gj;jhk; tFg;G - Study Materials | A ... · PDF filecd;dhy;; KbAk; gj;jhk; tFg;G nghJj; Nju;T rpwg;G topfhl;b jkpo; ,uz;lhk;; jhs; njhFg;G Nt.eQ;rFkhu; gl;ljhup jkpohrpupau;> muR kfspu;

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nghJj; Nju;T rpwg;G topfhl;b

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muR kfspu; Nky; epiyg; gs;sp> fpU\;zfpup

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www.Padasalai.Net – - www.TrbTnpsc.com Nt.eQ;rFkhu;> m.k.Nk.ep.gs;sp> fpU\;zfpup

10 Mk; tFg;G cd;dhy; KbAk ; jkpo; ,uz;lhk; jhs;

1. tisay; ,r;nrhy;ypy; Ifhuk; ___ khj;jpiu Fiwe;J xypf;fpwJ. tpil: xU

2. <w;wpy; Ifhuk; Fiwe;J te;j nrhy; __________ MFk;

m) jpz;;iz M) tisay; ,) Ie;J tpil: jpz;iz

3. gy;+jPJ vd;gJ ___ vdg; GzUk; tpil: g/wPJ

m) gy;jPJ M) g/wPJ ,) gyjPJ

4. FWf;fq;fs; Ifhuf;FWf;fk;> xsfhuFWf;fk;> ___ Ma;jf;FWf;fk; vd ehy;

tifg;gLk; tpil: kfuf;FWf;fk;

5. G+q;Foyp nghk;ik nra;jhs;. ,j;njhliur; nrag;ghl;L tpidahf khw;Wk;

NghJ> nghk;ik__________ nra;ag;_________ vd tUk; (G+q;Foypahy;> gl;lJ)

6. mofd; ghlk; vOJfpwhd;>,j; njhlhpy; Xh; vOtha; _____________nfhz;L Kbe;jhy;

______________njhlh; MFk; (XU gadpiyia> jdpepiy)

7. md;gurd; jpUf;Fwisf; fw;whd; ,j;njhlh; gpwtpidahf khWk; NghJ> md;gurd;

jpUf;Fwis__vdtUk; (fw;gpj;jhd;)

8. xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ _____ tpil: jdpnkhop

9. njhopiyf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy; ____ tpil: tpidr;nrhy;

10. tpidKw;W ____> _____ vd ,Utifg;gLk;

tpil: njhpepiy tpidKw;W>Fwpg;G tpidKw;W

11. Xh; vr;rtpid ___nfhz;L Kbe;jhy; mJ nganur;rk; vdg;gLk; tpil: ngaiuf;

12. ,stofd; te;jhd; ,J ____ njhlh; tpil: ntspg;gil

m) Fwpg;G M) ntspg;gil ,) vJTkpy;iy

13. khL‟ vd;Dk; nrhy; _____MFk;. tpil: m/wpizg; nghJ

m) cah;jpizg; nghJ M) m/wpizg; nghJ ,) tpuTg;ngah;

14. khL fd;iw <d;wJ ,j;njhlhpy; khL vd;gJ _____ Fwpf;Fk; tpil: gR

m) gR M) fhis ,) fd;W

15. xU nghUs; Fwpj;J tUk; nrhw;fisNa _vd;gh; tpil: xU nghUl; gd;nkhop

16 xU nghUl; gd;nkhopf;Fr; rhd;W ______ tpil: cah;e;Njhq;fp

17. tpdh ______ tifg;gLk;. tpil: MW

18. tpil ______ tifg;gLk;. tpil: vl;L

19. ,J nra;thah vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;;F „ePNa nra;‟ vdf;$WtJ__ tpil tpil: Vty;

20. ,J nra;thah vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;;F „iftypf;Fk;‟ vdf;$WtJ__tpil tpil: cWtJ $wy;

21. Mlj;njhpAkh? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;Fg; ghlj;njhpAk; vdf;$WtJ ___ tpil: ,dnkhop

chpa tpil Njh;e;njLj;jy; kw;Wk; Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. tpdh vz; 1 Kjy; 10 tiu

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22. ed;D}y; fpilf;Fkh? vdf; filf;fhuhplk; Nfl;gJ ___ tpdh tpil: nfhsy;

23. khd; ____ kUSk; ghh;it (chpa ctk cUig vOJf) tpil: Nghy

24. kyud;d Nrtb- ,r;nrhy;ypy; mike;Js;s ctk cUG _____ tpil: md;d

25. njhif ctikfis tphpAtikahf khw;Wf

m.kjpKfk; M.gtstha; tpil: kjpNghd;w Kfk;>gtsk; Nghd;wtha;

26. tphpAtikfisj; njhifAtikfshf khw;Wf

m) fay;Nghd;w tpop> M) fpsp Nghd;w nkhop tpil: fay;tpop> fpspnkhop

27. tlf;F vd;Dk; jpirg;ngaNuhL gpw jpirfs; te;J NrUk;NghJ ____

m. epiynkhop <W ePq;Fk; M. epiynkhop<Wk;>nka;Ak; ePq;Fk; ,. tUnkhop Kjy;nfLk;. tpil: epiynkhop<Wk;>nka;Ak; ePq;Fk; 28. Nkw;F + ehL vd;gJ __vdr;NrUk;

m) Nkw;FehL M) NkehL ,) NkdhL tpil: NkdhL 29. fUik+Fop vd;gJ ____vDk; tpjpfspd;gb GzUk;. tpil: <WNghjy;> ,dkpfy;

m) MjpePly;>,dkpfy; M) jd;ndhw;wpul;ly;> ,ilAfuk; ,Mjy;> ,) <WNghjy;> ,dkpfy; 30. kuNtu; __________ Gzu;r;rpahFk;. tpil: kfu <w;Wg; 31. mfk;>Gwk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ______ ,yf;fzk; MFk; tpil: nghUs; ,yf;fzk; 32. FwpQ;rp>Ky;iy Kjypa Ie;Jk; ____vdg;gLk; tpil: md;gpd; Ie;jpiz 33. nea;jy; jpizf;Fhpa epyg;gFjp __ gFjpahFk; tpil: flYk; fly; rhh;e;j 34. ahkk; vd;gJ ,uT 10.00 kzp Kjy; ___tiu MFk; tpil: ,uT 2.00 kzp 35. kUjk;>nea;jy;>Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; ___ ngUk;nghOJfSk; tUk; tpil: MW 36. jpUkhy;__ epyj;jpw;Fhpa nja;tk; tpil: Ky;iy 37. kzKoh>ney;yhpfpiz Mfpa ,uz;Lk;_____ jpizf;Fhpa giwfs; tpil: kUj 38. nea;jy; jpizf;Fhpa njhopy; ___MFk; tpil: kPd;gpbj;jy;>cg;G tpisj;jy; 39. nghUs; ,yf;fzk; ___ tifg;gLk; tpil: ,uz;L

40. mfj;jpizfs; ____tifg;gLk; tpil: VO 41. khh;fop>ij Mfpa ,uz;Lk; ____ fhyj;jpw;Fhpad tpil: Kd;gdp 42. kUj epyj;jpw;Fhpa nja;tk; ____ tpil: ,e;jpud; 43. ghiy epyj;jpw;Fhpa gwitfs; ____ tpil: Gwh>gUe;J 44. Gwj;jpizfs;_____ tifg;gLk; tpil: gd;dpuz;L 45. epiu fth;jy; vd;gJ_____ tpil: ntl;rp 46. kz;zhir fUjpg; NghUf;Fr; nry;tJ_______ tpil: tQ;rpj;jpiz 47. ghlhz; jpiz vd;gJ _____$WtJ tpil: Mz;kfdpd; xOfyhWfs; 48. xU jiyf; fhkk; vd;gJ ____ tpil: iff;fpis 49. jd; ehl;ilf; ifg;gw;w> khw;wurNdhL vjph;j;Jg; NghupLtJ___ MFk; tpil: fhQ;rp

50. cyF‟ vd;Dk; nrhy; ntz;ghtpy; <w;wbapd; <w;Wr; rPuhapd; mjd; tha;g;ghL _________MFk; tpil: gpwg;G

51. ey;yit‟ - ,r;nrhy;iy myfpl;lhy; ___vdg; gphpAk; tpil: Neh;epiu 52. Nehpir Mrphpag;ghtpd; <w;wayb ___tUk; tpil: Kr;rPuha; 53. Mrphpag;ghtpd; <w;Wr;rPh; ____KbtJ rpwg;G tpil: Vfhuj;jpy; 54. Nehpir ntz;gh ,uz;lhk; mbapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;W ____tpfw;gj;jhDk;__

tpfw;gj;jhDk; tUk; tpil: xU> ,U 55. ,uz;lhk; mbapy; jdpr;nrhy; ngw;Wg; gy tpfw;gj;jhd; tUtJ ____ MFk;

tpil: ,d;dpir ntz;gh 51. ntz;ghtpd; Xir ____ MFk; tpil: nrg;gNyhir 52. Mrphpag; ghtpd; NtW ngah; ___ MFk; tpil: mftw;gh 53. Mrphpag; ghtpd; Xir ______ MFk; tpil: mftNyhir

,yf;fz Fwpg;G nrhw;fSf;fhd rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:

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1. Ifhuf;FWf;fq;fs;: Kjypy; Ifhuk; FWfpa nrhw;fs; - 1. Ik;gJ> 2. Ig;grp> 3. Ie;J ,ilapy; Ifhuk; FWfpa nrhw;fs; - 1. jiytp > 2. tisay;> 3. jiytd; ; <w;wpy; Ifhuk; FWfpa nrhw;fs; - 1 fliy 2. jpz;iz 3. rig

2. xsfhuf; FWf;fq;fs;: 1. xsit 2. ntsthy; 3. nksdk; 4. nfsjhhp 5. xsljk; 6. nksty; 3. Ma;jf; FWf;fk;: 1. f/wPJ 2. K/BJ

4. kfuf; FWf;fk;: 1. Nghd;k; 2. kUz;k; 3. tUk; tz;b 4. jUk; tstd;

5. %tif nkhopfs;: 1. jdpnkhop: 1. th 2. fz; 3. nra;jhd; 2. njhlh;nkhop: 1. glk; ghh;j;jhd; 2. G+tpop te;jhs; 3. gRTk; fd;Wk; Nka;e;jd 3. nghJ nkhop 1. gyif 2. itif 3. jhkiu 4. Ntq;if 5. me;jkhd; 6. vl;L

6.; XnuOj;njhUnkhop: 1. G+ 2. if 3. jh 4. th 5. jP 6.Nfh 7. I

7. njhpepiy tpidKw;W 1. ,uhkd; te;jhd; 2. fz;zd; ele;jhd; 3. mUsuR te;jhd; 3. tstd; ele;jhd; 5. cOjhd;

8. Fwpg;G tpidKw;W: 1. nghd;dd; 2. tpOg;Guj;jhd; 3. rpj;jpiuahd; 4. fz;zd; 5. ey;yd; 6. cotd;.

9. njhpepiyg; nganur;rk;: 1. gbj;j fay;tpop 2. nrd;w Nfhij 3. gbf;fpd;w fay;tpop 4. nry;fpd;w Nfhij 5. gbf;Fk; fay;tpop 6. nry;;Yk; Nfhij . 7. te;j igad; 8. cz;l ,sq;Nfhtd;

10. Fwpg;Gg; nganur;rk; 1. ey;y igad; 2. ey;y khztd;

11. vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk;: 1. cz;zhj ,sq;Nfhtd; 2. jPa khztd;

12. njhpepiy tpidnar;rk;: 1. gbj;J te;jhd; 2. ghlf; Nfl;lhd; 3. Xbr;nrd;whd; 5. Ngha;g; ghh;j;jhd;

5. gbj;Jj; Njwpdhd; 6. gbf;fr; nry;fpwhd; 7. gbj;J tUthd;

13. Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk;: 1. nky;yg; Ngrpdhd; 2. Nehapd;wp tho;e;jhd;

14. Kw;nwr;rk;: 1. fay;tpop te;jds; ghbds; 2. KUfd; gbj;jdd; Njwpdd; 3. ee;jpdp te;eds; Nghapds;

15. ntspg;gil Fwpg;G 1. fy;> kz; 1. jkpo;ehL Kjyplk; 2. jkpo;ehL jiyrpwe;jJ 2. ,Uth; Foe;ij ngw;wdh;

16. xd;nwhopg; nghJr;nrhy; 1. Ith; Nfhykpl;ldh; (ngz;fs;) 2. Ith; Nghh;f;fsk; nrd;wdh; (Mz;fs;)

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3. ,k;khL taypy; cOfpwJ. (fhis) 4. ,k;khL ghy; fwf;Fk; (gR) 5. khL fd;iw <d;wJ (gR) 6. Ith; Fq;Fkk; ,oe;jdh; (ngz;fs;)

17. ,dq;Fwpj;jy;:

1. ntw;wpiy jpd;whd; 2. NrhW cz;lhd;

18. mLf;Fj; njhlh; 1. md;Nwh md;Nwh 2. Ngh Ngh 3. vwp vwp 4. tUf tUf 5. jP jP jP 6. nehe;Njd; nehe;Njd; 7. Nfhb Nfhb Nfhb 8. ghk;G ghk;G 9. th th th

19. ,ul;ilf; fpstp 1. glgl 2. fyfy 3. ryry 4. klkl 5. flfl

20. xUnghUl;gd;nkhop: 1. cah;e;Njhq;fp 2. kPkpir 3. Fope;jho;e;J 4. xUjdp 5. eLikak; 6. thbtjq;fpa

21. tphpAtik njhifAtik 1. Njd;Nghd;w nkhop Njd;nkhop 2. gtsk; Nghd;w tha; gtstha;

22. Gzh;r;rp 1. ,ay;G Gzh;r;rp - nghd; + tisay; = nghd;tisay; 2. tpfhug; Gzh;r;rp - thio + gok; = thiog;gok; (Njhd;wy;) kuk; + Nth; = kuNth; (nfLjy;) nghd; + Flk; = nghw;Flk; (jphpjy;)

3. jpirg;ngah; Gzh;r;rp 1. tlfpof;;F 2. tlNkw;F 3. njd;Nkw;F 4. njd;fpof;F 5. fPo;ehL 6. NkdhL 7. njd;fpof;F 8. tlkiy

4. gz;Gg; ngah;Gzh;r;rp 1. fUtpop 2. nghpad; 3. ghrpiy 4. igq;$o; 5. rpw;Nwhil 6. Nrjhk;gy; 7. fUq;Fapy; 8. ntw;wpiy 9. nre;jkpo; 10. nrk;nkhop 11. %J}h; 12. fUk;gyif 5.kfu<w;Wg; Gzh;r;rp 1. kutb 2. tl;lf;fy; 3. epyq;fle;jhd; 4. kuNth;

23. ck;ikj;njhif: 1. ntw;wpiy ghf;F 2. ,uhg;gfy; 3. jha;je;ij

24. vz;Zk;ik: 1. NjUk; jpUtpohTk; 2. jhAk; NrAk; 3. fgpyUk; guzUk;

25. tpidj;njhif: 1. nra;njhopy; 2. #o;foy; 3. cFePh; 4. tphpfly; 5. nghq;Ffly; 6. Fsph;jkpo;

26. gFjpia vLj;njOJf. 1. ele;jhd; - el 2. cOjhd; - cO 3. te;jhd; - th 4. gbj;jhd; - gb 5. ebj;jhh; - eb 6. Nfl;l - Nfs; 27. ,ilepiyfs;: 1. j;>l;>w;>,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyfs;. 1. te;jhd; - j; 2. cz;lhd; - l; 3. epd;whd; - w; 4. ghbdhd; - ,d; 2. fpW> fpd;W> Mepd;W - epfo;fhy ,ilepiyfs; 1. tUfpwhd; - fpW 2. gbf;fpd;whd; - fpd;W 3. elthepd;whd; - Mepd;W 3. g;> t; - vjph;fhy ,ilepiyfs;:

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1. cz;ghd; - g; 2. tUthd; - t; 4. M - vjph;kiw ,ilepiy: 1. nra;ahjhd; 2. nra;ahd;

5. j; - vOj;Jg; NgW 1. $Wjp.

28. tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp: (f> , > ,a> ,ah;) 1. tho;f 2. thop 3. thopa 4. thopah;

29. chpr;nrhy; njhlh;: (1. rhy> jt> edp> cW> fop> $h;> kh> jl> fb> fsp>) 1. edped;W 2. jlf;fhp 3. khkiy

30. msngilfs;: 1. Mm> Xx - nra;Aspir - njhohms;> Xxjy; 2. Cc - ,d;dpir - nfLg;gJ}ck; 3. <>,> I, - nrhy;ypir - joP,a> cudir,

31. <Wnfl;l vjph;kiw nganur;rk; - ~M| 1. ngha;ah tpsf;F 2. va;jhg; gop 3. Njuh kd;dh

32. tpidahyizAk; ngah; - mh;> md;> ms; 1. te;jth; 2. nrd;wtd; 3. gbats;

1. ty;ypdk; kpFk; ,lq;fSs; xd;iw rhd;W je;J tpsf;F 1. XnuOj;J xUnkhopapy; ty;ypdk; kpFk; if + jb = ifj; jb ij + nghq;fy; = ijg; nghq;fy;

2. <Wnfl;l vjpu;kiwg; nganur;rj;jpd; gpd; tUk; ty;ypdk; kpFk;. Nfsh + nrtp + Nfshr; nrtp Xlh + Nju; + Xlhj; Nju;

2. ty;ypdk; kpfh ,lq;fSs; xd;iw rhd;W je;J tpsf;F 1. ck;ikj; njhifapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. fha; + fdp = fha;fdp jha; + je;ij = jha;je;ij

2. ,ul;ilf;fpstpapy; ty;ypdk; kpfhJ. flfl> klkl> rlrl

3. tpidnar;rkhf;Ff. 1. ngW - ngw;W 2. gb - gbj;J 3. el - ele;J 4. nra; - nra;J

5. XL - Xb 6. grp - grpj;J 7. gpup - gpupj;J

4. nganur;rkhf;Ff. 1. ngW - ngw;w 2. gb - gbj;j 3. el - ele;j 4. nra; - nra;j 5. XL - Xba 5. ctikaia cUtfkhf;F. ctik - cUtfk; 1. mKjnkhop - nkhopaKJ 2. faw;fz; - fz;fay; 3. Njd;jkpo; - jkpo;j;Njd; 4. G+tpuy; - tpuy;G+

RUf;fkhf tpilasp - tpdh vz; 11 Kjy; 20 tiu

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5. kjpKfk; - Kfkjp 6. kyub - mbkyh; 7. Kj;Jg;gy; - gy;Kj;J

8. tpw;GUtk; - GUttpy; 9. kyh;g;ghjk; -- ghjkyh; 10. gtstha; - tha;g;gtsk; 11. fay;tpop - tpopf;fay; 12. fdptha; - tha;f;fdp

6. gFjpia vLj;njOJf. 1. ele;jhd; - el 2. cOjhd; - cO 3. te;jhd; - th 4. gbj;jhd; - gb 5. ebj;jhh; - eb 6. Nfl;l - Nfs; 7. fz;lhd; - fhz; 8. nfhz;lhd; - nfhs; 9. nra;jhd; - nra;

7. thf;fpa khw;wk;. 1. fpsp fy;yhy; mbgl;lJ - czu;r;rpj; njhluhf khw;W

me;Njh! fpsp fy;yhy; mbgl;lNj ! 2. jpUf;Fwis midtUk; mwptu;. - tpdhj;njhluhf mikf;f. jpUf;Fwis mwpahjtu; csNuh ? 3. ,kakiy kpfTk; caukhdJ - czu;r;rpj;njhluhf khw;Wf. vd;Nd! ,kakiyapd; cauk;! 4. New;W Gay; tPrpaJ@ kuq;fs; rha;e;jd. New;W Gay; tPrpajhy; kuq;fs; rha;;e;jd. 5. G+q;Foyp nghk;ik nra;jhs; - nraghl;L tpidahf khw;W nghk;ik G+q;Foypahy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. 6. vopyd; jpUf;Fwisf; fw;gpj;jhd; - gpwtpidahf khw;W vopyd; jpUf;Fwisf; fw;whd;.

8. njhlu;fs; vt;tifahdit

1. gprpuhe;ijahu;> el;Gf;F ,yf;fzkhfj jpfo;rpwhu; - nra;jpj; njhlu; 2. Foe;ijia mbj;jJ ahu;? - tpdhj; njhlu; 3. ek; ehl;Lf; nfhb jiyikahrpupauhy; Vw;wg;gl;lJ. - nraghl;L tpid 4. taypy; MLfs; Nka;e;jpy - vjpu;kiw 5. fhe;jpabfs; cz;ik Ngrhky; ,uhu;. - nghUs; khwh vjpu;kiw

9. cupa kuGr;nrhy;iy Nju;e;njLj;J vOJf. 1. vq;fs; gs;spf;Fr; Rw;Wr; Rtu; ______________ (vOg;gg;gl;lJ/fl;lg;gl;lJ) 2. ghujpahu; nra;Ais ______________ (gbdhu;/,aw;wpdhu;) 3. Ntld; ______________ (va;j/nrYj;jpa) mk;G ahidia tPo;j;jpaJ. 4. khwd; Xtpaj;ij______________ (tiue;jhd;/Gide;jhd;) 5. me;j rpw;gk; xNu fy;ypy; (tbf;fg;gl;lJ/nrJf;fg;gl;lJ)

10. njhifr; nrhy;iy tpupj;njOJf. 1. Kf;fdp - kh> gyh> thio 2. ,Utpid - ey;tpid> jPtpid - jd;tpid> gpwtpid 3. ,Ujpiz - cah;jpiz> m/wpiz- mfj;jpiz> Gwj;jpiz 4. Kj;jkpo; - ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; 5. Kg;ghy; - mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; 6. %tplk; - jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glh;f;if 7. %Nte;jh; - Nruh;> Nrhoh;> ghz;bah; 8. ehw;wpir - fpof;F> Nkw;F> tlf;F> njw;F 9. ehdpyk; - FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy; 10. Ie;jpiz - FwpQ;rp> Ky;iy> kUjk;> nea;jy;> ghiy

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11. Ik;ghy; - Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyh;ghy;> xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy;. 12. Ik;Gyd; - njhL czh;T> cz;zy;> Efh;jy;> fhzy;> Nfl;ly; 13. Ik;nghwp - nka;> tha;> %f;F> fz;> nrtp

11. xUik gd;ikg; gpio ePf;fp vOJf. 1) fy;tp eyk; ngw;w ngz;ghw; Gytu;f;F kd;dUk; gzpe;jhd;. fy;tp eyk; ngw;w ngz;ghw; Gytu;f;F kd;dUk; gzpe;jdu; 2) ngz;fs; ngwNtz;baJ ngz; fy;tp> ngz;Zupik> nrhj;Jupik. ngz;fs; ngwNtz;bait ngz; fy;tp> ngz;Zupik> nrhj;Jupik. 3) ,g;NghJ mtu; ifapy; Nfhg;Gfs; ,Ue;jJ ,g;NghJ mtu; ifapy; Nfhg;Gfs; ,Ue;jd. 4. taJ te;Njhu;f;Fk; ngz;fSf;;Fk; thf;Fupik nfhLf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd mk;Ngj;fu; $wpaij ehNsLfs; Gfo;e;jJ. taJ te;Njhu;f;Fk; ngz;fSf;;Fk; thf;Fupik nfhLf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd mk;Ngj;fu; $wpaij ehNsLfs; Gfo;e;jd. 5. Gytu;fs; nghq;fw; GJ ehs;fspd; khz;gpid czu;e;J nfhz;lhbdhu;.

Gytu;fs; nghq;fw; GJ ehspd; khz;gpid czu;e;J nfhz;lhbdu;. 6. Nkilg; Ngr;Rf;Ff; fUj;JfNs capu; ehb Nghd;wJ. Nkilg; Ngr;Rf;Ff; fUj;JfNs capu; ehb Nghd;wit. 7. <];l;kd; vd;ghu; glr;RUs; jahupf;Fk; Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jdu;. <];l;kd; vd;ghu; glr;RUs; jahupf;Fk; Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. 8. ,aq;FUg; glq;fisf; Foe;ijfs; tpUk;gpg; ghu;f;fpd;wJ. ,aq;FUg; glq;fisf; Foe;ijfs; tpUk;gpg; ghu;f;fpd;wdu; 9. fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; nghUs;fs; kz;bf; fple;jJ. fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdj;jpy; nghUs;fs; kz;bf; fple;jd. 10. jkpou;fspd; tho;tpy; ,ir rpwe;j ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jd. jkpou;fspd; tho;tpy; ,ir rpwe;j ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. 11. Xu; ,sk;ngz; Ehnyhd;iw tpUk;gpg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;.

Xu; ,sk;ngz; Ehnyhd;iw tpUk;gpg; gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhs;. 12. kdpjdpd; Nehf;fk; cau;e;jjhfTk; J}a;ikahdjhfTk; ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; Nghjh. kdpjdpd; Nehf;fk; cau;e;jjhfTk; J}a;ikahdjhfTk; ,Ue;jhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ. 14. jkpofj;jpy; vz;zw;w njhopy;El;gg; gapyfq;fs; cs;sJ. jkpofj;jpy; vz;zw;w njhopy;El;gg; gapyfq;fs; cs;sd. 15. ,d;W NgUe;Jfs; XlhJ ,d;W NgUe;Jfs; Xlh. 16. mtd; ftpQd; my;y. mtd; ftpQd; my;yd;. 17. ehd; thq;fpa E}y; ,J my;y. ehd; thq;fpa E}y; ,J md;W.

12. re;jpg;gpio ePf;fp vOJf. 1. Mz;fis NghyNt ngz;fSf;Fk; muR gzp midj;J JiwfspYk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; Mz;fisg; NghyNt ngz;fSf;Fk; muRg; gzp midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2. MSk; mwpTk; tsu;tjw;F Kd;ghf tho;f;if gazkhk; . MSk; mwpTk; tsu;tjw;F Kd;ghf tho;f;ifg; gazkhk;. . 3. Mrpupau; ngaiu jk; ngaUld; Nru;j;J gPkhuht; mk;Ngj;fuhf khwpdhu; Mrpupau; ngaiuj; jk; ngaUld; Nru;j;Jg; gPkhuht; mk;Ngj;fuhf khwpdhu; 4. ViofSf;F nghUs; ngwhky; thjhb ePjp ngw;W je;jhu;. ViofSf;Fg; nghUs; ngwhky; thjhb ePjp ngw;Wj; je;jhu;.

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5. Nkil Ngr;R kpFe;j gaid juty;yJ. Nkilg; Ngr;R kpFe;j gaidj; juty;yJ. 6. kf;fis ,yl;rpa ghijapNy mioj;J nry;Yk; td;ikAilaNj NkilNgr;R.

kf;fis ,yl;rpag; ghijapNy mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; td;ikAilaNj Nkilg; Ngr;R 7. jpiuglk; vLf;f gad;gLk; glRUs; nry;Yyha;L vd;Dk; nghUshy; MdJ. jpiug;glk; vLf;fg; gad;gLk; glr;RUs; nry;Yyha;L vd;Dk; nghUshy; MdJ. 8. jpiuglk; kf;fis jd;ghy; <u;j;J fl;b Nghlty;yJ. jpiug;glk; kf;fisj; jd;ghy; <u;j;Jf; fl;bg; Nghlty;yJ. 9. kdpj ,dj;jpd; kuG nry;tkhf jkpo;nkhop tpsqFfpwJ. kdpj ,dj;jpd; kuGr; nry;tkhfj; jkpo;nkhop tpsq;FfpwJ. 10. jkpopy; tuyhw;W fUj;JfisAk;, gz;ghl;L $WfisAk; fhz KbAk;. jkpopy; tuyhw;Wf; fUj;JfisAk;, gz;ghl;Lf; $WfisAk; fhz KbAk;. 11. ts;syhu; mUspa topfis fil gpbj;J xOfpdhy; kdpjNeak; kyUk;. ts;syhu; mUspa topfisf; filg; gpbj;J xOfpdhy; kdpjNeak; kyUk;. 12. mwpT Xspngw mq;Nf Nrhjp juprd GJikia GFj;jpdhu;.

mwpT Xspngw mq;Nfr; Nrhjp juprdg; gJikiag; GFj;jpdhu;. 13. ifnjhopy; xd;iw fw;W nfhs;. ifj;njhopy; xd;iwf; fw;Wf;nfhs;. 14. ngz;fs; FLk;gj;ij nghWg;Gld; elj;j Ntz;LnkdTk;, fly; fle;J nry;y

$lhnjdTk;; $wpte;jdu;. ngz;fs; FLk;gj;ijg; nghWg;Gld; elj;j Ntz;LnkdTk;, fly; fle;J nry;yf; $lhnjdTk; $wpte;jdu;.

13. fPo;f;fhZk; njhlupYs;s t*r;nrhw;fis ePf;fp vOJf. 1. tyJ gf;fr; Rtw;wpy; vOjhNj. - tyg;gf;fr; Rtupy; vOjhNj. 2. mtd; tPz; rpyT nra;fpwhd; - mtd; tPz; nryT nra;fpwhd;. 3. vfd nkhfdaha; NgrhNj - vJif Nkhidaha; NgrhNj

4. mtd; Ntg;gpiy gwpj;jhd; - mtd; Ntg;ge;jio gwpj;jhd;. 5. vd; crpu; ePjhNd - vd; capu; ePjhNd 6. fhiyapy; eh\;lh rhg;gpl;lhah? - fhiyapy; rpw;Wz;b rhg;gpl;lhah? 8. Ntu;it rpe;j cisf;f Ntz;Lk; - tpau;it rpe;j ciof;f Ntz;Lk;. 9. jk;gp ,q;fpl;L th - jk;gp ,q;F th 7. Mj;jq;fiu mUfhikapy; ehfupfk; Njhd;wpaJ. Mw;wq;fiu mUfhikapy; ehfupfk; Njhd;wpaJ. 8. ,d;df;fp xU fpNyh mtuf;fh thq;fp te;Njd;. ,d;iwf;F xU fpNyh mtiuf;fha; thq;fp te;Njd;.

14. ctk cUig vLj;J vOJf. 1. fpspNghyg; Ngrpdhs; - Nghy 2. Nta;Giu Njhs; - Giua

3. jhnahg;gg; NgRk; kfs; - xg;g 4. KoT cwo; jlf;if - cwo 5. kyud;d Nrtb - md;d 6. fhak; %o;F kfsph;fz; khDk; jhkiu - khd 7. ghk;gpd; ite;Jzp fLg;g - fLg;g 8. kpd;dpw;F ,iaa kpspUk; - ,iaa 9. nghd;Neh; GJkyh; - Neh; 10. fz;nzhL epfh;f;Fk; fopg;G+q;Ftis - epfh; 11. ahopd; ,d;d ,d;nrhy; - ,d;d 12. mk;G Edp Va;g;g mUk;gpa ,Ug;ig - Va;g;g

15. gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fSf;F cupa jkpo;r;nrhw;fis vOJf.

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1. ,iwtid Nehf;fp ahj;jpiu nry;yy; gf;jUf;fhd khu;f;fk;. ,iwtid Nehf;fpg; Gdpjg; gazk; nry;yy; mbahUf;fhd top. 2. N\j;jpuq;fs; NjhWk; nrd;W tpf;fpufq;fis topgLf.

Nfhapy;fs; NjhWk; nrd;W nja;tj;jpUTUtq;fis topgLf. 3. ,e;j \u;l; kpfTk; fh];l;ypahdJ. ,e;jr; rl;il kpfTk; tpiy cau;e;jJ. 4. ehis elf;ftpUf;Fk; Nkl;rpy; ,e;jpah fz;bg;ghf tpd; nra;Ak;. ehis elf;ftpUf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpah fz;bg;ghf ntw;wp ngUk;. 5. ehd; ,e;j fhNy[pd; Xy;l; ];Llz;l;. ehd; ,e;jf; fy;Y}upapd; Kd;dhs; khztd;. 6. Ntyd; Ranjhopypy; mjpf yhgk; <l;bdhd; Ntyd; jd;nrhe;j njhopypy; kpFe;j tUtha; <l;bdhd; 7. me;j tpQ;Qhdpapd; fz;Lgpbg;G kpfTk; GJikahdJ me;j mwptpay; mwpQhpd; fz;Lgpbg;G kpfTk; GJikahdJ 8. midtiuAk; cz;zhtpujg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;Jf; nfhs;s jiyth; miog;GtpLj;jhh;.

midtiuAk; cz;zh Nehd;G Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;Jf; nfhs;s jiyth; miog;GtpLj;jhh;.

9. mtu; clw;$W kUj;Jtj;jpy; kpfr;rpwe;j epGzu;. mtu; clw;$W kUj;Jtj;jpy; kpfr;rpwe;j ty;Yeu;. 10. myq;fupj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; ngUtpUg;Gf; nfhz;bUe;jhs; vopyp. xg;gid nra;J nfhs;tjpy; ngUtpUg;Gf; nfhz;bUe;jhs; vopyp.

16. ,U nghUs; jUf. 1. MW - top> vz;> ejp 2. jpq;fs; - khjk;> epyT> jpq;fl;fpoik 3. khiy - G+khiy> khiyg;nghOJ 4. eif - mzpfyd;> Gd;dif

5. nka; - cly;> cz;ik 6. Ey; - Gj;jfk;> gQ;R E}y; 7. fiy - Mz;khd;> fy;tp 8. gb - thapw;gb> Gj;jfk; gb 9. kjp - mwpT> epyT

17. xypkuG 1. ML fj;Jk; 11. Me;ij myWk; 2. vUJ vf;fhykpLk; 12. fhfk; fiuAk; 3. Fjpiu fidf;Fk; 13. fpsp NgRk; 4. Fuq;F myg;Gk; 14. Fapy; $Tk; 5. rpq;fk; Koq;Fk; 15. $if FoWk; 6. ehp CisapLk; 16. Nfhop nfhf;fhpf;Fk;

7. Gyp cWKk; 17. Nrty; $Tk; 8. ahid gpspWk; 18. Gwh FDFk; 9. G+id rPWk; 19. kapy; mfTk; 10. vyp fPr;rpLk; 20. tz;L KuYk; 18. nghUj;jkhd epWj;jw;Fwpapl;L vOJf. 1. rl;lj;ij kjpg;Nghk; Fw;wk; fise;j tho;T tho;Nthk; rl;lk; ek;ikf; fhf;Fk; rl;lj;ij kjpg;Nghk;@ Fw;wk; fise;j tho;T tho;Nthk;@ rl;lk;

ek;ikf; fhf;Fk;. 2. fijg;glq;fs; kl;Lkpd;wpf; fUj;Jg;glq;fs; nra;jpg;glq;fs; tpsf;fg;glq;fs;

fy;tpg;glq;fs; vdg; gy tsu;r;rp epiyfisj; jpiug;gl;j;Jiw vl;bAs;sJ

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fijg;glq;fs; kl;Lkpd;wpf; fUj;Jg;glq;fs;> nra;jpg;glq;fs;> tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> fy;tpg;glq;fs; vdg; gy tsu;r;rp epiyfisj; jpiug;gl;j;Jiw vl;bAs;sJ.

19. kuGj; njhlUf;fhd nghUs; vOJf. 1. Mapuq;fhyj;Jg; gaph; - ePz;l fhyj;jpw;fhpaJ. 2. vLg;ghh; ifg;gps;is - jd;rpe;jidapd;wp nrhy;gth; Ngr;irf; Nfl;L elg;gth; 3. Vl;Lr;Riuf;fha; fwpf;FjthJ - gl;lwptpy;yhj gbg;G 4. mtiy epidj;J cuiy ,bj;jy; - vz;zKk; nraYk; xj;Jtuhik 5. Kjiyf; fz;zPh; - ngha;aOif 6. mtruf;FLf;if - vz;zpj; Jzpahjhh; 7. Mfhaj; jhkiu - ,y;;;;;;;;;yhj xd;W 8. fk;gp ePl;ly; - nrhy;ypf; nfhs;shky; nry;yy; 9. jhsk; NghLjy; - vijr; nrhd;dhYk; mg;gbNa Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

10. fhdy; ePh; - ,Ug;gJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk; Mdhy; ,uhJ 11. gQ;rha;g; gwj;jy; - miye;J jphpjy;. 12. Fl;br;Rth; - gadpd;wp ,Uj;jy; 13. nfhl;basj;jy; - kpFjpahfg; NgRjy; 14. gRkuj;jhzp - Mog;gjpjy; 15. thioab thio - guk;giu guk;giuahf 16. nfhbfl;b - jdpg;GfNohL tpsq;Fjy;

20. ctikfisr; nrhw;nwhlupy; mikj;J vOJf. 1. Mapuq; fhyj;Jg; gapu; jpUkzk; vd;gJ Mapuq; fhyj;Jg; gapu;. 2. Kjiyf; fz;zPu;. fhtyuplk; gpbgl;l jpUld;> ehd; jpUltpy;iy vd Kjiyf;fz;zPu; tbj;jhd;. 3. gRkuj;jhzp Nghy ,sikapy; ehk; fw;Fk; fy;tp gRkuj;jhzp Nghy kdjpy; Mokhfg; gjpAk;. 4. mbaw;w kuk;Nghy je;ijia ,oe;j FLk;gk; mbaw;w kuk;Nghy MdJ. 5. cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdpg;Nghy vq;fs; Mrpupau; jpUf;FwSf;F mspj;j tpsf;fk; cs;sq;if ney;ypf; fdpg; Nghy njspthf tpsq;fpaJ. 6. Fd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;Fg;Nghy ehk; mwptpy; rpwe;jtu;fshf tsUk;NghJ ekJ Gfo;> Fd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;Fg;Nghy cynfq;Fk; xsp tPRk;.

21 . I. nghUj;Jf

1.Ifhuf;FWf;fk; - m. K/BJ 2.xsfhuf;FWf;fk; - M. jiytd; 3.Ma;jf;FWf;fk; - ,. Nghd;k; 4.kfuFWf;fk; - <. ntsthy; tpil:- 1-M> 2-<> 3-m> 4-,

II. nghUj;Jf 1. ntspg;gilr; nrhw;fs; - m. NrhW cz;lhd; 2. Fwpg;Gr;nrhy; - M. fy;>kz; 3. ,dq;Fwpj;jy; - ,. ,Uth; Foe;ij ngw;wdh;

tpil :- 1- M> 2- ,> 3-m

III. nghUj;Jf

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1. mwptpdh - m. tUthah? vdpy; thNud; vd;gJ 2. Vty;tpil - M. cz;lhah?vdpy; tapW typf;Fk; vd;gJ 3. kiwtpil - ,. ,jidr; nra;thah? vdpy; ePNa nra; vd;gJ 4. cWtJ $wy; - <.„„,jd; nghUs;ahJ” vd Mrphpah;khzthplk; Nfl;gJ tpil:- 1-<> 2-,> 3-m> 4-M

IV. nghUj;Jf 1. <W Nghjy; - m. ntw;wpiy 2. Mjp ePly; - M. nre;jkpo; 3. ,dkpfy; - ,. nrk;nkhop 4. jd;ndhw;wpul;ly; - <. %J}h; tpil:- 1-,> 2-<> 3-M> 4-m

V. nghUj;Jf 1. FwpQ;rp - m. Kay;>khd; 2. Ky;iy - M. Gyp>fub 3. kUjk; - ,. Kjiy>Rwh 4. nea;jy; - <. vUik>ePh;eha; tpil:- 1-M> 2-m> 3-<> 4-,

VI. ,sikg; ngah;fisg; nghUj;Jf. 1. ML - m. fd;W 2. khd; - M. gps;is 3. fPup - ,. Fl;b

4. rpq;fk; - <.FQ;R 5. Nfhop - c.FUis tpil :1-,> 2-m> 3-M> 4-c> 5-<

VII. nghUj;Jf. 1. kapy; - m. fiuAk; 2. $if - M. fj;Jk; 3. ahid - ,. FoWk; 4. fhfk; - <. mfTk;

5. ML - c. gpspUk; tpil :1-<> 2-,> 3-c> 4-m> 5. M

22. gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk; 1) Nghw;wp => Nghw;W +, Nghw;W => gFjp , => tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W tpFjp 2) va;Jth; =>va;J+t;+mh; va;J => gFjp t; => vjph;fhy ,ilepiy mu; => gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 3) tPo;e;jds; =>tPo;+j;(e;)+j;+md;+ms;

tPo; => gFjp j;(e;) => “j;”-re;jp: “e;”- MdJ tpfhuk; j; => ,we;j fhy ,ilepiy md; => rhupia ms; =>ngz;;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 4) Nfl;l => Nfs;(l;)+l;+m Nfs;(l;) => gFjp; s; -l; MdJ tpfhuk;: l; => ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy m => nganur;r tpFjp 5) tho;thd; =>tho; +t;+Md;

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tho; => gFjp t; => vjph;fhy ,ilepiy Md; => Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W tpFjp 6) G+z;l => G+z; +l;+m G+z; => gFjp l; => ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy m => nganur;r tpFjp

1. Ifhuf; FWf;fj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff? nkhop Kjy; >,il>fil Mfpa %tplq;fspy; tUk; “Ifhuk;” jd; khj;jpiu mstpypUe;JFiwe;J xypg;gJ Ifhuf; FWf;fk; vdg;gLk;. (v-L) Ik;gJ – nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; te;J xd;wiu khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;jJ.

jiytd; – nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapy; te;J xU khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;jJ. fliy – nrhy;Yf;F <w;wpy; te;J xU khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;jJ.

2. xsfhuf; FWf;fj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff. nrhy;Yf;F Kjypy; tUk; xsfhuk; jdJ ,uz;L khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J Fiwe;J xd;wiw khj;jpiu mstha; xypf;Fk;

rhd;W: xsit> ntsthy;

3. nrhy; vd;why; vd;d? Xh; vOj;J jdpj;J epd;Nwh> gy vOj;Jf;fs; njhlh;e;J epd;Nwh nghUs; jUtJ nrhy; vdg;gLk;.

4. nkhopapd; tiffs; ahit? nkhop %d;W tifg;gLk; mit jdpnkhop>njhlh;nkhop>nghJnkhop vd;gitahFk;.

5. nghJnkhop vd;why; vd;d? rhd;W je;J tpsf;Ff. xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xU nghUisAk;> mr;nrhy;Ny gpw nrhw;fSld; njhlh;e;J epd;W NtW nghUisAk; je;J jdpnkhopf;Fk; njhlu; nkhopf;Fk; nghJtha; miktJ. rhd;W: me;jkhd; - jPT> me;j khd; : tpyq;F

6. Kw;nwr;rk; vd;why; vd;d? xU tpid Kw;Wr; nrhy; vr;rg;nghUspy; te;J kw;nwhU tpidKw;iwf; nfhz;L KbtJ Kw;nwr;rk; vdg;gLk;. (v.L) ee;jpdp te;jds;> Nghapds;.

7. njhpepiy tpidKw;Wr; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff? nra;gtd;>fUtp>epyk;>nray;>fhyk;>nra;nghUs; vd;Dk; MwidAk; ntspg;gilahff; fhl;LtJ njhpepiytpidKw;whFk; (v.L) cotd; taiy cOjhd;

nra;gtd; - cotd; fUtp - fyg;ig epyk; - tay; nray; - cOjy; fhyk; - ,we;jfhyk; nra;nghUs; - ney; 8. ,dq;Fwpj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh. jUf.

xU nrhy;> jd; nghUisAk; Fwpj;Jj; jdf;F ,dkhd nghUisAk; Fwpj;J tUtJ ,dq;Fwpj;jy; vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) fjpu;Nty; ntw;wpiy jpd;whd;.

9. mLf;Fj; njhlh; vd;why; vd;d? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff? mirepiyf;Fk;> tpiuT> rpdk;> kfpo;r;rp> mr;rk;> Jd;gk;> Kjypa nghUs; epiyf;Fk; nra;Aspy; ,iria epiwT nra;tjw;Fk; ,uz;L>%d;W>ehd;F Kiw mLf;fp tUtJ mLf;Fj; njhlh; MFk;.

FWtpdhf;fs; - tpdh vz; 21 Kjy; 27 tiu

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(v.L) 1. tho;f! tho;f! - kfpo;r;rp 2. ghk;G! ghk;G! - mr;rk;.

10. mLf;Fj; njhlUf;Fk; ,ul;ilfpstpf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL ahJ?

11. tpdh vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? tpdh MWtifg;gLk; mit>

mwptpdh>mwpahtpdh>Iatpdh>nfhsy;tpdh>nfhiltpdh>Vty;tpdh-vd;gitahFk;.

12. Ia tpdhtpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff. jdJ Iaj;jpidg; Nghf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf tpdtg;gLk; tpdh Ia tpdh.

v.fh. mq;Nf fplg;gJ ghk;Ngh? fapNwh?

13. nfhsy; tpdhtpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff. xU nghUis thq;Fk; nghUl;L Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdh nfhsy; tpdh. v.fh. gUg;G cs;sjh? vd tzpfuplk; tpdTk; tpdh.

14. tpil vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mitahit?

vl;L tifg;gLk; mit>

1. Rl;Ltpil 2. kiwtpil 3. Neh;tpil 4. Vty;tpil 5. tpdhntjph; tpdhjy;tpil 6. cw;wJ ciuj;jy;tpil 7. cWtJ $wy;tpil8. ,dnkhoptpil.

15. ntspg;gilahf nghUs; czu;j;Jk; tpil tiffs; ahit?

Rl;L> kiw> Neu; Mfpad ntspg;gilahf nghUs; czu;j;Jk;.

16. Fwpg;ghy; nghUs; czu;j;Jk; tpil tiffs; ahit?

Vty;> tpdh vjpu; tpdhjy;> cw;wJ ciuj;jy;> cWtJ $wy;> ,dnkhop Mfpa Ie;Jk; Fwpg;ghy; nghUs; czu;j;Jk; tpilfs;.

17. cw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpilapid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

~~,J nra;thah? || vd tpdtpaNghJ ~clk;G nehe;jJ| vd jdf;F cw;wij $WtJ> cw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpil.

18. cWtJ $wy; tpilapid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

~~,J nra;thah? || vd tpdtpaNghJ ~if typf;Fk;| vd jdf;F tug;Nghtjid $WtJ> cWtJ $wy; tpil.

19. ,dnkhop tpilapid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

~~MLthah?|| vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F ~ghLNtd;| vd MLtjw;F ,dkhd ghLtjidf; $wtJ> ,dnkhop tpil.

20.xU nghUl; gd;nkhop vd;why; vd;d?vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf?

nghUl; rpwg;Gf;fhf xU nghUisf; Fwpf;f gy nrhw;fs; tUtJ xU nghUl; gd;nkhopahFk;. (v.fh) 1.eLikak;> 2. kPkpir QhapW

21. ctk cUGfs; ahit ?

Nghy>Giua>xg;g> cwo> md;d>,d;d vd;gd ctk cUGfshFk;.

22. nrk;ik + nkhop vt;thW GzUk;?

1. nrk;ik + nkhop = nrk;nkhop 2. ~<WNghjy; tpjpg;gb| ik nfl;L nrk;nkhop vd;W Gzh;e;jJ.

t.vz; mLf;Fj; njhlh; ,ul;ilfpstp

1 nrhw;fs; jdpj;jdpNa epw;Fk; nrhw;fs; xd;Wgl;Lepw;Fk;

2 gphpj;jhy; nghUs; jUk; gphpj;jhy; nghUs; juhJ

3 ,uz;L>%d;W>ehd;F Kiw mLf;fp tUk;

,uz;L Kiw kl;LNk mLf;fp tUk

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23. ntw;wpiy Gzh;r;rp tpjp $Wf.

1. ntw;wpiy - ntWik + ,iy

2. ntW + ,iy - <WNghjy;

3. ntw; + ,iy - capu;tupd; cf;Fws; nka;tpl;NlhLk;.

4. ntw;w; + ,iy - jd;ndhw;wpul;ly;.

5. ntw;wpiy - cly; Nky; caph; te;J xd;WtJ ,ay;Ng

24. Kjw;nghUs; vd;gJ ahJ? epyKk; nghOJk; Kjw;nghUs; vdg;gLk;.

25. fUg; nghUs; vd;gJ ahJ? me;je;j (Itif) epyj;jpw;Fhpa nja;tk;> kf;fs;> czT> tpyq;F> Kjypa nghUs;fs; fUg;nghUs;fs; MFk;.

26. fUg;nghUs; ml;ltiz

27. mfj;jpiz:

28. Gwj;jpizfs;: 1. ntl;rp - epiufth;jy; 2. fue;ij - epiu kPl;ly; 3. tQ;rp - gifNkw; nry;yy; 4. fhQ;rp - vjph; epw;wy; 5. nehr;rp - kjpy; fhj;jy; 6. copiQ - kjpy; tisj;jy; 7. Jk;ig - mjpug;nghUjy; 8. thif - nrUntd;wy;

fUg;nghUs; FwpQ;rp Ky;iy kUjk; nea;jy; ghiy

nja;tk; KUfd; jpUkhy; ,e;jpud; tUzd; nfhw;wit

kf;fs;Fwth;> Fwj;jpah;

Mah;. Ma;r;rpah;

coth;> coj;jpah;

gujd;> guj;jpah;

vapdh;> vapw;wpah;

czTkiyney;> jpiz

tuF> rhik

nre;ney;> ntz;nzy;

kPd;>cg;Gf;Fg;ngw;wnghUs;

#iwahlyhy; tUk;nghUs;

aho;FwpQ;rp aho;

Ky;iy aho;

kUjaho;tpshp aho;

ghiy aho;

gz; FwpQ;rpg;gz; rhjhhpg;gz; kUjg;gz; nrt;topg;gz; gQ;Rug;gz;

njhopy;NjndLj;jy;> fpoq;Fmfo;jy;

VWjOTjy; epiuNka;j;jy;

ney;yhpjy;> fisgwpj;jy;

kPd;gpbj;jy;> cg;Gtpisj;jy;

topg;gwp> epiufth;jy

jpiz ngUk;nghOJ khjk; rpWnghOJ fhyk;

FwpQ;rp Fsph;fhyk;> Kd;gdp Ig;grp> fhh;j;jpif> khh;fop> ij

ahkk; ,uT 10.00 - 2.00

Ky;iy fhh;fhyk; Mtzp> Gul;lhrp khiy khiy 6.00 - 10.00

kUjk; MW ngUk; nghOJfs;

12 khjq;fs; itfiw> fhiy

,uT 2.00 - 6.00

nea;jy; MW ngUk; nghOJfs;

12 khjq;fs; vw;ghL gpw;gfy;2.00 - 6.00

ghiy ,sNtdpy;> KJNtdpy;> gpd;gdp

rpj;jpiu> itfhrp> Mdp> Mb> khrp> gq;Fdp

ez;gfy; fhiy 10..00 - 2.00

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9. ghlhz; - Mz; kfdpd; xOfyhW 10. nghJtpay; - midj;J jpizfSf;Fk; nghJthdJ 11. iff;fpis - xUjiyf;fhkk;

12. ngUe;jpiz - nghUe;jhf;fhkk;

29. Gwj;jpiz vj;jid tifg;gLk;? mit ahit? Gwj;jpiz gd;dpuz;L tifg;gLk;> mit 1. ntl;rpj;jpiz 2.fue;ijj;jpiz 3.tQ;rpj;jpiz 4.fhQ;rpj;jpiz 5. nehr;rpj;jpiz 6.copiQj;jpiz> 7.Jk;igj;jpiz 8.thifj;jpiz 9. ghlhz;jpiz 10.nghJtpay;jpiz 11.iff;fpisj;jpiz 12.ngUe;jpiz

30. kjpy;Nghu; gw;wpa Gwj;jpizfs; ahit? 1. nehr;rp> 2. copiQ

31. vjpu; vjpu; jpizfs; ahit? ntl;rp - fue;ij tQ;rp - fhQ;rp nehr;rp - copiQ

32. ehy;tifg; ghf;fs; ahit? ntz;gh>Mrphpag;gh>fypg;gh>tQ;rpg;gh vd “gh”ehy;tifg;gLk;.

33. ntz;ghtpd;tiffs;ahit? ntz;gh MWtifg;gLk; mit> 1. Fws;;ntz;gh 2. Nehpirntz;gh 3.,d;dpirntz;gh 4. g/nwhil ntz;gh 5. Nehpirr;rpe;jpay;ntz;gh 6. ,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay;ntz;gh vd;gitahFk;.

34. Mrphpag;ghtpd;tiffs; ahit? 1. Nehpir Mrphpag;gh 2. ,izf;Fws;Mrphpag;gh 3. epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh 4. mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh

1. ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;ij $Wf? 1. <w;wb Kr;rPuha; Vida mbfs; ehw;rPuha;tUk;. 2. ,aw;rPh;(khr;rPh;>tpsr;rPh;) ntz;rPh; (fha;rPh;) tUk; gpw rPh;fs;tuhJ. 3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lisAk; (khKd;epiu tpsKd;Neh;) ntzrPh; ntz;lisAk; (fha;Kd;Neh;)tUk; gpw jisfs;tuhJ. 4. <w;wbapd; <w;Wr;rPh; ehs;>kyh;>fhR>gpwg;G vd;Dk; Xuir tha;ghLfSs; xd;W nfhz;LKbAk;. 5. nrg;gNyhir ngw;WtUk;.

6. ,uz;lb Kjy;>gd;dpuz;L mbtiu tUk;. 2. mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;ghtpid vLj;Jf;fhl;L je;J tpsf;Ff.

Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ngw;W> vy;yh mbfisAk; Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wpg;gbj;jhYk; XirAk;>nghUSk; khwhJ tUtJ mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh vdg;gLk;. (v.L) jha;nkhop tsh;j;jy; jkpoh; jk; flNd

tha;nkhop Guj;jy; kw;wth; flNd jha;nkhop jtph;j;jy; fw;wth; flNd Ma;nkhop Aiuj;jy; mwpQh;jq;; flNd

,g;ghlypy; cs;s mbfis Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wpdhYk; ghlypd; XirAk; nghUSk; khwhky; tUfpd;wJ.

rpWtpdhf;fs; - tpdh vz; : 28 Kjy; 30 tiu

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3. jw;Fwpg;Nw;w mzp:

mzp tiuaiw :jd; + Fwpg;G + Vw;wk; = jw;Fwpg;Ngw;wk;. ,ay;ghf epfOk;

epfo;r;rpapd; kPJ ftpQh; jk; Fwpg;gpid Vw;wpf; $WtJ jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp. rhd;W: ~~NghUoe; njLj;j Mnuapy; neLq;nfhb thuy; vd;gdNghy; kwpj;J iffhl;l” tpsf;fk;: ,ay;ghd epfo;T.: kJiu kjpy; kPJ fhw;wpy; nfhb mirjy;. jw;Fwpg;G: kJiuapd; kjpy; Nky; cs;s nfhb> kJiuf;F tUk; NfhtyidAk; fz;zfpiaAk; ghh;j;J> ,q;F te;jhy; jPq;F tpisAk; tuhjPH; vd;W kwpj;Jf; ifiaf; fhl;LfpwJ. nghUj;jk;: fhw;wpy; nfhb mirtJ ,ay;G. ftpQd; ~kJiuf;F tuhjPH;| vd;Wf; ifia mirf;fpwJ vdf; $Wtjhy; ,J jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzpahFk;.

4. tQ;rg; Gfo;r;rp mzp: mzp tiuaiw:

Gfo;tJ Nghy gopj;jYk; gopg;gJ Nghy Gfo;tJk; tQ;rg; Gfo;r;rp mzp. rhd;W: Njth; midah; fath; mtUe;jhk; Nktd nra;njhOf yhd;. tpsf;fk;: (Gfo;tJ Nghy gopj;jy;) Gfo;jy;: fath;fs; Njth;fSf;F xg;ghth;. gopj;jy;: fath;fs; jk; kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; jPa nray;fisr; nra;gth;. nghUj;jk;: fath;fisj; Njth;fSf;F xg;ghdth;fs; vdg; Gfo;e;J $wp> mth;fs; jk; kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; jPa nray;fisr; nra;gth;fs; vdg; gopj;Jf; $wpajhy; ,J tQ;rg; Gfo;r;rpmzp.

5. nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tU epiyazp: mzp tiuaiw:

nra;Aspy; Kd;dh; te;j nrhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J XNu nghUisj; jUtJ nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tU epiyazpahFk;. rhd;W: jPait jPa gaj;jyhy; jPait jPapDk; mQ;rg; gLk;.

tpsf;fk;: jPa nray;fs;> jk;ik nra;jtDf;Fj; jPik jUtjhy;> mit jPia tpl mjpfkhf mQ;rj;jf;fitahFk;. nghUj;jk;: jPa vd;Dk; nrhy; jPik vd;Dk; xNu nghUspy; gyKiw te;Js;sJ. vdNt ,J nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tU epiyazpahFk; 6.myfpl;L tha;g;ghL tha;ghL $Wjy; Fwpg;G: 1. nka;naOj;jpd; gf;fj;jpy; / FwpapLjy; 2. neby; gf;fj;jpy; / FwpapLjy;

3. ,U Fwpy; mLj;J / FwpapLjy;

4. xw;W kw;Wk; Ma;j vOj;ij ePf;fp> Xh; vOj;J ,Ug;gpd; Neh; vdf;nfhs;f. ,uz;L vOj;J ,Ug;gpd; epiu vdf; nfhs;f. ,t;tpjpiag; gpd;gw;wp fPo;f;fz;l Fwl;ghitg; gphpj;Jf; fhz;Nghk;. va;jw; fupa jpiae;jf;fhy;> me;epiyNa nra;jw; fupa nray;

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myfpl;L tha;ghL

1. ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; jkpo; gw;W: kJiuapy; ehd;fhk; jkpo;r;rq;fk; itf;f Kad;wtu;fSs; ghpjpkhw;fiyQUk; xUtu;. aho;g;ghzk; rp.it.jhNkhjudhu; ,tuJ jkpo;g;Gyika fz;L jpuhtpl rh];jpup vd;Dk; gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhu;. R+hpaehuhazrh];jpup vd;Dk; tlnkhopg; ngaiu khw;wp gupjpkhw;fiyQu; vdj; jdpj;jkpopy; ngau;#l;lbf;nfhz;lhu;. kzpg;gpuths eil jkpo;j;jha;f;F kpsfhiag; Nghd;w vhpr;riyj; jUk; vd;whu;.

jkpo;j;njhz;L 1902Mk; Mz;L jkpio tpyf;fp tlnkhopiaf; nfhz;L tUk; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; Kbit vjpu;j;jhu;. Ughtjp fyhtjp vd;Dk; ehlfj;ij ,aw;wp mjpy; ebj;jhu;. QhdNghjpdp vd;Dk; ,jio elj;jpdhu; nre;jkpo; vd;Dk; ,jopy; cau;jdpr; nrk;nkhop vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy;> jkpopd; ngUikfis vOjpdhu;. eLtzuR ghpjpkhw; fiyQUf;F mQ;ry;jiy ntspapl;L rpwg;gpj;Js;sJ.

2. nky;y nky;y kw

Kd;Diu:

fkyehjd; Xaky; Gifg; gpbf;Fk; jPa gof;fj;ij cilatd;. fkyehjdpd; kidtp

Nfhfpyh. fztdpd; Gifg; gof;fj;ij khw;w Nfhfpyh vLj;j Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk;

Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ. ,e;epiyapy; fkyehjd; vt;thW kdk; khwpdhd; vd;gijg; gw;wp

fhz;Nghk;.

Nfhfpyhtpd; mwpTiu

kUj;Jtkidf;F nrd;W te;j Nfhfpyh> Gifg; gof;fj;jpdhy; Gw;W Neha; tUk; vd;W

kUj;Jth; $wpajhf fkyehjDf;F $Wfpwhs;. kidtp $wpaij kWj;j fkyehjd;

Gifg;gof;fj;jpypUe;J jd;id khw;wpf; nfhs;s KbahJ vd;W Kbthf $wptpLfpwhd;.

t.vz; rPu; mir tha;ghL

1 va;/jw; Neh; Neh; Njkh

2 fhp/a epiu Neh; Gspkh

3 jpiae; /jf; /fhy; epiu Neh; Neh; Gspkhq;fha;

4 me; /epiy/ Na Neh; epiu Neh; $tpsq;fha;

5 nra; /jw; Neh; Neh; Njkh

6 fhp/a epiu Neh; Gspkh

7 nray; epiu kyh;

Jizg;ghlf; fl;Liufs; - tpdh vz; 31 Kjy; 33 tiu

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,uhkypq;fj;jpd; kuzk;

fkyehjdpd; ez;gd; ,uhkypq;fKk; Gifg; gpbf;Fk; gof;fk; cilath;. mutJ Gifg;

gof;fj;jpdhy; Rthrg; ig Gw;W Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhu;. ,ij mwpe;j fkyehjd; kdk;

fyq;fpdhd;. ,Wjpahf ,uhkypq;fk; kuzkilfpwhu;.

rpahkyhtpd; epiy

rpahksh fztid ,oe;J ntWk; fOj;Jk;> ntwpr;Nrhba new;wpAkhf ,Ue;jhs;. mtsJ

Foe;ijfs; mtsplk; ‘mg;gh vg;gkh tUthU” vd;W Nfl;ld. ,ij fz;l fkyehjd; kpfTk;

kdk; fyq;fpdhd;.

fkyehjdpd; kd khw;wk;

ez;gdpd; kuzk; fkyehjid kpfTk; ghjpj;jJ. ,dp Gifg; gpbf;Fk; gof;fj;ij rpwpJ

rpwpjhf khw;wpf; nfhs;tjhf Nfhfpyhtplk; $Wfpwhd;. NfhfpyhTk; fztdpd; Kbit

Nfl;L kpfTk; kdk; kfpo;fpwhs;.

3. md;whl tho;tpy; rl;lq;fs; (vitNaDk; ,uz;L kl;Lk;)

Foe;ijj;njhopyhsu; jilr;rl;lk;

ngw;Nwhu; jk; tWikiag; Nghf;f Foe;ijfis Ntiyf;F mDg;Gfpd;wdu;. gbf;Fk; tajpy;

Foe;ijfs; Fiwe;j tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;W mjpfkhf ciof;fpd;wdu;. ,e;epiyia khw;w

murhy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lNj Foe;ijj;njhopyhsu; jilr;rl;lk;.

Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lq;fs;

re;ijapy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fspy; vj;jifa FiwghLfs; ,Ue;jhYk;>

ePjpkd;wq;fisNah Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;Gf; FOitNah mZfpj; jPu;T fhzyhk;. ,jw;nfd jdp

ePjpkd;wq;fs; cs;sd. Efu;Nthu; chpikfisg; ghJfhf;fr; rl;lq;fs; gy cs;sd.

jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lk;:

murpay; rhrdj;jpd; 19 (1)MtJ gpuptpd;gb Fbkf;fs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; KOikahd

Ngr;Rhpik> vOj;Jhpik cz;L NkYk;> mjw;Fhpa jfty;fis ngwTk; KO chpik cz;L.

,e;jpa Fbkf;fs; jdpahfNth Xu; mikg;gpd; %ykhfNt jfty; mwpAk; chpikr; rl;lk; 2005

gpupT 6,d;gb jfty; ngwyhk;. nghJj;jfty; mYtyhplk; gj;J c&gha; nrYj;jp

tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. tWikf; Nfhl;bw;F fPo; cs;sth;fs; fl;lzk; nrYj;j Njitapy;iy.

4. ghuj uj;dh vk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpud;

gpwg;G

ghuj uj;dh vk;.[p.,uhr;re;jpud; ,yq;ifapYs;s fz;bapy; 1917 Mk; Mz;L rdtupj;

jpq;fs; 17Mk; ehs; NfhghyNkdd; rj;aghkh ,izaUf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;.

jpiug;glj; Jiw

ehlfq;fspy; ebj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;j ,uhkr;re;jpud;> jpiug;glj;Jiwapy; <Lgl;L ebf;fj;

njhlq;fpdhu;. jdJ mauhj ciog;ghy; cau;epiyia mile;jhu;.

murpay;

mwpQu; mz;zhthy; ftug;gl;l vk;.[p.Mu;. murpaypy; <Lgl;L Vio kf;fspd; kdjpy; kf;fs;

jpyfk; vd;Dk; gl;lj;ijg; ngw;whu;. mwpQu; mz;zh ,tiu ,jaf;fdp vdg; Nghw;wpdhu;. 1972

Mk; Mz;L jhkpUe;j ,af;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfpg; Gjpa fl;rpiaj; njhlq;fpdhu;.

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jkpofj;jpd; Kjy;tu;.

1977 Mk; Mz;L jkpofr; rl;lkd;wj; Njh;jypy; ngw;wp ngw;W Kjy;tuhdhu;. ngUe;jiytu;

fhkuhru; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa kjpa czT jpl;lj;ij midj;Jg; gs;spfSf;Fk; toq;fpdhu;.

,e;jpa muR ,tUf;F ghuj uj;dh tpUJ toq;fp rpwg;gpj;Js;sJ.

5. Fwl;il xyp

njd;gFjpapy; xU FLk;gKk;> tlgFjpay; xU FLk;gKk; ,Ue;jd.

njd;gFjp FLk;gk;

fztd;> kidtp> MW Foe;ijfs;> xU ghl;b> xU eha; vd;W ngupa Viof; FLk;gk;. vg;nghOJk; Foe;ijfspd; Muthuk; ,Uf;Fk;.

tlgFjp FLk;gk;

fztd;> kidtp vd ,Utu; kl;LNk thOk; nghpa FLk;gk;. ,Uky;> Vg;gk; jtpu NtW ve;j xypAk; ,y;iy.

njd;gFjp FLk;gKk; eha;Fl;bfSk; Vioapd; kidtp Vohtjhf xU Foe;ijia <d;nwLj;jhs;. rpy ehspy;> eha;Fl;bAk; Ie;J Fl;bfis <d;wJ. mLj;j %d;whk; ehs; ntspNa nrd;w eha; jpUk;gtpy;iy. eha;Fl;bfs; grpahy; fj;jpd.

Vioj;jhapd; fUiz grpahy; fj;jpa eha;f;Fl;bfSf;F jd;Dila ghiyNa gQ;rpapy; eidj;Jj; je;J grpNghf;fpdhs;. eha;f;Fl;bfspd; xyp mlq;fpaJ. Vg;g xyp te;j jpirapypUe;j Ful;il xyp tuj; njhlq;fpaJ.

6. E}yfk;. E}yfj;jpd; Njhw;wk; kf;fs; jk; vz;zq;fshy; ,yf;fpaq;fSk;> ,yf;fzq;fSk; Njhd;w Muk;gpj;jd. mt;thW

Njhd;wpa E}y;fs; midtUf;Fk; gad;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf nghJ E}yfq;fs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld. E}yfj;jpd; NtW ngau;fs; Gj;jfr;rhiy> Vlfk;> Rtbafk;> Rtbr;rhiy> thrfrhiy> gbg;gfk;> E}y;epiyak;> gz;lhuk; vd;gd E}yfj;jpd; NtW ngau;fshFk;. nghJ E}yfj;Jiw nghJ kf;fs; midtUk; gad; ngUk; tifapy; Cu;NjhWk; E}yfq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. 1948Mk; Mz;L jkpof muR nrd;idg; nghJ E}yfr; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wp> E}yfj;jpd; rPwhd ,af;fj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;lJ. gs;sp E}yfk; gs;sp khztu;fs; gad;ngWk; tifapy; gs;spapNyNa ~~Gj;jfg; G+q;nfhj;J|| vd;Dk; tFg;giw E}yfk; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.

E}yfKk; gaDk; ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;> jpwdha;T> mwptpay;> kUj;Jtk;> fzpjk;> fzpdp> tuyhW> nghJ mwpT vd gy;Jiw E}y;fSld; nra;jpj;jhs;fSk; E}yfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. mtw;iw tPl;bw;F vLj;J nrd;W gbf;Fk; trjpAk; cs;sJ. khztu;fs; E}yfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp jq;fsJ gy;Jiw mwpitAk; tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fis jkpohf;fk; nra;f - tpdh vz;: 34(m)

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1. ~~lhb tu;w rz;Nl vdf;F gu;j; Nl. gl; ePq;f ,d;Dk; vdf;F gu;j;Nl bu]; vLf;ftpy;iyNa> ntha; lhb? vd;Ndhl gpuz;l;i]nay;yhk; tPl;Lf;F tur;nrhy;ypf; fhy; gz;zpapUf;fpNwd;.||

tpil: ~~mg;gh tUfpw Qhapw;Wf; fpoik vdf;F gpwe;j ehs;. Mdhy; ePq;f ,d;Dk; vdf;F gpwe;j ehs; Mil vLf;ftpy;iyNa> Vd; mg;gh? vd;Ndhl ez;gu;fisnay;yhk; tPl;Lf;F tur;nrhy;yp mioNgrpapy; mioj;jpUf;Nfd;| 2. RNu\; thl; N`g;gz;l; ? Vd; Nyl;lh tu;Nw ? topapNy xNu buhgpf; [hk;lh mjdhyjhd; Nyl;> rup rup g]; vj;jid kzpf;F tUk;? bf;fl; fpilr;rjh? g]; nld; ju;l;bf;F tUk; yh];l; tPf;Nf upru;t; nra;jhr;R. tpil: RNu\; vd;d Mapw;W? vd; jhkjkha; tu;Nw ?

topapNy xNu Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry;lh> mjdhyjhd; jhkjk;> rup rup NgUe;J vj;jid kzpf;F tUk;? gazr;rPl;L fpilr;rjh? NgUe;J gj;J Kg;gJf;F tUk;. nrd;w thuNk Kd; gjpT nra;jhr;R. Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fSf;F ,izahdj; jkpo; nrhw;fs; \hg;gpq; - filf;F ntha; lhb - Vd; je;ijNa ? fhy; - miog;G Nlhd;l; nthup - ftiyg;glhNj tpf;fpufq;fs; - nja;tr; rpiyfs; khu;fk; - top ahj;jpiu - Gdpjg; gazk; \h;l; - Nkyhil

fh];l;yp - tpiy cah;e;jJ Xy;l; ];Llz;l; - Kd;dhs; khztd; thl; `hg;gz;l - vd;d Mapw;W Nyl; - jhkjk; buhgpf; [hk; - Nghf;Ftuj;J nehpry; bf;fl; - gazr; rPl;L yh];l; tPf; - fle;j thuk; uprh;t; - Kd;gjpT bgd; - rpw;Wz;b A+dpghu;k; - rPWil Ngd; - kpd; tprphp nry;Nghd; - miyg;Ngrp

1 - É> 2 - Ê> 3 - Ë> 4 - Ì> 5 - Í> 6 - Î> 7 - Ï> 8 - Ð> 9 - Ñ> 10 - É0.

fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;l vz;fSf;Fj; jkpo; vz;fis vOJ. 4> 50> 64> 11> 77> 85> 90> 116> 24 jkpo; vz;fSf;F muG vz;fis vOJ. ÍÊÏ> ÑÐ> ÉÌÎ> ÏÐË> ÎÍÊ

jkpo; vz;fis mwpf - tpdh vz;: 34(M)

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1. Trees are very useful to us.They give us timber and firewood. The timber is used to

make chairs, tables and other furniture. We get oil from the oil seeds of some trees. The

leaves and fruits of some trees are used to prepare medicines.

kuq;fs; ekf;F kpfTk; gadspf;fpd;wd. mit ekf;F kuf;fl;iliaAk;>tpwifAk; jUfpd;wd. ehw;fhypfs;> Nkirfs; kw;Wk; gytifahd fiyg;nghUl;fs; nra;a kuf;fl;ilfs; cjTfpd;wd. rpy kuq;fspd; tpj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J vz;nza; fpilf;fpwJ. rpy kuq;fspd; ,iyfs;> fdpfs; Mfpait kUe;Jfs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd.

2. Early to bed and earlly to rise make a man healthy, wealthy and wise. The early riser

has more time and energy to prepare for the day”s work than the late riser. Besides, he finds

himself fresh and brisk. Early morning is the most suitable time for study. As the mind is fresh,

even a difficult is made easy.

gpd; J}q;fp> Kd; vOjy; vDk; gof;fk; XUtid cly;eyKilatdhf> nry;tKilatdhf> mwpT cilatdhf Mf;Fk;. jhkjkha; vOgtid tpl mjpfhiyapy; vOgtDf;F md;whl Ntiyfisf; ftdpf;f mjpf NeuKk;> rf;jpAk; fpilf;fpwJ. mtd; jd;idg; Gj;Jzh;r;rp cilatdhfTk; RWRWg;G cilatdhfTk; czh;fpwhd;. mjpfhiy NeuNk kpfTk; cfe;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rpj;jk; njspthf ,Ug;gjhy;> fbdkhd ghlg;gFjp$l vspjhf MfptpLfpwJ.

3. The television is one of the wonders of modern India. Many useful programs on

education, health, agriculture and family planning are specially prepared for rural viewers.

Interesting dramas and films are shown at regular intervals. The television is also used for

commercial advertisements.

njhiyf;fhl;rp jw;fhy ,e;jpahtpd; mw;Gjq;fspy; xd;whFk;. fy;tp> eytho;T>

Ntshz;ik> FLk;geyk; Nghd;w gad;jUk; gy epfo;r;rpfs;> ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fSf;fhfNt jdp ftdpg;Gld; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mh;tKld; ghh;f;fj;jf;f ehlfq;fSk;> jpiug;glq;fSk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilntspfspy; fhz;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. tzpf tpsk;guq;fSf;Fk; njhiyf;fhl;rp gad;gLfpwJ.

4. Food is essential for all living beings. Without food man cannot live long. Every man

has to eat a certain quantity of food. If he eats less than that quantity his health will fail and he

will fall ill. So, everyman has to eat enough food to live.

vy;yh capupdq;fSf;Fk; czT ,d;wpaikahjJ. cztpd;wp kdpjd; neLehs; tho KbahJ. Xt;nthUtUk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT czit cz;z Ntz;Lk;. Fiwe;j msT czT cly;eyj;ijg;ghjpg;gNjhL> Neha;tha;glTk; VJthFk;. MfNt xt;nthUtUk; caph;thoj; Njitahd msT czT cz;z Ntz;Lk;.

5. Gandhiji loved and respected truth more than anything else. He fought his whole life to

uphold the value of truth. From his experiment with truth, he came to know that there could

not be a God other than truth. He taught us that our thought, word and deed should on truth.

He preached what he practised.

fhe;jpabfs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl Nkyhf tha;ikia Nerpj;jhh;> kjpj;jhh;. tha;ikapd; kjpg;ig epiyehl;l jd; tho;ehs; KOJk; Nghuhbdhh;. tha;ikAld;jhd; epfo;j;jpa Ma;Tfspy; ,Ue;J> tha;ikiaj;jtpu NtW nja;tk; ,y;iynad;W fz;lhh;. ekJ vz;zk;> nrhy;> nray; ,k;%d;Wk; xd;whfNt ,Uf;f NtzLk; vd;W fw;gpj;jhh;. jhk; nrhy;tijNa nraypYk; fhl;bdhh;.

Mq;fpy ciug;gFjpiaj; jkpohf;fk; nra;f - tpdh vz; 35(m)

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6. Library is a place for reading books. There will be a librarian in each library. He takes

care of all the books in English and Tamil. It also has books on Science, Economics and

commerce. There are newspapers and magazines in tamil and English. We Can read them

there silently . It is a place for silent reading. Books can be borrowed for two weeks from the

library. It is useful for everyone.

E}yfk; Gj;jfq;fs; gbg;gjw;fhd ,lkhFk;. xt;nthU E}yfj;jpYk; xU E}yfh; ,Ug;ghh;. mth;> E}yfj;jpYs;s midj;J Gj;jfq;fisAk; ftdkhfg; ghh;j;Jf; nfhs;thh;. Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; jkpo; fijg;Gj;jfq;fs; mq;F ,Uf;Fk;. mwptpay;> nghUspay;> tzpftpay; Gj;jfq;fSk;$l mq;F ,Uf;Fk;. Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; jkpopy; Gjpa ,jo;fs; mq;F ,Uf;Fk;. mJ mikjpahfg; gbg;gjw;nfd;Nw cs;s ,lkhFk;. E}yfj;jpypUe;J Gj;jfq;fis ,uz;L thuq;fSf;F ,utyhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. E}yfk; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; gad;glf;$ba xd;whFk;.

1. Health is Wealth.

Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk;

2. Too much of anything is good for nothing

msTf;F kpQ;rpdhy; mkph;jKk; eQ;rhFk;

3. No pain No gain

Ciog;gpd;wp Cjpakpy;iy

4. Haste makes Waste

gjwpa fhhpak; rpjWk;

5. Knowledge is Power

mwpNt Mw;wy;

6. Covet all lose all

Nguhir Nghpog;G

7. Diamonds cut diamonds

Ks;is Ks;shy; vL

8. East or West, Home is the best.

vyp tisahdhYk; jdp tis Ntz;Lk;.

8. Empty vessals make the greatest sound.

FiwFlk; jSk;Gk;.

9 .Money makes many things.

gzk; gj;Jk; nra;Ak;.

10. Old is gold.

goikNa gRk;nghd;.

11. Prevention is better than cure.

tUKd; fhg;gJ Nky;.

12. Little strokes fell great oaks

mbNky; mb mbj;jhy; mk;kpAk; efUk;.

13. Tit for tat

gopf;Fg;gop

14. Work is workship

nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk;.

15. Time is gold

fhyk; nghd; Nghd;wJ.

16. Failure is the stepping stone to success

,izahd jkpo;g;gonkhopfis vOJf - tpdh vz;: 35(M)

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Njhy;tpNa ntw;wpf;F mbj;jsk;.

17. Man proposes god disposes

ehk; xd;W epidf;fj; nja;tk; xd;W epidf;Fk;.

18. Srtike the rod while it is hot.

fhw;Ws;sNghNj J}w;wpf;nfhs;.

19. The face is the Index of the mind

mfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy; njhpAk;.

20. All that glitter is not gold

kpd;Dtnjy;yhk; nghd;dy;y.

21. Art is long : but life is short.

fy;tp fiuapy: fw;gth; ehs;rpy.

22. Barking dog seldom bite

Fiuf;fpd;w eha; fbf;fhJ.

23. There is no smoke without fire

neUg;gpd;wp GifahJ.

24. Time and tide waits for none

Iah; tUk;tiu mkhthir fhj;jpUf;fhJ

25. A friend in need is a friend indeed

Mgj;jpy; cjTgtNd cz;ikahd ez;gd;.

26. Self help is the best help

jd; ifNa jdf;Fjtp.

27 .Efforts never fail

Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk;.

28. Live and let live

thO> tho tpL

29. Manners make the man

ed;dlj;ijNa kdpjid cUthf;Fk;.

30. All is well that ends well

ey;y njhlf;fNk ey;y KbT.

31. Look before you leap

Mok; njhpahky; fhiy tplhNj.

32. Do well what you have to do

nra;td jpUe;jr; nra;.

33. Small rudders guide great ships

rpW JUk;Gk; gy;Fj;j cjTk;.

34. You must walk before run

vijAk; gbg;gbaha;r; nra;.

35. Experience is the best teacher

mDgtNk mUikahd Mrhd;

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(gs;sp> kio> Foe;ij> fly;> el;G> Kaw;rp> md;id> ,aw;if) gs;sp el;G nrbaha; ,Ue;j vd;id Mapuk; Nfhb nrOikahd kukhf;fpats;! el;rj;jpuq;fs; Gy;yha; fple;jtid tpz;zpy; ,Ue;jhYk; Gfo; kuj;jpy; Vw;wpats;! ,uTf;f moF kjpia Cl;b epyTjhd; khkdpjdha; khw;wpats;! Mapuk; cwTfs; gz;igj; je;J kz;zpy; ,Ue;jhYk; ghrKld; tsu;j;jts;! vdf;F moF gs;sp vDk; vd; md;Gj;jha;! ey;y el;Gjhd;!

Kaw;rp md;id

mwpntd;Dk; tpijf;F cuk;! Rikaha; te;j vd;id Mw;wiy tsu;f;Fk; Mrhd;! Rfkha; Vw;wha; jhNa! ,kaj;jpd; cauj;ij msf;Fk; fapW! cd;id cUf;fp vd;id cd;id ,e;j cyfpw;F fhl;Lk; tbj;j rpw;gp ePNa xsp tpsf;F! vdf;F Mapuk; Kj;jkpl;L Kaw;rp vd;Dk; Rlu; tpsf;F! muq;Nfw;wk; nra;jhNa! vd;gij vd;Wk; czu;tha;! vdf;fhf kl;LNk thOk; %r;rp tpl kwe;jhYk; vd; md;Gj; jhNa! Kaw;rp nra;a kwf;fhNj! ,dp vj;jid gpwtp vLj;jhYk; vd; md;id ePNa..... kio Foe;ij Foe;ijfs; Mapuk; ftpijfis nfhQ;rp tpisahl! capUf;Fs; tpijj;jJ cotu;fs; cd; Ie;J tpuypd; mirT! cs;sk; Rfk;ghl! vd; ,ja thdpy;; kz;Zf;F Nfhb el;rj;jpuq;fis gr;irg; Glit fl;ba nfhl;b kpd;d itj;jJ kioNa! - ehq;fs; cd; ,Utpop mirT! ,we;J NghFk;Kd; thd; kioapy; G+kp G+j;jJ! tpiue;J th! cd; md;G kioapy; vd; ,jak; G+j;jJ!

kdp;jnuyhk; md;Gnewp fhz;gjw;Fk; kNdhghtk; thidg;Nghy; tphpt ile;J jdpkdpj jj;Jtkhk; ,Uisg;Nghf;fpr; rfkf;fs; xd;nwd;g Jzh;t jw;Fk; ,dpjpdpjha; vOe;jcah; vz;z nky;yhk; ,yFtJ Gyth;jU Rtbr; rhiy GdpjKw;W kf;fs; GJtho;T Ntz;by; Gj;jf rhiyNtz;Lk; ehl;by; ahz;Lk;

fijia epiwT nra;jy; my;yJ ftpij - tpdh vz;: 36

gh eak; ghuhl;ly; - tpdh vz; : 37

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jpuz;;l fUj;J: kf;fspilNa md;Gnewp tsh;tjw;Fk;> tphpe;j kdg;Nghf;F Vw;gLtw;Fk;> jd;dy Nehf;F jfh;tjw;Fk;> vy;NyhUk; Xhpdj;jth; vd;W czh;tjw;Fk;> cah; vz;zq;fs; cUthtjw;Fk;>

GdpjKw;W kf;fs; tho;tjw;Fk;> ehl;by; Gj;jfrhiy Njhd;w Ntz;Lk;. nghUs; eak;: “kf;fs; Gdpjkhd tho;T tho> md;G tphpe;j kdg;ghd;ik> jd;dykpd;ik> Xhpdk; vd;W czu> cah; vz;zk; cUthf ehnlq;Fk; Gj;jfrhiy Ntz;Lk;” vd;fpwhh; ghujpjhrdhh;. nrhy;eak;: jd;dy kdg;ghd;ikia kf;fs; jfh;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij tpsf;f “jdpkdpj jj;Jtkhk; ,Uisg;Nghf;fp” vd;w nrhw;fspdhy; eak;gl $Wfpwhh; ghNte;jh;. Nkhid: Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Nkhid. rhd;W : kdpjnuyhk; ….. kNdhghtk;

,dpjpdpjha; ….. ,yFtJ GdpjKw;W ….. Gj;jfrhiy vJif: ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif rhd;W : kdpjnuyhk;_jdpkdpj_,dpjpdpjha;_GdpjKw;W ,iaG: ,Wjp vOj;Njh>mirNah> rPNuh xd;Wgl;L tUtJ ,iaG rhd;W : Ntz;by; …… ehl;by; re;jeak;: ,g;ghlypy; “vz;rPh;f; fopnebyb Mrphpa tpUj;jg;gh” gapd;W te;Js;sjhy; „mftNyhir‟ epuk;g eaj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

mzp: gue;J tphpe;j thdj;ijg; Nghy kf;fspd; kdk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ftpQh; $wpAs;sjhy; ,g;ghlypy;”ctik mzp” gapd;W te;Js;sJ. jiyg;G: Gj;jf rhiy

tq;fpapy; gzk; vLj;jy;> tq;fpapy; gzk; nrYj;Jjy;> njhlu;tz;b Kd;gjpT Nghd;w gbtq;fis epug;g gapw;rp nra;aTk;.

xUtNuhL xUth; el;ghfg;goFk; jpwd; vopyDk; jkpourDk; neUq;fpa ez;gh;fs;. Mdhy;> vopyuDf;Fj; jkpourd; kl;LNk ez;gd;. jkpourDf;Nfh tFg;gpy; kl;Lkpd;wpg; gs;spapYk; midtUk; ez;gh;fNs. ghh;f;Fk; ahthplj;jpYk; md;ghfTk; el;ghfTk; goFthd;. nghpath;fsplk; khpahijAld; ele;J nfhs;thd;. jd;dhy; Kbe;j cjtpfSk; nra;thd;. vopyDk; ey;y khztd;jhd;. Mdhy;> jhdhfr; nrd;W gofkhl;lhd;. tpdhTf;F kl;LNk tpil nrhy;thd;. jkpourdplk; vy;NyhUk; neUq;fpg; goFtJ> vopyDf;F Ntjid je;jJ.

gbtk; epug;Gjy; - tpdh vz;: 38

tho;f;ifj;jpwd; tpdh vz;: 39

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1. ,th;fspy; ahiug;Nghy; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ? 2. jd;dplk; midtUk; neUq;fpg;goFtjw;F vopyd; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;W eP epidf;fpwha;?

3. cq;fSf;F ez;gh;fs; cz;lh? vj;jidg;Ngh;? 1. ngah; :

2. gpwe;jehs; kw;Wk; taJ :

3. ghypdk; :

4. je;ijapd; ngah; :

5. Kfthp :

6. gj;jhk; tFg;gpy; ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fs; :

7. jha;nkhop :

8. gapd;wnkhopfs; :

9. jl;lr;R :

10. fzpdp :

fbjk; tiujy;; 1. NgUe;J trjp Ntz;bg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fof Nkyhz;ik ,af;Feh;f;Ff; $l;L tpz;zg;gk; vOJf. 2. FbePh; trjp Ntz;b xd;wpa MizaUf;Ff; $l;L tpz;zg;gk; vOJf. 3. ePtph; fz;Lfspj;j ,lk; Fwpj;J cd; ez;gDf;Ff; fbjk;.

4. gj;jhk; tFg;Gg; nghJj; Njh;tpy; Kjy; kjpg;ngz; ngw;w cd; ez;gidg; ghuhl;b fbjk;. 5. E}yf trjp Ntz;b tpz;zg;gk; 6. tuNtw;G kly; 7. gphpTiu/ghuhl;L kly; 8. rhiy/kpd;trjp Ntz;b efuhl;rp MizaUf;Ff; fbjk;

9. khw;Wr; rhd;wpjo; Ntz;b jiyikahrphpaUf;Ff; fbjk;

.

1. jkpo;nkhopapd; rpwg;Gfs;

2. rpf;fdKk; rpWNrkpg;Gk; 3. rhiytpjpfs; 4. ehd; tpUk;Gk; jiyth; (m) ftpQh; 5. Njrpa xUikg;ghL 6. md;whl tho;tpy; mwptpay; 7. E}yfj;jpd; gad;fs; 8. kioePh; Nrfhpg;G 9. fhyj;ij nty;Yk; fzpdp 10. Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G

tpz;zg;gk; vOJjy; - tpdh vz;: 40

nghJf; fl;Liu - tpdh vz;: 41

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nghJf;fl;Liufs;

jkpo;nkhopapd; rpwg;Gfs;

Kd;Diu

jkpo; %thapuk; Mz;LfSf;FNky; gioik tha;e;j nkhop. ,J gy ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa

tsq;fisf; nfhz;L nrk;nkhopahf jpfo;fpwJ. fhyj;jpw;F Vw;g jd;id khw;wpf; nfhs;Sk;

jd;ikf; nfhz;lJ. ,jd; rpwg;G gw;wp ,q;F fhz;Nghk;.

jkpopd; rpwg;G

‘ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo; nkhopg; Nghy;

,dpjhtJ vq;Fk; fhzNdhk;”

vd;Dk; ghujpapd; thpfs;; jkpod; ,dpikapid czu;j;Jk;. jkpo; gy rpwg;Gfisg; ngw;W

tsu;tNj ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;.

jha;ikr; rpwg;G

jkpo;nkhop jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;F jhahf jpfo;fpwJ. Mapuj;njz;Z}W nkhopfSf;F

Ntu;r;nrhw;fisAk;> E}w;nwz;gJ nkhopfSf;F cwTg; ngau;fisAk; je;Js;sJ. vdNt

jkpo; cyf nkhopfSf;nfy;yhk; jha;nkhopahfj; jpfo;fpwJ.

gpwnkhopj; jhf;fkpd;ik

Mq;fpy nkhopapYk;> tlnkhopapYk; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; fye;Js;sijg; Nghy; jkpo;

nkhopapYk; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs; fye;Js;sd. gpwnkhop nrhw;fis ePf;fpdhy; gy nkhopfs;

,aq;fh. Mdhy;> jkpo;nkhop xd;Nw gpwnkhopnrhw;fis ePf;fpdhYk; ,aq;fty;yJ.

,yf;fpa tsk;

cyf ,yf;fpaq;fSs; Kjd;ik ngw;Ws;sit rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;. ,tw;wpd; nkhj;j

mbfs; 26>350. mf;fhyj;Nj ,t;tstpw;F tpupthf cUthf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fs;> cyfpy;

NtW ve;j nkhopapYk; , y;iy vd;gJ nrf; ehl;L nkhopapay; mwpQu; fgpy;Rtygpy; KbG.

kf;fspd; tho;tpay; newpfis ntspg;gLj;;Jtjhy; ,it kf;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fs; vdg;gl;ld.

,yf;fz tsk;

jkpopy; ekf;F fpilj;j kpfTk; gioikahd ,yf;fzk; njhy;fhg;gpak;. ,jpy; vOj;J>

nrhy;> nghUs; Mfpa %d;wDf;Fk; ,yf;fzk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhy;fhg;gpaupd; Mrpupau;

mfj;jpau; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp Mfpa Ie;J ,yf;fzq;fisAk; vOjpAs;shu;.

nkhopf; Nfhl;ghL

njhy;fhg;gpau; $Wk; vOj;Jg; gpwg;G Kiwfs; nkhop E}yhiuNa tpag;gpy; Mo;j;Jtd.

,d;iwa nkhopapay; ty;Yeu;fSk; Ngzpg; gpd;gw;wj;jf;f topKiwfisj; njhy;fhg;gpak;

$WfpwJ vdghu; Kidtu; vkpNdh

nrk;nkhop

jkpo; fhyg; GJikiag; ngwj;jf;fJ. fzpdpg; gad;ghl;bw;Fk; Vw;wJ. ,jd; rpwg;ig

mwpe;J eLtzuR 2004Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgupy; jkpio nrk;nkhopahf mwptpj;jJ.

KbTiu

,j;jF rpwg;G kpf;f ek; jha;nkhopahk; jkpo;nkhopia cyfwpar; nra;Nthk;.

xt;nthUtUk; jkpod; vd;W nrhy;tjpy; ngUik nfhs;Nthk;. jkpo; Ngrp kfpo;e;J ,d;gk;

fhz;Nghk;.

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rpf;fdKk; rpWNrkpg;Gk;

Kd;Diu:

„rpf;fdNk rPuhd tho;T… vd;gJ gonkhop. „nghUspy;yhh;f;F ,t;Tyfk; ,y;iy…

vd;whh; ts;Sth;. mg;nghUspd; rpwg;ig czh;e;J Nrkpg;gJ mtrpak;. rpf;fdk;

,Ue;jhy;jhd; Nrkpf;f KbAk;.

rpf;fdk;:

‘rpf;fdk; Njit ,f;fdk;” Njitf;Fk; nryT nra;ahky; ,Ug;gJ fUkpj;jdk;.

Njitf;F Nky; nryT nra;tJ Mlk;guk;. Njitf;F kl;LNk nryT nra;tJ rpf;fdk;. ,e;j

NtWghLfis czu;e;J Nrkpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

tuTf;Fs; nryT:

„tpuYf;F jFe;j tPf;fk ;… vd;gJ gonkhop. vdNt> FLk;g tUkhdj;jpw;F Vw;g nryT

nra;J thoNtz;Lk;. tuTf;F Nky; nryT nra;tJ ek;ik tWikapy; js;sptpLk;. tuTf;F

jFe;j jpl;lkpl;l nryT tho;it tskhdjhf;Fk;.

Nrkpg;gpd; mtrpak;:

xt;nthU kdpjDk; Nrkpg;gpd; mtrpaj;ij czuNtz;Lk;. vWk;G> NjdPf;fs; $l

jdJ vjpu;fhy Njitia czu;e;J Nrkpf;fpd;wd. ,Uf;Fk; NghJ fpilj;jg; gzj;ij nryT

nra;Jtpl;L> ,y;yhj NghJ mOJnfhz;bUg;gjpy; gad; ,y;iy. ekJ tUthapy; xU rpW

njhifiaahtJ Nrkpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; ekJ vjph;fhyk; tsk;ngWk;.

Nrkpg;gpy; ftdk;:

Nguhir ngUel;lk; vd;ghu;fs;. vdNt mjpf tl;bf;F Mirg;gl;L ghJfhg;gw;w

epWtdq;fspy; gzj;ij Nrkpf;ff; $lhJ. ekJ Nrkpg;igg; ghJfhg;ghf rpW Nrkpg;G

epiyaq;fs;> muRilik tq;fpfs;> mQ;ryfq;fspy; Nrkpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

KbTiu:

ekJ vjph;fhy> xspkakhd tho;tpw;F Nrkpg;G mtrpak;. rpW Jsp ngUnts;sk; vd;gJ

Nghy; rpWf rpWfr; Nrkpj;J tsk; ngUf tho;Nthk;.

‘rpf;fdk; tPl;ilf; fhf;Fk; Nrkpg;G ehl;ilf; fhf;Fk;”

Rw;Wr;R+oy; ghJfhg;G

Kd;Diu:

ek;ikr; Rw;wpapUf;Fk; ,aw;ifr; #o;epiyia khRglhky; ghJfhg;gNj Rw;Wr; #oy;

ghJfhg;ghFk;. ek;ikf; fhf;Fk; G+kpia ehKk; fhf;fNtz;Lk;. mjd; mtrpak; gw;wp

,f;fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;.

epyj;J}a;ik:

kz;izf; fhj;jhy; kl;LNk kdpj ,dk; kdkfpo;NthL tho ,aYk;. ,urhad cuk;>

G+r;rpf;nfhy;yp> nefpop gad;ghl;lhy; epyk; khrilfpwJ. ,aw;if cuk; gad;gLj;jp> czTg;

nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tJ ekf;Fk;> epyj;jpw;Fk; gadspf;Fk;.

ePh;j;J}a;ik:

‘ePupd;wp mikahJ cyF” vd;whu; ts;Stu;. mj;jifa ePiu J}a;ikahf itg;gjd;

%yk; kdpj ,dk; MNuhf;fpakhf tho KbAk;. Neha;fs; ngUf khRgl;l ePNu fhuzk;> fopT

ePH;> ,urhadf; fopTePH; ePH;epiyfspy; fyg;gjhy; ePH; khrilfpwJ. fopT ePiu kWRow;rp

nra;aNtz;Lk;. fz;l ,lq;fspy; kyk; fopg;gij jtpu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

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fhw;Wj;J}a;ik

capu;tsp vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; Mf;rp[dpd; msT Fiwe;J tUfpwJ. kuq;fspd;

vz;zpf;if Fiwe;J tUtNj ,jw;F fhuzk;. njhopw;rhiy Gif> thfdg;Gif

Nghd;wtw;why; tsp kz;lyk; khrilfpwJ. ,jidj; jLf;f mjpf msT kuq;fis tsh;f;f

Ntz;Lk;. Gifapid ntspg;gLj;Jk; njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk; thfdq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;.

KbTiu:

Fg;igfisf; fz;l ,lq;fspy; nfhl;lf;$lhJ. kWRow;rp nra;a Kbahj nefpopg;

nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ. ehk; thOk; ,e;j G+kpia khRgLj;jhky; ghJfhg;gJ ekJ

flikahFk;. ,jdhy; ,e;j G+kp ek;ikAk; ek; jiyKiwiaAk; ePz;l ehl;fs; ,d;gkha; tho

itf;Fk;.

‘Rw;Wr; #oy; fhg;Nghk;‚ Nehapd;wp tho;Nthk;‚”

fhyj;ij nty;Yk; fzpdp

Kd;Diu:

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,izaw;w fz;Lgpbg;G fzpdp. nehbapy; kpy;ypad;

fzf;Ffisr; nra;Ak;. ,d;W fzpdp ,d;wp ve;j JiwAk; ,aq;f KbahJ vd;w epiy

Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

Njhw;wk;:

fp.gp.1883-y; rhh;y]; ghNg[; fl;lisfis tbtikj;jhh;. ,JNt fzpdp cUthf

fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt ,th; fzpdpapd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. gy epiyfisf;

fle;J ,d;W fzpdp kpfg;;nghpa tsu;r;rpapidf; fz;Ls;sJ.

tiffs;:

gy;Y}lff; fzpdp> kbf;fzpdp> ifalf;ff; fzpdp vd fzpdp ,d;W gy epiyfspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ. nry;NgrpAk; ,d;W xU fzpdpahf nray;gl;L tUtij

mwpfpd;Nwhk;.

,izak;:

,izaj;jhy; ,d;W cyfNk rpW fpuhkkhf khwptpl;lJ. cyfpd; midj;Jf;

fzpdpfisAk; ,izg;gJ ,izak; vd;fpNwhk;. ,it FWk;gug;G> mfd;wgug;G> itaf

tphpT tiy vd gy tif ,izaq;fs; cs;sd. ,iza Nritf;F chpathplk; jdp

fzf;F njhlq;fp fzpdpia ,izajsj;Jld; ,izf;fyhk;.

fzpdp topf; fy;tp:

gs;spfspYk;> fy;Y}upfspYk; ,d;W fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ghlq;fs;

elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. midj;J Jiw mwpitAk; ngw ,izak; ekf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ.

gad;gLk; ,lq;fs;:

tq;fpfs;> cztfq;fs;> tzpftshfk;> fy;tp> NgUe;J> Giftz;b epiyaq;fs;>

gs;spfs; fy;Y}upfs;> njhopw;$lq;fs; vd midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; fzpdp gad;ghL

jtpu;f;fKbahjjhf cs;sJ.

KbTiu:

kdpjdpd; fz;Lgpbg;gpy; mwpanjhU gilg;ghd fzpdp jkpo; nkhopapYk; gad;gLj;j

mwpNthk;. cyfk; Nghw;w tho;Nthk;.

‘fzpdp fw;Wtho;thNu tho;thu; kw;nwy;yhk;

njhOJ mtu;gpd;nry; gtu;”

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kioePh; Nrfupg;G

Kd;Diu

‘ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyF” vd;whu; ts;Stu;. mj;jifa ePiu kio nga;Ak; fhyq;fspy;>

epyj;Jf;F mbapy; Nrkpg;igijNa kioePH;Nrfhpg;G vd;fpNwhk;. mijg;gw;wp ,f;fl;Liuapy;

fhz;Nghk;.

gw;whf;Fiw Vd;?

fhLfs; mopf;fg;gLtjhy; kio nga;a Ntz;ba fhyj;jpy; nga;tjpy;iy. kf;fs;

njhif ngUf;fj;jpw;F vw;g ePH;epiyfs; ngUftpy;iy. fpilj;j ePiuAk; rhpahd Kiwapy;

ghJfhg;gjpy;iy. ,jdhy; Nfhilapy; fLk; twl;rp epyTfpwJ.

kioePh; Nrfhpg;G

epyj;jb ePH; tsk; Fiwe;J tpl;lJ. Nghjpa msT kioAk; nga;tjpy;iy. vdNt kio

nga;Ak; fhyj;jpy; kio ePiu Nrkpg;gJ mtrpak;. njhl;bfs; mikj;jy; ePH; epiyfis

Mog;gLj;Jjy;> Gjpa mizfisf; fl;Ljy; %yk; kio ePiu Nrkpf;fyhk;.

kioePh; Nrfhpf;Fk; Kiwfs;

kio ePiu ePNuhil %yk; jpUg;gp> MWfs; kw;Wk; Vupfspy; Nrkpf;fyhk;. Mo;Foha;f;

fpzWfs; Njhz;b mjd; %yk; Nrkpj;jy;. nkhl;il khbapy; nga;Ak; kio ePiu Foha; %yk;

nfhz;L te;J njhl;bapy; Nrkpf;f Nrkpf;fyhk;.

gad;fs;

epyj;jb ePh;kl;lk; caUk;> fly; ePH; epyg;gFjpapy; cl;Gfhky; jLf;Fk;. tptrhak;

rpwg;ghf eilngWk;. czT cw;gj;jp ngUFk;. vjph;fhy re;jjpapdhpd; jz;zPH; Njit

G+h;j;jpahFk;.

KbTiu

ePu;tsj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjhy; ek; tho;T tsk; ngWk;. kuq;fis tsh;g;gjhy; kio tsk;

ngUFk;. ,jdhy; jz;zPH; gw;whf;Fiw ePq;Fk;.

kioePiu Nrfhpg;Nghk; ‚ tUq;fhyj; jiyKiwiaf; fhg;Nghk;. ‚

E}yfk; Kd;Diu

~~Mwpy;yh CUf;F moF gho;||; vd;gJ gonkhop. ~~E}yfkpy;yh CUf;F mwpT gho;|| vd;gJ GJnkhop. mz;zy; mk;Ngj;fu;> mwpQu; mz;zh Nghd;w Nkijfis cyfpw;F je;jJ E}yfNk vdyhk;.

E}yfj;jpd; Njhw;wk;

kf;fs; jk; vz;zq;fshy; ,yf;fpaq;fSk;> ,yf;fzq;fSk; Njhd;w Muk;gpj;jd. mt;thW Njhd;wpa E}y;fs; midtUf;Fk; gad;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf nghJ E}yfq;fs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld.

E}yfj;jpd; NtW ngau;fs;

Gj;jfr;rhiy> Vlfk;> Rtbafk;> Rtbr;rhiy> thrfrhiy> gbg;gfk;> E}y;epiyak;> gz;lhuk; vd;gd E}yfj;jpd; NtW ngau;fshFk;.

nghJ E}yfj;Jiw

nghJ kf;fs; midtUk; gad; ngUk; tifapy; Cu;NjhWk; E}yfq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. 1948Mk; Mz;L jkpof muR nrd;idg; nghJ E}yfjr; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wp> E}yfj;jpd; rPwhd ,af;fj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;lJ.

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gs;sp E}yfk;

ehisa Nkijfs; ,d;iwa gs;spf; Foe;ijfs;. vdNt gs;sp khztu;fs; gad;ngWk; tifapy; gs;spapNyNa ~~Gj;jfg; G+q;nfhj;J|| vd;Dk; tFg;giw E}yfk; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.

E}yfKk; gaDk;

,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;> jpwdha;T> mwptpay;> kUj;Jtk;> fzpjk;> fzpdp> tuyhW> nghJ mwpT vd gy;Jiw E}y;fSld; nra;jpj;jhs;fSk; E}yfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. mtw;iw tPl;bw;F vLj;J nrd;W gbf;Fk; trjpAk; cs;sJ. khztu;fs; gy;Jiw mwpitAk; ngw;W tsu ,e;E}yfk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

KbTiu

~~mwpNt Mw;wy;|| me;j mwpTf;F E}yfNk Myak;. ,ij czu;e;jtu; tho;tpy; vd;Wk; xspkak;.

capUs;stiu gbg;gNu cyfk; cs;stiu tho;fpwhu;

ehd; tpUk;Gk; ftpQu; (m) jiytu; Kd;Diu

jha;ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;fhfTk;> jha; ehl;L kf;fspd; Jd;gj;ijg; Nghf;fTk; Nghuhba jiyth;fSk; ftpQu;fSk; gyu;. mjpy; kfhftpahfTk; khngUk; jiytuhfTk; tpsq;fpa ghujpahNu ehd; tpUk;Gk; jiytu;

gpwg;Gk; ,sikAk;

J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s vl;ilaGuj;jpy; rpd;drhkp ,yf;Fkp ,izaUf;F kfdhf 11.12.1882 Mk; Mz;L ghujp gpwe;jhu;. ,sikapNyNa ige;jkpo; ghtyuha;j; jpfo;e;J ghujp vd;Dk; gl;lk; ngw;whu;.

tpUk;gf; fhuzk;

~ghjfk; nra;gtiuf; fz;lhy; Nkhjp kpjpj;JtpL ghg;gh| vd;whu;. nfhLikfisf; fz;L nfhjpj;njOe;jhu;. Vio kf;fSf;fhf ,uq;fpdhu;. tpbaiy Nehf;fpg; gazpj;jhu;. ,j;jifa Fzq;fNs ehd; ghujpia tpUk;gf; fhuzkhapw;W.

tpLjiy Ntl;if

J}q;fpf; fple;j kf;fis jl;b vOg;gpdhu;. rhjpkj ghFghbd;wp midtUf;Fk; tpLjiy czu;itj; J}z;bdhu;.

~~Mapuk; cz;bq;F rhjp vdpy;

me;epau; te;J Gfnyd;d ePjp|| vd tPu Kof;fkpl;lhu;.

ePL Japy; ePf;fg; ghb te;j epyh

,e;ehl;L kf;fspd; mwpahikia ePf;fg; ghb te;j epyh ghujp. rhjpf; nfhLikfis fisa Ntz;;Lk; vd;whu;. ~khju; jk;ik ,opT nra;Ak; klikia nfhSj;JNthk;| vd;W

ngz;Zhpikf;fhf ghbdhu;.

jkpo;j;njhz;L

~~thopa nre;jkpo; tho;f ew;wkpou;|| vd jkpioAk; jkpo; kf;fisAk; Nghw;wpdhu;. ~~nre;jkpo; ehnlDk; NghjpdpNy ,d;gj; Njd; te;J ghAJ fhjpdpNy|| vdg; ghb jkpopd; ,dpikia cyfpw;F vLj;jpak;gpdhu;.

rKjhaj; njhz;L

~~jdpnahUtDf;F cztpy;iy nadpy;

rfj;jpid mopj;jpLNthk;||

vd;W rKjhaj;jpw;fhff; Fuy;nfhLj;jhu;.

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KbTiu

~ghuj ehL ghu;f;nfy;yhk; jpyfk;| vd;W ghba ghujpapd; fdTfis edthf;FNthk;@ tWikaw;w ghujj;ij cUthf;FNthk;.

Njrpa xUikg;ghL

Kd;Diu

ehl;L kf;fs; midtUk; jq;fSf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; NtWghLfis kwe;J xd;Wgl;L tho;tNj Njrpa xUikg;ghlhFk;. ehl;L kf;fs; midtUk; xd;wpize;J ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;fhf ghLgl Ntz;Lk;. ek; ghuj ehL Njrpa xUikg;ghl;by; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk; ehL.

tpLjiy ,e;jpah

ek; ehL Mq;fpNyadpd; Ml;rpapy; gy Mz;Lfs; mbikg;gl;Lf; fple;jJ.

Mq;fpNyadplkpUe;J jha;ehl;il kPl;nlLf;f Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; xd;Wgl;ldu;. kfhj;kh fhe;jp> NeU> Nghd;w jiytu;fs; jiyikapy; ele;j Nghuhl;ljpy; ,e;jpah 1947Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; 15Mk; ehs; tpLiyg; ngw;wJ.

Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik

tpLjiyg; ngw;w ,e;jpa G+kpapy; gy;NtW rhjp> ,d> kj> nkhop NgRk; kf;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;. NtWghLfs; Mapuk; ,Ue;jhYk; ehq;fs; ,e;jpau;fs; vd;W ngUikf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

ehl;bd; tsu;r;rp

xU ehl;bd; tsu;r;rpf;F fbd ciog;G kl;Lk; NghjhJ. kf;fspilNa xUikg;ghl;L czu;Tk; tsu Ntz;Lk;. fy;tpapYk; nghUshjhuj;jpYk; midj;J kf;fSk; tsu;r;rp ngWk; NghJjhd; xU ehL tsu;r;rp ngw;w ehlhf tpsq;f KbAk;.

xUikg;ghl;bd; mtrpak;

~xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L tho;T| vd;ghu;fs;. ekf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; xw;Wik FiwAk;NghJ kPz;Lk; ehk; ngw;w chpikfis ,of;f NeupLk;. xUtUf;F xUtu; mbj;Jf;nfhz;L jq;fisj; jhq;fNs mopj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; ,op epiy Vw;gLk;. vdNt xUikg;ghl;Lzu;T mtrpakhfpwJ.

Njrpa xUikg;ghl;by; khztu; gq;F

~,d;iwa khztu;fNs ehisa ghujj;jpd; tpbnts;spfs;. mj;jifa khztu;fspilNa xw;Wik czu;T NkNyhq;fp ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ek; ehl;bd; kPJk; ehl;L kf;fspd; kPJk; gw;Ws;stu;fshf tsuNtz;Lk;. Mw;wyhYk; mwpthYk; jq;fis Nkk;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

KbTiu

tWikapy;yh tskhd ghujj;ij cUthf;FNthk;. td;KiwiaAk; jPtputhjj;ijAk;

NtWld; rha;g;Nghk;. mikjpia Nehf;fp gazk; nra;Nthk;. ekJ xw;Wikahy; ,e;j cyif nty;Nthk;.

cd;dhy; KbAk; NghuhL! cyif ntd;W eilNghL!

md;Gld; Nt.eQ;rFkhu;> gl;ljhup jkpohrpupau;> muR kfspu; Nky; epiyg; gs;sp>

fpU\;zfpup - 635 001

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Email: [email protected].

,izg;G

tq;fpapy; gzk; nrYj;Jk; gbtk;

tq;fpf;fzf;fpypUe;J gzk; vLf;Fk; gbtk; epug;Gjy;

&.

fzf;F itj;jpUg;gtu; ifnahg;gk;gjpj;jtu; NgNuL ehs; :

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nrYj;Jk; fpis ……………

fzf;fpd; tif ……………

fzf;F vz; ……………

fzf;F itj;jpUg;gth; ngah; ……………

&gha; vOj;jhy;……………

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gj;jhk; tFg;G - Study Materials | A ... · PDF filecd;dhy;; KbAk; gj;jhk; tFg;G nghJj; Nju;T rpwg;G topfhl;b jkpo; ,uz;lhk;; jhs; njhFg;G Nt.eQ;rFkhu; gl;ljhup jkpohrpupau;> muR kfspu;