¥ò

23. maš Éid jhtu bršfëDŸ òF¤Jtj‰F ga‹gL« xU gh¡Oça« m¡nuhgh¡Oça«

24. Ïa‰ifæš ÁijÎW« Ãsh°o¡if c‰g¤Â brŒÍ« jhtu« vè¡fhJ mšè jhtu«

25. gh°£lh v‹w fis¡bfhšèia braèH¡f¡ brŒÍ« behÂia cUth¡F« ÉidÍila

gh¡Oça« °£bu¥nlhik[° iA¡nuh°nfhÃf°

26. nfyìèUªJ nt® njh‹WtJ iunrhb#åÁ°

27. m¡nuhgh¡Oça« oôä~ngÁa‹° njh‰Wé¡F« nehŒ kFl fHiy nehŒ

28. lh¡l® M.S. Rthäehj‹ MuhŒ¢Á ika« mikªJŸs Ïl« br‹id

------------------------------------------------------------------

_d;W kjpg;ngz;fs ;

1. kW¢nr®¡if DNA bjhêšE£g« v‹whš v‹d?

xU cæçæ‹ Éndh« mik¥òl‹ éU«Ãa cæçæ‹ DNA J©Lfis Ïiz¤J òÂa

Éndhkhf kh‰W« bjhêš E£g« kWnr®¡if DNA bjhêš E£g« vd¥gL«.

2. maš Éid bg‰w ÏUé¤Âiy jhtu§fë‹ 3 bga®fis vGJf

1. Ëèahªj° MDt° 2. brhyhd« oôgnuhr« 3. fhÁÃa« ï®N£l«.

3. maš Éid¥ bg‰w xU é¤Âiy¤ jhtu§fë‹ 3 bga®fis vGJf?

1. xiurh r£ilth 2. Áah bkŒ° 3. médh r£ilth

4. cæçfshš Óuik¡f¥gLjš v‹whš v‹d?

R‰W¢NHèš cŸs e¢R¥ bghUŸfis Áij¥gÂY«, khRgLjiy jL¥gÂY« cæUŸs

E©Qæ®fis <LgL¤JtJ cæçfshš Óuik¡f¥gLjš vd¥gL«. Nnlhnkhdh° óolh

vd¥gL« gh¡Oçah ufkhdJ v©bizŒ khRfis Óuik¡»wJ.

5. KGÂw‹ bg‰WŸsik v‹whš v‹d?

cæUŸs xU jhtubrš KGts®¢Áailªj jhtukhf cUkhw Ïa‰ifahf mikªj Âwnd

KG¤Âw‹ bg‰WŸsik vd¥gL«. ÏJ jhtu bršfS¡F k£L« cç¤jhdjhF«.

6. jhtu¤ÂR ts®¥Ã‰F ga‹gL« 3 ts®¥ò Clf§fis F¿¥ÃLf

1. M.S. ts®¥ò Clf« 2. B 5 ts®¥ò Clf« 3. W ts®¥ò Clf«

37

7. clyfy¥Ãdkh¡fš v‹whš v‹d?

Ïu©L ntWg£l Á‰¿d§fë‹ cly¢ bršfë‹ ònuh£nlhÃsh°Lfis Ïiz¤jš

_y« fy¥òæç cUth¡f¥gL»wJ. ÏJ clyfy¥Ãdkh¡fš vd¥gL«.

8. jåbrš òuj« tiuaW

czÎ k‰W« éy§FfS¡F Ôtdkhf ga‹gL« E©Qæ®fë‹ cy®ªj bršfns

jå¢brš òuj« mšyJ E©Qæ® òuj« vd¥gL«. (v.fh.) °igUèdh.

9. _y¡TW x£Ljš v‹whš v‹d?

tH§» cæçæ‹ DNA J©LfS«, fl¤Â cæçæ‹ DNA J©LfS«, DNA iynf° v‹w

behÂæ‹ cjéahš Ïiz¡f¥gL»‹wd. Ïªj ãfœ¢Á _y¡TW x£Ljš vd¥gL«.

10. bu°£ç¡õ‹ v©nlh ãô¡ëna° v‹gJ ahJ?

1. mid¤J gh¡Oça§fS« xU tif bu°£ç¡õ‹ behÂia cUth¡F»wJ.

2. gh¡Oça§fŸ, itu°fëèš ÏUªJ Ïj‹ _y« j‹id fh¤J¡ bfhŸ»wJ.

3. ÏJ DNA it J©Lfsh¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.

11. cæ® bjhêš E£géaèš v. nfhiyæ‹ g§F v‹d?

1. v. nfhiy kuò¥ bgh¿æaèš xU äf K¡»akhd rhjd«.

2. bu°£ç¡õ‹ behÂfis c‰g¤Â brŒ»wJ.

3. fl¤Â _y¡TWfshd Ãsh°ä£il bg‰¿U¡»wJ.

4. kuò bgh¿aèš X«òæçahfÎ« ga‹gL»wJ.

12. ÏªÂahéš cŸs K¡»akhd cæ® bjhêš E£géaš ika§fis vGJf

1. ÏªÂa nths©ik MuhŒ¢Á ãiya« - òJ blšè

2. ghgh mQ MuhŒ¢Á ãiya« - K«ig

3. kU¤Jt k‰W« thrid¤ Âuéa§fS¡fhd MuhŒ¢Á ãiya« - y¡ndh

4. M.S. Rthäehj‹ MuhŒ¢Á ika« - br‹id

13. fy¥ò DNA it cUth¡FtÂš <LgL« behÂfŸ ahit?

1. bu°£ç¡õ‹ v©nlh ãô¡ëna°fŸ mšyJ _y¡TW f¤Âç¡nfhš – ÏJ DNA it

F¿¥Ã£l Ïy¡Ffëš bt£Ltj‰F«

2. DNA iynf° bt£l¥g£l J©LfSl‹ éU«g¥g£l DNA it x£Ltj‰F«

ga‹gL»wJ.

38

Ie;J kjpg;ngz;fs;

1. jhtu§fëš maš É‹ v›thW òF¤j¥gL»wJ?� m¡nuhgh¡Oça« oÍä~ngÁa‹° v‹w k© thœ gh¡Oça¤Âš ò‰W nehŒ ngh‹w

f£oia njh‰Wé¡F« Ti Ãsh°ä£ cŸsJ. ÏJ f¤jç, j¡fhë ngh‹wt‰¿š kFl fHiyia V‰gL¤J»wJ.

� m¡nuhgh¡Oça¤Â‹ Ti Ãsh°ä£o‹ xU gFÂahd T DNA-Îl‹ éU«Ãa jhtu É‹ nr®¡f¥g£L jhtu bršèDŸ brY¤j KoÍ«.

� mnj rka« Ti Ãsh°ä£oš cŸs ò‰W nehŒ¡fhd É‹ K‹ng Ú¡f¥gLtjhš ò‰W ngh‹w ts®¢Á V‰gLtÂšiy.

� Ï›thW òÂa É‹ nr®¡f¥g£l jhtu brš ÂR ts®¥ò Kiwæš ts®¡f¥g£L Vuhskhd ÁWbrofŸ cUth¡f¥gL»wJ. m¥nghJ jhtu¤Âš maš Éå‹ g©òfŸ btë¥gL»‹wd.

2. DNA v›thW J©o¡f¥gL»wJ?

� j‹id¤ jh¡F« ituìèUªJ ghJfh¤J¡ bfhŸs gh¡Oça§fŸ cUth¡F« bu°£ç¡õ‹ v©nlh ãô¡ëna° v‹w behÂ itu° DNA it Áij¤J mj‹ jh¡FjèUªJ ghJfh¡»wJ.

� bu°£ç¡õ‹ v©nlh ãô¡ëna° vD« behÂ DNA éš mj‰Fça ãô¡ënahilL tçiria f©lÎl‹ m›él¤Âš bt£o éL«.

39

3. jå¢brš òuj« mšyJ SCP g‰¿ F¿¥ò vGJf

czthf mšyJ éy§FfS¡F Ôtdkhf¥ ga‹gL« E©Qæç‹ cy®ªj

bršfns SCP mšyJ jåbršòuj« vd¥gL«.

jåbrš òuj c‰g¤Â¡F ga‹gL« cæçfŸ :

Mšfh - Fnshbušyh, °igUèdh, »shänlhnkhdh°

óŠir - <°£, mfhçf°

gh¡Oçah - Nnlhnkhdh°

jå¢brš òuj¤Â‹ ga‹fŸ

1. mÂf òuj ts«, it£lä‹fŸ, mändh mäy§fŸ k‰W« fod eh®fŸ cilait.

2. Ïit Ãugykhd Mnuh¡»akhd czÎ. it£lä‹ br¿ªj °igUèdh kh¤ÂiufŸ

k¡fS¡F ga‹gL»wJ.

3. kåj czÎ¥ g£oaèš òuj« br¿ªj kh‰Wzthf nr®¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

4. fhkh – èndhèå¡ mäy« ÏU¥gjhš ÚçêÎ nehahëfS¡F Ïu¤j r®¡fiu msit

Fiw¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.

5. kåj clèš bfhy°£uhš nrfukhtij¤ jil brŒ»wJ.

----------------------------------------------------------

g¤J kÂ¥bg©fŸ

1. DNA kWnr®¡if bjhêš E£g« F¿¤J f£Liu tiuf

DNA kWnr®¡if bjhêš E£g«

xU cæçd¤Â‹ DNAit ntbwhU cæçæ‹ DNA Îl‹ Ïiz¤J òÂa g©òfis¡

bfh©l Éndhkhf kh‰W« bjhêš E£g« kWnr®¡if DNA bjhêš E£g« vd¥gL«.

kuò¥bgh¿æaè‹ mo¥gil¥ bghUŸfŸ

1. DNAit gy J©Lfshf kh‰W« ÂwDila bu°£ç¡õ‹ v©nlhãô¡ëna°

vd¥gL« _y¡TW f¤Âç¡nfhš.

2. DNA J©Lfis Ïiz¡F« ÂwDila DNA iynf°. Ïit Ïu©L« kuò¥

bgh¿æaè‹ mo¥gil¥ bghUŸfshF«.

kuò¥ bgh¿æaè‹ mo¥gil braš E£g§fŸ

1. tH§» caçæ‹ DNA it mšyJ Éid Ãç¤bjL¤J bu°£ç¡õ‹ v©nlhãô¡ëna°ga‹gL¤Â ÁW ÁW J©Lfsh¡f nt©L«.

2. Ïªj DNA J©Lfis jFªj efš bgU¡»Íl‹ Ïiz¡f nt©L«. v.nfhiygh¡Oça¤Â‹ Ãsh°ä£ Áwªj efš bgU¡» mšyJ Fnshå§ C®Âahf braš gL»wJ.

40

3. bu°£ç¡õ‹ v©nlhãô¡ëna°fis bfh©L fl¤Â DNA ÁW ÁW J©Lfshfbt£l¥gL»wJ. Ã‹d® DNA iynf° bfh©L tH§» cæçæ‹ DNA k‰W« fl¤Â DNA

J©LfŸ Ïiz¡f¥gL»wJ. ÏJ _y¡TW x£Ljš vd¥gL«. Ïj‹ éisthfkW¢nr®¡if DNA cUth»wJ.

4. kWnr®¡if DNA v.nfhiy, ngÁšy° r¥oè° ngh‹w x«òæçæDŸ brY¤j¥gL»‹wJ.

5. bršYny° v‹w behÂia x«òæç bršfSl‹ nr®¤J gj¥gL¤J« nghJmj‹ bršRt® kWnr®¡if DNA it cŸth§» bfhŸ»wJ.

� maš kWnr®¡if DNA é‹ f£lisia Ã‹g‰¿ x«òæç gh¡Oçah bjhl®ªJ gF¥gilªJ v©z‰w kWnr®¡if DNA ¡fis cUth¡F»wJ. ÏJ _y¡TW efš bgU¡f« mšyJ É‹ efš bgU¡f« vd¥gL«.

2. jhtu¤ÂR ts®¥Ã‹ mo¥gil braš E£g¤Âid étçjhtu bršfŸ, ÂR¡fŸ k‰W« cW¥òfis bra‰ifahf¤ jahç¡f¥g£l ts®¥ò Clf¤Âšf£L¥gL¤j¥g£l NHèš ts®¥gnj jhtu¤ÂR ts®¥ò vd¥gL«.

1. ts®¥ò¡ fy‹fŸ : jhtu ÂR ts®¥Ã‰F T«ò¡FLit, bg£ç j£LfŸ, ts®¥ò¡ FHhŒfŸ

ga‹gL»‹wd.

2. ts®¥ò Clf« : MS ts®¥ò Clf«, B5 ts®¥ò Clf«, W ts®¥ò Clf«, ã£¢

ts®¥ò Clf« Kjèad ga‹gL»wJ. ( 5.8 )

3. E©Qæ® Ú¡f« brŒjš : ts®¥ò Clf« k‰W« jhtu¤ÂR¡fëš cŸs E©Qæçfshdgh¡Oça§fŸ k‰W« óŠirfŸ M»at‰iw Ú¡f« brŒa Ã‹g‰w¥gL« KiwfŸ E©Qæ®Ú¡f« vd¥gL«. ts®¥ò Clf¤ij E©Qæ® Ú¡f« brŒa M£nlh»nséš 121o

C bt¥gãiyæš 15 ãäl§fŸ ÏU¡FkhW it¡f nt©L«.jhtu¤ÂR¡fis E©Qæ® Ú¡f« brŒa nrhoa« iA¥ngh FnshiuL, fhšÁa«iA¥nghFnshiuL, ngh‹w VnjD« xU fiurèš 15 ãäl§fŸ ÏU¡FkhW it¡fnt©L«.

41

4. c£brY¤Jjš : ts®¥ò Clf¤Â‰FŸ jhtu¤ÂR mšyJ jhtu¥gFÂia brY¤JtJ

c£brY¤Jjš vd¥gL«. yhädh® fh‰nwh£l miwæš öŒikahd Nœãiyæš

c£brY¤Jjš brŒa¥gL»wJ.

5. milfh¤jš : ÂRÎl‹ Toa ts®¥ò Clf« 26oC ± 2o

C bt¥gãiyæš, 2000 Kjš 4000

y¡° xë¢ br¿éš, 16 kâ neu« xëæY«, 8 kâ neu« ÏUëY« it¡f¥gL»wJ.

6. nfy° cUtjhš : M¡Á‹, ir£nlhifå‹ ngh‹w Ah®nkh‹fë‹ brašgh£odhš

jhtu¤ ÂRéèUªJ fhy° cUth»wJ. fhy° v‹gJ xG§f‰w ntWghL milahj

ÂR¤ÂushF«.

7. òw¤njh‰wkh¡f« : fhyÁèUªJ nt®, j©L cUthtJ òw¤njh‰wkh¡f« vd¥gL«. fhy°

ÂRéèUªJ nt® cUthtJ iunrhb#åÁ° vd¥gL«. fhy° ÂRéèUªJ j©L

cUthtJ fhnyhb#åÁ° vd¥gL«.

8. fUcUth¡f« : fhyÁèUªJ nt® k‰W« j©L cila ÏUJUt mik¥òfŸ cUthtJ fU

cUth¡f« vd¥gL«.

9. tY¥bgWjš : jhtu¤ÂR ts®¥ò _y« cUthd ÁW jhtu§fŸ go¥goahf Ïa‰if

Nœãiy¡F bfh©L tUjš

42

3. jhtuÂR ts®¥Ã‹ ga‹fŸ ahit?

� mH»a ÏiyfŸ k‰W« ft®¢Áahd jhtu§fis cUth¡f E©gutš Kiw

ga‹gL»wJ.

� fhy° bkh£LfŸ gyj©L bjhF¥òfisÍ«, my§fhu jhtu§fisÍ« mÂf

v©â¡ifæš cUth¡f ga‹gL»wJ.

� Eå M¡FÂR ts®¥Ã‹ _y« itu° m‰w E©âa ts® bkh£Lfis

cUth¡fyh«. v.fh. thiH.

� clytê fU cUth¡f¤Â‹ _y« bra‰if éijfŸ cUth¡f¥gL»wJ.

� Ïu©lh« ãiy ts®Áij kh‰w¥ bghU£fis mÂf mséš c‰g¤Â brŒa cjÎ»wJ.

� kfuªj¥ig ts®¥Ã‹ _y« cUthd x‰iwka jhtu§fë‹ ÔO®kh‰w

bgU¡f¤Â‰F« ÂR ts®¥ò bjhêš E£g« cjÎ»wJ.

� v©nlh°ng®« ts®¥Ã‹ _y« cUthd K«ka jhtu§fŸ fUÎwh¡få

cUth¡f ga‹gL»wJ.

� g‹ka ÂRts®¥ò cæ®Âw‹ msit mÂfç¤J kfNiy mÂfç¡fÎ«

ga‹gL»wJ.

� fU ts®¥ò E£g« éijfëYŸs j‹ ky£L¤j‹ik, éijÍw¡f«, fU¢ÁijÎ

M»a jilfis jh©o tsu cjÎ»wJ.

� DNA cl‹ E©JfŸ thæyhf maš Éid J¥gh¡» _y« x«òaç bršèDŸ brY¤Âl

Ï«Kiw cjÎ»wJ. Ïit É‹kh‰wkilªj jhtu§fshF«.

� j¡fhë k‰W« cUis¡»H§F ngh‹w x›thj jhtu índh«fis ònuh£nlhÃshr

Ïizé‹ _y« x‹whf Ïiz¤J òÂa clytê fy¥Ãd« cUth¡f¥gL»wJ. Ã‹ ÂR

ts®¥Ã‹ _y« Ïªj clštê fy¥Ãd§fŸ mÂf v©â¡ifæš bgU¡fkil»‹wd.

v.fh. bghk£nlh.

4. ònuh£nlhÃshr ÏizÎ KiwfŸ F¿¤J vGJf.

� ÏU ntWg£l jhtu¢ Á‰¿d§fë‹ cly¢bršfŸ Ïiz¤jš _y« fy¥òæç

cUth¡f¥gL»wJ. ÏJ cly¡ fy¥òçah¡fš vd¥gL«.

� Ïj‹ Kjš ãiy ònuh£Ãsh°Lfis jå¤bjL¤jš.

� ònuh£nlhÃsh°Lfis jå¤bjL¤jš gyju¥g£l jhtu¤ÂR¡fëš ÏUªJ

ònuh£nlhÃsh°LfŸ ÏaªÂu brašKiw k‰W« behÂfŸ _y«

jå¤bjL¡f¥gL»‹wd.

� ÏaªÂu brašKiw : Ï« Kiwæš jhtu¤ÂR¡fŸ cfªj fiurèš it¡f¥gL»wJ.

Ïjdhš ònuh£nlhÃsh°LfŸ RU§» brš Rtiu é£L mfY»wJ. Ã‹d®

T®ikahd f¤Âahš ÂRit bt£o ònuhnlhÃsh°LfŸ jå¤bjL¡f¥gL»wJ.

43

� behÂfis¥ ga‹gL¤J« Kiw : 10 thu taJila jhtu ÏiyfŸ 70 rjÅj

MšfAhèš E©Qæ® Ú¡f« brŒj Ã‹ 2 rjÅj nrhoa« iA¥ngh FnshiuL

fiurèš it¡f nt©L«. ònuh£nlhÃsh°LfŸ jåik¥gL¤J« behÂfë‹

fyit 0.5 rjÅj« khrnuhir«, 13 rjÅj« rh®Ã£lhš k‰W« 2 rjÅj« bršYny°

M»at‰iw bfh©LŸsJ. ÏJ jhtu¤ÂRé‹ bršRtiu fiu¤J

ònuh£nlhÃsh°Lfis jåik¥gL¤J»wJ.

� ònuh£nlhÃshr ÏizÎ tH¡fkhd Kiwæš fy¥Ãd« brŒa Koahj jhtu§fë‹

Éndh« Ïiztij ònuh£nlhÃshr ÏizÎ vëjh¡F»wJ.

� ònuh£nlhÃsh°LfŸ jåik¥gL¤j¥gL«nghnj jhdhf Ïizayh« mšyJ

ntÂæaš Kiwæš Ïiz¡fyh«.

� ntÂa Kiwæš ònuh£nlhÃsh°LfŸ Ïiza ghè v¤Âè‹ »is¡fhš ÏizÎ¡

fhuâahf ga‹gL»wJ.

� Ïizªj ònuh£nlhÃsh°LfŸ behÂfŸ _y« bršRt® cUth¡f¥g£L jFªj

ts®js¤Â‰F kh‰w¥gL»wJ.

� ÏÂèUªJ fhy° cUth¡f¥g£L, òÂa jhtu Á‰¿d§fŸ cUthf têtif

brŒagL»wJ.

44

2 / k e q os z<! H v k l<! h x<x q!y V!gm <M jv !u jv g/!

2 / d{U!n z< zK !k Que l i g!hb e <h M l<!F {<[ b qiq gtqe <!d zI f<k !o s z< gOt!ym <M o l ik <k l ig!

F {<[ b qi< !H v k l <!)n *! yx<j x !o s z< !Hv k l<! we h<h M l</ ! w/ gi /!gh¡O®çah, <°£,

gqt ij l Om iOl i e i°.!

3 / !k e qo sz <!H v k !dx <hk <k qx<G !h b e<h M l <! F{ <[b qi qgt<;!

N z<gi; !gqti j l Om i Ol ie i^ <? !G Otio v z< zi ? ! ^ <j h 'zqe i / !

H ,R <j s ;!s g<gi Ov ij l sq ^ <!o si q u qsq Ob? !u i z<u i i qbz< zi? !n gi iqg ^ < !gi l <h ^ <c iq <̂/!

h ig<C iqb i ;!$ Om i Ol ie i^ <<? !n z<g zq\ Qe <̂ </ !

!4 !k e qo sz <!H v k k<k qe <! h be <g t<;!

2 / n k qg!H v k l<? !nl qOe i !n l q zr<g t<?!j u m <m l qe <gt<? !gc e !fi I gt<!o gi {<m K /!

3 / j u m<m l qe<gt<!os x qf<k !^ <j h 'zqe i !l ik <k q j vgt <!k b i iqg<g !d k U gqx K/ !

4 / H vk l <!o sx qf<k !l ix <X {ui g !dt <t K/ !

5 / dm zqz< !o gi z^ <m <v iz<!Ok r <Gu j k !k j m !os b <gqxK /!

6 / gi l i .zqOe i zqe q g<!n l q zl <! dt<tk i z<! fi qp q U !O fi b itqb qe <!s Ig <gj v!n tj u! Gj x g<gqx K/ !

7 /leqk !fz!!O ll<him <cbz <!dbq i qbz<!

1 kjpg;ngz;fs;

2 / !3 1 1 1 !l i uK!N { <c z< !- Vf<k !d zg !l g<gt<! ok i j g!!! ! !! 7 / 2 !h qz<z qb e <!

3 / !Oa iOl ij s g^ <!n z< zK !yk <k !gVLm <j m !o gi {<m !k e q k <k iu v r<gt qzq Vf<K !ok i m i <s<s qb ie !!!

k e<!l gv f<k !Os i<g <j g !& zl <!Ok i <f<o k M g<gh <h M l <!Lj x…………/<! K ~b u p q!Ok i <U !L j x!

4 / !sQe iu q zq Vf<K !n xqL gl <!o s b<b h <hm <m !dT f<K!v gl <!………O h^ q Obi z <̂! !L r <Ogi!

5 / !d m z<!- e h<!oh Vg<g k <k q x<G!k G f<k Lj x………G Oti e<! Ok i<U !L j x!

6 / !he <l b k<j k k<!K~ {<M l <!oh iVt<……………g i z<s qs qe <!

7 / !H Ov im <Om i hqt is l <!- j {uj k k <!K~ {<M u K……/ hi zq !w k <k qz qe<! gqj tg <gi z<!

8 / !os z< !S u j v g<!gj v b!o sb <Bl < !ofik qg t< !……/ os z <ZO z ^ <!l x <X l <!o hg<c Oe ^ <!

9 / !H ,s <sq !l x <X l <!dui <k < k e<j l !k i r <gg<!%c b!n iq squ j g……/ n m <mi l qm<m i !.3 !n i qs q!

: / !l v H h<!oh ix qb qb z<!F m<h k <k q z<!gm k <k q bi gh <!h b e<h M uK……h qt i <̂l q m<!

2 1 /<!db qi q !dv r<g Tg<G !w/ g i…………/ h i g<C i qbr <gt<? !s b Oei !h i g<C i qb r <gt<!

2 2 /!j fm<v \j e !fq j zh < h M k<Kl <!h ig<C iqb i uqx <G !wM k <Kg<gi m <M………n s qm <Om i hi g<m i<? !

ghÁšy°, iunrhÃa«.

2 3 /!wf<k !h ig<C iq bl < !k i e qb r<g tqe <!uq j k gj t!Dx j uk <k z<!& zl <!O l z<!H , s<s i g !n j l f<K !

d b qiq !dv l igh <!hb e <hM gq xK……/ / S ,Om i Ol i ei ^ <!^ <m <jv Ob m<m i!

2 4 /!o fz< !u b z<gtq z< ! dbqi q! dv l i g!hb e <h Ml <!yV !fQi <h <o hv {q………n Os i z<zi !

2 5 /!h Sj l !dv l i g!hbe <h M u K……/ Lg<G e i, byiju°, èÍ°Ádh.!

45

2 6 /!o fz< !u b z<gtq z< ! dt<t!- v {<m i l<!fqj z !yl <H bq iqk <!k i uv r<g t <……// c \ qOm i qbi !!! !

l i i<\ qOe m<m i!

2 7 /!o fz< zqe <!o uh <H !Of ij b !gm <M h<h M k <k !d k Ul <!H ,R <j s g<ogi z<zq……O h ii <m i g<̂ <!! ! !!!!

! !!gz j u!

2 8 /!o fz< zqe <!h qti ^ <m <! Ofi j b !d {<m ig <Gu K…// j h i q GOzi qbi !yj v Os !

2 9 /!o si <Ogi^ <Oh i v i!o hi < sOe m<m i !we <x !H ,R <j s b i z< !d {<m ig<g h<h M l <!Of ib <…/ !!

!!! fq zg<gm j zb qe<!c g <gi ! Ofi b<!

2 : /!o fz< !K r<Ov i!j uv ^ <!wk e <!& zl < !h v U gqxK……/ /o u m <M g<gqtq !

3 1 /!s if<Ok i Ol ie i ^ < !sq m <iq !we <x!h ig<C iqb i u i z< !!d{<m i Gl <! Ofi b <…w Zl qs <j s !gi e<gi <!

3 2 /!l q g!n k qg l ig!h b e <hM l <!h i g<C i qb!H ,s <sq g< !o gi z< zq………O h s qz <z^ <! Ki q R<s qb e <s q^ <!

3 3 /!l Qj k z<!J Os is b Oe m<!& zl <!d Vu ig <gh <h m <m !u Qiqb Lt <t!Ofi Bi qg< ! ogi z< zq…/ / o s i qe <!

3 4 /!j h iq k<v l<!we <x!oh i Vj tg <!o giM h<h K…………/ / gqj v s i f<k q l l <!

3 5 /!j u v <̂gT g<G!wk qv i g!os b z<h M l <!Hv k h <!o hi Vt <……………/ - e <mi <oh v i e<!

3 6 /!H x<X !Ofi j bg<!G { h <hM k<k !d k U l <!oh i V t<!dj m b !k iu v l <………O gkv ie <k ^ < (é‹fh)!

3 7 /!- f<k qb i uqe <!gi h <Hi q j l g<gizl <……6 !u Vm r <gt <!

3 8 /!s i<g <gj vj b g<!gim <c Zl <!2 1 1 !l m r<G!nk q g !- e qh<Ht <t!Hv k l <………/ hq Ov s qe<!

3 9 /!n ol i qg<g iu qe <!gih < H iq j l g<gi zl <…........2 8 !u Vm r<gt<!

3 : /!h ih <h q!os c b qzq Vf<K !oh xh <h M l <!nk qu zqj l !l qg<g !u zq! fQg<gq !l Vf< K………l ii <0 h qe<!

4 1 /!J zg<̂ <!h v iG ou e <s q^ <!- j zg t<!wk x<G !l ix <xi g!h b e <h M l<@ !!! O k eQi <!

4 2 /!gi h <hqg <G!l ix <xi g!h b e<h M u K!…O gi zi !fqm <cmi!

4 3 /!c \ ig<̂ q e <!we <x !l Vf<K !oh iVt qe <!h b e <<<<<<<<………- k b !Ofi b<! s qgqs <j s !l V f<K!

4 4 /!Gb qj e e<!we <x !l Vf<K!k Vl <!k i uv l <……/ / sqr <O gi ei !gi zqs i bi, Á.m~ÃÁdhè°!

4 5 /!l e !l x<X l<!dm z< !n Pk <k k <k qzqV f<K !u qM h m !h be <hM l <!l Vf<K !og i M g<Gl <! !

!!!k i uv l <…..// h e i g<^<!\ Qe <os r <!

4 6 /!Vgqz<!l i i<l qzi ^ <!w e <h k e<!um <m iv h<!o hb i <……u qz <u l <!

4 7 /!o si zi e l <!j fg<v l <! - ke <!u m <m i v h<!oh bi <@ !!! !l {k <k g<g i tq!

4 8 /!jm h<h ib qM !gi b <s< s j z!G {h <hM k <Kl <!l V f<K……/ /FnshnuhikÁo‹<!

4 9 /!lv hq bz<!l ix <xl <!os b <bh <h m<m !w/Ogi j z!h i g<C iqb i uqz <!dVu i G l <!!

!!!- e <S zqe <…/…/ / ïÍL zq e<!

4 : /!n iq sq j b!ofik qg<g ! j uk <K!k b ii qg<g h<h M l <! l Kh ie l <…………s i Og!

5 1 /!Ok g<G !- k e<!k iu v h <!oh bi <!…………/ o m g<Om i e i !gq vi‹<c <̂!!

5 2 /!wgqh <K!h Vk <k q! we h<h M u K!………gi ^ q h<h qb l <! hi i<h o m e<̂ <!

5 3 /!c \ qm i zq ^ <!we <x!k i uv k<k qzq Vf<K !oh x h<h M l <!l Vf<K……………/ / c \i g<̂ q e<!

5 4 /!s q0 h qzq^ <! we h <h M l <!O fi j b g<!G {h <h M k <k !d k Ul <!l V f<K………/ / h i ^ q m<vi s qe<!

5 5 /!fqzg<gm j zbq e <!- Vos ix <!o hb i <!…………mvi gq^ <!j a Oh i \ qbi !

5 6 /!yjv si !sm <j m ui !si i<f<Kt<t !G M l <h l <!……/ Oh i Ob ^ q!

46

! !! !!! !!!! !!! !!! !!!! ! !!!_d;W kjpg;ngz ;g t<

2 / !oa m <c Ovi ^ q^ <! )n z<z K* !gzh <h qe !u Qi qb l<!w e <x i z<!w e <e @!

- V! o h x<Oxi i <! & zl <! dVu iG l <! L k z<! sf <k k qj b s <! Os i<f<k ! g zh <h q e r<gt<! wh <Ohi Kl < !

oh x <Oxi j v u qm !nk qgk <k qx e<!? !os b z<h iM !o hx <xq Vg<G l <!- K!oa m <c Ov i^ q^ <<! we h <h M l</ ! !!

2. db qi q !dv r<gt <!w e<xi z<! w e<e @ !

! !! !!gæ® ts®¢Á¡F <db qi qgtq m l qVf<K! Ok i e <x qb ! nje k<K! Dm<m h<! o hi Vm <gT l<! dbq iq !

d v r<gt <!we h <hM l</! !w/ gi !n s m <Om i hi g<m i <? !h i g< C iq br <gt<? !sb Oe i !h i g< C i qb r<gt <!

4 / ! d bqi q!H , s <sqg <!o gi z<zqg t<!w e<x i z <!w e <e @!

! H ,s <sq gt<? ! gj tg t<! l x <X l <! OfiBb q iq gt<! - ux <j x! gm <M h<h M k <k ! db qi qh <! o hi Vm <gt <!

h be <hM k <k h<hM g qe <xe /! - k<k j gb h<! oh iVm <gt <! d b qVt<t u x<x qzq Vf< K ! o hx h<h M gq e<xe /! - ju !

d b qiq h<H ,s < s qg<!og i z<z qg t<!we h<h M l </ !

5 / ! d bqi q!u p q h<! Oh i i <!w e <x i z<!w e <e @!

! F {<[ b qi q gt<! db qi q !h j m g<gze <gti g!h b e <h M k<k h <h M k z<!db qi q !u p qh <Ohi i< !we h <hM l </

v.fh. Á‹d«ik, Mªjuh¡°.!

6 / ! d bqi qh<! oh i Vt<! ogi t<j t !we <xi z<!we <e @!

! k Gf<k ! n E l k qb qe<x q! yV! fi m<c e <! d b / / qiq ! N k i v! u tr<gj t! - v gs qb l ig ?!

S b fzg<G xqg <Og iT m e <! h z! n j l h <H gTl <?! h e <e i m<M ! fqX ue r<gT l <! -v gs qb l ig! S v {<M uK ? !

h be <hM k <KuK !db q i qh< !oh i Vt < !o git <j t!we h <hM l</ !

7 / ! d bq i q!l V f<K gt<!w e <x i z<!w e <e @!

! l Vk <Ku k <! k iu v r<gt qzq Vf<K! oh x h<h M l <! u qj z! l k qh<Ht <t! l Vf<Kh <! o h iVm <g t<! dbqi q!

l Vf<Kgt< !we h <h M l </ !

8 / !a qÍL zqe <!w e <xi z<!we <e @

! w/Ogi j z! h ig<C iqb k <k q E t<! l e qk ! - e<S zqe <! \Qj e ! Fj p k<K! n f<k ! - e<S zqj e!

h ig<C iqb Ol !dx<h k <k q!o s b <Bl iX !d V ui g<gq Bt < te i</ !- f<k !- e<S zqe <!a qBL zqe <!we h <hM l</ !

9 / !l {<!s Qi <k q Vk <k l <!w e <x i z<!w e<e @ !

! h be <hM k <k h<hm ik ! fqjzbq z<! dt<t ! gti <k iq S ! fqzr <gj t! l i x<x q! n j l k<K! Ol l <hi M !

n j m b !o sb <u K!l {<s Q i<k qVk <k l <!!we h <hM l </!

!

Ie;J kjpg;ngz;<g t<!

2 / k i uv h<!h bq i<h <!oh Vg<g k <k qe<! Gx qg <Ogi t<gt<!bi ju @!

KjyhtJ kw;Wk; Kjd;idahd Nehf;fk; rhFgb gaphpy; mÂf gad;jUk; NtWghLfis

cUthf;FtNjahFk;

1) Gwk; Nghf;fhf tsUk; jhtuq;fis rhFgbf;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy;.2) gad; jUk; jhtuq;fis cyfpd; kw;w gFjpfspypUe;J nfhz;L tUjy;.3). jhtuq;fis gpw gFjp;my;yJ gpw ehLfspypUe;J mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy; v>fh> jf;fhsp4). jhtu gapH ngUf;fKiwfis ifahz;L>Gjpa gy gapH my;yJ ufq;fis cUthf;Fjy; v.fh. kf;fhr;Nrhsk; 5) jd;ka kw;Wk; may; gd;kag; ngUf;fk;.6) jpBh; khw;wj; Njhw;Wtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp jpBh; khw;wq;fisj; Jhz;Ljy;.

47

7) kfue;jg;ig kw;Wk; R+y; jpR tsh;g;G Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp xU kaj; jhtuq;fisj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.

8) kuGg; nghwpapapy; %yk; czTg; gaph;fspd; Cl;lr; rj;J juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.9) Neha;> twl;rp kw;Wk; fhy epiy khw;wq;fisj; jhq;Fk; ufq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.

2/ ! d bq i q!dv r<gtq e <!fe <j el gt<!bi ju @ ! 2 / !!db qi q dv r <j t!n k qg!nt uq z< !wtqk igk <!k b ii qg<g!Lc Bl </!Ol Zl < !G X l <!! !!!! !! ! !! uq us ib qgT g<G!u qj z!l zq ui g!g q j m g<g%c b k iG l</ !! 3 / !!l {< {qx<G !wu<u qk ! h ik qh <Oh i)n z< zK* !l i S h im <j m Ob i!Wx <h M k <k i K!l {< u tk <j k h <!!!!! !! ! !!oh Vg<Ggq e <xe /!! 4 / !!db qi q !dv r <gj th <!h b e <h M k<Ku k i z<!l g $ zq z< !5 6%!n k qgi qg<gqx K/ !!! 5 / !!n Os i z< zi !we <x !d b qi q!d v l ie K!g iql h <!o h iVm <g j t!l {<{ qz <!O s i<k <K !l {<j { !! !!!! !! ! !!k v h <h M k<Kg qxK!

6 / !hb e <h M k<k h<h m i k !fqj zb qz< !dt<t !gti < !k i qS !fq zr <gj t !l i x<x qb j l k<K? !!Ol l <h i M ! n j m b s<o sb <u K! l {< sQi <k q Vk <k l <! w e h<h M l </ ! - k q z<! fQ zh <h s<j s h <h is qgt <!Lg <gqb h<h r <G!ugq g<gqe < x e /!

4 / !Wgq z<! l ii <l qz i ^ <? ! os i zi e l <!j f g<v l <!l Vk <Ku h <!h b e <gt<! bi ju @!W gqz<! l i i<l q zi <̂!

2 / fQ{<m fi t<! u b qx<X h <! Oh ig<G ?! os i ql i { ! Gj xh i M ? ! sQk h <Ohk q ! - ux<j xg<!G{h <hM k <Kl <!

3 / - k b l<!l x <X l<!& j t!o sb z< !k q xe <!Ol l <h M k <k !- ke <!m ie q g<!h b e <h M gqx K/ !os i zi e l<!j fg<v l<;!

2 / gz< zQv z< ! s qOv i ^ q^ <! L k zqb ! g z< zQv z< ! Of ib <g Tg <G! - k e <! s i X ! f z< z! h zj e k <!k Vgqx K/ !

3 / gi b<s <s z<? ! sQ<k Oh k qj b ! G{h<h M k <Kg qxK/ !4 / s qX fQi <h< !oh Vg<j g!Dg< Gu qg<g qxK/ !

!5 / ! ng i z qhi !- {<c gi ?!j l Ol i si !H, c gi !l Vk <Ku !h b e <gt<! b i ju @!n gi z qh i !- {<c gi ; !!!

2 / - j zgj t!n j vk<K g<!gq j m g<Gl <!h j s !k Qg <gi b k <k qe <!l QK !H ,s h <hM gqxK /!3 / - j zs <! s ix <Oxi M ! S {<{il <H ! g zf< K! Os x<X h<H {<! Ok l z<! g {<m ! h Gk q bqz<! Ok i z< !

l QK!H ,s h<h M g qxK/ !4 / - j zgt<! o hi c b ig<gh <hm <M ! hM g<j gh <H {<! l x <X l<! g ib r <gtqz<! Wx < hM l<! H {< !

N gqb u x<j x g<!G {h <h M k <k h<!hb e <h M gqx K/ !j l Ol i si !H, c gi ;!

2 / & zO fij b !G {h<h M k <k !dk U gqxK / !3 / Ok i zq z< !Wx<h M l <!s qX gi b r <gj t!N x<x !h b e<h M gqx K/ !4 / gg<G ui e <!- Vl j z! G {h <hM k <k h<!h be <hM gqxK /!

5. kUj;Jtj;jpd; Ez;Zaphpfspd; gq;F ahJ?

Ez;ZapHfs; capH

vjph;nghUs;

gad;

ngdprpypak; nehl;Nll;lk; (ePyg;gRk;G+Q;ir)

ngdprpy;ypd; epNkhdpah Kjypa fpuhk; ghrpbt; ghf;Bupaq;fSf;F vjpuhf¤ jpwk;gl nray;gLk;

];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; fpuprpa]; (Mf;bNdhikrPl;]; ,io ghf;Bhpak;)

];l;nug;Nlhikrpd;

rpWePu; Foha; njhlu;ghd Neha;fs;> vYk;GUf;fp Neha;> %isr; rt;T ghjpg;G(nkdpq;ifb];)> epNkhdpah fha;r;ry;.

];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; MupNahNgrpad;]; (Mf;bNdhikrPl;]; ,io ghf;Bhpak;)

MupNahikrPd; M];bNahikypb]; vDk; vYk;G Neha;> ff;Fthd; ,Uky; kw;Wk; fz;Neha;fs;

];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; ntdpRNy (Mf;bNdhikrPl;]; ,io ghf;Bhpak;)

FNshNuhikrpbd; Ngrpy;y]; tif ghf;Bupaq;fis mopf;fpwJ. ilgha;L fha;r;riyf; Fzg;gLj;JfpwJ.

48

M];gu;[py;y]; /g;A+kpNfl];(G+Q;ir) capH vjpHg;nghUs;

ilgha;L fha;r;ry; kw;Wk; rPjNgjp Mfpatw;iw Fzg;gLj;Jk;.

Ngrpy;y]; rg;byp];(ghf;Bhpak;) 60 tif capH vjpHg;nghUs;

Ngrpy;y]; iyfdpghu;kp]; (ghf;Bhpak;)

ghrpl;Nurpd;

rpgpyp]; vDk; ghYWg;G Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;Jk;> ePupopT NehahspfSf;F¢ ru;f;fiuapd; msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gad;gLk;.

6. gUj;jpapd; nghUsjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf. !

1) gUj;jp xU gzg; gapuhFk;.

2) gUj;jp ,io> czTg; nghUs; kw;Wk; khl;Lj;jPtdk; vd;W %d;W nghUl;fis¡nfhLf;fpd;wJ.

3) gUj;jp ,iofspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; ypz;l;> Jzp nea;ag; gad;gLfpwJ.

4) tpijfspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; vz;iz td];gjp jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

5) gUj;jp tpij khT nuhl;b> gp];fl; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

6) gUj;jp tpij gpz;zhf;F ey;y fhpk fukhFk;.

7. epyf;fliyapd; nghUsjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.

1) epyf;fliy vz;iz kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd xU vz;izahFk;.

2) rikaYf;Fk;> td];gjp jahhpf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

3) epyf;fliy gUg;G mjpf Gujr; rj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

4) fliy khT Cl;lr; rj;J kpFe;j xd;whFk;.

5) epyf;fliyapd; fdj;Njhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;l fhh;gd; jahhpf;f cjTfpwJ.

6) fdpfs; gwpf;fg;gl;l gpd;> gRikahd my;yJ cyh;j;jg;gl;l epyf;fliyr; nrbfhy;eilfSf;F ey;y jPtdkhFk;.

8. ney; jhtuj;jpd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.

1) mhprpg; nghwp cz;gjw;F nkhwnkhwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.

2) ,bj;Njh my;yJ mOj;jpNah jl;ilahf;fg;gl;l GOq;fy; mhprp mty; vdg;gLk;. ,Jgy tifahd czTg; nghUl;fs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

3) mhprpia nehjpf;fr; nra;J> [g;ghdpy; ‘rhNf’vd;w kJghdk; jahhpf;g;gLfpwJ.

4) mhprp Miyapd; kpf Kf;fpa cgnghUs; jtpL. ,J kpfr; rpwe;j fhy; eil czthFk;.

5) jtpl;bypUe;J ngwg;gLk; vz;iz mhprp jtpl;L vz;iz vdg;gLk;. ,J Njhy; kw;Wk; rhf;Nyl; njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLfpwJ.

6) nrq;fy; R+isfspy; ckp vhpnghUshfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

7) itf;Nfhy; fhy; eilj;jPtdkhfg; gad;gLfpwJ.

9. Njf;fpd; nghUsjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis vOJf.

1) Njf;Fkuk; eP bj;J ciof;ff; $baJ.

2) gf;Ftg;gl;l fl;ilfs; RUf;f kiltjpy;iy. ntbg;gjpy;iy tbtk; khWtjpy;iy

3) tPl;L kur;rhkd;fs; nra;ag; gad;gLfpwJ.

4) fg;gy;> glF Kjypatw;iwf; fl;Ltjw;F¥ gad;gLfpwJ.

5) fl;blj;jpd; cs;; myq;fhu NtiyfSf;F¥ gad;gLfpwJ.

6) kug;gyiffs; jahpf;fTk; gad;gLfpwJ.!

!

!

!

49

h b qx<s q!u qeik <kit<! .2 !

1 ,Unrhw; ngahpLKiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatH ____________.

m) fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; M) fh];gHL gh`pd;

,) lhy;ld; `_f;fH <) mNlhy; ~g; vq;f;sH

2 ____________ vd;gtHfs; ghpNrhjid tifg;ghl;bay; vd;w nrhw;fis¥ Gof;fj;jpw;F¡ nfhz;L te;jdH.

m) Nfk;g; kw;Wk; fpy;yp M) fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];

,) mNlhy; ~g; vq;f;sH <) fh];gHL gh`pd;

3 XuiwAila kfue;jg;ig¡ fhzg;gLk; FLk;gk;

m) nrhyNdrp M) A~NghHgpNarp

,) khy;Ntrp <) kpA+Nr]p

4 i\rhd;j]; gpd;Ndl;l]; jhtuj;jpy; ____________kfue;jj;jhs;fs; tskhdit.

m) 2 M) 3

,) 4 <) 5

5 ____________. jhtuj;jpy; ,iyabr; nrjpy;fs; ,izahd Kl;fshf khwpAs;sd.

m) [l;Nuhgh FHf]; M) A+~NghHgpah ];gpyd;nld;];

,) A+NghHgpah jpUf;fs;sp <) A+~NghHgpah gy;nrhpkh

6 fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; ____________. rpw;wpdq;fis tpthpj;Js;shH.

m) 24 M) 202

,) 97205 <) 7300

7 ____________ tifg;ghL kuG top tifg;ghlhFk;.

m) fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; M) nge;jk; kw;Wk; `_f;fH

,) vq;sH kw;Wk; gpuhz;ly; <) rhHy]; lhHtpd;

8 ,Unrhw;ngahpLKiwapid____________ vd;gtH gad;gLj;jpdhH.


,) rhHy]; lhHtpd; <) nge;jk; kw;Wk; `_f;fH

9 %tq;f kyHfs; ____________jhtuj;;jpy; fhzg;gLk;

m) xUtpj;jpiy M) ,Utpj;;jpiy

,) [pk;Ndh];ngHk;fs; <) nlhpNlh~igl;Lfs;

10 rpw;wpdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;> ____________. tifg;ghL Njhd;w xU Jhz;Ljyhf ,Ue;jJ.

m) ,dg;ngUf;f tifg;ghL M) ,aw;if tifg;ghL

,) kuGtop tifg;ghL <) nraw;if tifg;ghL

50

11 Nghpdr; nrhy;Yk;> rpw;wpdr; nrhy;Yk; xNu khjphpahf ,Uf;FNkahdhy; mjw;F ____________ vdg;gLk;.

m) lhl;Nlhdpk; M) ehnkd; Mk;gpFtk;

,) vgpnjl; <) Nfh`hHl;

12 eLeuk;G kw;Wk; gf;f euk;Gfspd; kPJ kQ;rs; epw Kl;fs; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; ____________..

m) nrhydk; nkyhQ;rpdh M) lhl;Luh nkl;ly;

,) nrhydk; rhe;NjhfhHgk; <) ngl;Ldpah i`g;hplh

13 P̀tpah gpNurpypad;rp]; jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs; ____________

m) Jdpapiy M) %d;W rpw;wpiy $l;biy

,) fhk;gw;wit <) mq;if tbt $l;biy

14 uhtndy;yh jhtuj;jpd; kQ;rhp ____________

m) ghdpf;fps; M) mk;ngy;

,) $l;L irk; <) ];igf;

15 jtwhd %yj;jpypUe;J xU jhtuk; ngaH #l;lg;gl;bUe;jhy; mg;ngaH ____________. vdg;gLk;.

m) lhl;Nlhdpk; M) ehnkd; Mk;gpFtk;

,) vgpnjl; <) Nfh`hHl;

16 nug;gpnel; n`HNghpak; ____________y; cs;sJ.

m) nrd;id M) Nfhak;Gj;JhH

,) jpUr;rp <) nfhy;fj;jh

17 nrhyhNdrp ____________ Jiwiar; rhHe;jJ.

m) khy;Nty;]; M) ghypNkhdpNay;];

,) Adpnrf;RNty;]; <) uhNdy;];

18 fpshNlhLf;F v.fh. ____________

m) ~ gpy;yhe;j]; vk;g;spfh M) hp]pd]; fk;A+dp];

,) [hl;Nuhgh FHfh]; <) A~NghHgpah jpUf;fs;sp

19 ];gP]p]; gpshz;lhuk; ____________ vd;gtuhy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.


,) mNlhy;g; vq;sH <) rhHy]; lhHtpd;

20 ml;Nuhgpd; vd;w my;fyha;L ____________ypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.

m) ml;Nuhgh ngy;yNlhdh M) lhl;Luh nkl;ly;

,) epf;Nfhl;bahdh nlhghf;fk; <) nrhyhdk; nkyhQ;rpdh

21 A~NghHgpNarp FLk;gj;jpd; midj;J jhtuq;fspd; jz;Lfspy; ____________fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) Gir M) nurpd;fs;

,) Nyl;lf;]; <) kpA+rpNy];

51

gæ‰Á édh¤jhŸ-2

1 ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh ____________ y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) fy;thio M) Fnuh£lnyçah

,) epk;~gah <) ÂU¡fŸë

2 Mf;Fj;jpRthdJ epiyj;j jpRthf khw;wkiltJ ____________vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ;

m) NtWghL miljy; M) njhlHe;J gFg;giljy;

,) kWNtWghL miljy; <) nry; gFg;G

3 GNuhl;Nlhiry ,ilntsp ____________ y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L M) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu NtH

,) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L <) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu NtH

4 ,iyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w th];FyhH fw;iwfs; ____________

m) xUq;fike;jit> jpwe;jit M) xUq;fike;jit> %bait

,) ,Ugf;f xUq;fike;jit> jpwe;jit <) xUq;fike;jit> vf;]hHf;

5 ,Utpj;jiy jhtu jz;by; ,uz;lhk;epiy tsHr;rpapd; NghJ cUthFk; ghJfhg;G mLf;fpd; ngaH ____________

m) vgpnlHkp]; M) nghpnlHk;

,) iuNrhnlHkp]; <) ngy;Nyh[d;

6 ____________ jpR jhtuj;jpw;F jsj;jpRthf mikfpwJ.

m) ghud;ifkh M) Nfhyd;ifkh

,) ];fpsPiuLfs; <) ehH nry;fs;

7 rkmsTila ];fpsPiuLfs; ____________ vdg;gLk;.

m) gpNuf;fp ];fpsPiuLfs; M) khf;Nuh ];fpsPiufs;

,) M];bNah ];fpsPiuLfs; <) vYk;G nry;fs;

8 gyJisj; jl;bw;F v.fh ____________

m) ePl;lk; M) khQ;rpnguh

,) FNuhl;lNyhpah <) yphpNahnld;l;uhd;

9 ____________ ypUe;J NtHj;Jhtpfs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

m) vgpnlHkp]; M) biuf;Nfhgpsh];l;

,) vz;Nlhnlh;kp]; <) gpj;

10 ____________d; th];FyhH fw;iwfspy; GNuhl;Nlh iry ,ilntsp fhzg;gLfpwJ. m) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L M) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtujz;L,) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu NtH <) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu NtH

11 gf;f NtHfs; ____________ypUe;J Njhd;Wfpd;wd. m) vz;Nlhnlh;kp]; M) nghpirf;fps;,) vgpnlHkp]; <) Gwzp

52

12 fh];ghhpad; jbg;Gfs; ____________vd;Dk; nghUspdhy; MdJ.

m) Rghpd; M) fpA+l;bd;

,) nry;Ynyh]; <) ypf;dpd;

13 xUq;fike;j> jpwe;j kw;Wk; cs;Nehf;fpa th];FyhH fw;iw ____________y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) xUtpj;jiy jhtu NtH M) xUtpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L

,) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu NtH <) ,Utpj;jpiy jhtu jz;L

14 thio> fy;thio Mfpa jhtuq;fspd; ,iyf;fhk;gpy; el;rj;jpu tbt ghud;ifkh nry;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit ____________vdg;gLk;.

m) ];nly;Nyl; ghud;ifkh M) GNuhrd;ifkh

,) Vud;ifkh <) FNshud;ifkh

15 iryKk; GNshaKk; xNu Muj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; th];FyhH fw;iw ____________vdg;gLk;.

m) fd;[hapz;l; M) Mug;Nghf;fikT

,) jpwe;jit <) %bait

16 fhHf; Nfk;gpak; vd;gJ ____________

m) Edpahf;Fj; jpR M) ,ilahf;Fj;jpR

,) GNuhnkhp];nlk; <) gf;f Mf;Fj;jpR

17 Nthpd; ntspg;Gw mLf;F ____________MFk;.

m) vz;NlhnlHkp]; M) iuNrhnlHkp];

,) Gwzp <) gpj;

18 ,Utpj;jpiy jhtuj;jz;bd; i`g;NghnlHkp]; ____________My; MdJ.

m) Nfhyd;ifkh nry;fs; M) ghud;ifkh nry;fs;

,) ];fpsPud;ifkh nry;fs; <) GNshak;

53

h b qx<s q!u qeik <kit<! .4 !

1 --------vd;gtH FNuhNkhNrhk; vd;w ngaiu mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhH.

m) ghy;gpahzp M) ~gpskpq;

,) gphpl;[]; <) thy;NlaH

2 FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; kPs;NrHf;if Fd;wy; nry;gphpjypd; NghJ -------- epiyapy; epfo;fpwJ.

m) nyg;NlhBd; M) irNfhBd;

,) ghf;fpBd; <) bg;NshBd;

3 L tbt FNuhNkhNrhk; --------vdg;gLk;.

m) BNyhnrd;l;hpf; M) mf;Nuhnrd;l;hpf;

,) rg;nkl;lhnrd;l;hpf; <) nkl;lhnrd;l;hpf;

4 tpsf;FJhhpif FNuhNkhNrhk; -------- y; cs;s nghpa epA+f;spa]py; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) mrplhGNyhpah M) bNuhNrhgpy;yh

,) kf;fhr; Nrhsk; <) Gw;Wr; nry;fs;

5 [Pd;fSf;Fk; nehjpfSf;Fk; cs;s njhlHig -------- vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

m) gPby; kw;Wk; lhl;lk; M) Nfk;g; kw;Wk; fpy;yp

,) N[h`d;rd; <) nge;jk; kw;Wk; `_f;fH

6 Njy;fu]; jhtuj;jpd; jhtutpay; ngaH --------

m) l;hpl;bfk; V];btk; M) irrH Mhpl;bdk;

,) mugplhg;rp]; jhypahdh <) yj;iju]; XNlhNul;l];

7 bhpl;bfk; V];btk; jhtuj;jpd; xw;iwka FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd;; vz;zpf;if--------

m) 12 M) 7

,) 40 <) 21

8 ,izg;G epfo;tpy; fpilj;j tpfpjk; --------

m) 1:7:7:1 M) 1:1:1:1

,) 7:1:1:7 <) 1:1

9 biuNrhkp vd;gJ -------- MFk;.

m) 2n-1 M) 2n-2

,) 2n+1 <) 2n+2

10 nu];l;hpf;\d;; nehjp -------- My; kl;Lk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

m) ghf;Bhpaq;fs; kl;Lk; M) <];l;Lk; ghf;BhpahTk;

,) A+Nfhpahl;bf; nry;fs; <) midj;J tif nry;fSk;

11 G+r;rpfisf; nfhy;Yk; er;Rj; jd;ikAila nly;lh vz;Nlhlhf;rpd; Gujj;jpid cw;gj;jp nra;tJ ------

m) v];n]hprpah Nfhiy M) ];l;nug;Nlhikrp]; fpiurpa];

,) Ngrpy;y]; JhpQ;rpnad;rp]; <) Ngrpy;y]; yhf

54

12 tpsf;F Jhhpif FNuhNkhNrhk;fis --------vd;gtH Kjd;Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jhH.

m) ~gpsk;kpq; M) ghy;gpahdp

,) gphpl;[]; <) thy;NlaH

13 `pANfh Bt;hp]; jpBHkhw;wj;ij Kjd;Kjypy--------y; fz;lwpe;jhH.

m) epA+Nuh];Nghuh M) <NdhjPuh ykhHf;fpahdh

,) yj;iju]; XlNul;l]; <) nrhHf;fk;

14 ,izg;gpd; Nrhjidf; fyg;gpd; tpfpjk; --------

m) 1 : 7 : 7 : 1 M) 7 : 1 : 1 : 7

,) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 <) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1

15 tpyfypd;; Nrhjidf; fyg;gpd; tpfpjk; --------

m) 1 : 7 : 7 : 1 M) 7 : 1 : 1 : 7

,) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 <) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1

16 DNA tpd; ,ul;ilr; RUs; khjphpia tpsf;fpatH --------

m) thl;rd; kw;Wk; fphpf; M) Vt;hp kw;Wk; FOtpdH

,) fphp~gpj; <) ];nlapd;ngHf;

17 DNA éš--------nehjp mjpfkhf¢ RUz;Ls;s gFjpia¤ jsHj;jptpLfpwJ.

m) iyNf]; M) nry;Yny];

,) n`ypf;Nf]; <) NlhNghINrhnkNu];

18 Fd;wy; gphptpd;NghJ GNuhNg];; 1 y; -------- epiyapy; FWf;Nfw;wk; eilngWfpwJ.

m) nyg;NlhBd; M) irf;Nfhl;Bd;

,) ghf;ifl;Bd; <) ilahifdrp];

19 khNdhNrhkp -------- vd Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

m) 2n – 1 M) 2n – 2

,) 2n + 1 <) 2n + 2

20 ey;yp Nrhkp -------- vd Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

m) 2n – 1 M) 2n – 2

,) 2n + 1 <) 2n + 2

21 nll;;uhNrhkp --------vd Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

m) 2n – 1 M) 2n - 2

,) 2n + 1 <) 2n + 2

55

22 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; --------kuG nra;jpfis DNA tpypUe;j hpNghNrhk;fSf;F vLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.

m) m – RNA M) r - RNA

,) t – RNA <) kuG RNA

23 mfj;Njhy; nry;fspd; Mur;RthpYk; fpilkl;lr; RthpYk; --------vd;w Ntjpg;nghUs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) fpA+l;bd; M) lhdpd;

,) Rghpd; <) nurpd;fs;

24 capH Ntjp jpBh;khw;wk--------y; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

m) nrhHf;fk; M) irrH

,) epA+Nuh];Nghuh <) bNuhNrh~gpy;yh

25 lGs; kpdpl;]; FNuhNkhNrhk; -------- y; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) mbg;Ngh]; jpR M) Cirl;

,) ckpo;ePh Rug;gp <) Gw;WNeha; nry;fs;

26 DNA %yf;$wpd; tpl;lk; --------

m) 30 A° M) 25 A°

,) 15 A° <) 20 A°

!

!

56

gapw;rp tpdhj;jhs; -4

1 jpRtsHg;G Kiwapd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; Kf;fpag; nghUs; --------

m) nraw;if tpijfs; M) gy tpijfisAila gok;

,) Kk;ka vz;Nlh];ngh;k; <) kyHfs; cz;lhf;FtJ

2 ,uz;L GNuhl;Nlhgpsh];LfSf;fpilNa ,izit cz;lhf;Fk; ,izT fhuzp --------

m) ghyp vj;jpyPd; fpisf;fhy; M) ghyp tpidy; FNshiuL

,) ghyp <j;Njd; fpisf;fhy; <) gh];ghhpf; <j;Njd;;

3 NtWghL milahj jpRj;jpus; -------- vdg;gLk;.

m) vf;];gpshz;l; M) fhy];

,) cly fUf;fs; <) ,dhFyk;

4 -------- %yk; cly fyg;gpdq;fs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd.

m) ghypyh ,izT M) GNuhl;Nlhgpshr ,izT

,) cly ,dg;ngUf;fk; <) xl;Ljy;

5 KjpHe;j jpRf;fs; kPz;Lk; Mf;Fj;;jpRf;fshf khwp fhy]; jpRthf tsHr;rpailtJ -------- vdg;gLk;.

m) KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik M) NtWghL miljy;

,) NtWghL jphpjy; <) kWNtWghL miljy;

6 -------- nehjp DNA Jz;Lfis ,izg;gjw;F gad;gLfpwJ.

m) iyNf]; M) ghypnkNu];

,) gpiuNk]; <) nu];l;hpf;\d; nehjp

7 capUs;s jhtu nry;ypUe;J KO jhtuj;ij cUthf;Fk; jpwd; -------- vdg;gLk;.

m) NtWghL miljy; M) cWg;Gfshf;fk;

,) Gwj;Njhw;whf;fk; <) KOj;jpwd; ngw;Ws;sik

8 nu];l;hpf;\d; nehjp --------My; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

m) ghf;Bhpah kl;Lk; M) <];l; kw;Wk; ghf;Bhpah kl;Lk;

,) A+Nfhpahl;bf; nry;fs; kl;Lk; <) midj;J nry;fs;

9 irl;Nlhifdpd; gzp --------ia mjpfhpg;gjhFk;. m) nry;ePl;rp miljy; M) fdp cUthjy;

,) nry; gphpjy; <) NtWghL miljy;

10 kdpjd; cl;nfhs;sj;jf;f itl;lkpd; nrwpe;j khj;jpiufs; -------- ypUe;J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. m) FNshnuy;yh M) <];l;

,) fhshd; <) ];igUypdh

57


1 ,Ul;Rthrk; --------y; eilngWfpwJ.

m) gRq;fzpfk; M) nguhf;]pNrhk;fs;

,) ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah <) hpNghNrhk;fs;

2 fhw;W Rthrj;jpd; Kjy;epiy --------

m) fpisf;fhiyrp]; M) fpnug;Row;rp

,) xsp tpid <) ,Us; tpid

3 -------- epwkp #hpa Mw;wiy kpfj;jpwk;gl <Hf;fty;yit.

m) gr;irak; M) fNuhl;bdha;Lfs;

,) rhe;Njh~gpy; <) igf;Nfh~gpypd;fs;

4 gr;ira cw;gj;jpf;F Njitg;gLk; Kf;fpag; nghUs; --------

m) Mg M) Cl

,) Fe <) Mn

5 fPofz;ltw;Ws; nghJthd Rthrjsg; nghUs; vJ?

m) fhHNghi`l;Nul; M) nfhOg;G

,) Gujk; <) itl;lkpd;fs;

6 fPofz;ltw;Ws; C4 jhtuk;; vJ?

m) ney; M) fUk;G

,) NfhJik <) cUis

7 C4 topj;jlj;jpy; fhHgd; il Mf;i]il Vw;Fk; %yf;$W vJ?

m) ig&gpf; mkpyk; M) gh];Ngh fpsprhpf; mkpyk;

,) ig&gpf; ifNd]; <) gh];Ngh <dhy; ig&tpf; mkpyk;

8 --------MdJ nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ehzak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

m) AMP M) ADP

,) ATP <) FADH2

9 -------- vd;gtH fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fhuzp tpjpia ntspapl;lhH.

m) ];Bgd; M) fhy;tpd;

,) gpshf;Nkd; <) `py;

10 KOikahf Mf;]p[Ndw;wiklAk; FSf;Nfh]pypUe;J fpilg;gJ --------

m) 2 ATP M) 35 ATP

,) 36 ATP <) 38 ATP 11 Row;rp vyf;l;uhd; flj;jypd; NghJ cw;gj;jpahtJ --------

m) NADPH2 kl;Lk; M) ATP kl;Lk;

,) NADH2 kl;Lk; <) ATP kw;Wk; NADH2

58

12 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; --------KOxl;Lz;zpj; jhtukhFk;.

m) f];Fl;lh M) tp];fk;

,) bu]Puh <) khNdhl;Nuhgh

13 ,Ul;Rthrk; ____________Ez;ZWg;gpd; gzpahFk;.

m) nguhf;]pNrhk; M) ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah

,) FNshNuhgpsh];l; <) iuNghNrhk;fs;

14 fpisf;fhyprp]; -------- y; eilngWfpwJ.

m) ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah M) irl;Nlhgpshrk;

,) iuNghNrhk; <) nguhf;rpNrhk;

15 rpf;kha;L tistpy;> kpf Ntfkhf tsHr;rp eilngWk; epiy--------MFk;.

m) nkJepiy M) Ntf epiy

,) cwf;f epiy <) cWjpahd rPuhd epiy

16 Mf;rpd; -------- iaj; jLf;fpwJ.

m) Kid Mjpf;fk; M) KJik miljy;

,) ghHj;jpNdhfhHgp <) cjpHjy;

17 xspr;Rthrk; -------- vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

m) C2 Row;rp b) C3 Row;rp

,) C4 Row;rp d) C5 Row;rp

18 ,Ul;Rthrj;jpd; kWngaH --------

m) fpnug; Row;rp M) fhy;tpd; Row;rp

,) ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl; topj;jlk; <) xspr; Rthrk;

19 ngd;Nlh]; gh];Ngl; topj;jlk; -------- vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

m) Fd; M) Nfdhq;f;

,) mNlhy;g; fpug; <) bf;fd;]; 20 ,iyj;Jis %Ltij Jhz;LtJ --------

m) Mf;rpd;

M) [pg;uy;ypd;

,) irl;Nlhifdpd;

<) mg;rprpf; mkpyk;

21 gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; xspr;NrHf;ifia kpfj;jpwk;glj; Jhz;Lk; xsp miy --------

m) 100 nm to 200 nm M) 200 nm to 300 nm

,) 400 nm to 700 nm <) 700 nm to 900 nm

22 C3 Row;;rpapy; fhHgd;il Mf;iril Vw;Fk; %yf;$W --------

m) RuBP M) Ru5P

,) R5P <) PEP

59

23 ATP apy; -------- kpif Mw;wy; gpizg;Gfs; ,Wjpapy; cs;sd.

m) 1 M) 2

,) 3 <) 4

24 FSf;Nfh]pd; Rthr <T --------

m) Rop M) xd;W

,) xd;iw tpl mjpfk; <) xd;iw tpl FiwT

25 epyj;jpy; cs;s fisfis ePf;fpl gad;gLtJ --------

m) 2,4 D M) A+hpah

,) ABA <) IAA

26 FWk;gfy; jhtuj;jpw;F v.fh. --------

m) NfhJik M) #hpa fhe;jp

,) Gifapiy <) Nrhsk;

60


1 ____________ Nghd;w kUj;Jtg; gaDs;s jhtuq;fs; gpw ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

m) Iyf;]; guhFntd;rp]; M) Nfhyh epl;blh

,) ngd;lhilg;shd;l;uh gpNurpahdh <) Nfjuhd;j]; Nuhrpa];

2 fhy;rprpd; vd;w Ntjpg;nghUs; ____________iaj; Jhz;LfpwJ.

m) jpBHkhw;wk; M) n`l;bNuhrp];

,) ghypgpsha;b <) GNuhl;Nlhgpshr ,izT

3 xiurh rl;ilth ____________ FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;jJ.

m) A~NghHgpNarp M) &l;Nlrp

,) itl;Nlrp <) NghNarp

4 ighpFNyhpah xiuNr ____________cz;lhf;FfpwJ.

m) ney;ypd; ntg;G Neha; M) epyf;fliyapd; ,iyg;Gs;sp Neha;

,) rpl;u]; fhd;fH <) ney;ypd; Jq;Nuh Neha;

5 ____________ rHf;fiuiaf; fhl;bYk; 100 klq;F ,dpg;GilaJ.



6 ____________ jhtuk; `hl;[H vd;gjd; tzpfg;ngauhFk;.

m) Vfpy; khHkpyh]; M) rpr]; Fthl;uhq;Fyhhp];

,) nrhyhdk; ief;uk; <) ikNkhrh G+bfh

7 Fapidd; ____________ypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.

m) rpd;Nfhdh m~gprpdhyp]; M) ikNkhrh G+bfh

,) Vfpy; khHkpyh]; <) mfhypah ,z;bfh

8 NjePUf;Fg; gjpyhf ____________jhtuj;jpd; ,iyfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.



9 njhl;lhy; RUq;fp vd miof;fg;gLtJ ____________

m) Vfpy; khHkpyh]; M) rpr]; Fthl;uhq;Fyhhp];

,) nrhyhdk; ief;uk; <) ikNkhrh G+bfh

. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . !

61

dbqiq!.!uqzr<gqbz<<<<!

வ�னா�தா� திட வைர� (BLUE PRINT)

!

nzG!

!

himl<!

!

lkqh<oh{<gt<! olik<kl<!

2! 4! 6! 21!

!2!!

leqkeq<e<!dmx<osbzqbz<! 5! 7! 6! 31! 46!

!3!!

F{<[bqiqbz<! 4! 4! 6! .! 22!

!4!!

Ofib<k<kjmggih<hqbz<! 2! 7! 6! .! 23!

!5!!

kx<giz!lvhqbz<! 3! :! 6! .! 27!

!6!!

Sx<Xs<$pz<!nxquqbz<! 3! 4! .! 21! 26!

!7!!

hbe<him<M!dbqiqbz<! 4! 7! .! 21! 2:!

!8!!

hiq{ilg<!Ogim<hiMgt<! 2! 4! 6! .! :!

!

!olik<kl<! 27! 47! 36! 51! 228!

!

!

!

!

!

!

62

!

fqjz!–I

dbqiq!!.!uqzr<gqbz<!31!!lkqh<oh{<gt<!ohx!

nzG! himl<!

!

2!lkqh<oh{<!

!

4!!

lkqh<oh{<!

!

6!

lkqh<oh{<!

!

21lkqh<oh

{<!

!

olik<k!

lkqh<oh{<gt<!

!

3!

!F{<[bqiqbz<! 4! 2! 2! .! 22!

4!

!

Ofib<k<kjmg<gih<

hqbz<!

!

2! 3! 2! .! 23!

5!

!

kx<giz!lvhqbz<!

!

3! 4! 2! .! 27!

! olik<kl<! 4:!

!

fqjz.I!

Gxqh<H!;!!2/ kx<giz! lvhqbz<! himk<kqz<! 3:! &e<X! lkqh<oh{<! uqeig<gjt! hck<kiz<!&e<X!!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtqg<g!LcBl</!!

3/ Ofib<kjmg<gih<hqbz<! himk<kqz<! dt<t! 39! Ogt<uqgjth<! hck<kiz<! -v{<M!&e<X!lkqh<oh{<!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq<g<g!LcBl</!

!4/!!F{<[bqiqbz<! himk<kq<z<! dt<t! 27! Jf<K! lkqh<oh{<! uqeig<gTg<Gl<! 52!

&e<X! lkqh<oh{<! uqeigTg<Gl<! தயா�ெச�யதா� ஒV! Jf<K! lkqh<oh{<!uqeiuqx<Gl<! YV&e<X! YVlkqh<oh{<uqeig<gTg<Gl<! uqjmbtqg<g! LcBl</!&e<X!YV!lkqh<oh{<!uqeig<gTg<Gl<!uqjmbtqg<g!LcBl</

!5/ 28!hg<gr<gOt!ogi{<m!&e<xiuK!)Ofibk<!kjmg<gih<hqbz<*!himk<kqzqVf<K!gm<mib! uqei! Ogm<gh<hMgqxK/! 27! Jf<K! lkqh<oh{<! uqeig<gTg<G! kbii<!osb<kiz<!-kx<G!uqjmbtqg<g!LcBl</!

! !

63

fqjz!–II!

dbqiq!!.!uqzr<gqbz<!!!51!!lkqh<oh{<gt<!ohx!

nzG!himl<!

!

2!lkqh<oh{<!

!

4!!lkqh<oh{<!

!

6!lkqh<oh{<!

!

21!

lkqh<oh{<!

!

olik<k!

lkqh<oh

{<gt<!

6!

!

Sx<Xs<$pz<!nxquqbz<!

!

!

3! 2! .! 2! 26!

7! hbe<him<M!dbqiqbz<! 4! !!)3*! .! 2! 2:!

olik<kl<! 45!

39 + 34 73

!

fqjz.II!

Gxqh<H!;!!!

1. 31!hg<gr<gjtg<!ogi{<m!Sx<Xs<S,pz<!nxquqbz<!himk<jk!hck<kiz<!yVhk<K!lkqh<oh{?!yV!&e<X!lkqh<oh{<?!-v{<M!yV!lkqh<oh{<!uqeig<gTg<Guqjmbtqg<g!-bZl</!!

2. 44! hg<gr<gjt¡! ogi{<m! hbe<him<M! dbqiqbz<! himk<jk! hck<kiz<! yV!hk<K! lkqh<oh{<!-v{<M!&e<X!lkqh<oh{<! lx<Xl<!&e<X!yV!lkqh<oh{<!uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtq<g<gzil</!-h<himk<kqz<!gxjugizl<?!gxju!ntU!lx<Xl<! Ogipq?! liM?! lQe<gtqe<! -ek<kqe<! ohbi<gjt! ! guelig¥! hcg<g!Ou{<Ml</!!

3. N‰wš beU¡fo k‰W« jé®¡f vL¡f nt©oa elto¡iffŸ. Ït‰iwM‰wš _y§fë‹ R‰W¢NHš éisÎfis ntW go¤Â m¿a nt©L«.!!!!

!

!

! !

64

fqjz!–III!

dbqiq!!.!uqzr<gqbz<!!!86!!lkqh<oh{<gt<!ohx!

!

nzG! himl<!

!

2!lkqh<oh{<!

!

4!!lkqh<oh{<!

!

6!lkqh<oh{<!

!

21!

lkqh<oh{<!

!

olik<k!

lkqh<oh{<

gt<!

2!!

dmx<osbzqbz<!

!

5! 3! 2! 3! 46!

8!!

hiq{ilg<!Ogim<hiMgt<!

!

2! 2! 2! .! :!

olik<kl<! 55!

fqjz.III!

Gxqh<H!;!!

IªJ kÂ¥bg© édhé‰F F{<[bqiqbz<, j‰fhy kuÃašk‰W« hiq{ilg<!

Ogim<hiMgt<Ït‰¿š VnjD« Ïu©L ghl§fishcg<fyh«.nehŒ¤ jilfh¥Ãaš

f£lha« go¡f nt©oa ghlkhF«.Mdhy<! LPlkqh<oh{<! )86/86*! bgw himl<!

-v{<MLkz<! NXujv! LPjl! hck<Kuqm<M¥himl<.2?8– Ïz<! dt<t! yV!

lkqh<oh{<!uqeig<gTg<G!lm<Ml<!kbii<osb<bzil/<

வ�னா�தா� திட வைர��ப� �த� அல� மன�தன��உட!ெசயலிய�

பாட�தி�இ#$% ��ப�% ஐ$% மதி�ெப'க)*� வ�னா*க� ேகக�ப,கி�றன.

இ�ப�தி அதிக கவன. ெச/�த�பட ேவ'�ய ப�தியா�..உட!ெசயலிய�

ப�திைய எள�தி� 23$% க!க ேவ',மானா� உ�)#�பைம�ப�ய� ப!றிய

அறி� மிக�. அவசிய..எனேவ பதிேனாறா. வ��ப�� பய��ற

உ�)#�பைம�ப�ய� பாட�ப�திைய ம4',. நிைன� 6�$% ப�� பன�ெர'டா.

வ��2 பாட�ப�தியான உட!ெசயலிய� ப�திைய பய�ல� %வ7கலா..இ�ப�தி 99

ப*க7கைள ெகா'ட ெப3ய அலகாக இ#�பதா� இதைன 1. உண9ட. ம!:.

உண�ெச3மான.2.எ/.2க). ;,க). 3. jirfŸ 4.RthÁ¤jš5.�#தி <ழ!சி

6.நர.2 xU§»izÎ7.ேவதி ஒ#7கிைண� 8. உண®உ:�2fŸ9. கழி�

ந>*க«10.இன�ெப#*க. என ப�% சி: அல�களாக� ப�3�% ப��ப%

சிற$த%.இ�பய�!சி கடக�தி� அ?வா: ப�3�%

ெகா,*க�ப,�ள%.இ.�ைறய�� ப�3�% பய�!சிெச�தா� பாட�ப�திைய

மனதி� நி:�தி ,நிைன� 6�$% எ@%வ% <லப..

65

ãiy - 1 3 kÂ¥bg© édh éil.

2. E©Qæçaš

1. E©Qæçaš tiuaW.

E©Qæçfë‹ tif¥ghL, mik¥ò, tot«, Ïd¥bgU¡f«, cl‰braèaš,

ts®Áij kh‰w« M»at‰iw¡bfh©L és¡F« m¿éašÃçÎ E©Qæçaš

MF«.

2. öa Clf c‰g¤Â brŒKiwæ‹ ga‹fŸ ahit?

1. öa Clf« gh¡Oçah¡fë‹ ts®¢Á¡F¥ ga‹gL»‹wJ.

2. nehŒ bjh‰wèY«, behÂ¤jèY«, k©âš ie£u#‹ãiy¥gL¤jèY«ÏJ

ga‹ gL¤j¥gL»wJ.

3. eÅd E©Qæçaš cUthf têtF¤jJ.

3. o¥shæL brštif ts®¥ò v‹whš v‹d?

o¥shæL bršfŸfU_y¤Âš bgw¥g£l Eiupuš, ÁWÚuf« M»a cW¥Ãfë‹

bršts®¥òfëèUªJ bgw¥gL»wJ.

ÏJkåj jL¥óÁ kUªJ jahç¡f éUªnjh«Ã¢ bršfshf¥ ga‹gL»wJ

4. mÛÃahÁ° v‹whš v‹d?

1. ÏªnehŒ rh®¡nfhildh tF¥ig¢ rh®ªj ònuh£nlhnrhth cŸ x£L©âahš

tU»wJ.

2. v©läghï°nlhiyo¡fhé‹ Lnuhnghnrhir£LfŸ bgU§Flè‹Ûô¡f°

r›Î gFÂia¤ Â‹Wmê¡»wJ.

3. ÏjdhšÏu¤j« fyªj ngÂ c©lh»wJ.

66

5. N M‹ªÂnuhnghndhÁ° v‹D«brhš vjid¡ F¿¡»wJ.

1. ÏJ éy§FfëèUªJ kåjD¡F njh‹W« x£L©â nehŒ.

2. X£L©â thœ¡if¢ RH‰Áæš kåj‹ K¡»a Ïiz¥ghF«.

3. v.fh. khL, g‹¿ ehlh¥òG¡fŸ.

6. K¡»akhd vÂ® E©Qæç bghUŸfis vGjÎ«.

1. M«¥ÃÁè‹ 2. vç¤nuhikÁ‹ 3. bl£uhir¡ë‹ 4. °£bu¥nlhikÁ‹

7. vŒ£° nehia¡ f©l¿Í« Kiwfis étç.

1. viyrh nrhjid :- HIV M©oghofis¡ f©l¿jš

2. bt°£l®‹Ãsh£ :- vŒ£° nehia cWÂgL¤J« nrhjid

3. ÏJ HIV¡F vÂuhd M©oghofis¡ f©l¿a cjÎ»wJ.

8. NndhÁ° v‹whš v‹d?

1. éy§FfëläUªJ kåjD¡F¤ bjh‰W« x£L©â nehŒ

2. v.fh. nuÃ°

3. x£L©â v›éj e‹ikÍ« milahJ. Mdhš, kåj‹ ghÂ¥gil»‹wh‹.

9. öa ts®¥ò v‹whš v‹d?

xU Âut Clf¤ij¥ gy Ú®k§fëš nrhjid¡ FHhŒfëšÏ£L xnu

Ïd¤ij¢ rh®ªj E©Qæ® bršfis ts®¤jnyöa ts®¥ò vd¥gL«.

10. iyo¡ RH‰Á, iynrhb#å v‹whš v‹d?

1. iyo¡ RH‰Á :– itu°fŸ gh¡OçahéDŸ bgU¡f« milªJ mjid¢

Áij¡F«

2. iynrhb#å :– gh¡Oçah índhKl‹Ï›itu°ÏizªJ fhz¥gL«.

11. ÿæ gh°oÍç‹ K¡»a¡ f©LÃo¥òfŸ ahit? (ÁfurhjidfŸ)

1. bjh‰Wæç‹ Åça¤ij¡ Fiw¥gj‰fhd brŒKiw E£g«.

2. E©Qæç‹ nehŒ vÂ¥gh‰wš Âw‹ö©L« r¡Âia C¡Fé¤jiy

és¡»dh®.

3. nfhêfëš fhyuh jL¥óÁiaÍ«, MLfëš Mªjuh¡R¡fhd jL¥óÁiaÍ«,

kåjåš bt¿ehŒ¡ fo¡fhdnuÃ° jL¥óÁiaÍ« f©LÃo¤jh®.

12. nfh¢Á‹ K¡»a¡ f©LÃo¥òfŸ ahit?

1. bl£lhd°, o¥Ôçah, vY«òU¡» ngh‹w nehŒ¡Fça gh¡Oçah¡fisÍ«

2. mj‰fhd M‹¥oghofŸ mt‰iw¢rkãiy¥gL¤j éUªnjh«Ãæ‹clšfëš

cUthtijÍ«f©LÃo¤jš.

3. mtUila f©LÃo¥òfŸ, nehŒ¤ jL¥ò¡ fh¥ò Kiw Á»¢ir¡F têtF¤jd.

13. nfhê¡fUÎŸ ts®¥ò Kiw v‹whš v‹d?

67

1. fUÎ‰w nfhêK£il 5-12 eh£fS¡FŸ nj®ªbjL¡f¥gL»‹wd.

2. K£ilfŸ»UäÏšyhj ãiyæš itu°fŸ CÁ _y« brY¤Â Jthu¤ij

bkGF bfh©L mil¤J 36˚Cæš mil¡fh¡f¥gL»wJ.

3. fUÎzÎ¥ig bghJthd Áwªj itu°fë‹ ts®¥ò Clf«

14. itu°fŸ f£L¥ghLila brš cŸ x£L©âfŸ vd V‹ miH¡f¥gL¥»‹wd?

1. bra‰if Clf¤Âš itu°fŸ jhkhf tsuhJ.

2. jhtu mšyJ éy§F bršfëš k£L« tsU«.

3. vdnt Ïit f£L¥ghLila bršcŸx£L©âfŸ v‹W miH¡f¥gL»wJ.

15. M‹nfh b#å¡ itu°fŸ v‹whš v‹d?

1. ò‰Wnehia cUth¡F« itu°fŸ M‹nfh b#å¡ itu°fŸ.

2. o.v‹.V. itu°fŸ: – mondh itu°fŸ, ghènahkh itu°fŸ, Áäæ‹

itu° 40. v¥°o‹ gh® itu°

3. M®.v‹.V. itu°fŸ:– nuht° rh®nfhkh.

16. nuÃ° nehŒ guÎ« Kiwia¡ TW.

1. nuÃ° Å£L éy§FfŸ, td¥ ghÿ£ofë‹ x£L©âahF«.

2. nuÃ° bjh‰¿a éy§F kåjid¡ fo¥gj‹ _y« kåjD¡F Ïªj nehŒ

c©lh»wJ.

3. Ïj‹ _yf§fŸ:– ehŒ, óid, btsthš.

17. nuÃ° nehæ‹ m¿F¿fŸ ahit?

1. mÂf fhŒ¢rš

2. fL« jiytè

3.Ú® btW¥ò (iA£nuh~ngÃah)

.4.gj‰w ãiy

5. kd§Fiyªj ãiy

6. bjh©il kh®ò¤ jir eL¡f«.

18. ntçnahyh itu° g‰¿¡ F¿¥ò vGJf.

1. ÏJ bgça«ik itu°

2. ÏJ Ú®¤Jë _y« guÎ»wJ.

3. Ïj‰F¤ jL¥óÁ th¡Áåah itu° _y« jah® brŒa¥gL»wJ.

19. gh¡Oçah¡fë‹ gšntW cU¤njh‰w§fŸ ahit?

1. cU©il tot (m) cUis tot mšyJ tisÎ tot mik¥òfS« mt‰¿‹

khWghLfS«.

2. gh¡Oça¢ bršfë‹ÏizaikÎ, bjhFÂaikÎ k‰W«üèiH totikÎ

M»ad.

3. gh¡Oçah¡fë‹Ú¢Rfis Áw¥ghd rhaäLjš (m) vy¡£uh‹ E©nzh¡»

_y« m¿a¥gL«.

20. ntÂ¥bghUŸ Clf« v‹whš v‹d?

1. xU E©Qæç Clf« gy ntÂ¥bghUŸfshš M¡f¥g£oU¡F«.

68

2. ÏÂš cŸs bghUŸfŸòuj§fŸ, fh®nghiA£nu£LfŸ, bfhG¥òfŸ

it£lÛ‹fŸ, ãô¡ë¡ mäy§fŸ.

21. gh¡Oçah cUkh‰w« v‹whš v‹d?

1. brš mik¥òÚ¡f¥g£l gh¡Oçahé‹ DNA¡fŸ xU brštifæèUªJ

k‰bwhU brštifæDŸ kh‰w¥gL«ãfœ¢ÁahF«.

2. Ïij¡»ç¥Ã¤ v‹gt® f©LÃo¤jh®.

22. ouh‹°l¡r‹ v‹whš v‹d?

1. xU gh¡Oçahé‹DNAæ‹ xU gFÂ k‰bwhU gh¡Oçahé‰F

kh‰w¥gL«ãfœ¢ÁahF«.

2. Ïj‰F¥ gh¡Oçnah~ng{ itu°fŸ V‰W C®Âahf¢ brašgL»‹wd.

23. bghJ tif, Áw¥ò tif ouh‹°l¡r‹ v‹whš v‹d?

1. bghJ tif ouh‹° ;l¡r‹:- xU gh¡Oçahé‹ mid¤JDNAÍ« k‰bwhU

gh¡oçahéDŸ bršYjš MF«.

2. Áw¥ò tif ouh‹° ;l¡r‹ :- Áy É‹fŸ k£L«xU tH§»

FnuhnkhnrhäšÏUªJ ~ng{ _y« ouh‹°l¡r‹ miljš MF«.

24. fhyuh nehæ‹ m¿F¿fŸ ahit?

1. thªÂ

2. fLikahd ÚçH¥ò

3. fLikahd tæ‰W¥ngh¡F

4. jhJ c¥òfŸÏH¥ò

5. Ïu¤j¤Â‹ mäy¤j‹ik k‰W« ml®¤Â mÂfç¥ò.

25. Ãns¡ nehæ‹Ïu©L tiffŸ ahit? mt‰¿‹ m¿F¿fŸ vGJf.

1. ònghå¡Ãns¡:- clš Fë®jš, thªÂÍz®Î, thªÂbaL¤jš k‰W« clš

gyÅd« njh‹W«. Á»¢iræšyh ãiyæš 58% Ïw¥ò

2. ãnkhå¡Ãns¡ : - ãnkhåah¡ fhŒ¢rš, Ïu¤j¤ ÂtiyfŸ fyªj v¢Áš

btë¥gLjš. Á»¢iræšyh ãiyæš 100% Ïw¥ò

26. ÁÃè° F¿¥ò tiuf.

1. ÏJ ghšéid nehahF«. Oçnghåkh ghèl« ÁÃè° v‹w gh¡Oçahthš

tU»wJ.

2. ÏJ neuo ghš cwÎ_y« tU»wJ. ÏJ Ãshbr©lh _y« jhæläUªJ

nrŒ¡F¥ guÎ«.

3. Ïj‹ éisÎfŸ:– f© gh®it ÏH¤jš, fhJ nfshik, _is¢ nrj«,

69

j©Ltl¢ nrj«, ö¡fä‹ik 27. bfhndhçah g‰¿¡ F¿¥ò vGJf.

1. ÏJ xU ghšéid nehahF«. ã°nrçah bfhndhçah v‹w gh¡Oçahthš tU»wJ.

2. M©fë‹ ÁWÚ® òwtê cW¥ig jh¡F»wJ. bg©fë‹

br®é¡°gFÂiajh¡F»wJ.

3. M©fS¡F¥ kŠrŸãw¤Âš ÁWÚ®¥òwtêæš Âut« btëtU«. bg©fS¡F

tèÍl‹ Toa ÁWÚ® nghF«Ïd¥òiHæš ÂutK« btë¥gL«.

28. Ïju¥ ònuh£nlhnrhth nehŒfis vGJf.

1. oç¥ndhnrhkh nf«Ãa‹°: - M¥Ãç¡f ö¡f éahÂ.

2. Ä°nkåah nlhdhthå :–fhyh mr®.

3. Ä°nkåah ouhÃ¡fh : – njhšÄ°nkåahÁ°.

3:/lOziqbiuqe<!ujggt<!biju@!

2/ omi<sqbe<!!lOziqbi!)n*!hqjez<!omv<sqbe<!)n*!juuig<̂ <!lOziqbi!–

hqti^<Olicbl<!juuig<̂ <!

3/ jlz<M!!omi<sqbe<!)n*!YOuz<!lOziqbi!!.!hqti^<Olicbl<!YOuz<!

4/ ohi<eqsqb^<!lOziqbi!)n*!lizqg<ee<m<!lOziqbi!.!hqti^<Olicbl<!hiz<sqOhvl<!

5/ Guii<me<!lOziqbi!.!hqti^<Olicbl<!lOziqbi!!

30.Nf<k<vOhiOeis^<!we<xiz<!we<e@!

Ym<M{<{qgtiz<! okix<xh<hMl<! lx<Xl<! leqkEt<! lm<Ml<! fqjzh<hMk<kh<! ohXl<!

ym<M{<{qgjtBl<nux<xqe<Ofib<gjtBl<!Gxqg<Gl</!!

42/Oukqh<ohiVt<!nz<zK!lVf<K¢!sqgqs<js!we<xiz<!we<e?!

okix<X!Ofib<gjt!Oukqh<ohiVm<gt<!&zl<<!G{h<hMk<KkZl<!gm<Mh<hMk<KkZl<!

Oukqh<ohiVt<)n*!lVf<K¢sqgqs<js!weh<hMl</!

!

43/ws</J/uqbqe<!hml<!ujvf<K!higl<!Gxq@!

!

44/!F{<[bqovkqvq!)n*!wkqI!F{<[bqiq!)n*!N{<chbicg<!we<hK!biK@!

yV! F{<[bqiqe<! uti<sqjklix<xk<kqz<! dx<hk<kqbiGl<! yV! ohiVt<! lx<x!

F{<[bqiqbqe<uti<s<sqjb¤! kMg<Gl</! -k<kjgb! ohiVOt! F{<[bqovkqiq! weh<hMl<!

w/gi;!oheqsqzqe<!

!

70

!!!45/!wkqi<!F{<[bqiq!)n*!F{<[bqovkqiqbqe<!osbz<Ljx!%X/!

2!hig<ciqbi!ogiz<Zl<!ujg!)hig<CiqObijsmz<!*!

3!hig<Ciqbi!uti<s<sqjb¤!kMk<K!fqjzfqXk<Kl<!ujg!)!hig<CiqObi^<Omcg<*!

!

46/!nl<jl!juv <̂!Gxqh<H!ujvg@!

2/!wz<zi!juv^<gjtuqm!ntuqz<!ohiqkie!osr<gz<!Ohie<x!hig<̂ <!juv^<gt<!

3/!-vm<jm¢!sr<gqzq!c/we</WjuBl<<?!Hvkk<jkBl<<?!ogiPh<jhBl<!ogi{<mK/!

4/!-v{<M!nMg<G!su<uqeiz<!$ph<hm<m!GMGMh<jh!Ohie<x!fqBg<tqbib<jm!ogi{<mK/!

!

36.!Lke<jl!utIh<H!we<xiz<!we<e@!

!!!!wzqNl<̂ <mi<?! Ogipq?! Gvr<G!nz<zK! leqke<!Ngqbux<xqe<! -bz<H¤! kqSg<gtqe<!

osz<gt<! osbz<Ljxg<G! Wx<h¥! hg<Gul<! osb<bh<hm<M! uti<g<gh<hM«OhiK! dVuiGl<!

nux<xqe<!Lkz<!keq!nMg<G!NGl</!

!

48/!hig<ciqbig<gtqz<!\Qe<!lX!Osi<g<jg!fqgp<Ugt<!biit@!

2 hig<ciqb!-j{U!3 dVlix<xl<!

3 cvie<̂ <mg<se<

38. க#ந>�கா�Aச�எ�றா�எ�ன ?

1. _isæ‹ jªJ»fŸ, x£L©â k‰W« knyçah JfŸfë‹ mil¥ghš Ïw¥ò V‰gL«.

2. Ãsh°nkhoa« ~ghšÁngu« tif knyçahthš V‰gL«.3. x£L bkh¤j Át¥gQ¡fŸ ÁijtilªJ ËnkhFnshÃ‹fŸ ÁWÚ® têna btëna‰w¥gL«.

39. ம#�%வB'Cய�3ய�எ�றா�எ�ன ?

* ேநா��ெதா!:*க�,

* ெதா!:*கானஉய��*காரண�

* ெதா!:தலினா�வ�ைளD.ேநா�ப!றிஅறித� .

40. ம#�%வB'Cய�3யலி�பய�யா% ?

* மன�தைன�ெதா!:கி�றB'Cய�3கைளD.அைவஎ.�ைறய��

ேநா�ேதா!:வ�*கிற%.

* ெதா!:*�எதிரானஉடலி�ெசயைலD.

* �றி�ப�டB'Cய�3எதி��2ம!:.சிகிAைச�ைறஅறித�.

41. சிப�லிEஅறி�றிக�யாைவ?

;�றா.நிைலய��க'பா�ைவஇழ�த� , கா%ேகளாைம , ;ைளA

ேசத., F*கமி�ைம ,தைலவலி , த',வடAேசத. ,உட�அவயவ�வ

மா!ற.அ�ல%சிைத� , கிராGேலாமாடEரண7க�க.மாEஉடலி�

உ�ேளD.ெவள�ேயD.ேதா�:கிற%.

3.nehŒ¤jil¡ fh¥Ãaš

1. Ï©l®~bguh‹fŸ v‹whš v‹d?

71

-btŸisaQ itu°fshš’ jh¡f¥gL«nghJÏ©l®~bguh‹fŸ vD« itu°

vÂ®¥bghUis¢ Ru¡»wJ.

− ÏjdhšÃwbršfŸ itu° jh¡FjèšÏUªJ ghJfh¡f¥gL»wJ.

2. bršéG§Fjš (m) ngnfhir£nlhÁ° v‹whš v‹d?

− nehŒ¡»Uä jh¡f¤Â‹nghJnk¡nuh¥ng{fŸ k‰W«ãÍ£nuh~ÃšfŸ,

ngh‹witfŸ gh¡Oça§fŸ, itu°fŸ k‰W«Áijtilªj bršfŸ M»at‰iw

éG§F»‹wd. Ïj‰F¢ bršéG§Fjšv‹W bga®.

3. vÂ®¥bghUë‹ (M©oghoæš) _‹W K¡»a ¥ gâfŸ ahit?

1. gh¡Oçah, itu°fis¤Âçgila¢ brŒ»wJ.

2. gh¡Oçahé‹ btë¥òw¤Âšó¢rhf mik»wJ. Ïj‰F X¥nrhÜfuz« v‹W

bga®.

3.bršéG§Fjiy vëjh¡f»wJ.

4. gh¡Oçah btëæL« e¢R¥bghU£fis¢ brašÏH¡f¢ brŒ»wJ.

4. k©Ùuš gâfŸ ahit?

1. KÂ®ªj Ïu¤j¢Át¥gQ¡fis mê¡»wJ.

2. Ïu¤j¢Át¥gQit c‰g¤ÂbrŒÍ«ÏlkhfÎ«Át¥gQit¤

nj¡»iit¡F«ÏlkhfÎ« cŸsJ.

3. Ïu¤j¤Âš cŸs E©»Uäfis tof£L»wJ.

4. M©o#D¡F vÂuhd jil¡fh¥ò elto¡ifia KL¡FéL»wJ.

5. ijkì‹ gâfŸ ahit?

− T- bršfis c‰g¤ÂbrŒ»wJ.

− brštênehŒ¤ jil¡fh¥Ãš g§nf‰»wJ.

- clè‹ è«~nghir£Lfë‹ bgU¡f¤Â‰¡F jiyaha ika«

6. M©o#‹ tiuaW.

− M©o#‹fŸ mašbghUŸfŸ MF«.

− Ïit M©oghoÍl‹éidòçÍ« _y¡TwhF«

- Ïu©L tif¥gL« - Ïa‰if, bra‰if

7. Ah¥bl‹fŸ v‹whš v‹d?

− Ïit jhnk jilfh¥òãfœÎfis¤ö©lhj ntÂ¥bghUŸ.

− V‰bfdnt c©lh¡f¥g£l M©oghofSl‹éidòçÍ«.

jil¡fh¥ò elto¡ifæš<Lglnt©Lbkåš, vL¤J¢

bršY«_y¡TWfSl‹Ïiz¡f¥glnt©L«. (v-L)DNΡ.

8. Ï«ÍndhFnshòè‹ (M‹oghoæ‹) IªJ tiffŸ ahit?

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE.

9. Ï«Índh xL¡» kUªJfŸ ahit?

− kh‰W cW¥ò mWit Á»¢iræšcW¥òãuhfç¥ig¥ jL¡f¥

ga‹gL¤j¥gL« kUªJfŸÏ«Índh xL¡»fŸvd¥gL«.(v-L)

72

ir¡nsh°nghç‹, °OuhŒLfŸ.

10. Kjšãiy ãzÚ® cW¥òfŸ ahit?

− ijk° k‰W« vY«ò k{i# (ghÿ£ofëš)

− gwitfëš′ng¥ßÁa° ig′.

11. Ïu©lh«ãzÚ® cW¥òfŸ ahit?

− k©Ùuš- ãzÚ® Ko¢RfŸ- MALT.

12. MALT , GALT, BALT - M»at‰¿‹éçth¡f¤ij¡ TW.

MALT - nfhiH¢r›Î rh®ªj ãzÚça¤ÂR¡fŸ.

GALT- Flš rh®ªj ãzÚça¤ÂR¡fŸ.

BALT- _¢R¡FHhŒfis¢ rh®ªj ãzÚça¤ÂR¡fŸ.

13. x›thik v›thW c©lh»wJ? iA¥g® br‹Á£oé£o

− rhjhuz M©o#‹fS¡bfÂuhf, jilfh¥ò k©ly« bghU¤jk‰wJ« tu«ò

Û¿aJkhd brašfëš <LgL«nghJ x›thik c©lh»wJ.

− v.fh. –öR, kfuªj¤öŸfŸ, óŠirfŸ.

14. mdh~igyh¡Á° v‹whš v‹d?

X›thik¡ fhuâfŸ Áy rka« ghÂ¡f¥g£l kåj®fëšéiuthfÎ«,

ÔéukhfÎ«éidfis¤ njh‰Wé¤Jkåjid Ïw¡f¢ brŒa¡TL« - Ï›éid

mdh~igyh¡Á° MF«.

15. Ra¤jil¡fh¥ònehŒfŸ v¥nghJ c©lh»‹wd?

jilfh¥ò k©ly«RabršfŸ k‰W« _y¢TW bršfis mê¡F« nghJ

Rajilfh¥ò nehŒfŸc©lh»‹wd.(v.L)- Ï‹Rè‹ CÁ njit¥gL« r¡fiu

éahÂ kš£oÃŸ°»ënuhÁ°, çÍkh£lhæL 16. bg‰W¡bfh©l jil¡fh¥Ã‹Áw¥ò¥ g©òfŸ ahit?

− F¿¥ÃL«j‹ik – maš _y¡TWfë‹ nt‰Wikfis m¿jš.

− gštif¤j‹ik – maš _y¡TWfis milahs« fhQjš

− Ra k‰W« maš _y¡TWfis nt‰Wik¥gL¤Jjš

− ãidÎ.

17. brštê k‰W«Ïu¤jtê nehŒ jL¥gh‰wiy ntWgL¤Jf.

brštê nehŒ¤jL¥gh‰wš ,uj;jtop Neha¤; jL¥gh‰wy;

73

T– bršfshš c©lh»wJ B – bršfshš c©lh»wJ

nehŒ jh¡f¥g£l bršÏd§f©Lmê¡f¥gL»wJ

M©ogho c‰g¤Â brŒJ mê¡f¥gL»wJ.

18. brašäF¤jL¥gh‰wš, kªjkhf¥ bgw¥g£l jL¥gh‰wš ntWgL¤Jf.

brašäF jL¥gh‰wš kªjkhf¥ bgw¥g£l jL¥gh‰wš

nehŒ¡»UäfŸ mšyJ jL¥ò kUªJfŸ brY¤JtÂ‹ _y« bgw¥gL»wJ.

M©oghofisjil¡fh¥ò¤ÂwDŸs kåjçläUªJ jil¡fh¥ò¤Âwd‰w kåjU¡F¢brY¤Jtjhš bgw¥gL»wJ.

19.ghunlh¥, vÃnlh¥ ntWgL¤Jf.

ghunlh¥ vÃnlh¥

M©o#Dl‹ÏizÍ«M©oghoæ‹

gFÂ.

ghunlh¥òl‹ÏizÍ« M‹o#å‹ gFÂ.

20. Ï«ÍndhFnshòè‹ gl« tiuªJ ghf¤ij¡ F¿¥ÃLf.

fdj;jr; rq;fpyp mkpNdh Kid

,yFr; rq;fpyp

,izg;gplk;

s-s ,izg;G

COOH Kid

32/!Ofib<k<!kjm¡gih<hqbz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!

Ofib<g<gqVlqgt<!lx<Xl<!Hx<XOfib<!Ngqbux<xqzqVf<K!dmjzh<!hiKgig<Gl<!!njlh<HOfib< ¤ kjm¡gih<H/!-Ksii<<f<k!nxquqbz<!Ofib¤ <!kjm¡gih<hqbz<!we<X!ohbi</!!!

22.ேநா�பர�2.நா��வைககாரண�க�யாைவ ?

* பா*H3யா*க�

74

* ைவரEக�

* IJைசக�

* 2ேராேடாேசாவ�க�

23.இய!ைகேநா�த,�பா!ற� / இய�2ேநா�தைட*கா�2 / �றி�ப�,

த�ைமய!ற தைட*கா�2வைறய: .

ேநாய�கள�லி#$%பா%கா�2�ெபறஇய!ைகயாகேவஅைம$தி#*�.

தைட*கா�2�ைறஆ�. .இ%அய�ெபா#க�உ2�வைதத,�ப%ட�

உ2�.ேநா�கி#மிக�அழி*க�ப,கி�றன .

24.�ய�:ெபற�படத,�பா!ற�எ�றா�எ�ன?

* இய!ைகேநா�தைட*கா�2ேதா�வ�D:.ேபா%ஒ#�றி�ப�ட

த�ைமDைடயதைட*கா�2ெச�க��,*கிவ�ட�ப,கி�றன.

* இ%F'ட�படபலநாக�ஆகலா..

* இ%�ய�:ெபற�பட / (அ�ல%) ெபா#$த�த�தைட**கா�2

(அ�ல%) �றி�ப�,த�ைமDைடயதைட*கா�2என�ப,. .

25. இ.Dேனா�ேளா2லி�க�எ�றா�எ�ன?-

* இ.Dேனா�ேளா2லி�க�கிைள*ேகா2ரத7களா�. .

* இைவ L ,H எ�றந>ளவ��தியாச��ளச7கிலியா�ஆனைவ .

* L இேலசானச7கிலி, 25000 lhšl‹ H கனமானச7கிலி 50000 lhšl‹

26.ஆேடாகிரா� , அ�ேலாகிரா�ேவ:ப,�%க

27. ெசேனாகிராஃ�,ஐேசாகிராஃ�ேவ:ப,�%க .

ஆேடாகிரா� அ�ேலாகிரா�

ஒ#வ3ட.இ#$%ெபற�படதி<அ�ல%

ேதா�அவ#*ேகெபா#�த�ப,..

எ.கா.

ெதாைட�ப�திய�லி#$%எ,*க�படத

ைசஅவர%�க�ப�தி*�மா!ற�ப,த�

ஒ#வ3ட.இ#$%ெபற�படதி<அ�ல%

உ:�2ம!றவ#*�ெபா#�த�ப,..

எ.கா, :-

ஒ#வ3�சிWந>ரக.ம�ெறா#வ#*�மா!

ற�ப,த�.

75

28. தி<வ >*க.ஏ!ப,வ%ஏ�?

தி<*கள��காய.ஏ!ப,.ேபா%தி<*கள��காண�ப,. “ மாE” ெச�க�

சிைத�:.ேபா%ஹிEடைம� ,ெசேராேடான��, ம!:.

2ேராEேடாகிளா��ேபா�றேவதி�ெபா#க�ெவள�ேய!ற�ப,வதா�

வ >*க.ஏ!ப,கிற% . !!29. Ï«Índh#‹ v‹gij tiuaW.

brštê k‰W« Ïu¤j tê nehŒjL¥ò M»a Ïu©L brašfis ö©L« maš bghUŸ Ï«Índh#‹ vd¥gL«

30.ijk° Ah®nkhf‹fŸ ijKè‹, ijnkhÁ‹, ijnkhghæ£o‹

!!

4.j‰fhy kuÃaš

1. nfçnah»uh« v‹whš v‹d mšyJ Ïonah »uh«

xU bršèš cŸs mid¤J¡ Fnuhnkhnrh«fS«Ãç¡f¥g£L, mit tçirahf

mik¡f¥gL« mik¥ng nfçnah»uh« vd¥gL«.

Ïonah»uhk« v‹w th®¤ij j‰nghJ ga‹gh£oš cŸsJ.

2. nfçnahil¥Ã‹ ga‹fis vGJ.

1. f®¥gfhy¤ÂšÃw¡f¥nghF« FHªijæ‹ ghš f©l¿a¥gL«.

2. kåjD¡F c©lhF« kuò nehŒfis¡ f©l¿ayh«. FiwghL bfh©l

fUéid¡ fU¢ÁijÎ brŒayh«.

3. Fnuhnkhnrh«Ãw£Áfis¡ f©l¿ªJ mjdhš V‰gL« Fiwfis¡

f©l¿ayh«.

3. kW nr®¡if DNΑ v‹whš v‹d?

X® mašDNΑJ©l« vªj tiuaW v©nlhãô¡ëna° behÂahšÃç¡f¥g£lnjh,

mnj behÂÃsh°ä£ DNΑitÍ« J©o¡»wJ.maš J©lkhdJ ènf°

. ெசேனாகிராஃ� ஐேசாகிராஃ�

�!றி/.மா:�படெவ?ேவ:இன7க)

*�இைடேயெச�ய�ப,tJ

எ.கா, :

ப�றிய�லி#$%மன�தG*�மா!ற�ப,வ%.

ஒேரமரப�யஅைம�2ெகா'டஇ#வ#*

�இைடேயெச�ய�ப,..

எ.கா, :-

உ#வெமா�தஇரைடய�க)*�இைட

ேயcW¥ò kh‰w«

76

behÂ_y«Ãsh°ä£ DNΑcl‹Ïiz¡f¥gL»wJ.Ãsh°ä£DNΑÎl‹Ïizªj

mašDNΑ kW nr®¡if DNΑ vd¥gL«.

4. kuò¥ bgh¿æaèš ga‹gL¤j¥gL« gh¡Oçah Ïd§fŸ ahit?

1. v°brçÁah nfhiy

2. ngÁšy° r¥oè°

3. °£bu¥nlh ikr°

5. N¥g® g¡ v‹whš v‹d?

1. kuò¥ bgh¿æaš _y« cUth¡f¥g£l Nnlhnkhdh° gh¡Oça« N¥g® g¡ vd

miH¡f¥gL»wJ.

2. ÏJ v©bzŒ¡ fêÎfis¢ R¤j« brŒa¥ ga‹gL»wJ. ÏJ v©bzæš

cŸs M¡nl‹fŸ, irè‹fŸ,f‰óu« ngh‹wt‰iw¢Áij¡f tšyd.

6. rªjÂ tê¤bjhl® MŒÎ v‹whš v‹d?

kuÃaš tšYe®fŸÏa‰ifæš eilbgW« kåj¡ fy¥òfis MŒÎ brŒtj‹

_y« xU FL«g« mšyJ rªjÂ tê bjhl®fëš xU F¿¥Ã£l nehŒmšyJ

Éå‹ g©òfis MŒÎ brŒtJ rªjÂ tê¤bjhl® MŒÎ vd¥gL«.

7. kuÃaš nehŒfë‹ bga®fis vGJf.

1. fÂ® mçthŸ nrhif

2. jyhÓäah

3. vfhkhFnshòèåäah

4. mšÃår«.

5. m©o§l‹ bfhçah

6. fLik T£LnehŒ vÂ®¥ò¡ FiwÎÁ©£nuh«.(SCID)

8. òuj ¢ brŒÂæaš (ònuh£onahä¡°) v‹whš v‹d?

1. gytif¥ òuj§fis MŒÎ brŒjš

2. mt‰¿‰Fça bršfis¡ f©l¿jš

3. mt‰¿‰Fça É‹fis¡ f©l¿jš

9. Fnshå§ v‹whš v‹d?

kubgh¤j cæçfis¥ ÃuÂfshf c‰g¤Â brŒÍ« brŒKiw Fnshå§ vd¥gL«.

10. khWghliljš v‹whš v‹d?

fUÎ‰w K£ilæš ik£lhÁ°ÃçÎfŸ _y« v©z‰w bršfŸ cUth»‹wd.

Ï¢bršfŸÃ‹d® tot¤ÂY«braèY« gšntW brštiffshf khWghL

mil»‹wd.

11. É‹Á»¢ir v‹whš v‹d?

kåjåš jtwhd É‹fS¡F¥ gÂyhf ÂU¤j¥g£l É‹fis EiH¥gjhF«.

tiffŸ– 1. clš bršÉ‹Á»¢ir 2. fU¢ bršÉ‹Á»¡ir.

77

12. cæç jftèaš v‹whš v‹d?

cæç jftèaš v‹gJ cæç bjhêš E£géaY«, jftš

bjhêšE£géaY«Ïizªj xU Jiw mF«.

cæç jftšfshd ãô¡ë¡ mäy«É‹ tçirfŸ k‰W«òujtçiraik¥ò

M»at‰¿‹ juÎjs§fis

c©lh¡f cjÎ»‹WJ.

13. cæça brŒÂæaš juÎjs« vdwhš v‹d?

Ã‰fhy¥ ga‹gh£o‰F cjÎ« tifæš bgUkséyhd jftšfŸ mšyJ

gÂÎfë‹ nj¡fkhf és§FtjhF«. tiffŸ

1. bghJthd juÎòy«, 2. Áw¥ghd juÎòy«

14 cæç brŒÂæaè‹ ga‹ ahJ?

É‹Á»¢ir , nehŒ m¿jš , kUªjh¡f ãfœÎfŸ M»at‰¿‰F cæ® jftèaš

juÎfis MŒÎ brŒjš,

Éndh«, òuj _y¡TWfS¡fhd ä‹dQ juÎ¤ js§fis¤ jah® brŒjš

15. cæç jftèaèš cjÎ« bkhêfŸ ahit?

C, C++, #hth, ngh®£uh‹, iyd¡°, Íå¡°

16. DNΑüyf« v‹whš v‹d?

DNΑüyf« v‹gJ xU cæç¡Fça mid¤J¥ gFÂfë‹ tçiria cŸsl¡»a

nrfç¥ghF«.

17. DNΑJ©lh¡Fjš v‹whš v‹d?

DNΑ _y¡T‰iw¥ gy É‹ gFÂfshf¥ãô¡ënahilL tçirfisÍ« MuhŒªJ

gl« jahç¤jiy¡ F¿¥gJ MF«.

18. jyhÓäahé‹ kU¤Jt¡Tl m¿F¿fŸ ahit?1. vY«ò kŠi#æš FiwghL2. btë¥òw Ïu¤j X£l¢ÁijÎ3. k©ÙušÅ¡f«, fšèuš Å¡f«

19. òuj juÎ t§» v‹whš v‹d?

1. òuj§fë‹ K¥gçkhz mik¥ò g‰¿ brŒÂfŸòujjuÎ t§» vd¥gL«.

2. Ï›tif nrä¥ò fâåæš nrä¤J it¡f¥gL«.

3. òuj§fë‹ K¥gçkhz tot§fis m¿a ÏJ ga‹gL»wJ

20.�ேளான�7ெவ*டா� எ�றா� எ�ன?

அய� DNΑ%'ைட த�Gட� இைண�% <ம*கி�ற DNΑ *� ெவ*டா�

எ�: ெபய�.

78

21.அ�ப�ன�ச. எ�றா� எ�ன?

ெமலான�� வள�சிைத மா!ற �ைற�பாடா� வ#. பhர.பça tê nehŒ

ேதா�,��,க' ஆகியவ!றி� ெமலான�� இ�றி காண�ப,..

22.m'�7ட� ெகா3யா ேநாய�� அறி�றிக� யாைவ?

* clš Fnuhkhnrhä‹ X§F Édhš njh‰Wé¡f¥gLtJ

*அட*க ��யாத அளவ�!� ைக கா� உதற�.

* 2�தி 6�ைம சரீழி�

* ;ைள ேசா��,பய.

* மனTதியான பாதி�2க�

23. நிைற�:�2 DNΑ(cDNΑ)எ�றா� எ�ன?

*2ரத7கைள ஆ�� ெச�ய mRNAபய�ப,கிற%.

* mRNA ;ல. 2ரத7கைள உ:வா*கிய ஜ>�க� க'டறிய�ப,கிற%.

*ேம!ப� க'டறிய�பட DNΑ (cDNΑ)அ�ல% நிைற�:�2 DNΑஎன�ப,..

24.மன�த ஜ>� வ7கி அ�ல% ஜ>ேனா. ெச�தி ேசக3�2. எ�றா� எ�ன?

* வைரய:*க�பட ஜ>�கள�� வ3ைச�ைற�ப,�தைலl* �றி*கிற%.

* எதி�கால� பய�பா�!� ேம!ப� வ3ைச�ப,�%த� ெச�ய�ப,கிற%.

* வைறயைர ெச�ய�பட ஜ>�கேள அ��பைட ெச�திகளாக வ�ள7�கி�றன

25, மன�த மரப�ய�/த!கால மரப�ய� எ�றா� எ�ன?

மர2� ெபாறிய�ய� �*கிய�%வ7க� ,மர2 ேநா�க�, ஜ>� சிகிAைச ,

�ேளான�7 �ைறக�, மரபC மா!ற�பட உய�3க� ஆகியைவ இதி�

அட7�. .

* ஜ>� ெதா��பா��,உய�3ய� தகவ� ம!:. 2ேரா�ேயாமி*E ஆ��

ெச�ய�ப,கிற%.

26. �மி\ சி:வ� சி�ேரா. எ�: அைழ*க�ப,. ேநா� யா%? அத�

அறி�றிக� யாைவ?SCID

*�ழ$ைதகைள பாதி*�. மர2வழி ேநா�.

* ெவ�ைள அC*க� அழி*க�ப, �!றி/மாக ேநா� எதி��2 ச*தி

இ�லாம� ேபா�.

* இ$த ேநா�*கான ADAஜ>� �ேராேமாேசா. 20� உ�ள% .

27.�ரா�ஜ>ன* அ�ல% மரப�ய�2 மா!ற�பட உய�3க� எ�றா� எ�ன?

ஜ>�கைள மர2� ெபாறிய�ய� ;ல. ஒ# உய�3ய�லி#$% .!ெறா#

உய�3*� மா!றி உ#வா*க�பட உய�3 �ரா�ஜின�* உய�3க�.

79

28. எ3தண� க3 வ�ள*�க.

* 2ரத அைம�ப�ைன வ�ள*�. கிராப�*E கண�ன� மாதி3.

* ஒ# 2ரத�தி� உ�ள அமிேனா அமில7கள�� ப'2க� , ெசய�பா,க�

அறிய உத�..

* 1970 �த� கண�ன� ;ல. 2ரத மாதி3 தயா3*க�ப,கிற%.

29. ngè‹£nuh« fhu tçir v‹gJ xU F¿¥Ã£l Kiwæš fhu§fŸ mikªJ mit DNAš

Ïu©L r§»èfëY« vÂbuÂ® Âiræš fhz¥gL«.

(vL.fh) GATTC 5´ - 3´

CTTAAG 3´ - 5´

5 kÂ¥bg© édh éil E©Qæçbš<<<

1. itu° mik¥ig étç.

1. itu°Á‹ ika¥gFÂ ãÍ¡ë¡ mäy¤ij¡ bfh©LŸsJ. Ïij¢ R‰¿

nf¥nrhäa®fshš Md nf¥Á£ ciw cŸsJ.

2. cU©il tot itu°fŸ rkg¡f clš mik¥ig¡ bfh©LŸsJ.

3. Áè©l® tot itu° RUŸÓuik¥ig¡ bfh©LŸsJ.

4. éy§F itu°:- Úô¡ënah nf¥Á£ v‹w nkš ciwia¥ bg‰WŸsJ.

Ï›Îiw è¥ngh òuj¤jhš MdJ.

5. ng¡Oçnah-ng{itu°:- ÏJ Óu‰w mik¥ig¡ bfh©lJ. khWg£l¥

òuj§fisÍ« è¥ngh òuj§fisÍ« bfh©oU¡F«.

6. mondh itu°:- rkg¡f Ó®tot itu°fŸ

7. nghènah itu°:- ÏJ cU©il totkhdJ. Ïj‹ nkšòw« K¡nfhz

mik¥ig¡ bfh©oU¡F«.

8. òifæiy bkhir¡ itu°:- RUŸ tot nk‰òw mik¥ig¡

bfh©oU¡F«.

2. kåjåš fhz¥gL« itu° nehŒfŸ g‰¿ F¿¥ò jUf.

ò‰W nehŒ

1. ò‰W nehia cUth¡F« itu°fis M‹nfhb#å¡ itu° v‹W

bga®.

2. v.fh. mondh itu° ghènahkh itu°, Áäa‹ itu°

nuÃ° nehŒ

1. Ïªj itu° nu¥nlh itu° FL«g¤ij¢ rh®ªjJ

2. ÏJ Å£L éy§F _y« guÎ«. nuÃ° itu° bjh‰¿a éy§F

kåjid¡ fo¥gjhš tU»wJ.

3. m¿F¿:- jiytè, mÂf fhŒ¢rš, jir eL¡f«, Ú® btW¥ò, m¿F¿

fhy« - 3 Kjš 8 thu§fŸ. ÏjdhšÏw¥ò 100%

m«ik itu°

80

1. Ïªj itu°fŸ gh¡° itu°fŸ. Ïit Ïu£il r§fè, DNA itÍ«,

òuj¤ijÍ« bfhG¥iÍ« bfh©LŸsJ.

2. ntçnahyh:- ÏJ bgça«ik itu°. ÏJ Ú® Jë _y« guÎ»wJ.

bgça«ik jL¥óÁ th¡Áåah itu° _y« jahç¡f¥gL»wJ.

bA¥g£il£o° - Ã itu°

1. ÏJ nkYiwÍl‹ Toa Ïu£il r§»è bfh©l DNAitu° MF«.

2. Ïj kŠrŸ fhkhiy, fšÄušò‰W nehia cUth¡F«. vŒ£i[ él

bfhoa nehŒ.

3. HBVjL¥óÁ , xU R¤jpfhp¤j v¢Ãé M‹o#‹ MF«.

3. E©Qæç nehŒ»Uäfë‹ jftik¥òfŸ ahit?

1. nehŒ¡»UäfŸ bjh‰Wtj‰F nt‰Wæçfë‹ btë¥òw cW¥òfshd

njhš, f© Ïilbtë c£òw gFÂfshd Rthr ghij, tæ‰W Flš

ghij, Ïd¥bgU¡f¥ ghijæš cŸs nfhiH¥gFÂfëš x£o¡

bfhŸ»wJ.

2. clè‹ nkšòw¤ ÂRtêahf clš c£òw¤ ÂR¡fis mil»wJ.

3. E©Qæç vªj¥ gFÂæš EiHªjnjh, mnj gFÂæšãiy bfh©L

ÏU¡F«.

4. Áy E©»UäfŸ gšntW ÂR¡fŸ, cW¥òfëš br‹W gué¡»l¡F«.

5. Áy E©QæçfŸ bršfS¡»ilna ts®¢Á mil»wJ. Ïjdhš ÏJ

Ru¡F« e¢R¥ bghUshš ÂR ghÂ¥gil»wJ.

4. cyf Rfhjhu mik¥Ã‹ (WHO) go tiuaW¡f¥g£l vŒ£° nehæ‹ m¿F¿fŸ

ahit?

1. clš vilæš 10% Fiwjš.

2. bjhl®ªJ xU khj¤Â‰F nkyhf fhŒ¢rš

3. bjhl®ªJ xU khj¤Â‰F nkyhf ngÂ

4. Ïuéš éa®¤jš, ÏUkš

5. vY«òU¡» nehŒ tUjš

6. bjh©ilæšóŠir bjh‰Wjš

7. ò¤Â¡ T®ik ÏH¤jš

8. Phgf¢ r¡Â Fiwjš

9. eu«ò nrj« V‰gLjš

10. bkå‹i#£o° c©lhFjš

11. fnghÁ rh®nfhkh - ò‰nehŒ

5. vŒ£° nehŒ jL¥ò f£L¥gL¤Jjš g‰¿ F¿¥ò vGJf.

1. Ïu¤j«, Ïu¤j¥ bghUŸfëšHIV itu° cŸsjh v‹W nrhÂ¤jš.

2. k¡fëilna vŒ£° éahÂ bjh‰WjY¡fhd éê¥òz®it V‰gL¤jš

3. ghJfh¥ghd clš cwÎ«, el¤ijfŸ g‰¿ nghÂ¤jš.

81

4. bghJ ey Ïa¡f§fŸ _y« vŒ£° éê¥òz®Îãfœ¢Áfis el¤jš

5. M‹£o itu° kUeJfshd ΑΖΤ, mÁnlhijäo‹, ínlhÎo‹,

ir¡nshé® ngh‹wit nehahëfS¡F vëÂš»il¡FkhW brŒjš.

6. ÿæ° gh°oÍç‹ kU¤Jt E©Qæçaš g§fë¥ig TWf.

7. HIV ituÁ‹ mik¥ò k‰W« mjid f©l¿ªj ãfœéidÍ« vGJf.

1.HIVitu° cU©il totkhdJ.

2.ÏJRNΑ itu°. Ïj‹RNΑia R‰¿òuj ciw cŸsJ. òuj ciwæ‹

btë¥òw«òuj E©r£lf E©K£fŸ c©L. Ïj‹ myF gp120. ÏJ Fäœ

ngh‹w mik¥ig¡bfh©lJ.

3.òuj ciuæ‹ c£òwK« E© K£fŸ cŸsJ. Ïj‹ myF gp41. Gp41

ü‰¿‰F« nk‰g£l mändh mäy§fis¡ bfh©l Ú©l òuj mik¥ò

MF«.

4HIVnkš cŸs òuj gutš xU fhšgªJ ngh‹w cUt mik¥ig¥ bg‰WŸsJ.

5.HIV æ‹ Éndh«Ïu©L tisªj RNΑ MF«. ÏÂš çt®°

ouh‹°»ç¥nl° behÂ ÏizªÂU¡F«. Ïªj behÂ RNΑit DNΑthf

kh‰w¡Toa Âw‹ bg‰wit.

HIV f©l¿ªj ãfœÎfŸ

6.1981M« M©L vŒ£° nehŒ f©LÃo¡f¥g£lJ. ÏJ xU ghšéid nehŒ.

7.ÏJ Ïu¤j« _y« guÎ« nehŒ.

8. 1983šÿ¡kh‹nl¡åa®,uhg®£ nfnyh HIVitui[ f©LÃo¤jd®.

9.1986š itu° tif¥gh£L¡FG. Ïj‰F HIVvd bgaç£ld®.

8. Áwªj ntÂ¢ Á»¢ir kUªJfë‹ g©òfŸ ahit?

1.nehŒ c©lh¡F«»Uäia éUªnjh«Ã¤ ÂR¡fS¡F v›éj ghÂ¥ò«Ï‹¿

mJ jL¡»wJ.

2.kUªJ éUªnjh«gš ÂR¡fS¡FŸòFªJ m§FŸs nehŒ»Uäfis vÂ®

bfhŸ»wJ.

3.kUªJ éUªnjh«Ãæ‹ bršéG§Fjš, M‹ogho c‰g¤Â M»a Ïa‰if

ãfœ¢ÁfS¡F v›éj ghÂ¥ò«Ï‹¿ brašgL»wJ.

4.kUªJ, nehŒ»Uäfis¡ bfhš»wJ mšyJ ts®¢Áia jL¡»wJ.

5.éUªnjh«Ã cæç¡F¡ fLikahd éisÎfŸ VJ«Ï‹¿ kUªJ

brašgL»wJ.

:/!uqzr<G!juv^<gtqe<!utIh<H!Ljxjb¥!hx<xq!wPKg/!

uqzr<G!juv^<gtqe<!utIh<H!

2/ juv <̂gt<! dbqVt<t! osz<gtqz<! lm<MOl! utVl</! n{<jlbqz<! Ogipqg<gVUt<!

utIh<H!Ljxbqz<!w{<{x<x!juv^<gt<!utIg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!

82

3/ gVUx<x! Lm<jmgtqz<! 6.23! fim<gt<! ujvbqzie! Lm<jmgt<!

Oki<f<okMg<gh<hM»‹wd.!

4/ juv <̂gjt! Lm<jm! Ym<ce<! upqOb! gqVlqbx<x! fqjzbqz<! Dsq! &zl<!

dm<hkqk<kz<!osb<k!hqe<!Ym<ce<!KjtbieK!olPG!ogi{<M!njmg<gh<hMgqxK!

5/ -kje!47’C!ouh<hfqjzbqz<!juk<K!uti<g<gh<hMgqxK/!!

6/ Lm<jmbqz<! dt<t! gVuqe<! gVU{Uh<! jh! juv^<gtqe<! utIs<sqg<Ogx<x!

Dmglig!uqtr<GgqxK/!

!Lke<jl!utIh<H!ujggŸ wzq?! Nl<̂ <mi<?! Ogipq?! Gvr<G!mšyJ! leqke<! Ngqbux<xqe<! -bz<H! kqSg<gtqe<!osz<gt<!osbz<Ljxg<G!Wx<h!hg<Gul<!osb<bh<hm<M!ts®¡f¥gL«nghJ!dVuiGl<!nux<xqe<!Lkz<!keq!nMg<G!NGl<!!ch<tib<M!osz<ujg!)n*!-vm<jm!w{<!osz<!uti<h<H!

• gV&zk<kqzqVf<K¥! ohxh<hm<m! FjvbQvz<! sqXfQvgl<! Ngqbux<xqe<! osz<!uti<h<HgtqzqVf<K¥!ohxh<hMgqe<xe!

• leqk!kMh<H,sqgt<!-ke<!&zl<!kbiiqg<gh<hM»‹wd!!

!okimi<upq!osz<!uti<h<H!okimIupqs<! osz<gt<! w{<{qzmr<gi! Ljxbqz<! -vm<ch<H! njmBl<! ke<jl!ogi{<mK/! -ju! osz<zqe<! kqCI! lix<xk<kiZl<?! Hx<X! Ofib<! osz<gtqzqVf<Kl<!ohxh<hMgqxK/!uti<g<gOu!Lcbik!sqz!juv^<gjt!-l<Ljxbqe<!&zl<!uti<g<gzil<<</!

!!21/!hig<Ciqb!Dmgr<gtqe<!kbiiqh<hqx<G!nusqblie!fqjzgt<<!ahit@!

2/ fQI! -z<zik!Dmgk<kqe<! yu<ouiV! ohiVTl<! yV!Gxqh<hqm<m! ge!ntU! fQiqz<!gjvg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!

3/ Dmgk<kqe< PH!ntju!g{g<gqm!Ou{<Ml</!4/ ngI!ohiVt<!Dmgk<kqz<!OsIk<K!nK!gjvukx<gig!$Omx<xh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!5/ DmglieK!GMjugtqz<!nz<zK!Gpib<gtqz<!Osgiqg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!6/ DmglieK!Nm<OmigqOtu<!ogi{<M!gqVlq!fQg<gl<!osb<b!Ou{<Ml</!hig<Ciqbig<gtqe<! utIs<sqg<G! Dmgk<jk¤! kuqv! -bx<h{<Hgtie! ouh<hfqjz!uiBfqjz!PH!ytq!Ohie<xjugjt!siIf<K!njlBl<<</!!

22/!hig<Ciqb!Ofib<gt<!hx<xq!wPKg!siz<liez<zi!lx<Xl<!leqk!Ofib<gt<!siz<liez<zi! yV! Ohsqz <̂! ujg! hig<Ciqbi! NGl</! -ju! leqkiqz<! jmhib<M! )n*!hivijmhib<M! Og <̂m<Ovi! w{<m<cjvm<c <̂! lx<Xl<! osh<CsQlqbi! Ohie<x! Ofib<gjt!d{<mig<GgqxK/!!jmhib<M!\`vl<;!siz<liez<zi!ilÃ vd<x!hig<ciqbiuqeiz<!d{<migqxK/!nxqGxqgt<;!okimI!gib<s<sz<!Gmz<!v{likz<!ubqx<X!H{<!lx<Xl<!l{<{Qvz<!uQg<gl</!!Og <̂cOvi! w{<m<cjvm<c <̂;! -K! siz<liez<zi! gizOvsqb <̂! we<x! hig<Ciqbiuqeiz<!d{<migqxK/-f<k! hig<Ciqbl<! Gmz<hijk! upqbig! vk<<k! ym<mk<jk! njmf<K! nr<G!ohVg<gljmukiz<!dbI!gib<s<sz<!ncg<gc!d{<miGl</!nxqGxqgt<;!dmz<!wjm!Gjxkz,<!dmz<!GtqI,!hsqbqe<jl!Ohie<xju!NGl</! hig<Ciqbi!lx<x! dXh<Hgjt¤ kig<Gl<OhiK! dXh<Hgtqz<! H{,<! fqOlieqbi! ofh<jvm<c <̂!N <̂cObijlzm<c <̂!Ohie<xju!d{<miGl</!!

83

gizvi! ;! -f<Ofib<! uqh<iqObi! gizOv! we<x! hig<Ciqbiuqeiz<!

Wx<hMgqxK/OfiB{<mig<Gl<! ke<jl;! hig<Ciqbi! sqXGmzqe<! whqkQzqb! kqSuqz<! ym<c!

ohVg<gljmf<K!w{<cOvi!mig<sqe<!we<x!fs<sqje!d{<mig<GgqxK/!

!

nxqGxqgt<;! uif<kq! lx<Xl<! gR<sq! k{<{Qi<! Ohie<x! ubqx<Xh<Ohig<G/! gMjlbie!fQiqph<H!kiK!dh<HgtqPh<H!vk<k!nlqzk<!ke<jl!nkqgiqk<kz</!!hqOtg<! ;! wIsqeqbi! oh <̂c <̂! we<x! fgIs<sqbx<x! gqvil<! ofgcu<! Ohsqz <̂! hig<ciqbiuqeiz<!d{<migqxK/!hqOtg<!ujggt<;!HOhieqg<!hqOtg<!;!-kqz<!fq{fQI!Svh<hqgt<!v{ligq!uQg<gl<!njmgq‹wd./!nxqGxqgt<;! uif<kqB{IU! uif<kqobMk<kz<! lx<Xl<! dmz<! GtqIkz</! -f<Ofib<!

sqgqs<jsbtqg<gi!fqjzbqz<!69%!-xh<jh!d{<mig<Gl<!

fqOlieqg<!hqOtg<;!-K!fqOlieqbi!gib<s<sjz!d{<mig<Gl<!

nxqGxqgt<;! -kqz<! -vk<k! Ktqgt<! gzf<k! ws<<sqz<! outqh<hMl</! -f<Ofib<!

sqgqs<jsbtqg<gi!fqjzbqz<!211%!-xh<jh!d{<mig<Gl<</!

23/hi¡Oçahthš c©lhF« ghšéid nehŒfis étç.

!!!!2/ÁÃè° 2.bfhndhçah

13.itu° kuÃaš F¿¥ò tiuf.

14.gh¡Oçah kuÃaš g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf

15.ònuhnlhnrhth nehŒfŸ g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf

!

3. nehŒ¤jil fh¥Ãaš

1. Mu«gãiy (Kjšãiy) jL¥gh‰wèšés§F« clš mik¥ò¢ rh®ªj jilfŸk‰W«Å¡f« g‰¿és¡F. (m) F¿¥ÃL j‹ika‰w (m) Ïašò nehŒ jil fh¥òclyik¥ò¢ rh®ªj jilfŸ

− clèš EiHÍ« nehŒ»UäfŸÏ«Kiwfshš jL¡f¥gL»‹wd. − njhš, Rthr k©ly«, Flš, Ïd¥bgU¡f k©ly« M»at‰¿š cŸs nfhiH¥gly« E©»Uäfis¢Á¡fit¡»wJ. − ÏÂš cŸs FW ÏiHfë‹ mirédhš»UäfŸ btëna‰w¥gL»‹wd.

Å¡f« nehŒ»Uäfshš jh¡f¥gL«nghJ«, fha« V‰gL« nghJ« tè V‰g£L Å¡f« c©lh»wJ.

− Ïjdhš fhŒ¢rš c©lh»wJ. fhŒ¢rš E©»Uäfiis¤ jL¡»wJ. − Å¡f« c©lhd Ïl§fëšÏu¤j¡fÁÎ V‰gL»wJ. ÏÂšÓu¥òuj§fŸ

cUth»gh¡Oçah¡fismê¡»wJ. − Ï›têahf tU« nehŒ»Uäfis ng¡nfhir£LfŸ mê¡»wJ.

2. F¿¥Ã£l jL¥gh‰wš tifæ‹Áw¥ò¥g©òfis étç (m) bg‰W¡bfh©l mšyJbghUªjjF nehŒ¤ jilfh¥ò 1.F¿¥ÃL j‹ik

gyju¥g£l _y¡TWfë‹ nt‰Wikia m¿Í« M‰wš. 2. gštif¤j‹ikgšntW _y¡TWfis milahs« fhQ«Âw‹.3. Ra k‰W« maš _y¡TWfis ntWgL¤Jjš

− maš _y¡TWfis Ïd«fhQjš− Ra M‹ob#‹fS¡F vÂuhd elto¡ifia¤ jé®¤jš

4. ãidÎ

84

− jilfh¥ò¤Âw‹ Kj‹Kjyhf xU maš fhuâia vÂ®¡F«nghJ jilfh¥òk©ly« beLeh£fS¡FÏ›éidia ãidéš it¤J¡bfhŸ»wJ. − Ïu©lhtJKiw mnj mašfhuâiavÂ®¡F«nghJÔéukhd jilfh¥ò elto¡ifiank‰bfhŸ»wJ.

3. Ï«ÍndhFnshòè‹ mik¥ig étç. mšyJ vÂ®¥ò¥bghUŸ mšyJ M©oghomik¥ò ÏJ Ïu©L r§»èfshš MdJ.

1. nyrhd r§»è(L r§»è)2. fdkhd r§»è (H r§»è)− L r§»èæ‹ _y¡TW vil 25000 lhšl‹ − H r§»èæ‹ _y¡TW vil 50000 lhšl‹ − Lr§»èÍ«, H r§»èÍ«Ïu£il ršigL Ïiz¥ÃšÏiz¡f¥g£LŸsJ. tiffŸ - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE. − Lr§»èæš cŸs ghèbg¥ilLfŸ xnu mik¥ig¡ bfh©lJ. mJ f¥gh k‰W« yh«lh. ghèbg¥ilL r§»èæ‹ gFÂfŸ − H,L r§»èfS¡F Ïu©L gFÂfŸ cŸsJ.

1. khWgL« gFÂ mšyJ Fab gFÂ− mändh mäy tçiræš r§»èæšäFªj khWjš V‰gL«. − Ï¥gFÂ¡F Ah£°gh£LfŸ v‹W bga®. − M‹o#‹ m‹ogho Ïiz¥Ã‰F Ah£°gh£LfŸ K¡»akhdit.

2. ãiyahd gFÂ mšyJ Fc gFÂ− Ï¥gFÂÏ«ÍndhFnshòè‹ j©LgFÂ − Ïj‹ moKid C Kid mšyJ COOHKid vd¥gL«. − Ï¥gFÂæš mändh mäy tçir khwhkšãiyahf ÏU¡F«.

4. M‹ogho tê nehŒjilfh¥ò / Ïu¤jtê nehŒ jilfh¥ò¥ g‰¿¡ F¿¥ò vGJf.i. Ï›tif jil¡fh¥ÃšÏ«ÍndhFnshhòè‹ cUth¡ff¤Â‰F

BbršfŸ ga‹gL»‹wd.ii. x›bthU M‹ob#D« gšntW M‹ob#‹ ã¢Áa F¿fis bfh©lJ.iii. x›bthU« F¿¥Ã£l M‹oghoÍl‹ bghUªÂ ÏizÍ« mik¥ò

bfh©lJ.− M‹oghoæ‹ gâfŸ1. gh¡Oçah, itui[¤Âçgila¢ brŒjš2. x¥nrhÜfuz«, bršéG§Fjiy vëjh¡F»wJ.3. gh¡Oçah e¢R¥bghUis¢ braèH¡f¢ brŒ»wJ.

5. bghUªj¤jF nehŒ jilfh¥ò v›thW KL¡»él¥gL»wJ.− x›bthUM‹o#D«-nk¡nuh¥ng{fŸ,B-bršfŸbl©oiu£L bršfŸ

ngh‹w M‹o#‹m¿Kf¥gL¤J« bršfshš gj¥gL¤j¥gL»‹wd. − Ï¢bršfë‹btë¥òw¤Âšgj¥gL¤j¥g£lM‹o#‹fŸ

njh‰Wé¡f¥gL»w‹wd. − fh£Á¥gL¤j¥g£l M‹o#‹fnshL T-cjébršfŸ bjhl®ò bfh©L

ö©Ljšãiyia mil»‹wd. − Ï›thW KL¡»él¥g£l T-cjébršfŸ B-bršfŸ k‰W«CTLsxU

Ãçéid¤ö©L»wJ. − ö©l¥g£lB-bršfŸ k‰W«CTLsbgU¡fkilªJ ‘Xçd¢ bršbgU¡f«‘

85

mil»wJ. − Ïit xnu mi

6. ãzÚ® Ko¢Á‹ mik− Ïit ãzÚ®

mikªJŸs Á¿− Ïit eh®¢brš− òw ciwæèts®ªJŸsd. − ãzÚ® Ko¢Áš− fh®bl¡° gF

njh‰wkë¡»w»isfSl‹ T

− fh®bl¡°, bkLrh®ªj gFÂ vd

− fh®bl¡°, bkÏ§F bršfŸ cŸsd.V

ãzÚ® Ko¢R

7.cW¥ò kh‰w¤Â‹ kuÃ

− všyh¤ÂR¡fë− cW¥ò kh‰w«

nt©oÍŸsJ.− R©blèfë‹− kåjåšÏt‰¿− HLΑ É‹fë‹

mik¥ò¡ bfh©l M‹o#id mê¡ftšyit.

ik¥ig gl¤Jl‹étç. Ú® FHhŒfëš t£ltotkhfnth, K£iÁ¿a Ko¢RfŸ. šfëdhš Md òw ciwahšNH¥g£lLŸsd

æèUªJ ouhgh¡Fyh vD« jL¥ò¢ Rt

¢Áš fh®bl¡°, bkLšyh vd Ïu©L mL¡FfgFÂæšè«~nghir£LfŸ x‹W To mU

wJ. ÏitKjšãiy ghè¡»ŸfŸ.bkLšyToa g£ilfshf è«~nghir£LfŸcŸsd

, bkLšyh gFÂfëšB-bršfŸ Vuhskhf cŸsvdyh«.

, bkLšyh Ït‰¿‰F Ïil¥g£l gFÂ ghuh

Vdnt Ï¥gFÂ ijk° rh®ªj gFÂ vdyh«.

Ãaš mo¥gil g‰¿ vGJf.

ëY«ÂR¥bghU¤j M‹o#‹fŸ cŸsd. brŒa nt©oa eg®fë‹ÂR¥bghU¤j M‹

sJ. ë‹ MwhtJ FnuhnkhnrhäšÏit cŸsd.

‰¿‰F HLΑ v‹W bga®. ë‹ mšÄšfŸ cW¥ò kh‰w« brŒgtç‹

it.

il totkhfnth

d. Rt®fŸ cŸneh¡»

FfŸ cŸsd. mU«ò ika§fshf¤

yh gFÂæšÚ©L, sd.

sjhš vY«ò k{i#

ghuhfh®bl¡° MF«. T-

.

‹o#‹ x¤J¡nghf

ç‹ÂR¥bghU¤j¤ij

86

ã®zæ¡»‹wd.

8. ouh‹°Ãsh‹nlr‹ v‹whš v‹d? »uh~g£o‹ tiffis étç mšyJ cW¥òkh‰w«.

gGJg£l X® cW¥ig Mnuh¡»akhd cW¥ò bfh©L rçbrŒtJ ouh‹°Ãsh‹nlr‹ v‹W bga®. 1. Rakh‰WW¥ò(M£nlh»uh~¥£)

− bfhilahëæläUªJ bgw¥g£l ÂR mnj bfhilahë¡F¥ bghU¤JtJ. − v.fh. Ãsh°o¡ mWit Á»¢ir – bjhilæèUªJ vL¡f¥g£l njhš

gFÂia m«kåjå‹Ô¡fha« V‰g£l gFÂ¡F kh‰Wjš.

2. X¤j kuÃa¥ g©ò bfh©l kh‰WW¥ò(Inrh»uh~¥£)‘− Xnu kuÃaš mik¥ò¡ bfh©l ÏU eg®fS¡»ilna el¥gJ. − v.fh. cUtbkh¤j Ïu£ila®fS¡»nil el¥gJ, Fnsh‹fŸ

3. Xnu Ïd cæ®fS¡»ilna kh‰w¥gL« cW¥ò(mšnyh»uh~¥£)− Xnu Á‰¿d¤ij¢ rh®ªj cæ®fS¡»ilna kh‰w¥gL« cW¥ò − v.fh. xU kåjèUªJ ÁWÚuf« k‰bwhU kåjD¡F kh‰WtJ.

4. nt‰¿d cæ®fS¡»ilna kh‰w¥gL« cW¥ò(brndh»uh~¥£)− bt›ntW Ïd§fS¡»ilna kh‰w¥gL« cW¥ò − v.fh. g‹¿æèUªJ kåjD¡F kh‰Wjš.

9. »uh¥£ãuhfç¥Ã‹ m¿F¿fŸ ahit?− njhš mç¥ò − k©ÙuèšÚ®f£Ljš k‰W«Å¡fkiljš − clš bkèªJnghjš (ÏkhÁnar‹) − tæ‰W¥ ngh¡F, Ïu¤j nrhif − Ïu¤j¢ nrhif − nehŒ vÂ®¥ò¤Âw‹ Fiwjš − Ã¤jehs« gGjiljš − ÃèUÃ‹ mÂfkhf c‰g¤Âahjš.

10. kU¤Jt Á»¢iræ‹ nghJ kh‰WW¥òãuhfç¥ig¤ jL¥gj‰F nk‰bfhŸs¥gL«elto¡iffŸ ahit? − cW¥ò V‰gtç‹Ïu¤j bjhFÂia MuhŒjš − cW¥ò V‰gtç‹Ïu¤j Óu¤Âš brš e¢rh¡f M‹oghofŸ cŸsdth

v‹gij¤ f©LÃo¤jš − cW¥ò jhd« brŒgt®, cW¥ò bgW« eg® M»a ÏUtç‹Ïu¤j¢ bršfis¡

FW¡F x¥ÕL brŒjš. − ir¡nsh°nghç‹ k‰W«°OuhŒL ngh‹w jilfh¥ig k£L¥gL¤J«

kUªJfis cW¥ò bgW« egU¡F më¤jš. − ãzÚça¤ÂR¡fis KGikahf¡ fÂça¡f¤Â‰F c£gL¤jš.

11. jilfh¥ò FiwÎ nehŒfŸ g‰¿ vGJf.− Ïašò mšyJ jftik¥ò nehŒ¤jilfh¥ò mik¥òfë‹ myFfëš,

VnjD« Fiw ÏUªjhš jilfh¥ò¡ FiwÎ nehŒfŸ njh‹W»‹wd. jil¡fh¥ò Fiw cila eg®fis¤ jh¡F« nehŒfŸ, Ãw kåj®fis¤

87

jh¡F« Ïašòilajšy. fhuz« - É‹ kh‰w«, ég¤J, nghÂa czÎÏ‹ik. SCID -Ôéu xU§»izªj jilfh¥ò FiwÎ nehŒ, nehÍWjš.

− kuÃaš Fiwgh£lhš V‰gL»wJ. − mondhÁ‹ o mänd° Fiwthš tU»wJ. − ÏªnehŒ cŸst®fŸÏu¤j¤Âš ijnkhir£LfŸ v©â¡if FiwÍ«. − Ïs« taÂånyna ÏwªJéLt®.

ΑIDS − ÏJ jilfh¥ò Fiwthš tU»wJ. − HIVMš c©lh»wJ. Ï›itu°T –bršfis¤ jh¡F»wJ. − HIVÏš cŸs çt®° ouh‹°»ç¥nl° behÂ cjéahšDNΑ goahf khW»wJ. − ÏjdhšHIV - RNΑ, kåjå‹DNΑcl‹ÏizªJ gykh‰w§fis mil»wJ. − ÏWÂæšRNΑJ©Lfshf itu° btëtªJ nkY« gy Tbršfis¤ jh¡F»wJ

12 .»uh~¥o‹ nghJ cW¥òãuhfç¥ò v›thW eilbgW»wJ? − Kjš bjhF¥Ãš cz®ñ£l¥g£l T-bršfŸ, nk¡nuh ~ng{fŸ

k‰W«Ãsh°kh bršfŸ <LgL»‹wd. − Ïu©lh« bjhF¥ÃšB-bršfŸ brašgL»‹wd. − brštê jilfh¥òéidfëšÏ‹l®èô¡»‹ 1 k‰W«Ï‹l®èô¡»‹ 2

g§nf‰»‹wd. − »uh~¥o‹ÏWÂ¢ brç¤jèš, è«nghlh¡ì‹fŸ, nehŒ¡f£o Áij¥ò¡

fhuâfŸ mšyJ òuj¢ brç¥òbehÂfŸ brašgL»‹wd. 24/!A¥g®br‹Á£oé£o mšyJ x›thik F¿¥ò tiuf. 25/ Ra jilfh¥ò nehŒfŸ F¿¥ò tiuf. 26/ k©Ùuš F¿¥ò tiuf. 27/ ijk° F¿¥ò tiuf.

j‰fhy kuÃaš

2/!dbqiq!osb<kqbqbzqe<!hbe<gt<!biju@!2/!\Qe<!njlh<hqjeBl<!?!Hvk!dx<hk<kq!hx<xqBl<!nxqb!dkUgqxK/!3/!Ofib<gjt¥!hx<xq!OlZl<!nxqb!dkUgqxK/!4/!cwe<W!hx<xq!!nxqb!dkUgqxK/!5/!lVk<Ku!lx<Xl<!dbqiq!ohixqbqbz<!Kjxgtqe<!hbe<him<cx<G!upquGg<gqxK/!

6/!dæçaš MŒÎfëš òÂa kU¤JfŸ jahç¡f ga‹gL»wJ.

3/!lvh[h<!ohixqbqbzqe<!hbe<gt<!biju@!2/dbiq!kguzqbz<!&zl<!lVf<KgTl<!?!dbqi<gig<Gl<!ohiVŸ <gtie!-e<Szq‹?Ne<chicgt<!dx<hk<kq!osb<bh<hMgqe<xe/!3/!Sx<Xs<!$pzqz<!l{<!lx<Xl<!fQi<!liSXkz<!Gjxg<gh<hMgqe<xK!4/!gpqU!lXSpx<sqbqe<!&zl<!dx<hk<kqjbh<!ohVg<g!dkUl<!5/!hbqi<!kiuvr<gtqe<!-eh<ohVg<gk<kqz<!hbe<kV!\Qe<gt<!Fjpg<gh<ohx<X!dx<hk<kq%m<mh<hMgqe<xK/!6/Outi{<!hbqi<gtqz<!kQr<Gbqiqgt<!kig<gk<kqx<G!wkqi<h<hqje!Wx<hLk<k!dkUl<!

88

7/!É‹ Á»¢ir _y« nehŒfis¡ Fz¥gL¤Jjš. !4/!!lvhqbz<!Ofib<gt<!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!i/!gkqi<!niquit<!Osijg!!;!

.yV!dmz<!GOviOliOsilqe<!\Qe<!kQCi<!lix<x!uqjtuiz<!Okie<XgqxK/!

.-ke<!yMr<G!nz<zqz<!Hbs!NGl<!-bz<hie!aQOliGOtihqe<!HbA!NGl<!.!Hbs,Hbs!-j{!yk<k!nz<zqz<!ogi{<mui<gt<!-kbl<!l{<{Qvz<!?!&jt!hPK!!njmukiz<!-xh<hi</!- HbA,Hbs!fqjzbqz<!dt<tui<gt<!kir<gqgt</!!

ii.kzisqlqbi!!;!• Gpf<jkgTg<G!OaiOlijsg^<!yMr<G!\Qe<gtqe<!osbz<!outqh<him<miz<!yV!ujg-vk<k!squh<h[!sqjkU!Osijg!Okie<XgqxK/!

.kzisqlqbi!Ol\i<!gMjlbieK!?!jlei<!gMjlbx<xK/!.lVk<<Ku!nxqGxqgt<!..wZl<Hl\<j\!osbz<!GjxhiM?!outqh<Hx!-vk<kYm<m¢sqjkU?!l{<{Qvz<!?!gz<zQvz<!uQg<gl<!. Slii<!!28!ubkqz<!-xh<H!Wx<hM<l</!

iii. wgiliGOtiHzqeqlqbi!iv.nz<sqeqsl<!v.n{<cr<g<me<!ogiiqbi!vi.gMjl%m<M!Ofib<!wkqi<h<Hg<GjxU!sqe<m<Ovil<(SCID)

4. Fnuhnkhnrh« bjhF¥ò tiugl« jahç¡F« Kiwia étç.5. kåjå‹ VG bjhFÂ Fnuhnkhnrh«fŸ g‰¿ étç.6. kWnr®¡if DNA bjhêšE£g¤Â‹ ga‹fŸ ahit.7. kåj Éndh« Â£l« ga‹ghLfŸ K¡»a¤Jt« g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.8. br«k¿ ML Fnshå§ brašKiw és¡Ff.9. Fnshå§ xG¡f« rh®ªj Ãu¢ridfŸ. (e‹ik, ÔikfŸ)10. fUK£ilfŸ mšyJ fUfëš É‹fŸ kh‰w¥gLjš.11. kuò kh‰w¥g£l mšyJ ouh‹Éå¡ cæçd§fë‹ ga‹fŸ ahit.12. É‹ Á»¢ir k‰W« mj‹ tiffis és¡Ff.13. cæç jftèaš neh¡f« ahJ.14. juÎ òy« v‹whš v‹d? tiffŸ ahit?15. òuj khÂç v‹whš v‹d? ga‹fŸ ahit?16. òuj mik¥ò F¿¥ò tiuf?17. KGik¤Âw‹ k‰W« gFÂ¤Âw‹ és¡Ff.

ãiy - II

21!lkqh<oh{<!uqeig<gt<

Sx<Xs<$pz<!nxquqbz<!

2/ lg<gt<!okijgh<!ohVg<gk<kqx<gie!giv{r<gt<!lx<Xl<!uqjtUgjt!wPKg/!

29l<!F~x<xi{<Mg<G!Le<H!leqkeqe<!-bx<jg!wkqiqgTl<!lx<x!Sx<Xs<$pz<!wkqIh<HgTl<lg<gt<!okijgjb!yV!slfqjz!gm<Mh<him<cz<!juk<kqVf<kd/!

89

2:l<!F~x<xi{<Mg<Gh<hqe<!lg<gt<!okijg!Ouglig!ohVgqbkx<G¡!giv{r<gt<!

2/ Ofib<gtqzqVf<K!hiKgih<H!ntqk<k!kMh<H,sqgt<!3/ Ofib<gqVlq¡!ogiz<zq!lVf<Kgtqe<!g{<Mhqch<H!4/ keqleqk!Sgikivl<!lx<Xl<!Ole<jlbie!Sgikivl<!5/ Outi{<!okipqz<Fm<h!Ljxgtqz<!Le<Oex<xr<gt<?!d{U!ujggtqz<!Le<Oex<xr<gt</!

lg<gt<!okijgh<!ohVg<gk<kqe<!Sx<Xs<$pz<!kig<gr<gt<;!

2/ nkqg!utr<gt<!hbe<hiM?!nkqgtuqz<!gpqUgt<!dx<hk<kq!Ohie<xjugtiz<!Sx<Xs<$pz<!lQK!ohVl<!kig<gk<jk!Wx<hMk<kqbK!

3/ Gpf<jkgTg<G¥!h{<j{gjt¥!hgqIf<ktqk<kz<!)n*!uqjts<sjz¥!ohVg<g!uqusibk<jk!kQuqvh<hMk<Kkz<!

4/ Hkqb!uqusib¥!h{<j{gjt!Wx<hMk<Kkz<!5/ Oujzg<gig!fgIh<Hxr<gTg<G!osz<zz<?!hqx!fiMgTg<G¥!Hzl<!ohbVkz<!6/ uVliek<kqx<gig!sm<m!uqOvik!osbz<gtqz<!=Mhmz<!7/ oh{<gjtBl<!Gpf<jkgjtBl<!hikqk<kz<!3/g{<{ic!uQM!uqjtU!we<xiz<!we<e@!g{<{ic!uQM!uiBg<gt<!hx<xq!wPKg/!

utql{<mzk<kqz<! sqz! uiBg<gt<! $iqbeqe<! ouh<hk<jk! dxqR<sq! nh<hcOb!

juk<K!ogit<Tukiz<!Huqbqe<!ouh<hfqjz!dbIgqxK/!-kx<G!g{<{ic!uQM!uqjtU!

we<X!ohbI/!

g{<{ic!uQM!uqjtuqe<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<;!

g{<{ic! uQM! uqjtU! H,lqbqe<! uip<Ug<G! nusqbOl/! -u<uqjtU! -z<jzobeqz<!

H,lqbieK! um! KVul<! Lkz<! oke<! KVul<! ujv! heqg<gm<cbiz<! &mh<hm<MuqMl</!

Neiz<!g{<{ic!uQM!uqjtU!nkqgliez<!H,lq!nkqglig!ouh<hljmf<K!dbqiqer<gt<!

lQK!kig<gk<jk!!Wx<hMk<Kl</!

g{<{ic!uQM!uiBg<gt<;!

giIhe<!jm!Ng<jsM;!

2/ -K!lqg!nkqgtuqz<!gi{h<hMl<!g{<{ic!uQM!uiB!NGl</!3/ uqzr<Ggt<!Suisqk<kz<?!giql!ohiVŸ <gjt!wiqk<kz<?!wiqljz!ouck<kz<!Ohie<x!-bx<jg!giv{r<gtiz<!CO2!outqbqmh<hMgqxK/!-ju!ytqs<OsIg<jgbqe<!&zl<!ohVltU!ngx<xh<hMgqxK!

4/ Neiz<! leqk! osbz<hiMgtie! fqzg<giq! ohm<Ovizqb! wiqohiVm<gt<?!kqmg<gpqUgt<?!uiger<gt<!Ym<Mkz<?!lvohiVm<gt<!wiqk<kz<!Ohie<xux<xiz<!CO2!ntU!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!

lQk<Oke<;!

2/ CO3!uqm!31!lmr<G!nkqglig!ouh<hk<jk!dxqR<Sl</!3/ -u<uiBuieK! fqzg<giq?! -bx<jg! uiB! lx<Xl<<! w{<o{b<! dx<hk<kq! osb<Bl<!OhiKl<!OuX!-mr<gTg<G!wMk<K!osz<Zl<!OhiKl<!outqObx<xh<hMgqxK/!

4/ giql¡! gpqUgt<! nPGl<! OhiKl<! hSliMgt<! d{U! osiqg<Fl<! OhiKl<!outqObx<xh<hMgqxK/!2861!N{<Mg<Gh<!hqe<<!lQk<Oke<!ntU!-vm<ck<Kt<tK/!

jfm<v^<!Ng<jsM;!

2/ CO2!uqm!411!lmr<G!ouh<hk<jk!dxqR<Sl</!3/ Hjkhcu! wiqohiVt<! wiqk<kz<?! h{<j{gjt!dPkz<! Ohie<xux<xiz<! -u<uiB!outqObx<xh<hMgqxK/!

ouh<h!dbIuqx<G!giv{lie!hqx!uiBg<gt<;!

nZlqeqbk<jk! dVg<Gl<OhiK! outqh<hMl<! bg®òSçnd£?!

jacOvigiIhe<gt<)Fjvolk<jkgt<*!GTOvi!HTOvi!giIhe<! )GtqIsike!ohiVm<gt<*?!

cjv! HTOvi! lQjkz<! ršg® bgd <mi! HTjvm<! uiB! -K! lx<x! uiBg<gjt! uqm!

90

nkqgtU! ouh<hk<jk! dxqR<Sl</! -K! wr<gqVf<K! dx<hk<kqbigqxK! we<hK! -Kujv!

g{<mxqbh<hmuqz<jz!

!

4/ dzgtiuqb!ouh<h!dbIU!we<xiz<!we<e@!nkeiz<!Wx<hMl<!uqjtUgjt!wPKg/!!

H,lqbqe<!svisiq!ouh<h!dbIuqz<!Wx<hMl<!nkqgiqh<Oh!dzgtiuqb!ouh<h!dbIU!

weh<hMl</!

dzgtiuqb!ouh<h!dbi<uqx<gie!giv{qgt<!

2/ lqklqR<sqb!g{<{ic!uQM!uqjtU!uiBg<gtqe<!)CO3?!lQk<Oke<?!jfm<v^<!

Ng<jsM*!dx<hk<kq!

3/ jam<Ovigii<he<gt<?!Gtqi<sike¥!ohm<cgtqzqVf<K!outqObXl<!GOtiOvi!

HOtiOvi!gii<he<!lx<Xl<!cjvHTOvilqjkz<!sz<hi<!ohe<mi!HTOvm<!dx<hk<kq!

4/ lqklqR<sqb!giMgtqe<!npqh<H!

uqjtUgt<;!

2/ djxheqgt<!dVgq!gmz<!fQI!lm<ml<!dbVukiz<!hz!fiMgtqe<!hz!hGkqgt<!fQiqz<!&p<gzil</!

3/ sqz!-mr<gtqz<!hVu!gizr<gtqe<!ntU!OlZl<<!fQcg<Gl<!4/ uieqjzjb!Le<ekigOu!siqbig!g{qg<g!Lcbilz<!OhiGl<!5/ Hbz<<!uZh<ohx<X!ncg<gc!dVuiGl<!6/ gMjlbie¢!$xiutqg<!gix<X!uQsg<%Ml</!7/ ouh<hie!dzgl<!nkqg!=vh<hkk<jk!d{<mig<gq!nkqg!ljp!ohipqju!Wx<hMk<Kl<!

8/ dzgqe<!hz!hGkqgt<!hijzuelig!liXl/<!9/ kQr<Gbqiq!H,s<sqgtiZl<!Ofib<gtiZl<!hbqi<gTl<!giMgTl<!hikqg<gh<hMl<!:/ sqz!ujg!giMgt<!ljxf<K!OhiGl</!21/ lOziqbi?!omr<G?!lR<st<!gib<s<sz<,!&jtg<gib<s<sz<!Ohie<x!Ofib<gt<!ouh<h!fiMgtqzqVf<K!hqx!fiMgTg<G¥!hvUl<!

22/ kiuvr<gTl<!uqzr<GgTl<!kl<jlk<!kgujlk<Kg<!ogit<t,!sqvlh<hm!Ou{<c!-Vg<Gl<</!!!

dzgtiuqb!ouh<h!dbIju!gm<Mh<hMk<Kl<!upqgt<;!

giIhje!keqjlh<hMk<Kkz<!

2/ nkqglie! lvr<gjt! utIh<hkqe<! &zl<! CO2! uiBuieK! ytqs<OsIg<jgbqe<!&zl<!HKlvh<!hGkqgtqz<!Oslqk<K!jug<gh<hMgqxK!

3/ CO2!uiBju!Np<gmzqOzi! )n*!w{<o{b<!gq{XgtqOzi!Ofvcbig¢!osZk<kq!kh<hqg<g!uqmliz<!keqjlh<hMk<kzil<!

4/ g{<{ic! uQM! uiBg<gjt! outqObx<xik! n[lqe<! sg<kq?! gix<xijzs<! sg<kq?!jam<v\e<!wiqohiVt<!osz<gt<!Ngqbux<jx!hbe<hMk<kzil</!

!

5/ YOsie<!YI!-bx<jgbie!$iqbk<kjm!we<hjk!étç.!

2/ $iqbeqzqVf<K!lqe<gif<k!hm<jmbqz<!gi{h<hMl< UV gkqIgt<!dbqiqer<gtqe<!DNA!Oskh<hMk<kq¤!kQr<G!uqjtuqg<Gl<!

3/ ^<Ovm<Omi^<hqbiqz<!1%!ntU!YOsie<!Gjxf<kiZl<!H,lqjb!uf<kjmBl<!UV!gkqIgtqe<!ntU!nkqgiqg<Gl</!

4/ YOsie<!-z<jzobeqz<!dbqi<gt<!biUl<!npqf<K!uqMl<!nz<zK!dbqi<gt<!biUl<!kjvg<G!ncbqOzi!gmzqOzi!hKr<g!OfiqMl</!

5/ ^<Ovm<Omi^<hqbiqz<!Ng<sq\e<!lQK!$iqb!ytq!osbz<hm<M!okimIf<K!YOsije!dx<hk<kq!osb<K!ogi{<Om!-Vg<Gl</!nOk!slbl<!-bx<jg!fqgp<<Ugtiz<!YOsie<!sqjkg<gUl<!osb<bh<hMgqxK/!

91

6/ ohiKuig!YOsie<!dx<hk<kqBl<!sqjkUl<!sllig!-Vh<hkiz<!uieoutqbqz<!YOsieqe<!olik<k!ntU!fqjzbig!-V¡Fl</!

7/ Neiz<!leqkeqe<!kx<giz!osbz<hiMgt<!YOsieqe<!dx<hk<kq!Ougk<jk!uqm!nkqOuglig¢!sqjkk<K!uqMgqxK/!

!

YOsie<!ohik<kz<!lx<Xl<!-ph<hqx<gie!giv{r<gt</!

utql{<mzk<kqz<!YOsie<!hmzk<kqe<!nmIU!Gjxf<K!olzqkib<g<!gi{h<hMl<!

hGkq!YOsie<!ohik<kz<!weh<hMl</!-K!Lke<Lkzqz<!n{<miIcg<!hGkqbqz<!

g{<Mhqcg<gh<hm<mK/!KVu!hGkqbqzqVf<K!-f<k!ohik<kz<!lx<x!hGkqgTg<G¥!

hvUgqxK/!

!

YOsie<!-ph<hqx<gie!giv{r<gt<;!

• ^<Ovm<Omi^<hqbiqz<!gi{h<hMl<!olik<k!GOtiiqEl<!hikqbtU!HOvilqEl<!

leqk!osbz<hiMgtiz<!dVuigqxK/!

• GOtiOvi!HTOvi!giIhe<!)n*!hqvie<!uiBg<gt<!

• HOvilqe<!%m<Mh<!ohiVm<gt<!)n*!aiOze<gt<!

• jfm<v\e<!Ng<jsMgt<!lx<Xl<!lQjkz<HOvilqm<!Ngqbju!YOsie<!-ph<hqx<G¡!giv{lie!ohiVm<gt<!NGl</!!

YOsie<!-ph<hqeiz<!Wx<hMl<!uqjtUgt<!lx<Xl<!YOsie<!-ph<jh¤!kMg<Gl<!

upqLjxgt<!YOsie<!-ph<hqeiz<!Wx<hMl<!uqjtUgt<!

2/ uqjts<sjz¥ hikqk<K!giMgtqe<!dx<hk<kqjb¥!hikqg<Gl<!3/ lQe<!GR<SgTl<!sqX!uqzr<GgTl<!hikqg<Gl<!4/ Okiz<!fqxlq!Hx<XOfib<?!wiqkqli?!g{<hiIjug<!OgitiX?!g{<Hjv!Ofib<?!Ofib<k<kjmgih<H!hikqh<H!Ohie<xju!Wx<hMl</!!!!

YOsie<!-ph<jh¤!kMg<Gl<!upqLjxgt<!

1. GOtiOvi!HOtiOvi!giIhe<gTg<G¥!hkqzig!jam<Ovi!GOtiOvi!HOtiOvi!giIhe<gt<?!jam<Ovi!HOtiOvi!giIhe<gt<?!hqBm<Ome<?!HOviOhe<?!nl<Olieqbi?!fQI!lx<Xl<!fQviuqjb¥!hbe<hMk<kzil</

2. YOsie<!hmz!-ph<hqx<G¡!giv{lie!ohiVm<gtqe<!dx<hk<kq!Gjxg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!-f<k!ohiVŸ <gjt!lXSpx<sqbqz<!=MhMk<k!Ou{<Ml</

3. GtqI!sikeh<!ohm<cgt<!lx<Xl<!GtqIsike!ohiVŸ <gjt!hPK!hiIh<hkqz<!ujvLjxgjt!Wx<hMk<k!Ou{<Ml</

4. outqObx<Xl<!Gtq'm<cgjt¡!jgh<hx<xq!lQ{<Ml<!hbe<hMk<<k!Ou{<Ml</5. $iqbg<!gkqIgtqe<!kig<GkzqVf<K!kx<gik<K¡!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml<

6!/gpqUgtqe<!ujggt<!lx<Xl<!gpqUfQi<!Sk<kqgiqh<H¥!hx<xq!uqiquig!wPKg/!

gpqUgtqe<!ujggt<;!

2/ dbqiqb!sqjkuqx<G!dt<tiGl<!gpqUgt<;!

-bx<jgbqz<!F{<[bqiqgtiz<!sqjkg<guz<z!gpqUgt<!dbqiqb!sqjkuqx<G!dt<tiGl<!

gpqUgt<!weh<hMl<</!

w/gi;!lvl<?!kit<?!-jpgt<?!Outi{<gpqUgt<?!uqzr<Ggtqe<!gpqUgt<?!d{U!

hkh<hMk<Kkz<!gpqUgt<!

92

3/ dbqiqb!sqjkuqx<G!dt<tigik!gpqUgt<;!

-ju!F{<[bqiqgtiz<!sqjkg<g!-bzik!gpqUgt<!NGl</!

w/gi;!Svr<g!gpqUgt<?!kiK!gpqUgt<?!okipqx<sijzg<!gpqUgt<?!hqti^<cg<!ohiVm<gt<!

lx<Xl<!dOzigr<gt</!

!

4/ dbqiqb!sqjkuqx<G!dt<tiGl<!lx<Xl<!dbqiqb!sqjkuqx<G!dt<tigik!gpqUgt<;!

-ju!fgvim<sq!gpqUgt<!lx<Xl<!okipqx<sijz!gpqUgt<!NGl</w/gi;!hjpb!gigqk!

ohm<cgt<<?!fitqkp<gt<?!g{<{ic!kgv!mh<hig<gt<?!K{qgt<?!gm<Mlie¥!ohiVm<gt<?!

sig<gjm!gpqUgt<!NGl</!

!

gpqUfQI!Sk<kqgiqh<H!lx<Xl<!Olzi{<jl;!

gpqUfQi<!Sk<<kqgiqh<hqe<!hcfqjzgt<;!

• lqkg<Gl<!gpqUgjt!fQg<g!djxb!juk<kz<?!hcb!juk<kz<?!lx<Xl<!ucgm<mz<!

Ljxgt<!Ohie<xju!osb<bh<hMgq‹wd/!

• KIfix<xl<!lx<Xl<!u{<{Olx<Xl<!ohiVŸ <gjt!Nuqbiukx<G!gix<Oxx<xl<!

osb<kz<!

• Ofib<!Wx<hMk<Kl<!dbqiqgjt¡!ogiz<<z!GOtiiqOex<xl<!osb<kz<!

Lkz<fqjz!Sk<kqgiqh<H;!

sig<gjm¡!gpqUgjt¢!Sk<kqgiqg<g!-bf<kqv!ucgm<mz<?!sz<zjm!hbe<hMk<Kkz<?!

hcbuqmz<!Ohie<xux<jx¤!okimi<f<K!GOtiiqe<!Wx<xl<!osb<kz<!61!–!76%

Âl¡fêÎfŸ Ú¡f«.

-v{<mil<fqjz!Sk<kqgiqh<H;!

hig<Ciqbig<gtiz<!giql!gpqUgt<!fQg<gh<hm<M!hqe<!gix<Oxx<xl<!&zl<!Ng<sq\e<!

Wx<xh<hMgqxK/!-l<Ljxbqz<!hig<Ciqbig<gtiz<!d{<mig<gh<hMl<!gsMgt<!yVlqg<gh<hm<M!

yV!gix<xx<x!osiqh<hie<!&zl<!jgbith<hMgqxK/!

!

7/ -mI¥hiM!kVl<!gpqUgtqe<!Olzi{<jl!hx<xq!wPKg!nz<zK!kQ<§FjU« fêÎfŸ!

Nbqvl<!N{<Mgt<!NbqEl<!nh<hcOb!-Vf<K!Nhk<jk!uqjtuqg<Gl<!gpqUgt<!

-mI¥hiM!kVl<!gpqUgt<!weh<hMl</!

w/gi;!gkqIuQs<S!gpqUgt<?!giql!gjvh<hie<gt<?!giql!sbjeMgt<?!nlqz!n^<oh^<mi^<?!

dOzig¡%m<Mh<!ohiVm<gt</!

-mI¥hiM!kVl<!gpqUgjt¡!jgbiTl<!Ljxgt<;!

fqzk<kqz<!fqvh<Hkz<;!

gkqIuQs<S!kqxe<ogi{<m!gpqUgjt!k‰W« ÏuhQt« bjhl®ghf fêÎfŸ

H,lqbqe<!fqzk<kcbqz<!dt<t!GpqgTg<Gt<!Oukqh<!ohiVŸ <gt<!ye<OxiM!ye<X!gzf<K!

GXg<G!uqjebqz<!=Mhmuqmilz<!nju!keqk<keqOb!Oslqg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!hqe<eI!

GpqgTg<Gt<!fQI!Hgilz<!-Vg<g!gtql{<!ogi{<M!&mh<hMgqxK/!okimIf<K!-g<Gpqgt<!

g{<gi{qg<gh<hMgq‹wd.!

Np<gq{X!hib<s<sz<;!

93

Kgt<gt<!lx<Xl<!Kjtgt<!ogi{<m!l{<hvh<Hjmb!H,lqbqe<!lqg!Npk<Kt<!

fqzk<kc!fQVg<G¡!gQOp!gq{Xgt<!Oki{<mh<hm<M!-mI¥hiMkVl<!kqvug<!gpqUgt<!

Oslqg<gh<hMgq‹wd/!

sqz!slbl<!kjvbqz<!ouch<Hgt<!Okie<xq!-g<gpqUgt<!fqzk<kc!fQVme<!gzf<K!uqMl<!

nhibLl<!d{<M/!

Olx<hvh<hqz<!&c!juk<kz<;!

sqxqktU!Oukqbz<!gpqUgjt¡!ogi{<m!Wvitlie!fQ®!kjvbqz<!sqXGtr<gt<!

oum<mh<hm<M!nkqz<!fqvh<hh<hMgqxK/!kqmg<gpqUft<!kjvh<hvh<hqz<!hcf<K!uqMgq‹wd/!fQI!

Nuqbigq!uqMgqxK/!

!

wiqk<K!sil<hizig<Gkz<;!

dbqiqb! lVk<Kug<! gpqUgtie! leqk! dmz<?! -vk<kl<?! sQp<?! fs<Sk<! ke<jl!

ogi{<m!lVf<K!ohiVm<gt<?!uqzr<Ggtqe<!gpqUgt<! ?!F{<[bqiqbz<!lx<Xl<!!dbqiqb!

okipqx<Fm<h!gpqUgt<!Ngqbju!wiqk<K¢!sil<hizig<gh<hM»‹wd.<!!

dbqiqb!kQIU;!

F{<[bqiqgt<?! kiuvr<gt<! Ohie<x! dbqiqb! ohiVm<gjt¡! ogi{<M!

Sx<Xs<$pjz¢! Sk<kl<! osb<uOk! dbqiqb! kQi<U! weh<hMl<-bx<jgbqz<! gi{h<hMl<!

hig<Ciqbi!Ohie<x!F{<[bqiqgt,<!dOzigr<gt<!Ohie<x!gpqUgjt¢!sqjkg<gOui! )n*!

fs<Sk<ke<jljb! Gjxg<gOui! osb<gqe<xe/\qh<ovz<zi! hqB,Osiqbl<! we<x! kiuvl<!

sbjeMgjt¢! sqjkg<gqxK/$h<hi<! hg<! we<hMl<! $OmiOlie <̂! H,cmi! hig<Ciqbi!

w{<o{b<!gpqUgjt¢!sqjkg<gqxK/!!

8/ -mIhimx<x¡!gpqUgjt!wu<uiX!Olzi{<jl!osb<bzil<!mšyJ Ô§f‰w mšyJ

Âl¡fêÎfŸ nkyh©ik!

Sgikiv!fqzg<Guqh<H;!gpqUgjt! -bx<jgbie! GpqgtqOzi! nz<zK! Oki{<mh<hm<<m! ht<tr<gtqOzi!

Guqk<K! l{z<! ogi{<M! &mh<hMgqxK/! -u<uiX! dVuig<gh<hm<m! Sgikiv!fqzg<Guqh<Hgt<! lQK! H,r<gig<gt<?! uqjtbim<<M! jlkier<gt<! Ohie<xux<jx!dVuig<gzil</!

!!

wiqk<K¢!sil<hizig<Gkz<;!fgvim<sqgtqz<!wiqk<K¢!sil<hizig<Gl<!djzgt<!&zl<!wiqbg<%cb!kqmg<gpqUgt<!

sil<hizig<gh<hMgqxK/! sqzujg! wiqbik! gpqUgt<! dVg<gh<hMgqe<xe/! 91.:1%

Âl¡fêÎfis¡ Fiw¡fyh«. !

kqmg<gpqU!Olzi{<jlbqz<!lQ{<Ml<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!lx<Xl<!lXSpx<sq!Ljxgt<!wu<uiX!hbet<tkig!dt<td!lx<Xl<!gpqUfQI!Sk<kqgiqh<H!Ljx!hx<xq!wPKg/li22!lQ{<Ml<!hbe<hMk<Kl<!lXSpx<sq!Ljxgt<;!!

• vh<hI?! g{<{ic?! kit<! lx<Xl<! K{<M! dOzigr<gt<! Ngqbux<jx¡!gpqUgtqzqVf<K! keqOb! hqiqk<K! wMk<K! lQ{<Ml<! hbe<hMk<Kkz<! lXSpx<sq!weh<hMl</!

• gêÎ¤jhŸ )54%*! %pig<gq! nm<jmh<ohm<cgt<! osb<kz<! nz<zK! gjvk<K!

osz<ZOzi^<! lqe<gmk<kih<! ohiVm<gt<! osb<kz<! nz<zK! okiP! dvlig¥!hbe<Mk<kzil</!

94

• g{<{icgjt! )20%*! ofiXg<gq! HKg<g{<{ic¢! silie<gt<! kbiiqg<gzil</!nz<zK!nf<k!ofiXg<gz<gjt¡!gir<gQiqm<?!N^<hiz<m<!Ohie<xux<jx¤!kbiiqg<g¥!hbe<hMk<kq¡!ogit<tzil</!

• sqz! ujg! hqti^<cg<jg! )2.2%*! dVg<gq! fjmhijk! uqiqh<Hgt<?! fQIhib<s<Sl<!Gpib<gt<?!hqti^<cg<!nm<jmgt<?!YMgt<!Ohie<xux<jx¤!kbiiqg<gzil<<</!

• dOzigr<gjt!)39%*!dVg<gq!lQ{<Ml<!hbe<hMk<kzil</!

• hjpb!K{qgjt¤!K{<mig<gq!gikqk!kbiiqh<hqz<!hbe<hMk<kzil</!

• hjpb!mbIgjt¤!K{<mig<gq!sijzgt<!Ohim!hbe<hMk<kzil</!

• d{Ug<! gpqUgt<?! h{<j{¡! gpqUgt<! Ohie<xux<jx¤! okiP! dvlig¥!hbe<hMk<kzil</!

!9/ -f<kqbiuqz<!gi{h<hMl<!dbqiqb!lqGutr<gt<!hx<xqBl<!dbqiqb!hz<ujgjl!hiKgih<hqz<!=Mhm<Mt<t!fqXuer<gt<!hx<xqBl<!wPKg/!

klqp<fim<cz<!gi{h<hMl<!dbqiqblqG!utr<gt<;!

2/fQzgqiq!dbqiqblqG!utl<;!

2/ -K!kiuv!dbqiqb!hz<ujgjljb!Wvitligg<!ogi{<Mt<tK/!3/ -ke<!olik<k!hvh<htU6631!sKv!gq/lQ!4/ -K!sqx<xqer<gtqe<!dt<lvhqb!hz<ujgjljb¥!hiKgig<gUl<?!sqjkf<K!Ohie!$p<fqjz!l{<mzk<jk!-bx<jg!fqjzg<G¡!ogi{<M!uvUl<!Wx<hMk<kh<hm<mK/!!

3/!le<eiI!ujtGmi!dbqiqblqG!utl<;!

2/ -K!32sqX!kQUgjt!dt<tmg<gqbK/!3/ -K!4711!kiuv!lx<Xl<!uqzr<Ggtqe<!dbqiqbz<!osiIg<glig!uqtr<GgqxK/!4/ npqf<K!uVl<!-er<gt<!lx<Xl<!dbqiqbs<!osz<ur<gtqe<!osxqU!Ngqbux<jx!nch<hjmbig!ogi{<m!nj®bjL¡f¥g£l MW Ïl§fëš x‹W.!!

dbqiqb!hz<ujgjl!hiKgih<hqz<!=Mhm<Mt<t!fqXuer<gt<;!

2/ dzgtiuqb!ueuqzr<G!fqkqbl<!3/ Nh<hqiqg<g!ueuqzr<G!jlbl<!4/ wkqIgizk<kqx<gie!utr<gt<!5/ -bx<jg¥!hiKgih<H!6/ dzg!utr<gt<!fqXuel<!7/ he<eim<M!nxquqbz<!gpgl<!

!!

dbqiqb!hz<ujgjl!hiKgig<g!-f<kqbiuqz<!dt<t!fqXuer<gt<;!

2/ kiuv!lvhqbz<!utr<gTg<gie!Oksqbg<!gpgl<!.HKomz<zq!3/ uqzr<G!lvhqbz<!utr<gTg<gie!Oksqbg<gpgl<!.glz<!4/ lQe<!lvhqbz<!utr<gTg<gie!Oksqbg<!gpgl<!.!nzgihik<!5/ uqzr<GgTg<gie!jlbl<!.!ohr<gTI!6/ -bx<jgg<gie!dzgituqb!fqkqbl<!.!-f<kqbi!

!

:/ Nx<xz<!ofVg<gc!we<xiz<!we<e@!Nx<xz<!ofVg<gcjt¤!kQIg<g!wMg<gh<hm!Ou{<cb!

fmucg<jggt<!biju@)n*!Hkqb!Nx<xz<!utr<gjt!dVuig<Gkjz!uquiq!!

!

95

nkqg!lg<gt<!ohVg<gl<?!fgvlblig<gl<!-ux<xqeiz<!3131l<!N{<cx<Gt<!fqzg<giq!

oh£Oviz<?!-bx<jg!wiquiB!Ngqbju!kQIf<KuqMl<!nhibl<!dt<tK/!-keiz<!Nx<xz<!

ofVg<gc!Wx<hMl<!nhibl<!dt<tK/!

!

Nx<xz<!ofVg<gcjbk<!kuqIg<g!wMg<g!Ou{<cb!fmucg<jggt<;!

2/wiqohiVt<!FgIju!Gjxk<kz<;!

2/ kx<OhiK!dt<t!gm<cmr<gtqz<!ouh<hk<kjm!ohiVŸ <gjt¥!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!3/ Ohig<Guvk<K!siker<gtqe<!wiqohiVt<!FgIju!Gjxk<kz<!4/ sqxf<k!kqxEt<t!Ohig<Guvk<K!uiger<gjt¥!hbe<hMk<Kkz</!!

3/Hkqb!Nx<xz<!utr<gjt!dVuig<Gkz<;!2/gix<X!Nx<xz<;!

-f<kqbiuqz<!gi{h<hMl<!fQ{<m!gmOzivh<!hGkqgt<?!ljzgt<!lx<Xl<!hijzueh<!hGkqgtqz<!gix<xijzgjt!njlk<K!lqe<!dx<hk<kq!osb<bzil</!-ux<jx!ogi{<M!fQOvx<xl<!osb<bzil<</!!gix<X!Nx<xzqe<!fqjxgt<;!2/ dx<hk<kq!oszU!lqgUl<!GjxU!3/ Sx<Xs<$pZg<G!wu<uqk!hikqh<Hl<!-z<jz/!4/ Csz<!Nx<xz<!Ohiz<!-z<zilz<!okimIf<K!lqe<sivl<!dx<hk<kq!osb<bh<hMl</!!

3/Huq!ouh<h!Nx<xz<;!hz!kQU!fiMgtqz<!-bx<jgbqOzOb!gi{h<hMl<!ouh<h!fQI!Dx<Xgtqz<!-Vf<K!

outqObXl<!fQviuqjb!Nx<xzigh<!hbe<hMk<KuKkie<!-f<k!okipqz<Fm<hl</!!4/Nx<xz<!dx<hk<kqg<gie!ouh<hhijxgt<;!

ólqbqe<!dm<Hxk<kqz<?!Npk<kqz<!hijxgtqe<!ouh<hl<!311!Lkz<!361!Q’osz<sqb^<!ntU!dt<tK/!-g<gq{Xgtqz<!dt<t!nkqg!nPk<kk<kqz<!fQIh<!hib<s<sh<hMgqxK/!-f<k!fQvieK!hijx!-jmoutqgtqz<!FjpBl<<!ohiPK!$migqxK/!hqe<eI!-f<fQI!OuX!Gpib<gt<!&zl<!fQviuqbig¥!Huqh<!hvh<hqx<G¡!ogi{<M!uf<K!mIhe<gjt!-bg<gq!lqe<!dx<hk<kq!osb<bzil</!!5/sqXfQi<!lqe<!kqm<mr<gt<;!

giz<uib<gt<?!Yjmgt<!Ohie<xux<xqz<!-Vf<K!Sx<Xh<Hx¢!sQIOgM!-z<zilz<!lqe<!dx<hk<kq!osb<bzil</!!6/ohVr<gmz<!Nx<xz<;!

ohVr<gmz<!gix<X?!ohVr<gmz<!njzgt<?!ohVr<gmz<!Ykr<gt<?!ohVr<gmz<!fQOvim<ml<?!ohVr<gmz<!Huq!ouh<hl<?!ohVr<gmz<!dh<H¤ke<jl!OuXhiM!lx<Xl<!hisqgjt¡!ogi{<M!Nx<xjz¥!ohxzil</!7/gmz<!Ykr<gt<!&zl<!Nx<xz<;!

ohVr<gmz<!njzgTl<!Ykr<gTl<!Wvitlie!Nx<xjzg<!ogi{<Mt<te/!-f<<k!Nx<xz<!HKh<hqg<g!uz<zkigUl<!Sx<Xs<$pZg<G¡!OgM!nx<xkigUl<!dt<tK/!

!8/$iqb!Nx<xz<;!

dzgqZt<t!njek<K!Nx<xz<gTg<Gl<!&zlie!$iqb!Nx<xz<!yV!

HKh<hqg<guz<z!Nx<xz<!NGl<<</!yu<ouiV!uVmLl<!$iqbeqmlqVf<K!H,lqg<G!6X2131!gqOzi!gOziiq!Nx<xz<!gqjmg<gqxK/!

!$iqb!Nx<xzqe<!fqjxgt<;!2/ Sx<Xs<$pjz!liSh<hMk<Kukqz<jz!

96

3/ ytqs<OsIg<jg,!g{<{ic!uQM!uqjtU!Ngqbux<xqe<!$p<fqjzs<!sle<him<jm!hviliqg<g!dkUgqxK!

4/ w{<o{b<!lx<Xl<!uiBg<gtqz<!Wx<hMl<!Sx<Xs<$pz<!hikqh<H!-kqz<!Wx<hMukqz<jz!!

9/n[g<gkqI!Nx<xz<;!

Hjkhcu!wiqohiVTg<G¥!hkqzig!-f<k!Nx<xjz!hbe<hMk<kzil</!

!

2/n[g<gkqI!hqtk<kz<;!

yV!gelie!n[ju!fqBm<vie<!ogi{<M!kig<Gl<!OhiK!Wvitlie!Nx<xz<!

outqh<hMgqxK/!Neiz<!-kqz<!n[g<gkqI!gpqUgjt¡!jgbiTuK!yV!ohiqb!sqg<gz<!

NGl</!

!

3/n[g<gkqI!-j{U;!

cBm<ciqbl<!lx<Xl<!cjvm<cbl<!Ohie<x!Ozsie!n[!dm<gVg<gjt!-j{f<K!

yV!gelie!fqjzbie!n[uig!liXl<!Nx<xz<!outqh<hMgqxK/!-kqz<!n[g<gkqi<!

gpqU!nhibl<!-z<jz/!Neiz<!-f<k!okipqz<Fm<hl<!-Kujv!siqbig¡!

g{<mxqbh<hmuqz<jz/!

!

:/dbqIuiB!)n*!si{!wiquiB!Nx<xz<;!

dbqiqbg<!gpqUgjt¡!gix<xx<x!Ljxbqz<!lg<gs<!osb<uke<!&zl<!-u<uix<xz<!

ohxh<hMgqxK/!

!

21/jam<v\e<!wkqIgiz!Nx<xz<!&zl<;!

kx<slbl<!dt<t!okipqz<Fm<hr<gt<!&zl<!-f<k!Nx<xjz!ntuqe<xq!nkqglig!

dx<hk<kq!osb<bzil</!

leqkEg<G¤!Okjubie!njek<K!Nx<xz<!OkjugjtBl<!lzquigUl<!

kqxe<uib<f<kkigUl<!fqjxU!osb<gqxK/!

!

jam<v\e<!Nx<xzqe<!fqjxgt<;!

• -K!yV!fs<Sk<!ke<jlbx<x!uiB!

• Sx<Xs<$pz<!hikqh<H!-z<jz!

• nkqghm<s!ohiV{<jl!Nx<xz<!ogi{<mK/!

!

21/ fe<eQI!Oslqh<H!hx<xq!wPKg/)nz<zK*!fe<eQI!Olzi{<jl!hx<xq!wPKg!!

fe<eQI!Olzi{<jl;!Huqbqz<!gqjmg<Gl<!fe<eQiqe<!ntU!yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!ntOu!

kie</!Gxqh<hqm<m!-mr<gtqz<!fQI!gqjmh<hkx<G!hz!upqgt<!dt<te/!

2/Olgk<kqz<!Oukqh<!ohiVt<gjt¤!K~Ukz<;!

dzI!heq!)n*!ohim<misqbl<!nObijmM!Kgt<gjt!fQI!OgiIk<k!Olgr<gtqe<!

lQK!K~uqeiz<!sqz!slbl<!ljph<!ohipqU!Wx<hMl</!

3/dh<H!fQjv¡!Gc!fQvig<gz<;!

ohVr<gmz<!fQiqz<!dh<H!ke<jljb!fQg<GuK!yV!sqxf<k!okipqz<Fm<hliGl</!

ucgm<mz<nz<zK!kjzgQp<!su<U,M!hvuz<!Ljxbq‹<!&zl<!dh<H!fQjv¡!GcfQvig!

lix<xzil<</JghŒ, Xk‹, gÀiu‹

4/nj{gt<?!fQIk<Okg<gr<gt<?!giz<uib<gt<?!fQIg<Gpib<gt<;!

97

-jugtqe<!&zl<!fQjvs<!Osgiqk<K!wr<ogr<G!fQI!Okju!Wx<hMgqxOki!

nr<ogz<zil<!k{<{Qjv!ntqh<hK!ohiKuie!fjmLjxbiGl</!

!

5/fQIh<!hqiqjg!LgM!Olzi{<jl;!

nj{gtqz<!-Vf<K!uQ{iGl<!nkqgh<hcbie!fQjv¢!sqX!sqX!Gtr<gtqz<!Okg<gq!

fe<eQI!ntju!nkqgh<hMk<kzil</!

6/ljpfQI!Osgiqh<H;!

ljpfQjv!OfvcbigOui!nz<zK!H,lqg<Gt<!osZk<kqObi!fqzk<kc!fQI!utk<jk¥!

ohVg<GuOk!ljpfQI!Osgiqh<H!weh<hMl<</!

-l<Ljx!&zl<!fqzk<kc!fQI!lm<ml<!dbVgqxK/!gmz<fQI!fqzk<Kg<Gt<!HGuK!

kMg<gh<hMl</!

gm<cmr<gtqe<!%jvlQK!uqPl<!fQjv¤kqxf<k!gq{x<xqg<Gt<Oti!Np<!Gpib<gTg<Gt<Oti!

Ofvcbig¢!osZk<kzil</!

!

7/Oll<hm<m!Outi{<!Ljxgt<;!

giMgt<!utIh<H?!nXujmg<Gh<!hqe<!uQ{ie!hbqIgjt!nh<hcOb!uqm<M!

juk<kz<?!siquie!fqzh<hGkqgtqz<!dPujk¤!kMk<kz<?!sKh<H!fqzr<gjt¥!

hiKgih<hkqe<!&zl<!fqzk<kc!fQiqe<!ntju!nkqgiqg<gs<!osb<bzil</!

8/uQMgtqz<!Oslqk<kz<;!

uQMgtqz<!szju!-bf<kqvr<gt<?!hik<kqvr<gjt¡!gPUl<!-bf<kqvr<gt<?!Gjxf<k!

Úiu¥!hbe<hMk<Kl<!Gtqbzjx!siker<gt<!&zl<!fQI!uQ{iujkg<!Gjxg<gzil</!

9/okipqx<sijzgtqz<!Oslqk<kz<<;!

dzI!GtqIuqg<Gl<!Ljxgjt¥!hbe<hMk<Kkz<?!okipqx<sijz!gpqU!fQjv¢!

Sk<kqgiqk<K!lXSpx<sqbqz<!=MhMk<kq!lQ{<Ml<!hbe<hMk<Kkz</!

:/fQjv¢!Oslqh<hkqz<!keqleqkeqe<!hr<G;!

2/ Gtqg<g¥!hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<!fQiqe<!ntju¡!Gjxk<kz<!3/ giIgjtBl<?!-Vsg<gv!uiger<gjtBl<!ncg<gc!gPug<%miK/!4/ jgjgjt¡!gPUl<!OhiKl<!hik<kqvr<gjt¡!gPUl<!OhiKl<!hz<!Kzg<Gl<!OhiKl<!Okjubqz<zilz<!k{<{QI!Gpib<gjt¤!kqxf<K!jug<gg<%miK/!

5/ uQm<Mk<!Okim<mk<kqz<!dŸq® brofŸ , hijzue!oscgjt!fm<M!jug<gzil<!6/ Gjxf<k!fQjvh<!hbe<hMk<Kl<!Gtqg<Gl<!siker<gjtBl<!gpqujx!siker<gjtBl<!hbe<hMk<kzil</!

7/ yPgqg<!ogi{<cVg<Gl<!Gpib<gjt¢!siq!osb<bzil</!22/uXjljb!hx<xq!wPKg!!

uXjl!we<hK!Gjxf<khm<s!utl<!nz<zK!uVliel<<!-z<zikqVk<kz<!NGl</!

leqkeqe<! Okjug<G! nusqblie! sk<K{U?! djmgt<?! uQM?Sk<kliefQI! lx<Xl<!

Sgikivk<!Okjugt<!-z<zikqVk<kz<!uXjlbiGl</!

uXjlbqe<!ujggt<;!

2/LPjlbie!uXjl;!

uipg<jgg<Og! Ogmig! njlBl<! Oliskhe! uXjl! LPjlbie! uXjl!

weh<hMl</!

!

3/okimIhqbzie!uXjl;!

lx<x! dzg! fiMgTme<! yh<hqMl<! OhiK! Gjxf<k! utl<! nz<zK!

uVliek<jk¡ogi{<m!yV!sLkib!fqjz!okimIhqbzie!uXjl!weh<hMl</!

uXjlBl<!Sx<Xs<$pz<!hqvs<sjegTl<;!

98

2/ lg<gt<okijgBl<! uXjlBl<! -bx<jg! utr<gt<! lQKl<! Sx<Xs<$pz<! lQKl<! ohVl<!kig<gk<jk!d{<mig<gqBt<td/!

3/ fQIfqjzgt<?! l{<?! giM! Ohie<xux<xqe<! liShiM! dzgqe<! hz! hGkqgtqe<! uXjlg<G!givi{lig!dt<tK/!

4/ Sx<Xs<$pz<! sQIOgmieK! d{U! hx<xig<Gjx?! Sk<klie! fQI?! djxuqmr<gt<! Ohie<x!nk<kqbiusqblie!ohiVm<gtqe<!hx<xig<Gjxg<G¡!giv{lig!dt<tK/!

5/ nkqg! lg<gt<! okijg! ohVg<glieK! fqzr<gjtBl<! lx<x! utr<gjtBl<! nkqglig¥!hbe<hMk<Kl<!$p<fqjzjb!d{<mig<GgqxK/!!

uXjljb¢!siqosb<Bl<!upqgt<;!

2/ fQI! lx<Xl<! fqz! utr<gjt! nkqgiqk<kz<?! hbqiqm¤! kGkqbie! fqzr<gtqe<!ntju! nkqgiqk<kz<<! lx<Xl<! utlx<x! fqzr<gjt! utLt<t! fqzr<gtig!lix<XKkz</!

3/ uqusibk<jk¤!kQuqvhMk<Kkz<?!hSjl!Hvm<sqjb!nkqgiqk<kz<?!fuQe!lvhqbz<!lx<Xl<!dbqiqb!okipqz<Fm<h!Ljxgjt¡!jgbiTkz<!

4/ kQr<Gbqiqgjt!npqg<g!dbqiqb!gm<Mh<him<M!Ljxgjt¥!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!5/ nkqgtuqz<! Nvl<h! Sgikiv! fqjzbr<gjtBl<! jguqmh<hm<m! lx<Xl<!OfiBx<xuIgTg<G!neijk!uqMkqgjtÍ«!Wx<hMk<Kkz</!

6/ GMl<hg<!gm<Mhim<M!Ljxjb¤!kQuqvlig¢!osbz<hMk<Kkz</!7/ uXjl! wkqIh<H! lx<Xl<! s&g! hiKgih<H! kqm<mr<gjt¢! osbz<hMk<Kkz</!!!!!!!8/! Oujz! uib<h<Hgjt! nkqgiqg<g! Hkqb! okipq‰<sijzgjtBl<! Hkqb!okipqz<Fm<hr<gjtBl<!d{<mig<Gkz</!

23/dæça gštifik v‹whš v‹d ? ghJgh¥gj‰F Ã‹g‰w nt©oa Â£l§fŸ. 13.cæça gštifik Fiwa fhuz§fŸ. mjdhš V‰gL« éisÎfŸ ahit ? 14. M‰wš _y§fë‹ R‰W¢NHš éisÎfŸ ahit?15. e‹Ü® ts§fŸ k‰W« Fiwtj‰fhd fhuz§fŸ ahit ?

ga‹gh£L cæçæaš

1. Mnuh¡»akhd fhšeilia v›thW f©l¿thŒ?1. bghèÎlD« , RWRW¥ghfÎ«, gs¥gs¥ghd njhiyÍ« cilait.2. rhjhuz¥ gÁÍ«, ešy cw¡fK« fhz¥gL«.

2. gR m«ikæ‹ m¿F¿fŸ ahit?1. Fiwªj mirnghL« j‹ik2. ghš ko, ghš fh«òfë‹Å¡f«3. clš bt¥gãiy mÂfç¤jš4. rUk«, ghško, ghšfh«òfëš bfh¥òs§fëšÓœ, Áu§F fhz¥gL«.5. ghš Ru¤jš FiwªJ Ïw¡f neçL«.6. khL¡bfh£lifia R¤jkhf it¤jš.

3. gR m«ikia¤ jL¡F« têKiwfŸ ahit?1. ghÂ¡f¥g£l éy§Ffis¤ jåik¥gL¤Jjš.2. FiHªj czÎ më¤jš3. kUªJ fiurYl‹ Toa x¤jl§bfhL¤jš4. c¥òila ngÂ kUªjë¤jš5. fha§fis¡ Fz¥L¤J«»Uä ehÁå fë«òfis¥ ga‹gL¤Jjš.

4. fhšeilfis¤ jh¡F« itu° nehŒfŸ ahit?1. kh£l«ik 2. fhšthŒ nehŒ 3. ç‹l®bg°£

99

5. fhšeilfis¤ jh¡F« gh¡Oçah nehŒfŸ ahit?1. M‹¤uh¡° 2. Ëknuí¡ br¥oÓäah 3. kh°o£O° 4. fhrnehŒ

6. mašfy¥ò (btëæd¡fy¥ò) v‹whš v‹d?Á¿J beU§»a mšyJ bjhl®g‰w cæçd§fis¡ fy¥òw¢ brŒjš.

7. FW¡F fy¥ò (Ãw Ïd¡fy¥ò) v‹whš v‹d?1. K‰¿Y«Ãw Ïd cæçfŸ x‹Wl‹ x‹W fy¡f¢ brŒjš.2. òÂa g©òfŸ c©lhF«.3. mÂf ts®¢ÁÍ«ÅçaK« cila fy¥ò cæç njh‹W«.

8. bra‰if éªö£l¤Â‹e‹ikfŸ ahit?1. fhšeilfis Ïd¥bgU¡f¤Â‰fhf kªijfahf¢ nr®¡f nt©oaÂšiy.2. nrfç¡f¥g£l éªJ¤Âut§fis nehŒ¡»UäfŸ ghÂ¡fhj t©z« bjhiyöu« vL¤J¢ bršyyh«. 3. fhakilªj, KÂ®¢Áailªj khLfë‹éªJÂut«Áid¥gLjY¡F cjÎ«.

9. by¡Ah®‹ nfhêfŸ bghUshjhu K¡»a¤Jt« thŒªjjhf¡ fUj¥gLtJ V‹?éiuéš KÂ®¢ÁailªJ 5 mšyJ 6 khj taJ milÍ«nghnj K£ilæl¤ Jt§»éL«

10. mbkç¡f Ïdtif¡ nfhêfë‹ g©òfis vGJ. cjhuz« bfhL.1. kŠrŸãw ÏwF. 2. Áf¥òãwKila bréklš 3. gG¥òãw XLila K£ilfŸc.«. nuhLIy‹Lbu£, Ãisbks¤uh¡.

11. Ïd¤njh‹wš mo¥gilæš m‹åa eh£L¡nfhêÏd§fŸ ahit? v.fh. jUf?1. mbkç¡f‹Ïdtif 2. MÁa Ïdtif 3. M§»y Ïdtif4. k¤Âa¤ jiu¡flš tif

12. nfhê K£ilfis¤ nj®ªbjL¡F«nghJ ftd¤Âš bfhŸs nt©oaF¿¥òfŸahit?1. K£ilfŸ brê¥ghf ÏU¡f nt©L«.2. jFªj mséidÍila K£ilfshf ÏU¡fnt©L«.3. ml®gG¥òãw XLfshf ÏU¡f nt©L«.4. òÂjhf Ïl¥g£l K£ilfshf ÏU¡f nt©L«.

13. milfh¤jè‹ÏUtiffŸ ahit?1. Ïa‰ifahd mil¡fh¤jš

K£ilfŸ jhŒ¡nfhê guhkç¥ÃšÏU¡F«.2. bra‰if mil¡fh¤jš

K£ilfis milfh¡F« bg£oæš it¡f¥gL«. mÂf v©â¡ifæšK£ilfis milfh¡fyh«.

14. ngâ¡fh¤jš v‹whš v‹d? tiffŸ ahit?bghç¤j Ïs« nfhê¡ FŠRfis 4 Kjš 6 thu« tiu guhkç¤J,ã®t»¤jšngâ¡fh¤jš vd¥gL« mitÏu©L tif¥gL«1. Ïa‰if guhkç¤jš- jhŒ¡nfhê guhkç¥ÃšÏU¡F«.2. bra‰if guhkç¤jš– bt¥gãiy f£L¥gL¤j¥g£l FŠR ts®¥ò¥bg£oæDŸghJfh¡f¥gL«.

15. °blj°nfh¥Ã‹ ga‹fŸ ahit?1. Ïja¤Â‹ rhjhuz xèfŸ, mrhjhuz xèfŸ f©LÃo¡fyh«.2. Ïja thšÎfë‹ gâfŸÓ®nfL miljiy¡ fhzyh«.3. Rthr¥ ghij nehŒfis¡ f©l¿ayh«(Ãuh§»o°òSil£o°)4. Flš ghijfë‹Ïa¡f¤ij¡ f©l¿ayh«.

16. Ïu¤j mG¤jkhåæ‹ ga‹fŸ ahit?

100

1. Ïu¤j X£l¤ j‹ikiaÍ«Ïja« brašgLtijÍ« f©l¿a¥ ga‹gL»wJ.2. iA¥g® bl‹õ‹-mÂf Ïu¤j mG¤j« k‰W« iAngh

bl‹õ‹-Fiw Ïu¤j mG¤j«f©l¿a¥ ga‹gL»wJ.

17. CT-°nf‹ v‹whš v‹d?xU oí£lš fâåæ‹ ga‹gh£ilÍ«, RHY« v¡°nu mik¥igÍ«x‹whŒÏiz¤J clè‹ gšntWcW¥òfŸ k‰W« ghf§fë‹ FW¡Fth£L ãHšcW¥òfŸ mšyJ J©Lfis cUth¡Fjš.c.«. Eiupuš, fšÄuš, ÁWÚuf«.

18. CT-°nf‹ ga‹fŸ ahit?1. Eiupuš, fšÄuš, fiza¥ò‰W nehŒfis¡ f©l¿ayh«.2. Ïja nehŒfŸ, nkhrkhd °£nuh¡FfŸ, Ïu¤j¡FHhŒ nehŒfŸ, jir mGfš,ÁWÚuf¡f‰fŸ f©l¿ayh«. 3. vY«ò rh®ªj nehÍ‰wt®fë‹ vY«òfëš cŸs jhJ¥bghU£fë‹ ml®Îfisf©l¿a¥ ga‹gL»wJ.

19. Ënkhir£nlh Û£lç‹ kU¤Jt¥ ga‹fŸ ahit?1. Ïu¤j bršfëš v©â¡ifia m¿a cjÎ»wJ.2. Át¥gQ¡fŸ FiwtJ mÜäahit F¿¡F«.3. Át¥gQ¡fŸ mÂfç¥gJ ghèir¤Ôäahit F¿¡F«.4. mrhjhuz WBC v©â¡if mÂfç¥ò YÑäahit¡ F¿¡F«.

20. v©nlh°nfh¥ò v‹whš v‹d?cl‰Fêæ‹ c£gFÂianah mšyJ gŸs§fŸ bfh©l cW¥ignah xUFWfyhd tisÍ« j‹ik bfh©lxëia¡ fl¤J«ÏiHfŸ bfh©l cgfuzkhd v©nlh°nfh¥ bfh©LMuhŒtj‰F v©nlh°nfh¥Ã v‹Wbga®.

21. M£nlh mdiyrç‹ nk‹ikfŸ ahit?1. iffshš brŒa¥gL« Kiwia x¥ÃL«nghJ Jšèa«mÂf«.2. Fiwªj fhy¤Âš Vuhskhd khÂçfis¢ brŒayh«.3. fz¡ÑLfŸ njit¥gLtJ Ïšiy.

22. M£nlh mdiyrç‹ FiwghLfŸ ahit?1. éiy ca®ªjit.2. Á¿a v©â¡ifæyhd khÂçfSf;F cfªjJ mšy.3. cgfuz¤Âš gGJ V‰g£lhš ga‹gL¤j KoahJ.

hk<K!lkqh<oh{<!uqeig<gt<!

hbe<him<M!dbqiqbz<!!

2/ gxju!hSg<gtqe<!Okix<xl<?!hvuz<?!h{<H?!hiz<!dx<hk<kq!uqtg<Gg/!

3/ giz<fjmbqz<!Wx<hMl<!Ofib<gjt!uquiq!

4/ giz<fjm!-eh<ohVg<gk<kqz<!Olx<ogit<th<hMl<!okipqz<Fm<hl<!hx<xq!uqtg<Gg/!

101

5/ Lg<gqb!lim<cer<gjtBl<!nux<xqe<!h{<HgjtBl<!uquiq/!nšyJ ga‹gh£o‹

mo¥gilæš fhšeilfis tif¥gLJjš.!

6/ Ogipquti<h<hqe<!Lg<gqb!fqjzgt<!biju@!uquiq/!nšyJ nfhê¥g©iz mšyJ

gwit¥ g©iz mik¡F« Kiwia étç.!

7/ ne<eqbfim<M¡!Ogipq-er<gjt!ujgh<hMk<Kg/!

8/ hxju!uti<h<H¥!hx<xq!uquiq!

9/ fim<MOgipq!-er<gjt!uquiq/!

:/ OgipqGR<S!uti<k<kZg<G¤!Okjubig!giv{qgt<!biju@!

21/ lQe<!Gtr<gtqe<!ujggjt¡!%X/!

22/ lQe<!uti<h<H!we<xiz<!we<e@!uti<h<Hg<G¤!hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<!lQe<gtqe<!h{<Hgt<!

biju@!23/ lQe<!h{<j{!Ma¤j« brŒJ nkyhz <jl!osb<ujkBl<!k‰W« jkœ<fim<M!d{U!

ujg!lQe<gjtBl<!uquiq/!

24/ lQe<!h{<j{k<!okipqz<!hx<xq!uquiq!

25/ P,Q,R,S, njzgjt!uquiq/!!ECG-uquiq!

26/ gl<b,m<mm<!OmiOligqvihq!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!hbe<gjt!uquiq/)CT)!

27/ °blj°nfh¥ò k‰W« °Ã¡nkhkhndhÛ£l® Mssss»at‰iw étç.!

28/ எ�ேடா�ேகா!ப# ம%&' ெசய%ைக ேப�ேம,க- ப%றி வ#ள,2க.!

29/ ஹ4ேமாைச5ேடா ம65ட- ப%றி வ#ள,2க.!

2:/ சி&ந4- ச-,கைர ஆ:; ப%றி வ#ள,2க.!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

7!

!

!

!

!

!

!

102

fqjz.III!

!dbqvqbz<!.!uqzr<gqbz<!.YV!lkqh<oh{<!uqeig<gt <!!dmx<osbzqbz<!

I.உண9ட.& உண; ெச?மான'

!2/!g‘v<Ohijam<Ovm<cz<!C.H.O uqgqkl<!___________ 2;3;2!3/!RNA, DNA &zg<%Xgtqz<!Lg<gqb!nr<glig!dt<t!yx<jx!sv<g<gjv!!____________( ohe<Omi <̂!*!3. 1 gm giv<Ohijam<Ovm<!outqbqMl<!gOzivq!ntU!____________ ( 4.1 c)5/!uqzr<Ggtqe<!gz<zQvzqZl<?!kjsgtqZl<!dt<t!%m<Ms<!sv<g<gjv!(gqjtg<Ogi\e<*!6/!zig<Omisqz<!dt<t!yx<jx!sv<g<gjvgt<!_________ (GTg<Ogi^<!+ gizg<Omi^<*!7/!d{Uk<Kgt<gtqz<!^<mii<s<!gi{h<hMl<!ucul<!....)ohg<ce*<!8/!we<j^l<gtig!osbz<HvqBl<!Hvkl<!_________________ ( osbz<Hvkl<*!9/!31!nlqOei!nlqzr<gtqz<!nusqblie!nlqOei!nlqzr<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!!________(10) :/!uqzr<Ggtqe<!wh<hGkqbqz<!ogiPh<H!Osgvqk<K!jug<gh<hMgqxK/!)nch<OhiS!kqS*!21/!-vk<k!nPk<k!Ofib<!dt<tuv<gTg<G!upr<Gl<!w{<o{b<gtqz<!__________ ogiPh<Hnlqzr<gt<!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!)hizq!ne<sis<SOvm<mm<!*!PUFA) 22/!2!gm ogiPh<hqz<!dt<t!sg<kq!___________ ):/4!gOzivq*!23/!$vqb!ytq!jum<mlqe<!weh<hMuK!____________________ ( D ) 24/!-vk<k!squh<h[g<gjt!Lkqv<s<sqbjmbs<!osb<Bl<!jum<mlqe<!____________( B12 ) 25/!jum<mlqe<!D Gjxh<him<ceiz<!Lkqbuv<gTg<G!Wx<hMl<!Ofib<!______ ( N^<cObi!!lOzsqbi*!26/!__________jum<mlqe<!Gjxuiz<!ohz<zg<vi!Ofib<!Wx<hMgqxK/!)fbsqe<*!16. kqSg<gTg<G!Hk<K{v<s<sqB,m<Ml<!jum<mlqe<!........)E)

28/!jum<mlqe<!W!bqe<!Lg<gqb!Oujz!....!)g{<hii<ju!d{i<U*!29/!leqkeqe<!dmzqEt<!dt<t!fQvqe<!ntU!_______________(71 – 78% )!19.ைவடமி� E ----------------------------------------- ஆ�.. (ஆ'�ஆ*ஸிட�

20. ம*ன>சிய.தன�ம.மன�தஉடலி�எ%உ#வாகேதைவ�ப,கிற%. எB'C & ப%கைள

ேதா%&வ#,க.- உடE க5Fமான' ! !

32//!d{U!d{<{i!fqjzbqz<!-bz<hie!-vk<ks<!sv<g<gjvbqe<!ntU!!_____________ (70 - 110 lq/gq!/ om/zq*!33/!osvqk<kzqz<!Lkz<!osbz<!______________( d{jus<!sjuk<kz<*!34/!kqef<OkiXl<!Svg<Gl<!dlqp<fQvqe<!ntU!____________(1000 – 1500 lq/zq/!*!35/!dlqp<fQv<!Svh<H?!uqPr<Gkz<!Yv<!_____________( neqs<js!osbz<*!!36/!-jvh<jhbqz<!sQh<!osz<gt<!wEl<!Lg<gqb!osz<gt<!Svh<hK!_________ (we<jsl<gt<*!37/!-jvh<jhbqe<!Sujv!HCL nlqzk<kqe<!hikqh<hqzqVf<K!hiKgih<hK.......!)Ogijph<ohiVt<*!

103

38/!-jvh<jhbqz<!HCL - J!Svg<Gl<!osz<!___________(Ng<̂ qe<cg<!osz<!அEலI Jவ- ெசEகK*!39/!hqk<kfQv<!dh<Hgt<!ohvqb!ogiPh<H!&zg<%Xgjt!wKuig!lixX<!gqxK/!)jgOzijlg<vie<!)ogiPh<H!kqujzgt<*!3:/!hqk<k!gx<gjt!dVuig<GuK!...........)ogiz^<cviz<*!41//!gj{b!fQvqe<!PH lkqh<H!______________ (PH 7 – 8 ) 42/!wK!Hx!ohh<cOm^<!......)gii<hig<^qohh<cOm^<*!43/!ohiqbui<gtqe<!dmz<fqjx!w{<{qe<!ntU!ujvbjx........)2:!.!36*!44/!osvqg<gh<hm<m!d{Uh<!ohiVm<gjt!dxqR<sq!gz<zQvZg<G!nEh<Hl<!!-vk<kGpib<!!!!!!!!!!!!!____________ )gz<zQvz<!Ohiv<m<mz<!sqjv*!!!45/!hx<osik<jk!Wx<hm<mkx<gie!Lkz<!nxqGxq!________________ )!hz<uzq!*!46/!Gmz<!H{<j{!Wx<hMk<Kl<!hig<Cvqbi!_________ (oazqg<OgiOhg<mv<!!jhOzivq*!47/!sqX!Gpf<jkgTg<G!Wx<hMl<!Gmz<!hqKg<gl<!______________(ogih<H,z<!!Gmz<!-xg<gl<*!48/!Gmz<uizqz<!uQg<gl<!Wx<hm<M!gMjlbie!ubqx<Xuzq!Wx<hMuK!!________(nh<he<cjsC^–2டE வாE அழ%சி*!

49//!gz<zQvzqz<!Okie<Xl<!lqgg<!gMjlbie!hikqh<H!____________(=vz<!-Xg<gq!!Ofib<*!!

! ! ! II.எ/.2க). ;,க). III. தைசகK! ! !

!!4://!Yv<!utv<f<k!leqkeqz<!d<t!wZl<Hgt<?!kjsfiv<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!______(206 ; 700) 51/!gq/L/!25!Nl<!F~x<xi{<cz<!wZl<H!LxqU!sqgqs<js!hx<xq!uqtg<gqbuv<!____________ )aq<h<OhigqOvm<̂ <*!52/!Lxqf<k!wZl<Hgjt!-j{g<Gl<!kqS!_____________ (giz^<!kqS*!53/!Ofib<fqjz!wZl<H!LxqUg<gie!giv{l<!......!)jah<hi<!hivijkvib<csl<*!kjsgt<!54/!kjs!fivqeqz<!gi{h<hMl<!olz<zqb!-jpgt<!______________(jlObi0jhhqvqz<gt<*!55/!kjss<!SVg<g!osbz<Ljxjb!fgVl<!.!-jp!gVk<Kg<!ogit<jg!&zl<!uqtg<gqbuv<gt<!____________ )!aie<se<!&ag<Oz!*!56/!kjss<!SVg<gk<kqe<!nkqghm<s!nPk<k!sg<kq!Sliv<!)4/6!gq/gq!/ s/os/lQ*!57/!kjss<!SVg<gk<jk!K~{<Muqg<Gl<!Oukqh<!ohiVt<;_____ (nsqm<jmz<!ogijze<*!58/!/omvm<miz\qg<!Gjxh<hiM!we<hK!wu<ujg!&m<M!fPUkjzg<!Gxqg<Gl<......)ge<o\eqm<mz<*!59/!kjsbqe<!SVg<gk<kqx<g<Gk<!Okjubie!giz<sqbl<!nbeqgjt!oueqbqMuK.......!!!!!!!!!)sii<Ogihqti^<lqg!ujz*!5:/!ogtm<!we<hK!wu<ujg!&m<M!upq.....)uti<sqjk!lix<x!GjxhiM*!61/!JOsiolm<iqg<!dmx<hbqx<sq!....kqxje!nkqgiqg<gqxK!)gqjtOgi\e<!Oslqk<kz<*!51. SbOfib<k<kMh<H!njlh<H!Gjxh<hiM!Ofib<!....)jlb^<kQeqbi!gqOvuq^<*!63!jlObi0jhhqiqe<!yV!K{<M!....!)sii<Ogilqbi<*!64/!-kb!kjsgTg<G!ohvqKl<!hzetqg<Gl<!kjss<!Svg<g!ujg!_________(JOsimieqg<*!65/!jlbi <̂kQeqbi!gqOvuq^<!Ofibitqg<G!-vk<kl<!Sk<kqgvqg<Gl<!osbz<hiM!______________ )hqti^<OlihQvqsq^<*!66/!sii<Ogilqbiqe<!kck<k!-jpgt<!....Nz<Neju!)jlObisqe<!)221A)*!67//!fvl<H!osz<!-j{h<hqz<!gi{h<hMl<!d{i<ujzgjtg<!gmk<Kl<!Oukqh<ohiVt<!....!)nsqm<jmz<ogijze<!

104

68/23யாதஒ#2தி�ேபா�றஅ��ெஜG*�எதிராக�ேதா�:.த,�பா!ற� ------------------- . (#ேம�*;,வலி)!58.க'இைமெசயலிழ�த�எ$ேநாய��அறி�றிஆ�. . (ைமயாAத>ன�யாகிேரவ�E)!

!!

IV.<வாசிNதE !!!6:/!dm<Suisl<!Yi<!_(osbz<lqG!fqgp<s<sq*!71/!dkvuqkiel<!ktv<s<sq!njmf<K?!-bz<hie!Olx<Guqf<k!ucju!ws<Suisk<kqe<!OhiK!72/!njmBl</!)outqSuisl<*!73/!&s<osiPr<G!hGkq!&jtbqe<!wh<hGkqbqz<!dt<tK/___________(LGtl<*!74/!fqBOlieqbiju!Wx<hMk<Kl<!hig<Cvqbi!__________(fqBOligig<gz<!fqBOlieqbi*!75/!gis!Ofijb!Wx<hMk<Kl<!hig<Cvqbi!_________(jlg<Ogi!hig<Cvqbl<!cB,hv<GOzisq^<*!76/!HIV hikqh<H!dt<tui<gjt!uqjvuqz<!okix<xqg<ogit<Tl<!Ofib<......)gisOfib<*!77/!&s<sqs<!sqx<xjx!fe<G!uqvqujmf<kUme<!nkje!d{i<f<k!d{i<hGkqgt<!outqs<Suig!78/!hGkqg<G!K~{<Mkz<gjt!-ke<!upqOb!nEh<Hgqe<xe!....)oug^<!fvl<Hgt<*!79/!dt<tqPg<gh<hMl<!gix<xqzqVg<Gl<!O ntU!...!skuQkl<!)32/11*!Olz!69.பா*H3ய�தி!�.ைவரஸி!�.இைட�படஉய�3 ---------------- . (ைம*ேகாப�ளாEமா).

!

V.�#தி <ழ!சி !!81/!jlm<vz<!uiz<U!weh<hMuK!__________(=vqkp<uiz<U*!82/!/-kbk<kqz<!lqe<!K~{<Mkjz!Okix<Xuqg<Gl<!hGkq!____________(SA g[*!83/!-kbl<!fqlqmk<kqx<G!wk<kje!Ljx!Kcg<Gl<!)83!.!91!Ljx*!84/!zh<!wEl<!fQ{<m!yzq!wf<k!uiz<U!&mh<hMukiz<!Wx<hMgqxK/!)Wm<vqObi!.!ou{<m<vqGzii<!uiz<U*!85/!-v{<miuK!-kb!yzq!)mh<*..........&Mukiz<!Wx<hMgqxK/)njvsf<kqv!uiz<U*!86/!-kbk<!kjs!kleq!Ofib<!weh<hMuK___________(-kbk<kjs!fsqUxz<!Ofib<*!87/!liv<jh!nPk<KuK!Ohie<x!gMjlbie!uzqjb!Wx<hMk<Kl<!liv<H!uzq!)Ne<j\ei*!88/!F{<ெணாzq!njzUgjt!dm<osZk<kq!-kbk<kqe<!dt<tjlh<hqje!hmlig!89/!Okix<Xuqk<kz<!)-kb!wkqovizq!ujvh<hml<*!8:/!-kb!uiz<U!GXgjzjmkz<!____________(^<omOeisq^<*!91/!dmz<!fzLjmb!yVuvqe<!-vk<k!nPk<kl<!__________(231!/ 80 lq/lQ/!olv<g<Gvq*!92/!gMjlbie!ofR<squzq!g<G!giv{lie!ேநாb<!...!)-kbk<kjs!fsqUxz<!Ofib<*!93/!N{<gTg<G!oh{<gjt!uqm!-kb-vk<kg<Gpz<!njmh<H!Ofib<!nkqgl<!uVukx<gie!!aii<Olie<!....)=^<m<Ovi\e*<!94/!leqkeqz<!Lke<!Lkzig!-kb!lix<X!nXjus<!sqgqs<jsbqje!osb<kuv<!__________ 2:78!.!Ohvi/gqxq^<cbie<!ohv<eiv<M)oke<!Nh<vqg<gi**!95/!-bz<hie!N{<?!oh{<gtqz<!dt<t!-vk<k!ntU!________(6.7!zqm<mv<<; 5.6!zqm<mv<*!96/!N{<?!oh{<!-vk<kk<kqz<!dt<t!RBC uip<fit<!____________(231!; 221!fim<gt<*!97/!N{<?!oh{<!-vk<kk<kqz<!dt<t!RBC gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!_____________ )!6/3!lqz<zqbe<!; 5/6!lqz<zqbe<!/ 2!g/lq/lQ/!98/!RBC dx<hk<kqbiGlqml<!_________(uqzi!wZl<H?!LKogZl<Hgtqe<!wZl<H!l\<j\*!99/!wf<k!WBC osz<zqz<!-vk<kl<!djxkjz!kjm!osb<Bl<!aqh<hivqe<!dt<tK/!

105

)OhOsi0hqz<gt<*!9:/!-kbk<!kjsk<!kleqgtqEt<!Wx<hMl<!-vk<k!gm<c_____(ogiOvievq!KOvil<Ohisq^<*!:1/!-vk<kg<!gm<cbqe<!yV!sqX!hGkq!-vk<k!Ym<mk<kqz<!-ml<!ohbv<uK______(wl<Ohiz^<*!:2/!/!0jhhqiqOei\e<!0jhhqiqe<!...)KOvil<hqe<*!

92.மன�தஇர�தெவ�ைளயC*கள��மிகசிறிய% ----------------- ம!:.மிக

ெப3ய% ----------------- ஆ�.. (லி.ேபாைச ,ேமாேனாச)!!!

VI.நர.2 ம'டல. !!:4/$p<fqjz!liXhm<miZl<!fqjzk<k!ke<jljbh<!ohx<xqVh<hK!)OailqObi^<Om^q^<*!:5/!d{v<ujzgt<!we<hK!______________(Yb<U!fqjzbqe<!lix<xl<*!:6/!lk<kqb!fvl<H!okiGh<hqz<!ou{<jl!ohiVt<!___________)Ng<̂ ie<gt<*!:7/!ohV&jt!Hx{qbqz<!lm<Ml<!dt<t!fvl<Hosz<!-j{h<Hgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!_____

)213894111!*!:8/!jmbe<!oshzieqe<!ohVl<hGkq!_____________(kzil^<*!:9/!K~g<gl<!.!uqpq<h<H!Spx<sqbqje!gm<Mh<hMk<KuK!_________(jah<Ohikzil^<*!::/!N{<?!oh{<gtqz<!ohV&jtbqe<!wjm!____________(1400 gm , 1200 gm) 211/&jtbqe<!wh<hGkq!njsBl<!ohiVm<gtqe<!hii<juh<hGkq!.......!)<OgizqGzq*!212/yV!fitqz<!Svg<Gl<!CSF kqvuk<kqe<!ntU!(550 ml) 213/lk<kqb!fvl<H!l{<mzk<kqe<!-bg<gk<!kir<gqbig!osbz<hMuK!__________ !!!)&jt!k{<Mum!kqvul<*!

214/!fM&jtbqz<!dt<t!5!dm<gVg<gt<!_____________(giv<Ohivi!Guim<vqo\lqei*!215/!ohV&jtbqzqVf<K!osb<kqgjt!sqX&jtg<G!gmk<Kl<!hGkq!________(hie<̂ <*!216/!-kbk<Kch<H?!Suisl<!Ohie<x!neqs<js!osbzqz<!=MhMl<!&jtbqe<!hGkq!________________)LGtl<*!217/!d{i<s<sqlqG!kV{k<kqz<!&jtbqe<!-V!njvg<Ogitr<gTl<!-jef<K!sllig!!osbzix<xdkUuK.....!)Le<Hx!-jeh<Hk<kqSg<gt<*!218/!__________we<hK!fqjeuix<xzqe<!-ph<H!NGl</!)!nl<eQsqbi!*!219/!gmf<k!giz!fqgp<Ugjt!fqjeU!%x!-bzik!fqjz!...........)nl<eQsqbi*!21:/!fl<!dmZg<G!fe<jl!hbg<Gl<!dxg<g!ujg!.........!)olKuie!njz!dxg<gl<*!221/!Kvqk!g{<!njsUgTme<!%cb!dxg<gl<!fQcg<Gl<!gizl<...........)16!.!41!fqlq*!222/!fqjzh<hMk<kh<hm<m!neqs<js!osbjz!Osikje!&zl<!Lke<!Lkzqz<!fq'hqk<kuv<!_________________ )Jue<!Ohu<Oziu<*!223/svisvqbig!yV!leqkeqz<!dt<t!&jtk<k{<Mumkqvuk<kqe<!ntU!______)261!ml )

113.மன�தGைடயபய.ம!:.ேகாப.ேபா�றவ!றி%கானமனநிைலம!:.ெபா%வான

உட�அைச�கைளF',வ%. ( தலாமE).!!

VII.ேவதி ஒ#7கிைண� ம'டல. !225/!om <̂Omi^<Cvie<!we<hK!___________ ujg!aiv<Olie<!NGl</!)N{<m<Ovi\e<*!226/!gVUx<x!oh{<{qe<!giv<h^<!Z~m<cbl<!HOvio\^<cviEme<!________wEl<!aiv<Olie<!!!!Svg<gqxK/!)!vqzig<^qe<!*!

106

116. தா%கல$தகா��காய�,கள��*கியமான%. ( அ�ேடா�Hேரா�) .!228/!hqm<B,m<mvq!_____________ gm<Mh<him<cz<!osbz<hMgqxK/!)jah<Ohikzil^<*!229/!hqm<B,m<mvq!Svh<hqbqe<!wjm!Sliv<!____________)!611!lq/gq*!22:/!_____jmbe<oshzieqe<!kjvh<!hGkqbqzqVf<K!dVuigqxK/)fqB,OvijaOhi0jhsq^<*!231/!Gpf<jk!hVuk<kqz<!utv<s<sq!aiv<Olie<!Gjxf<kiz<!_________ Wx<hMgqxK/!)Gt<tk<ke<jl*!232/!Gpf<jk!hVuk<kqz<!utv<s<sq!aiv<Olie<!nkqgvqk<K!8!.!:!nc!dbvk<jk!wm<Ml<!fqjz!!___)-vim<sk!ke<jl*!233/!ohvqbuv<gtqz<!utv<s<sq!aiv<Olie<!nkqgvqh<hkiz<!Wx<hMl<!fqjz!___ (ng<Oviolgzq*!233/!jkOvicOvihqe<!______miz<me<!&zg<%X!wjmBjmb!gqjtOgi!HvkliGl</!)39?111*!234/!nm<vqez<!Svh<hqbqe<!giv<omg<̂ <!Svh<Hgjtg<!gm<Mh<hMkK<!l<!aiv<Olie<!_____(ACTH) 235/!jkOvicOvihqe<?FSH, LH Ngqb!aiv<OliEg<G!dt<t!Yv<!yh<Hjl!____________ (gqjtOgi!Hvk!aiv<Olie<gt<*!236/!Ng<̂ qOmisqe<!we<hke<!ohiVt<!______________)Kvqkh<hqxh<H*!237/!gVh<jhbqe<!ole<jlbie!kqSg<gt<!lQK!osbz<hm<M!nux<jxs<!SVr<gs<osb<Bl<!Gpf<jk!hqxh<jh!wtqkig<Gl<!aii<Olie<!........)Ng<̂ qOmisqe<*!238/nm<iQez<!gii<omg<̂ qe<!Lg<gqb!Oujz!...)ofVg<gc!sgqh<H*!239/!_____ aiv<Olie<!Gjxuiz<!jmbiohC <̂!-e<sqhqட�<!wEl<!fQvqpqU!Ofib<!

Wx<hMgqxK/!)uiOîhqvq^<̂ qe<!)n*!N{<cjmB,vqg<!.!ADH*!241/!jkvig<̂ qe<!aiv<Olieqz<!dt<t!nlqOei!nlqzl<!___________)jmOvi^qe<*!131. jkvig<̂ qeqz<!dt<t!nObice<!skuQkl<!________________)!76% ) 243/giv<m<cOsie<!_________ Ng!osbz<hMgqxK/!)npx<sq!kMh<H!ohiVt<*!244/!Gpf<jk!hqxf<k!Lkz<!Yvi{<M!gizk<kqz<!fvl<H!dXh<H!okiGh<H!utv<s<sqg<G!giv{lie!aiv<Olie<!___________________)!jkvig<̂ qe<!*!245/!l{<{qz<!nObice<!Gjxuig!gi{h<hMl<!-mr<gtqz<!Wx<hMl<!gib<mv<!___________ )w{<mlqg<!gib<mv<*!246/!Gpf<jk!hqxg<Gl<OhiOk!jkvig<̂ qe<!hx<xig<Gjxuiz<!W%hMl<!GjxhiM!........!)கி?5QனRச') 247/!jkvig<̂ qe<!hx<xig<Gjxbiz<!ohvqbuv<gTg<G!Wx<hMl<!Ofib<!_______)lqg<̂ qcli*!248/!jkvig<̂ qe<!nkqgl<!Svg<gh<hMukiz<!Wx<hMl<!Ofib<!____________(gqOvuqe<!Ofib<*!249/!gqOvuqe<!Ofibqe<!lXohbi<!.......!)jkOvimig<̂ qOgi^q^<*

24:/!hivik<kiv<Olieqe<!njvuip<Uk<!ke<jl!_______ fqlqmr<gt</!(20 to 30)

251/!giz<sqbk<jk!Gைறqg<Gl<!aiv<Olie<!___________)giz<sqOmieqe<*!

252/!zir<gv<aieqe<!Nz<hi!osz<!___1.___l<?!hQm<mi!__2.___aiv<OlijeBl<!Svg<gqxK/!)2/GTg<Ogigie<!3/!-e<Szqe<*!253/!giv<Ohijam<Ovm<!nz<zik!ohiVtqzqVf<K!GTg<Ogi^<!dx<hk<kqbiuK!__________ )GTg<Ogi!fqObio\eqsq^<*!254/!_______ we<hK!jahv<!gqjtsQlqg<!aiv<Olie<!weh<hMl</!)GTg<Ogigie<*!255/!wz<zi!nm<iQez<!giv<m<cgib<MgTl<!_________ujgjbs<!Osv<f<kju/)^<Cvib<M*!256/!-kbk<Kch<hqe<!uQkk<jkBl<?!njzU!w{<j{Bl<!nkqgiqg<gs<osb<Bl<!aii<Olie<!..........!)whqofh<iqe<*!!!!

!

VIII உண� உ:�2 ம'டல. 257/!wf<k!gkqv<gtqe<!jlbk<kqz<!UVB Hx!Dkigkqv<gt<!dt<te/!(UVA, UVC) 258/!fiuqe<!Feq!olim<Mg<gtiz<!________Sjujb!nxqbzil</!)-eqh<H*!259/!Olz{<{h<!hGkqbqe<!Sju!nVl<Hgtiz<!____Sjugjt!nxqbzil</!)Htqh<H?!gsh<H*!

107

25:/!nkqgtU!HxDki!gkqi<gtqe<!kig<gk<kqeiz<!d{<miuK..........)Okiz<!Hx<XOfib<*!!!261/!ytq!uqpqk<kqjvjb!njmBl<!Le<!&e<X!hvh<Hgtqz<!ytqs<sqkxz<!njmgqxK/!)!giv<eqbi?!oze<sqe<!Le<hGkq?!oze<sqe<!hqe<hGkq*!262/!g{<!hqe<!njxbqz<!dt<t!uqm<v^<aQlv<!________Nz<!NeK/!)lqB,g<Ogi!Hvkl<*!263/!g{<{qe<!Gs<sq!osz<gtqe<!outqh<Hxk<kqz<!gi{h<hMl<!ovimih<sqe<!_________fqxlq/!)squh<H!gzf<k!Dki*!264/!_____________osz<gt<!fqxr<gjt!d{v<gqe<xe/!)%l<H*!265/!svqbie!ytqs<sqkxz<!fqjz!____________)!-!olm<Ovihqbi*!266/!____________ we<hK!gqm<mh<!hiv<ju/!)jlObihqbi*!267/!___________we<hK!K~vh<!hiv<ju!/!)jah<hv<!olm<Ovihqbi*!268/!___________ we<hK!g{<oze<sqe<!Hx!ujtUh<!hGkq!nkqgvqh<hkqeiZl<?!g{<Ogitl<!fQm<sqBVukiZl<!Wx<hMgqxK/!)gqm<mh<!hiv<ju!)n*!jlObihqbi*!269/g{<{qe<!oze<S!hGkqbqz<!OhiKlie!Hx!ujtU!-z<zikkqeiz<!____________fqjz!d{<migqxK/!)jah<hv<!olm<Ovihqbi!)n*!K~vh<hiv<ju*!26:/g{<{qz<!ytqg<gkqv<!uqpqk<kqjvg<G!Le<eiOz!Guqg<gh<hMujk!____________oze<S!!&zl<svq!osb<bzil</!)Gpq*!271/N <̂cg<Olm<csl<!Gjxhim<cz<!_____ hikqh<hjmgqxK/!)giv<eqbi!)n*!oze<̂ <*!272/ubK!Lkqv<s<sqbiz<!g{<{qe<!oze<S!gceliukqeiz<!Wx<hMl<!g{<!GjxhiM!!____________)hqv^<jhObihqbi*!273/!g{<!oze<sqe<!ytqHGl<!ke<jl!Gjxh<hiM!__________ )g{<Hjv*!274/!uqpqk<kqjvbqe<!osbz<him<cx<G!Okjubie!jum<mlqe<gt<!____(A lx<Xl<!B okiGkq*!275/!g{<!squh<higq!lR<st<!ohiVt<!outqObXkz<!)hqr<g<!g{<!)n*!ge<\g<cuqc^<*!276/!ப�ள�க� ம!:. 6டமாக வா\பவ�கள�ட. ேவகமாக பர�. க' ேநா� (ைவரE க�ஜ*�வ��E) 277/!g{<!squh<hikZme<!wvqs<sz<!d{<migq!fQv<!outqObXkz<!___ )!ge<\g<cuqc^<*!278/!g{<!-jlgtqe<!Yvr<gtqz<!njlf<Kt<t!Svh<hqgtqz<!Wx<hMl<!kQuqv!okix<X!__(^<jm*!279/!ge<\g<cuiuqz<!okix<X!Wx<hMk<Kl<!hig<Cvqbi!__________)^<omjhOzigig<gq*!27:/!yu<uijl!ge<\g<cuqc^<!Ofijbg<!G{h<hMk<k!_________gzf<k!osim<M!lVf<jk!hbe<hMk<kzil</!)Ne<c!aq^<mjle<*!281/!g{<{qe<!nhibgvlie!hikqh<H!_________________(GTg<Ogili*!282/!ைதேராசி� ெமலான�� . 283/!-tl<!ubkqeviz<!Ogm<gh<hMl<!yzq!ntU!)31!.!31?111!cps (or) av<m<̂ <*!284/!leqkvqe<!osuqbiz<!d{vg<%cb!yzq!ntU!)61!.!6111!oav<m<̂ <*!285/!fil<!ohiKuig!Ogm<gg<!%cb!yzq!ntU!)!611!.!6111!oav<m<̂ <*!286/!yzqbqe<!nmv<uqje!nth<hkx<G!hbe<hMl<!nzG!________ omsqhz<!(db) 287/!fMs<osuqbqz<!osuqh<hjxBme<!-j{f<Kt<t!osuq!GVk<okZl<H!____)liz<zqb^<*!288/!osuqh<hjxbqe<!hvh<htU!________________):1!sKv!lq/lQ*!289/!dm<osuq!________lx<Xl<!______Ngqbux<xiz<!NeK/!)gig<̂ qbi?!ou^<chqB,z<*!28:/!dm<osuqbqe<!gig<zqbi!hGkq!__________Sx<Xgt<!ogi{<m!Gpib<!Ohie<xK/!)3!/86*!291/!Ohsqziv<!su<uqz<!Ogt<!d{v<kqxe<!ogi{<m!njlh<H!_________)giv<jm!dXh<H*!292/!giK!Ogti!ke<jl!ogi{<m!OfibitqgTg<G!___________gVuq!hbe<hMl</!)Ogt<!dkuq!gVuq!*!293/!-f<k!okipqz<!-jvs<sz<!ntuQm<ce<!g{g<gqe<hc!nElkqg<ghh<!m<m!yzq!ntU!!________ )81dB Lkz<!120 dB) 294/!gek<k!sk<kl<!weh<hMuK!__________( 130 dB g<G!Olz<*!295/!dmzqe<!olik<k!wjmbqz<!Okiz<!____________ skuQkliGl</!)!8% ) 296/!Okizqe<!olik<k!hvh<htU!_______________ ( 1.1 – 2.2 s/lQ!*!297/!sQhl<!we<x!w{<o{b<!ohiVjts<!Svh<hK...........)w{<o{b<!Svh<hq!298/!dmz<!LPuKl<!hvuqBt<t?!oktqf<k!fQjv!Svg<Gl<!uqbv<ju!Svh<hqgt<!___________

108

( hGkq!Svh<hqgt<!)n*!lQOvigqjve<!Svh<hq*!299/!olzieqe<!fqxlqjb!Oslqg<gh<hMl<!osz<!_________)olzOeiOhiv<*!29:/!______nlqOei!nlqzk<kqzqVf<K!olzieqe<!dx<hk<kq!osb<bh<hMgqxK/!)jmOvisqe<*!2:1/!gVUx<x!gizr<gtqz<!Lgl<?!liv<H!Ngqb!-mr<gtqz<!fqxl<!nkqgvqg<g!giv{l<!________)=^<cOvi\e<!nkqgvqh<H*!!

IX . கழி�ந>*க ம'டல. 2:2/!sqXfQvgjhbqz<!Okie<Xl<!gx<gjt!ngx<x!hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<!Lkz<kvs<!sqgqs<js!Ljx!....!!!!)zqk<Okiciqh<sq*!2:3/!osbx<jgbie!sqXfQvgl<!...........)!jmbjzsi<*!2:4/!fQvqpqU!Ofibitqgtqz<!nkqg!ntU!sqXfQv<!outqObXkz<!_________)hizqB,vqbi*!2:5/!fQvqpqU!OfibitqgTg<G!hsq!nkqgvqh<hqeiz<!nkqgtU!d{U!d{<[kz<!!!!!!!_____________ )hizqOh\qbi*!!!2:6/!GOtil'zii<!ucg<gm<Mkzqe<OhiK!liz<hQ\qbe<!dXh<hqe<!osbz<hiM!biK@.......)dbqi<!!ucg<gm<c*!2:7/!gqtilVz^<!hGkqBl<?!ohtlieqe<!gq{<{Ll<!-j{f<k!hGkq!______ 2:8/!)liz<hQ\qbe<!dXh<H*!2:9/!-kbk<kqzqVf<K!outquVl<!olik<k!-vk<kk<kqz<!Wxg<Gjxb!_________ntU!!-vk<kk<jksqXfQvgl<!ohXgqxK/!( 20 – 25%) 2::/!35!l{q!Ofvk<kqz<!ucg<gh<hMl<!olik<k!GtilGziv<!uckqvuk<kqe<!ntU____)!281!.!291!zqm<mv<gt<*!311/!yV!fqlqmk<kqx<G!ucgm<mh<hMl<!GtilGziv<!uckqvu!ntU!________ (125 ml) 312/!Osgvqg<Gl<!Gpzqz<!fQv<!dxqR<sh<hMl<!fqgp<Ug<G!giv{lie!aiv<Olie<!____ )ADH )n*!uiOîhqvqsqe<*!313/!yV!fitqz<!ucg<gh<hMl<!GOtiGziv<!uckqvuk<kqz<!B,vqbiuqe<!ntU!_______)64!gqvil<*!314/!ogtm<ceiz<!hikqg<gh<hMhuvqe<!sqXfQvg!gx<gtqz<!nkqgl<!dt<t!Oukqh<ohiVt<!_______________ )B,vqg<!nlqzl<*!315/!B,iqbiju!dVuig<Gl<!dXh<H!...)!gz<zQvz<*!316/!sqXfQv<jh?!sqXfQv<!fitk<kqe<!gQp<!hGkqbqz<!dVuiGl<!gx<gjt!_______&zl<!djmk<K!outqObx<xzil</!)B,vqm<cOvivqOei <̂!Ogih<hq!)n*!jsm<Omi^<Ogih<hq*!!!!!

X . இன�ெப#*க ம'டல. 317/!oh{<gtqz<!osb<bh<hMl<!Yv<!fqjzbie!gVk<kjm!Ljx!_________)cB,ohg<mlq*!318/!gVUXkz<!fjmohXl<!-ml<!.......)ohOzih<hqbe<!Gpz<*!319/!dmZg<G!outqbqz<!osbx<jgg<!gVUXkz<!Ljxbqz<!wf<k!fqjz!hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK@!!!!!!!!!!....)9!osz<!gV*!

209.வ�$%Aெச�க�ேசமி�%ைவ*க�ப,.இட. ---------------.(எப�ைட�மிசிE)!321/!zQcg<!osz<gt<!dx<hk<kq!osb<Bl<!aii<Olie<gt<!.....)om^<Omi^<COvie<*!211. uqf<Ks<!Svh<hq!osl<jlbigs<!osbz<Hvqf<K!uqf<k[g<gjtk<!kbivqg<g!dgf<k!ouh<hfqjz!_______________ ( 32 c) 323!yV!fijtg<G!uqf<k[uqe<!dx<hk<kqbtU!_________)236!lqz<zqbe<*!324/!H,h<ohb<Kkz<!ubK!_________)23!.!26*!325/!yV!Ljx!outqObx<xh<hMl<!osle<!ohiVtqz<!dt<t!uqf<k[g<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!!)61lqz<zqbe<*!326/!nmv<k<kqbie!kqvuk<kqz<!dt<t!uqf<Ks<!osz<gt<!okiGh<H!)osle<!)n*!uqf<K!kqvul<*!327/!om <̂Omi^<COvie<!dx<hk<kqjb!kjm!osb<Bl<!aiv<Olie<!)-e<aqhqm<ce<*!

109

328/!giv<h^<Z~m<cbk<kiz<!Svg<gh<hMl<!Lg<gqb!aiv<Olie<!)!HOvio\^<cvie<*!329/!gVh<jhbieK!gv<h<hg<!gizk<kqz<!SVr<Gl<!ke<jljb!kMg<Gl<!aiv<Olie<!_________ )HOvio\^<cvie<*!32:/!leqk!n{<m!n[!ujg!_____________ )Wozsqk<kz<*!331/!leqk!n{<m[uqe<!uqm<ml<!____________)211!jlg<vie<*!332/!Osiei!ohz<Zsqmiuqx<G!outqh<HxLt<t!sqz!hizqg<gqt<!osz<gt<!_______ )OgiOviei!OvcObm<mi*!333/!hizqg<gqt<gTl<?!utVl<!n{<mLl<!-j{f<K!_________weh<hMl</!)gqvih<hqbe<!hizqg<gqt<*!334/!n{<m!fitk<kqz<!gVUXkz<!fqgpiuqcz<!outqObxqb!__________Ofvk<kqz<!n{<ml<!!lcf<KuqMl</!)23!.!35!l{q*!335/!likuqmib<!Spx<sqbqz<!0hizqg<Gziv<!fqjz!___fim<gjt!ogi{<mK/!)6.25!fim<gt<*!336/!likuqmib<!Spx<sqbqz<!26!.!39!fim<gjt!ogi{<m!fqjz!)zqB,m<cbz<!fqjz*!337/!djmf<k!hizqg<gqt<!osz<gtiz<!dVuiGl<!fqjzbx<x!fitlqz<zi!Svh<hq!!)giv<h^<Z~m<cbl<*!338/!gVUXkz<!-z<jzobeqz<!giv<h^<Z~m<cbl<!npqf<K!________wEl<!kqSuMuig!liXl</!!)giv<h^nz<hqge<̂ <*!339/!Osikjeg<Gpib<!Gpf<jk!dVuig<gk<kqz<!oux<xq!uib<h<H!________(20 %) 33:/!Osikjeg<Gpib<!Gpf<jk!dVuig<Gukqz<!Lke<!Lkzqz<!oux<xqh<!ohx<x!-r<gqzif<K!!fim<jmOsv<f<kuv<gt<!_________ )^<omh<ேடா!wm<uv<m<̂ <!2:89*!341/!kx<Ohijkb!-f<kqb!lg<gt<!okijg!_________)211!Ogic*!342/!gih<hv<.c!bqe<!gVk<kjm!gizl<!____________)4!N{<Mgt<*!343/!N{<gtqz<!osb<bh<hMl<!fqvf<kv!gVk<kjm!Ljx!___________)uio^g<mlq*!!

!!

;�: மதி�ெப' வ�னா*க�

1.உண9ட.

1.கா�ேபாைஹேர எ�றா� எ�ன?

2,மாேனா சா*கிைர,க� வைக�ப,�%க?

3.�ைரேயா<க� எ�றா� எ�ன?

4.ெப�ேடா<கK எ�றா� எ�ன?

5.இரைடA ச*கைரக� எ�றா� எ�ன?எ,�%*கா,க� த#க.

6.அைம�2 2ரதSக� எ�றா� எ�ன?

7.�வாcியா*க� எ�றா� எ�ன? அத� அறி�றிக� யாைவ?

8.லி�ப�,கள�� பண�க� யாைவ

2.ெச3மான ம'டல.

9.உட� ப#ம� எ�றா� எ�ன?

110

10.Eக�வ� அறி�றிக� யாைவ?

11.உமி\ ந>� ;�: இைணA <ர!ப�க� யாைவ?

12.2ேரா�ேய<க� எ�றா� எ�ன?

13 �ட�2' எ�றா� எ�ன?

14.ப!சிைத� சிகிAைச*� உபேயாக�ப,�%. ெபா#ள�� ெபய� ப!றி எ@%க.

15.ப��த�ைப க�லி� ேவதிய�ய� ெபா#� யா%?

16.�ட� வா\ <ழ!சிய�� அறி�றிக� யாைவ?

17.ெஹ�பா��E எ�றா� எ�ன?

18.க�dர� சிேராஸிE உ#வா*க* காரண7க� யாைவ?

19.�ட� ப�I,க வைகக� யாைவ?

20.ப��த*க!க� எ?வா: ேதா�#கி�றன?

3.எB.2க�, ;,க�,தைசக�

21.ப�ஸிேயா ெதரப� வைரய:.

22.எ/.2 சிகிAைச வைரய:.

23.ெகள எ�றா� எ�ன?

24.3*க-E அறி�றிக� யாைவ?

25.ஆE�ேயா மேலசியா அறி�றிக� யாைவ?

26.;,க� ந@�த� ம!:. வைகக�யாைவ?

27.ெடரேடாெஜன�* �ைறபா,க�யாைவ?

28.மரண வ�ைற�2 எ�றா� எ�ன?

29.நர.2 தைச ச$தி�2எ�றா� எ�ன?

30.தைசநா�கள�� <#7�. ெசயலி�,பSேக!�. நா�� *கிய 2ரத7க�

ெபய�கைள� த#க.

4.<வாசி�த�

31. <வாச�தி� ேபா% ெசய�ப,. தைசக� யாைவ?

111

32.ேஹ 37 – 2#ன� அன�Aைச எ�றா� எ�ன?

33.நிேமான�யா ேநா�*� காரணமான B'Cய��கள�� ெபய�க� யாைவ?

5.�#திA <ழ!சி

34.51ஆTசிேயாகிரா. எ�றா� எ�ன?

35.எ*ேகா கா��ேயாகிராப� ெசய�ப,. ேபா% எ�ன நிக\கிற%?

36.நா��%��ைப எ?வா: அளவ�டலா..

37.இர�த லி.ேபாைச,கள�� வைகக� அவ!றி� �*கிய பண�க� யாைவ?

38.இர�த. உைறத� காரண�க� எ�றா� எ�ன?

39.எ.ேபாலE ம!:. திரா.பE ேவ#பா, த:க.

6. நர.2 ஒ#7கிைண�

40.;ைளய�� எ$த� ப�தி ஒலிைய உண��%கிற%?

41.அ.ன>சியா எ�றா� எ�ன?

42. ;ைளA ச?� கா�Aச� எ�றா� எ�ன?

43.நிைனவா!ற� எ�றா� எ�ன?

44.உற*க. எ�றா� எ�ன?

45.;ைள� த',� திரவ�தி� பண�க� யாைவ?

46.கி3�ன�ஸ. ேநா� அறி�றிக� யாைவ?

47.மி*ஸி�மா ேநா� அறி�றிக� யாைவ?

7.ேவதிய� ஒ#7கிைண�

48.ைஹ�ேபாகிைளசிமியாவ�� எ�றா� எ�ன ? அறி�றிக� யாைவ?

49.அTனலி� (அ) எப�ெந�ப3ன�� பண�க� யாைவ?

50.நா� அTனலி� பண�க� யாைவ?

8.உண� உ:�2க�

51.க'ண�� அைறகள�� கண�ப,. திரவ7க� யாைவ?

52.க' ெல�Eஸி� 2ற வளைவ ஒ@��ப,�%. உ:�ப�� ெபய� எ�ன?

53. CLR எ�றா� எ�ன?

112

54.ெர�னா அ�ல% வ�ழி�திைறய�� ஏ!ப,. �ைறபா,கைள எ?வா: 6றலா.?

55.க'2ைர எ�றா� எ�ன? அத� வைகக� யாைவ?

56.க' பா%கா�2 எ�றா� எ�ன?

57.நி*ேடாேலா�ப�யா எ�றா� எ�ன?

58.கா% ேகளாைம*� காரண7க� த#க.

59.பா�ைவ கண*கீ, எ�றா� எ�ன?

60.�#, ைமய. எ�றா� எ�ன?

9.கழி� ந>*க ம'டல.

61.சி:ந>� க!க� எ?வா: உ#வாகி�றன?

62.லி�ேதா�3�சி எ�றா� எ�ன?

63.சி:ந>ரக ெச�ல இழ�2 எ�றா� எ�ன?

64.சி:ந>ரகNதிU �*கிய பண� யாைவ?

65.மாதவ�டா� <ழ!சி எ�றா� எ�ன?

66.கா�பE அ�ப�க�E எ�ப% எ�ன?

10.இன�ெப#*க.

67.உட� ெவள�* க#�#த� ெச�தலி� யா#ைடய D*தி பய�ப,�த�பய�ப,கிற%.

68.வாெச*டமி(வ�$% நாள %'��2) எ�றா� எ�ன?

69.�iெப*டமி (அ'ட நாள %'��2) எ�றா� எ�ன?

70.கா�பE j�ய. எ�றா� எ�ன?

ப�% மதி�ெப'க� 1.ைவடமி� �ைறபா, ப!றி வ�3வாக 6:க. 2.தன�மSக� ப!றி வ�வ3. 3.வா� (அ) இைர�ைபய�� நைடெப:. ெச3மாண. வ�வ3. 4.சி: �டலி� நைடெப:. ெச3மான. ப!றி வ�வ3. 5.எ/.2 �றி� ச3 ெச�D. வ�த�திைன வ�வ3. 6.தைசA <#*கA ெசய��ைறய�ைன வ�ள*கமாக 6:க. 7.Bைரயkரலி� நைடெப:. <வாச ப�நிைலகைள வ�ள*�க. 8.மன�தன�� <வாச. நைடெப:. வ�த�திைன வ�வ3. 9.சி: �றி�2 ; அ) இதய தைச நசி�ற� ேநா�

113

ஆ)த>வ�ர மா�2 வலி 10.மன�தன�� இரNதNதிU இையC ப!றி வ�3வாக 6:க. 11.மன�த ;ைளய�� அைம�2 (ம) ெசய�கைள வ�வ3? 12.மன�த ;ைளய�� வல%,இட% ஒ#கிைண�2 ப!றி வ�3வாக 6:க. 24/அQேனாைஹ!ேபாைபசிE ப!றி வ�3வாக 6:க. 14.ைதரா*ஸின�� பண�கைள வ�வ3. 15.எப�ெநப3ன�� உடர!ெசயலிய� பண�கைள வ�வ3. 16இன�ெப#*க <ர�ப� ப!றி வ�வ3. 17.மன�த க'ண�� ைறபா,கைள வ�வ3. 18. மன�த க'ண�E ஏ!ப,. ேநா�கைள வ�வ3. 19.மன�த கா% ேகளா� த�ைம எ�றா� எ�ன? அதU வைககைள வ�வ3. 20.மன�த கழி� ந>*க ;ல. சி:ந>� உ#வா�. �ைறய�ைன வ�வ3.

21.ந>3ழி� ேநா� ப!றி �றி�2 வைரக 22.மன�தன�� நைடெப:. மாத வ�டா� <ழ!சிய�ைன வ�வ3. 23.�,.ப* க,�பா, �ைறய�ைன ப!றி வ�3வாக 6:க.

!

ப?ணாம,ேகா5பாFகK

5 மதி!ெப� வ#னா,கK 1. லமா-கிய வ#திகைள உதாரணNIடU வ#ள,2க. 2. Cதிய லமா-,கிய ேகா5பா5ைட வ#ள,2க. 3. டா-வ#U ேகா5பா5Qைன வ#ள,2க. 4. டா-வ#U ேகா5பா5QU 2ைறபாFகK யாைவ? 5. Cதிய டா-வ 4னRய' – 2றி!C வைரக. 6. மரபY மா%ற' ப%றி வ#ள,2க. 7. 2ேராேமாேசா' ப#றZ[சிகைள வ#வ?. 8. ஜ4U மா%றF,க' - 2றி!C வைரக. 9. ஹா-Q வ 4Uப-, சமU பாF- 2றி!C வைரக. 10. இய%ைக ேத-;,ேகா5பாF - 2றி!C வைரக. 11. பEB]வ அைம!C ப%றி வ#ள,2க. 12. தனRைம! பFNIதE - 2றி!C வைரக. 13. சிற!ப#னமாதE ப%றி வ#ள,2க. 14. சீவE ைர5 ( மரப#ய நக-;)வ#ைளைவ வ#ள,2க.

கவனNதிE ெகாKள ேவ�Qயைவ

114

2/Jf<K!lkqh<oh{<!uqeig<gt<!guek<kqz<!ogit<t!Ou{<cbju/!!i. Lkz<fqjz!fq{fQi<!dXh<ò mšyJ ijk° vd nf£f¥glyh«.ii. òw clš mik¥ò ãzÚça cW¥òfŸ mšyJ ãzÚ® Ko¢R

k‰W« k©Ùuš vd¡nf£f¥glyh«.

iii. Ïu©lh« ãiy ãzÚ® cW¥òfŸ mšyJ nfhiH r›Î rh®ªj ãzÚ®aÂR¡fŸ vd nf£l¡f¥glyh«.

2. xnu édh ntW¥g£l ghl§fëš Ïl« bg‰wJ. khzt®fŸ e‹F x¥ò neh¡fnt©L«.

i. Ï©l®¡~bguh‹ - E©Qçæaš k‰W« nehŒ¤ jil fh¥Ãašii. SCID - nehŒ¤jil fh¥Ãaš k‰W« j‰fhy kuÃašiii. CDNA (ãiwÎW¥ò) DNA - j‰fhy kuÃaš - HGP k‰W« cæç

jftšæaš.

3. ftd¤Âš bfhŸs nt©oaiti. gh¡Oçah nehŒfŸ bghJthdJii. ghšéid nehŒfŸ (gh¡Oçahthš V‰gLtJ) (ÁÃè°,

bfhndhçah)iii. éy§F itu° ts®¥ò mšyJ nfhêfUÎš ts®¥ò Ïªj

édhé‰F vªj F¿¥ò« éLglhkš KGikahf mj‹ ts®¥òKiwfŸ k‰W« tiffis vGj nt©L«.

iv. ேம/. ghl¥gFÂæš Ïu©L ntWg£l Ïl§fëš Ïl« bg‰w xnuth®¤ijfŸ khzt®fS¡F FH¥g¤ij V‰gL¤Â»wJ. ÏjidT®ªJ x¥òneh¡» ntWghLfis m¿ªJ f‰fnt©L«. 1. ந>3ழி� ேநா� : ntÂ xU§»iz¥ò (ehsäšyh Ru¥Ã) - fêÎÚ¡f« 2.ஈEேராஜ�, ònuhb#°onuh‹ k‰W« bl°nlh°Onuh‹ -ntÂ xU§»iz¥ò (ehsäšyh Ru¥Ã) - ÏdbgU¡f«

3. Ïd¥bgU¡f Ah®nkh‹ - ehsäšyh Ru¥ÃfŸ ÏJ M© k‰W«bg© Ïd¥bgU¡f cW¥òfŸ Ah®nkh‹fnshL FH¥g¤ij V‰gL¤Â»‹wJ. ÏJngh‹w x¤j édh¡fis x¥ò neh¡» ேவ:ப,�தி பய��வத� ;ல. உ3ய வ�ைடைய ச3யாக எ@த இய/..

4. xnu éil gytifahd édh¡fŸ Ãw¥ò f£L¥ghL (FL«g¡ f£L¥ghL) mšyJ njÁa FL«gey

brašÂ£l§fŸ mšyJ fU¤jil rhjd§fŸ 5.Rthr«

i. Eiupuš Rthr ãfœ¢ÁfŸ (go ãiyfŸ)ii. Rthr brašKiwfŸ (c£Rthr«, btëRthr«)

115

Documents

gŸë¡fšé¤ Jiமதி ெபக 1 3 5 10 ெமாˆத 1 ஆசிேயா ெப கள வைக பா 3 6 5 10 24 2 தாவர உ ளைம ப"ய# 2 6 5 10 23 5 தாவர