H thn kinh gm hai phn : Thn kinh trung ng gm : no, ty sng.

No : no trc (gian no, bn cu i no) No gia (no trung gian) No sau (hnh no, cu no, tiu no)

No : cht xm ngoi, cht trng trong Ty sng : cht trng ngoi, cht xm trong

Thn kinh ngoi vi : gm cc i dy thn kinh

n v cu trc v chc nng ca h thn kinh Gm : thn, si gai, si trc Thn : Thn c hnh dng v kch thc rt khc

nhau (hnh sao, hnh thp, hnh cu) Mng ca thn c nhiu receptor tip nhn

cht truyn t thn kinh, knh ion ng m do cht gn

Bo tng cha nhn, ribosom, li ni bo c ht (tp trung thnh cc th Nissl to mu xm m thn kinh), ty th, b Golgi, lipofuscin-sc t gi.

Si gai : Tua bo tng ngn, gn thn v lan ra xung quanh thn, c nhiu receptor tip nhn c hiu cht truyn t thn kinh

Si trc : phn cui chia thnh cc nhnh tn cng, u nhnh tn cng phnh to l cc tn cng cha nhiu bc nh c cht dn truyn thn kinh v ty th. Gm hai loi si l si c myelin v si khng c myelin. Si c myelin c bc bi cc t bo Schwann bi

tit myelin (lipoprotein), c tnh cch in. Bao myelin khng lin tc, b t qung thnh on 1-1,5mm cc eo Ranvier.

Si khng myelin : khng c myelin

Ch tip xc gia si trc neuron ny vi neuron khc (ui gai hoc thn) hoc vi t bo p ng (c, tuyn)

Gm : Mng trc synap Khe synap Mng sau synap

Nron cm gic

Truyn thng tin v no v ty sng

Nron trung gian (nron lin hp)

X l, lu gi v khi phc thng tin

Nron vn ng

Mang tn hiu cho cc t bo c v cc hch

Theo quy lut "tt c hoc khng".

Dn truyn theo c hai chiu

Tc dn truyn si trc c myelin nhanh hn si khng c myelin (xung ng nhy cch qua eo Ranvier).

Tc dn truyn t l vi ng knh si trc

Cng kch thch cng ln th tn s xung ng xut hin trn si thn kinh cng cao

Xung ng c dn truyn ring trong tng si v trn si trc cn nguyn vn.

Xung ng thn kinh kh cc mng trc synap > m cc knh Ca2+.

Ca2+ vo bo tng cc tn cng, gn vi receptor mng trong cc tn cng, tng i lc v ko cc ti cha cht truyn t thn kinh v mng trc synap.

Cc ti cha cht truyn t thn kinh ho mng vi mng trc synap, gii phng cht truyn t thn kinh.

Kch thch sau synap

c ch sau synap

c im dn truyn xung ng qua synap

Dn truyn xung ng theo mt chiu

Cng kch thch cng mnh th tn s xung ng (in th hot ng) cng cao

Chm synap: Cn nhiu thi gian cho nhiu qu trnh

Mi synap: Tn s xung pht lc u rt ln nhng sau gim dn kch thch lin tc do cn kit cht truyn t thn kinh, bt hot dn cc receptor, ri lon s phn b cc ion

Oxy : Ngng cung cp oxy trong vi giy th nron s ngng hot ng (ph no, nhn no).

pH : ti thun l 7,35-7,4. + Nhim kim (pH>7,4): tng tnh hng phn nron, tng tc dn truyn xung ng, gy ra nhng cn co git + Nhim toan (pH

Nm trong ng sng, di #45cm, c mng ty bao bc

Ty sng gm hai phn : cht xm ( trong), cht trng ( ngoi).

Cht xm do thn neuron v si khng c myelin to nn. Hnh ch H gm 2 sng trc, 2 sng sau, 2 sng bn.

Cht trng do si thn kinh khng myelin to nn, hp thnh b

Dn truyn cm gic i ln

Theo r sau dy thn kinh ty vo ty sng bng hai ng : dng li cht xm ty, tip tc ln cc trung tm cao hn ca trc no.

ng dn truyn cm gic bt cho sang bn i din.

Dn truyn vn ng i xung, bng hai ng :

ng thp : 9/10 bt cho; 1/10 i thng xung ri cng bt cho sang bn i din.

ng ngoi thp : chi phi phn x thng bng, t th, chnh th.

Ty sng l trung tm ca phn x

Phn x trng lc c : trng thi bnh thng ca c.

Phn x gn-c : g ln gn ca c no s gy co c.

Phn x thc vt : phn x i tin, tiu tin, cng sinh dc.

Phn x da : gi nh ln da (da bng, da bu, da gan bn chn) gy co c gn hoc di .

Hin tng chong ty : khi ty sng b t ngang t ngt mt mi cm gic, vn ng, phn x gn xng, mt trng lc, hn m, tt huyt p.

Hi chng Brown-Sequard : hu qu ca t ngang ty.

Bn phn chnh : thn no, tiu no, gian no, i no.

Thn no : hnh no, cu no, trung no

Gian no : trn trung no, gia hai bn cu i no.

Hnh thi v cu to : phn phnh to nht ca h thn kinh, nm trn ty sng, cu no pha trn hnh no.

Chc nng :

Dn truyn : cm gic v vn ng

Trung tm phn x : iu ha h hp, tim mch, tiu ha, h hp, gic mc

iu ha trng lc c : hnh no c nhn tin nhtng trng lc c, no gia c nhn gim trng lc c

Cu trc : No gia trn cu no gm cung no v c no sinh t. Cung no c nhn

Chc nng :

Dn truyn : tng t ty sng v dn truyn thnh gic

C no sinh t trc : trung tm phn x nh hng mt vi nh sng

C no sinh t sau : trung tm phn x nh hng vi m thanh

Nhn : gim trng lc c, phn x t th v chnh th

Hnh thi : thn no, gian no do thn, si trc, ui gai. Thn neuron to thnh cc nhn.

Chc nng :

Nhn li gian no : K/thchgim phn x ty v gin c.

Nhn li hnh cu no gia : k/thchcon vt thc tnh

Si ca cu to li : dn truyn xung ng lan ta trn v no, hot ha v no.

Hnh thnh thi , hnh vi, x tr, xc cm.

Nhp ngy m

Xung cm gic

Thnh phn ni mi : O2, CO2 Hormon : adrenalin, noradrenalin, tuyn gip

Thuc : m, ng, an thn.

Hnh thi, cu to : bu dc, to thnh t nhiu nhn xm, gm 4 nhm nhn : trc, sau, trong, ngoi.

Chc nng : Trm dng ng cm gic

trc khi ln trung tm v. Trung tm di v cm gic

au. iu ha vn ng biu hin

cm xc.

V tr : nn no, di i th

Chc nng :

iu ha hot ng ni tit

Sinh dc : bit ha th thc hot ng sinh dc thi k bo thai

Chng bi niu

Chuyn ha

Thc vt : na sau l trung tm cao cp , na trc l trung tm cao cp h p

iu nhit : trung tm chng nng, na sau trung tm chng lnh

Dinh dng : trung tm no

Thc ng, xc cm, hnh vi

Hnh thi, cu to : sau thn no, k bn trc no-ty. Ct ngang : cht xm nm v, cht trng nm bn trong, v c nhiu khe, chia thnh nhiu thy.

Theo tin ha : nguyn tiu no, tiu no c, tiu no mi.

Chc nng tiu no : Dn truyn : cm gic, vn ng

Nguyn tiu no : thng bng c th Tiu no c : iu ha trng lc c, tham gia

phn x t th v chnh th Tiu no mi : iu ha trng lc c

Gim trng lc c, c ng sai tm, sai hng, lon nhp, lc nhanh, lc chm, c ng cng phc tp th cng run, lay trng mt, mt thng bng

Lp cht xm bao quanh hai bn cu i no, nhn thng tin cm gic th gic, thnh gic, mi, v v xc gic; iu khin vn ng, tr nh, xc cm, tr tu, ngn ng.

Trn v no c nhng rnh v np chia v no thnh cc hi v thu.

Brodmann chia v no thnh 50 vng nh s t 1 n 50: vn ng, cm gic, phi hp.

Vng vn ng v no 1. Vng vn ng s cp (vng 4 theo Brodmann):

chi phi vn ng tu na ngi i bn. 2. Vng tin vn ng (vng 6 theo Brodmann): chi

phi c ng phc tp. 3. Vng vn ng b sung (vng 8 theo

Brodmann): to t th khc nhau Vng vn ng c bit trn v no ngi

4. Vng Broca : tn thng khng ni c, nhng vn hiu li, hiu ch vit.

5. Vng Wernicke : tn thng khng ni c, khng hiu c li ni, ch vit.

Vng cm gic thy nh

Vng cm gic th gic : thy chm

Vng cm gic thnh gic : thy thi dng

Vng v gic : di hi nh thuc thy nh

Vng khu gic : hi hi m thuc thy thi dng

S phn phi vn ng v cm gic theo hai qui lut :

1. Qui lut i bn

2. Qui lut ln ngc

Gm 12 i, nh s la m

Ni xut pht si vn ng : m t bo su trong thn no (nhn vn ng)

Ni xut pht si cm gic : m t bo nm ngoi no (hch r sau).

Gm :

Thn kinh khu gic (I)

Thn kinh th gic (II)

Thn kinh vn nhn (III)

Thn kinh rng rc (IV)

Thn kinh sinh ba (V)

Thn kinh mt

Thn kinh hm trn

Thn kinh hm di

Thn kinh ging (VI)

Thn kinh mt (VII)

Thn kinh tin nh c tai (VIII)

Thn kinh li hu (IX)

Thn kinh lang thang (X)

Thn kinh ph (XI)

Thn kinh h thit (XII)

Phn vn ng thc vt ngoi vi : giao cm () v ph giao cm (p)

Hu ht c quan c chi phi kp Hot ng i khng nhau Gm : hch thc vt, si thn kinh thc vt, m

ri thc vt.

Hch thc vt : hch giao cm v hch ph giao cm

Hot ng da trn cung phn x, gm 3 neuron : mt neuron truyn vo v hai neuron i ra, ni vi nhau bng hch thc vt.

Si cholinergic v si adrenergic

Si bi tit acetylcholin si cholinergic

Si bi tit noradrenalin si adrenergic

Si trc hch c h , h p l si cholinergic

Si sau hch h p l si cholinergic

Si sau hch h l adrenergic

Cc receptor c quan p ng

Nm mt ngoi mng t bo

Receptor cholinergic tip nhn acetylcholin

C hai loi receptor khc nhau : muscarinic v nicotinic

Receptor muscarinic co c trn kh qun, tiu ha, tit niu, tng tit dch, gin c trn mch mu, c ch tim, h huyt p.

Receptor nicotinic co c vn, kch thch tim, co mch, tng huyt p, gin ng t.

Receptor adrenergic : alpha () v beta ()

H TKTV gy ra p ng vi tn s kch thch rt thp

Trng lc giao cm v ph giao cm :mc hot ng c s gia 2 h nygip lm tng hay lm gim hot ng ca mt c quan nht nh no

Trung tm iu ha : vng di i

Cu to li hnh no, cu no, no gia cng c tc dng iu ha chc nng t ng

Nhiu hot ng v no : xc cm, nhp th, co gin mch nh hng THTV

Hormon tuyn gip, ty thng thn : tng hot ng TK giao cm