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Gio trnh tin hc cn bn
Khoa CNTT Trng TCN Vit Hn Bnh Dng 9
Chng II H IU HNH
BI 3. CC LNH C BN CA MS-DOS
I. MS-DOS l g?
MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) l h iu hnh(HH) ca
tp on khng l Microsoft. Phin bn u tin ca MS-DOS c vit nm 1981.
MS-DOS l HH n nhim (ti mt thi im ch chy c mt trnh ng
dng). MS-DOS giao din vi ngi s dng thng qua dng lnh.
Cch khi ng MS-DOS:
Trong Window XP: Start Run g CMD
Trong Window 7: Start Search Program and File g CMD
II. Tn a v du i lnh
1. a:
a mm - gi l a A: c dung lng 1.4 MB.
a cng thng l C,D,E, nm trong thng my v c dung lng ln gp
nhiu ln a mm.
a CD dng c cc a quang, c dung lng vi trm MB.
2. Du i lnh:
Sau khi thc thi cc lnh khi ng, mn hnh s xut hin du i lnh c dng
C:\>_ hoc A:\>__
:\> l quy c du i lnh ca DOS
im nhy sng _ l con tr (cursor): cho ta bit im lm vic hin ti trn mn
hnh.
Cc k t g trn bn phm s xut hin ti v tr con tr.
III. Tp v th mc
1. Tp (tp tin File)
Tp tin (hay cn gi l Tp) l hnh thc, n v lu tr thng tin trn a ca H
iu hnh.
Tp gm c tn tp v phn m rng (Phn m rng dng nhn bit tp do
chng trnh no to ra n).
Tn tp tin c vit khng qu 8 k t v khng c du cch, + , - ,* , / .
Phn m rng khng qu 3 k t v khng c du cch. Gia tn v phn m
rng cch nhau bi du chm (.).
Tp tin c th l ni dung mt bc th, cng vn, vn bn, hp ng hay mt tp
hp chng trnh.
V d:
COMMAND.COM: c phn tn l COMMAND, cn phn m rng l COM
MSDOS.SYS: c phn tn l MSDOS, phn m rng l DOS.
Ngi ta thng phn bit cc tp tin vi nhau da vo phn m rng.
Loi tp tin Phn m rng
Vn bn DOC, TXT,...
Gio trnh tin hc cn bn
Khoa CNTT Trng TCN Vit Hn Bnh Dng 10
Thc thi lnh COM, EXE
Hnh nh JPG, BMP, RAW,...
2. Th mc v cy th mc:
c th t chc qun l tt tp tin trn a ngi ta lu cc tp tin thnh tng
nhm v lu trong tng ch ring gi l th mc.
Mi th mc c c trng bi 1 tn c th, quy tc t tn th mc
ging nh tn tp. Cc th mc c th t lng trong nhau v to thnh mt cy th
mc.
Trong th mc c th to ra cc th mc con v c tip tc nhau do dn n
s hnh thnh mt cy th mc trn a. Nh vy cc th mc bn to ra c th l th
mc cp1 hay th mc 2,...
Th mc gc l th mc do nh dng a to ra v chng ta khng th xo
c. Mi a ch c mt th mc gc, t y ngi s dng to ra cc th mc con.
K hiu th mc gc l du (\)
V d:
C:\>: l th mc gc. Sau n th mc con cc cp v cc tp tin.
Th mc hin hnh: l th mc ang c m, v con tr ang nhp nhy.
V d:
Th mc hin hnh l th mc KHOAHOCTUNHIEN nm trong C.
Th mc rng: l th mc m khng c th mc con hoc tp tin c cha
trong n.
ng dn: Khi cn tc ng n mt th mc hoc tp tin ta phi ch ra v tr
ca th mc hay tp tin trn a hay l phi ch ra ng dn, tn ng dn ca
th mc hoc tp tin tc ng ti.
V d: Mun truy xut ti tp d liu khonggian.txt trong th mc HINH HOC
cy th mc trn ta phi tin hnh ch ra ng dn nh sau:
C:\>KHOAHOCTUNHIEN\TOAN\HINHHOC\khonggian.txt
K t i din *: N c th ng trong phn tn chnh hay phn tn m rng
ca tp tin, n ng v tr no s i din cho k t hoc nhm k t t v tr
n k t sau n.
V d:
Gio trnh tin hc cn bn
Khoa CNTT Trng TCN Vit Hn Bnh Dng 11
C:\>VATLY\A*B.DOC : Ngha l ch ra tt c cc tp c trong th mc VATLY
c phn m rng l DOC m c tn bt u bng k t A v kt thc bng k t B.
C:\>VATLY\*.* : Ngha l ch ra tt c cc tp c trong th mc VATLY
C:\>VATLY\*.TXT : Ngha l ch ra tt c cc tp c trong th mc
VATLY m c phn m rng l TXT
K t i din ?: N c th ng trong phn tn chnh hay phn tn m rng
ca tp tin, n ng v tr no s i din cho 1 k t ti v tr .
V d: C:\>_?.TXT : Ngha l mun ch ra cc tp tin c trong a C m c
phn tn ch l mt k t bt k v c phn m rng l TXT
IV. Mt s lnh c bn:
1. Qui c:
Drive: a
Filename: tn tp tin
Path: ng dn, bao gm th mc cha, cc th mc con k tip.
Directory: th mc
Sud-directory: th mc con.
2. Cc lnh c bn:
2.1 To th mc: MD (Make directory)
Cng dng: to th mc mi trong th mc hin hnh.
C php: MD [Drive:][path]
V d: to th mc KHOAHOCTUNHIEN ti a C:
Cch 1: ti th mc hin hnh (C:\>), g MD KHOAHOCTUNHIEN
Cch 2: ti th mc bt k, g MD C:\KHOAHOCTUNHIEN
2.2 Xa th mc: RD (Remove directory)
Cng dng: xa b th mc rng
C php: RD [Drive:]path
V d: xa th mc KHOAHOCTUNHIEN va mi to trn.
Cch 1: ti th mc hin hnh (C:\>), g RD KHOAHOCTUNHIEN
Cch 2: ti th mc bt k, a bt k, g RD C:\KHOAHOCTUNHIEN
Lu : Nu mun xa th mc c cha th mc con hay tp tin trong , th
phi theo ch php RD [/S] [/Q] [Drive:]path
V d: Trong th mc KHOAHOCTUNHIEN c th mc con l TOAN. Nu ta
dng lnh RD KHOAHOCTUNHIEN s bo li l The directory is not empty (Th
mc khng rng). Mun xa c ta phi dng c php l:
RD /S KHOAHOCTUNHIEN
2.3 Lnh chuyn i th mc: CD (Change Directory)
Cng dng: chuyn i th mc hin hnh.
C php: CD [Drive:][Path]
Gio trnh tin hc cn bn
Khoa CNTT Trng TCN Vit Hn Bnh Dng 12
V d: T th mc gc C:\>, g CD KHOAHOCTUNHIEN, s chuyn thnh
th mc hin hnh C:\KHOAHOCTUNHIEN>
Lu : t th mc hin hnh mun chuyn v th mc gc, g CD\
V d: g C:\KHOAHOCTUNHIEN>CD\ s chuyn v th mc gc l C:\>
2.4 Lnh hin th th mc v tp tin
Cng dng: Hin th dch sch cc tp tin v th mc c trong th mc.
C php: DIR [drive :] [path][/P][/W][/A : attribs][/O : sortorder]
Ghi ch:
Tham s ngha
/P Hin th tng trang mn hnh (Page)
/W Hin th theo hng ngang (Wide), b bt s liu v kch thc byte, ngy, gi
/A Hin th thuc tnh (Attribute) ca tp tin
/O
:sortoder
Cc la chn hin th trt t sp xp
N: theo alphabet tn tp tin
E: theo alphabet phn m rng
S: theo kch thc bytes (t nh n ln)
D: theo ngy thng v gi (t trc n nay)
G: theo nhm th mc
V d: ti th mc hin hnh, g DIR /w
2.5 Lnh xa mn hnh CLS
Cng dng: Xa mn hnh MS-DOS
C php: CLS
2.6 Lnh sa i gi ca h thng:
Cng dng: xem, chnh sa gi h thng
C php: Time [hh:mm:ss]
V d:
C:\>Time
Current time is : 10 : 51 : 15
Enter new time:
Nu khng cn thay i thi gian ta nhn Enter kt thc.
2.7 Lnh sa i ngy ca h thng
Cng dng: Xem v chnh sa ngy ca h thng.
C php: DATE
V d:
C:\>Date
The current date is: 20/08/2013
Enter the new date: (dd-mm-yyyy):
Tng t, nu khng mun thay i ngy h thng ta bm phm enter xc
nhn.
2.8 Lnh xem nhn a: VOL
Cng dng: xem tn ca a
Gio trnh tin hc cn bn
Khoa CNTT Trng TCN Vit Hn Bnh Dng 13
C php: VOL [Drive:]
V d:
C:\>Vol G:
Volume in drive G is Data
Volume serial number is 8B3D-F6CE
Gio trnh tin hc cn bn
Khoa CNTT Trng TCN Vit Hn Bnh Dng 14
BI 4. GII THIU WINDOWS
I. Windows l g?
1. Khi nim
L HH ca tp on Microsoft, phin bn u tin ra i vo nm 1985.
L HH a nhim.
Giao tip vi ngi dng ch yu qua giao din ho l cc ca s, hp
thoi.
c rt nhiu phin bn ca Windows c ra i, ngy nay ch yu dng
Windows XP, Window 7 v phin bn mi nht l Window 8.
2. c im ca HH Window
H thng thc n thng nht cung cp cho ngi dng mt cch thc chun
gi thc hin cc chc nng ca ng dng.
C th thc hin thao tc copy, paste d liu bt c u trong h thng
H thng thanh cun cho php ngi dng hin th vn bn lin tc
Gi thi hnh cc ng dng n gin
Cung cp tnh nng Multimedia cho php ngi dng nghe nhc, xem phim.
Cung cp kh nng a nhim
Cung cp kh nng lm vic trong mi trng mng.
II. Khi ng v thot khi Windows
1. Khi ng:
Khi ta bt nt ngun th my tnh s t ng khi ng vo HH Window.
2. Thot khi Window
Nhp chut vo biu tng Window gc tri di mn hnh, chn
Shutdown.
Cc la chn thot khi Window:
Gio trnh tin hc cn bn
Khoa CNTT Trng TCN Vit Hn Bnh Dng 15
Switch user: Chuyn sang ti khon ngi dng khc.
Log off ng xut khi ti khon ngi dng hin ti.
Lock Kha my tnh bng cch a my tnh v mn hnh
ng nhp (nn thc hin chc nng ny khi ri my tnh)
Restart Khi ng li h iu hnh.
Sleep Lu li cc phin lm vic, a my tnh v ch tit
kim nng lng v cho php h thng hot ng li mt
cch nhanh chng.
Hibernate Ch ng ng.
III. Mn hnh nn - Desktop
Mn hnh nn (Desktop) cha cc biu tng:
My computer: Biu tng cho php xem ti nguyn trn my tnh.
Recycle Bin: Biu tng lu tr tm thi cc tp tin v i tng b
xa.
Shortcut: Lin kt n cc phn mm ng dng trong my tnh.
IV. Thanh tc v (Task bar)
Cha cc biu tng chng trnh v bn thu nh ca cc chng trnh ang thc
thi, cng vi khay h thng hin th ngy, gi, thit lp m thanh,...
V. Menu Start
Hu ht cc chc nng ca Window u c b tr trong cc menu xut hin t
mc Start.
VI. Khi ng v thot khi mt ng dng
1. Khi ng chng trnh
C nhiu cch khi ng mt chng trnh t Window:
Cch 1: Chn Start Menu All Program [Group chng trnh] Tn
chng trnh ng dng.
Cch 2: Start Menu Nhp tn chng trnh trong mc Search Program and
Files Click chn chng trnh t danh sch tm thy.
2. Thot khi ng dng:
Cch 1: Nhn t hp phm Alt + F4
Cch 2: Chn File Exit
Cch 3: Nhp vo biu tng X gc trn, bn phi ca ng dng.
VII. Ca s chng trnh
1. Khi nim:
Ngi s dng giao tip vi cc chng trnh thng qua cc ca s, mt ca s
chng trnh gm cc thnh phn sau: