Glaas Report 2012 Eng

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The chAlleNGe o exTeNDiNG ANDSUSTAiNiNG ServiceS

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Who l b a cata gu ng- n-Pub at n Data :

UN-wat g ba annua ass ssm nt san tat n and d nk ng-wat (GlAAS) 2012 p t: t a ng t nd ng ansusta n ng s s.

1.San tat n - n m s. 2.Wat supp . 3.D nk ng wat - supp and d st but n. 4.int nat na p at n. 5.Nata t p g ams. 6.P g am a uat n. 6.M nn um d pm nt g a s. i.W d h a t o gan at n. ii.UN-Wat .

iSBN 978 92 4 150336 5 (NlM ass at n: WA 675) W d h a t o gan at n 2012

A g ts s d. Pub at ns t W d h a t o gan at n a a a ab n t Who w b s t (www.w . nt) an b pu as d m Who P ss, W d h a t o gan at n, 20 A nu App a, 1211 G n a 27, Sw t and (t .: +41 22 791 3264;

a : +41 22 791 4857; -ma :b k d s@w . nt). r qu sts p m ss n t p du t ans at Who pub at ns w t sa n n mm a d sts u d b add ss d t Who P ss t ug t Who w b s t (ttp://www.w . nt/ab ut/ ns ng/ p g t_ m/ n/ nd.

tm ).T d s gnat ns mp d and t p s ntat n t mat a n t s pub at n d n t mp t p ss n an w ats n t pa t t W d h a t o gan at n n n ng t ga status an unt , t t , t

ts aut t s, n n ng t d m tat n ts nt s b unda s. D tt d n s n maps p s nt app mn s w t ma n t t b u ag m nt.

T m nt n sp mpan s ta n manu a tu s p du ts d s n t mp t at t a nd s d mmb t W d h a t o gan at n n p n t t s a s m a natu t at a n t m nt n d. e s and m

pt d, t nam s p p ta p du ts a d st ngu s d b n t a ap ta tt s.

A as nab p aut ns a b n tak n b t W d h a t o gan at n t t n mat n nta n dpub at n. h w , t pub s d mat a s b ng d st but d w t ut wa ant an k nd, t p ss d m

sp ns b t t nt p tat n and us t mat a s w t t ad . in n nt s a t W d h a t b ab damag s a s ng m ts us .

P nt d n Sw t and

D s gn and a ut :www.pap ka-ann . m
http://www.who.int/mailto:[email protected]://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/indexhttp:///reader/full/www.paprika-annecy.comhttp://www.who.int/mailto:[email protected]://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/indexhttp:///reader/full/www.paprika-annecy.com


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UN-Water is the United Nations inter-agency coordination mechanism for all freshwater related issues. Established in 2003,UN-Water fosters greater cooperation and information sharing among UN entities and relevant stakeholders.

UN-Water monitors and reports on the state, utilization and management of the worlds freshwater resources and on thesituation of sanitation through a series of interconnected and complementary publications that, together, provide a comprehen-sive picture and, individually, provide a more in-depth analysis of specic issues or geographic areas.

PERIODIC REPORTS:

IN THE YEARS 2012-2013 UN WATER WILL ALSO PUBLISH:

2012

2013

World Water Development Report (WWDR) is coordinated by the World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) on behalf of UN-Water and published every three years.It provides a global strategic outlook on the state of freshwater resources, trends inuse of the resource base in the various sectors (inter alia, agriculture, industry, energy)and management options in different settings and situations (inter alia, in the context ofurbanization, natural disasters, and impacts of global climate change). It also inc ludesregional assessments.

Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS)is produced every two years by the World Health Organization (WHO) on behalf ofUN-Water. It provides a global update on the policy frameworks, institutional arrange-

ments, human resource base, and international and national nance streams in supportof sanitation and drinking-water. It is a substantive input into the activities of Sanitationand Water for All (SWA).

The progress report of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme forWater Supply and Sanitation (JMP) is produced every two years. The JMP is afli-ated with UN-Water and presents the results of the global monitoring of progress towardsMDG 7 target C: to halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainableaccess to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation. Monitoring draws on the ndings ofhousehold surveys and censuses usually supported by national statistics bureaux inaccordance with international criteria.

UN-Water Report on Integrated Approaches in the Development, Management and Use of Water Resources is pro-duced by UN-Water for the Rio+20 Summit. A similar status report was produced in 2008 for UNCSD. The reportassesses the status and progress of the management of water resources in UN Member States and reports on the outcomesand impacts of improved water resources management.

UN-Water Country Briefs pilot project. They provide a strategic outlook on the critical importance of investments in water forhuman and economic development at country level.

More Information on UN-Water Reports at www.unwater.org/documents.html

Strategic outlook State, uses and management

of water resources Global Regional assessments Triennial (4th edition)

Status and trends Water supply and sanitation Global Regional and national

assessments Biennial (since 1990)

Strategic outlook Water supply and sanitation Global

Regional assessments Biennial (since 2008)


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Fo wo dW t t 2015 ta g t dat t M nn um D pm ntG a s (MDG) a n t n, t s 2012 d t n tUN-Wat G ba Ana s s and Ass ssm nt San tat nand D nk ng-Wat (GlAAS) nt but s mp tant t t

mp m ntat n t UN-Wat st at g d ng st ngm ssag s n wat t at p s ap t p st-2015 susta nabd pm nt ands ap . its pub at n s t m n t ad-up t t n t k nt n t s p ss, t r +20 Un t dNat ns c n n n Susta nab D pm nt.

UN-Wat , t Un t d Nat ns nt -ag n d nat nm an sm a s wat at d ssu s, as d nk ng-wat and san tat n am ng ts us a as. W p g sst wa ds t M nn um D pm nt G a (MDG) ta g t 7.c

s gu a m n t d b t Who/UNice J nt M n t ngP g amm Wat Supp and San tat n (JMP), tUN-Wat GlAAS bu ds n t s su ts and ana s s tund ng as ns su ss a k t.

in ts at s t , UN-Wat GlAAS as a n d tsp a n t wat m n t ng and p t ng ands ap and

s n as ng us d as t bas s m n m d d s n-mak ng. T s am m t gn t n t at t s a t

n mat n n nat na san tat n and d nk ng-wat at dp s, nan ng and uman s u s was a maj bat p g ss. it a s su ts m t d a t a t kn w dg

n n ng t status and t nds n d pm ntass stan .

in a Ma 2012, t JMP ann un d t at s gn antp g ss n mp d a ss t d nk ng-wat ad b na d. T s n u ag ng n ws m s, w , w t am ssag aut n: man a st uns d, d spa t s ag at and t m n t ng k att but s, su as watqua t , ma ns a ng ng. M , t st mat d 780

m n p p st uns d a n as ngand t MDG ta g t san tat n s n t n t a k: ta u nt 2.5 b n p p w t n a ss tsan tat n.

T s 2012 UN-Wat GlAAS p d s u t as ng an s u s a n t ta g t d n appa

su nt t susta n ut n p at n and ma nt nanqu m nts. T us, t s a s us sk s

ba kwa ds n ga ns a ad mad . T ana s s mm UN-Wat GlAAS a s ps t d nt t

b nd t d spa t s n a ss t san tat n and dwat am ng d nt g ns, mmun t s and ng ups t at a b n d nt d b t JMP.

Bas d n t d n m g ng m UN-Wat Glt a a numb a ab mm d at st ps

unt s, t na supp t ag n s and t stakan und tak t nt nu t nd ng san tat n and d

wat p s n ng, w susta n ng s s aT s mm d at st ps a g g t d n t s pw t a numb a as t at wa ant n-d pt stud

a ng t at UN-Wat GlAAS s ad t tak up.

M Ja audc aUN-Wat

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Acknowl dg m n sUN-Wat and Who g at u a kn w dg t nan aT p pa at n t s p t n d nt butsupp t p d d b t D pa tm nt int nat na und ds nd dua s p s ntD pm nt, Un t d K ngd m; t Sw ss Ag n UN-Wat and Who w u d k tD pm nt and c p at n; t D t at -G n a t s nd dua s and gan at ns

int nat na c p at n, t N t ands; and t d pm nt t s p t sp

G nm nt Kuwa t. subm tt d n mat n m unt s andag n s. A u st ng nd dua s w ntp t and t a at ns s g n n Ann G

Ac onyms and abb via ions3Ts ta s, ta s and t ans s ADB As an D pm nt Bank AD As an D pm nt und, As an D pm nt Bank A D Ag n ana s d D pp m nt

A DB A an D pm nt Bank A D A an D pm nt und, A an D pm nt Bank A eSD A ab und e n m and S a D pm nt AMcoW A an M n st s c un n WatcSo c unt Status o w (W d Bank Wat and San tat n P g am)eBrD eu p an Bank r nst u t n and D pm nteSA t na supp t ag neU eu p an Un nGDP g ss d m st p du tGlAAS G ba Ana s s and Ass ssm nt San tat n and D nk ng-wat ( m G ba

San tat n and D nk ng-wat )G Al WaSh G v nan , Adv a y and l ad s p Wat , San tat n and hyg n (Un t d Nat ns D v pm nt Phiv/AiDS uman mmun d n us/a qu d mmun d n s nd mhr uman s u siDA int nat na D pm nt Ass at n, W d BankiDB int -Am an D pm nt Banki rc int nat na d at n r d c ss and r d c s nt S t siSic int nat na Standa d indust a c ass at nJMP Who/UNice J nt M n t ng P g amm Wat Supp and San tat nlDc ast d p d untMDG M nn um D pm nt G aNDP nat na d pm nt p anNGo n ng nm nta gan at n

o&M p at n and ma nt nanoDA a d pm nt ass stanoecD o gan sat n e n m c - p at n and D pm ntoecD-crS oecD c d t r p t ng S st mo iD oPec und int nat na D pm ntoPec o gan at n P t um e p t ng c unt sPrSP p t du t n st at g papSeeA-Wat S st m en nm nta e n m A unt ng WatSWA San tat n and Wat ATicAD iv u t T k int nat na c n n n A an D pm ntUN Un t d Nat nsUNDP Un t d Nat ns D pm nt P g ammUNice Un t d Nat ns c d ns undUSA Un t d Stat s Am aWASh wat , san tat n and g nWho W d h a t o gan at nWSP-A a Wat and San tat n P g am, W d BankWSP wat sa t p an

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3.1 S u s und ng and w mu s b ng sp nt .......................................................3.2 A at n und ng: w at s m n b ng sp nt n? ............................................3.3 Us mm tt d unds.............................................................................................................3.5 WASh n stm nt p g amm s: d unt s kn w w mu t w n d t3.6 Ad qua nan ......................................................................................................................3.8 imp at ns t utu .....................................................................................................

4 human s u s.....................................................................................................................................374.1 Ad qua uman s u data..........................................................................................4.2 Su n sta ng ..............................................................................................................4.3 Sta n nt s and nt nu ng du at n .......................................................................4.4 G nd ................................................................................................................................................4.5 Ba s mp d ng d pm nt uman s u s..................................................4.6 human s u p ann ng............................................................................................................4.7 imp at ns t utu .....................................................................................................

5 equ t...........................................................................................................................................................435.1 human g ts t wat and san tat n ....................................................................................5.3 P d ass ssm nt qu t p s............................................................................5.4 imp at ns t utu .....................................................................................................

tabl o con n sw d ...........................................................................................................................................................

A kn w dg m nts............................................................................................................................................

A n ms and abb at ns ......................................................................................................................e ut summa ........................................................................................................................................

c nt t .................................................................................................................................................................

1 P t a w and a untab t................................................................................................................92 P s, p ann ng and d nat n.....................................................................................................13

2.1 P ad pt n..............................................................................................................................2.2 P ann ng and d nat n ........................................................................................................2.3 r ws, m n t ng and p t ng ......................................................................................2.4 D nt a at n............................................................................................................................2.5 l a stak d pa t pat n .............................................................................................2.6 imp at ns t utu .....................................................................................................

3 nan ng....................................................................................................................................................25

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6 e t na supp t........................................................................................................................................496.1 Ta g t ng a d s t s ............................................................................................................6.2 e t na nan ng f ws................................................................................................................6.3 P t ng unt s and g ns ....................................................................................6.4 A d a at n b akd wns ......................................................................................................6.5 A gnm nt and d nat n ....................................................................................................6.6 utu ta g ts .................................................................................................................................6.7 und ng ann s............................................................................................................................6.8 imp at ns t utu .....................................................................................................

7 Sp a us n wat , san tat n and g n n s s and a t............637.1 San tat n and g n n s s ......................................................................................7.2 Wat , san tat n and g n n a t - a a t s ..........................................7.3 imp at ns t utu .....................................................................................................

r n s........................................................................................................................................................68 Ann A: M t d g..................................................................................................................................71 Ann B: T a k ng nat na nan a f ws t WASh.............................................................................74 Ann c: G ssa..........................................................................................................................................82

Ann D: Summa sp ns s t 2011 GlAAS unt su....................................................85 Ann e: Summa sp ns s t 2011 GlAAS t na supp t ag n su....................95 Ann : Supp m nta n mat n n d n / unt d nat n..............................................97 Ann G: l st nt but s........................................................................................................................99

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ex cu iv summa ythe objec ive of he UN-Wa er Global Analysis and

Assessmen of Sani a ion and Drinking-Wa er (GLAAS)is o moni or he inpu s required o ex end and sus ainwa er, sani a ion and hygiene (WASH) sys emsand services. T s n udes t e mp nents t eenab ng env r nment: d ument ng g vernment p yand nst tut na ramew rks; t e v ume, s ur es andtarget ng nvestment; t e su en y uman res ur es;pr r t es and gaps w t respe t t externa ass stan e;and t e nfuen e t ese a t rs n per rman e. Am re a eng ng se ndary g a s t ana yse t e a t rsass ated w t pr gress, r a k t ere , n rder t dent ydr vers and b tt ene ks, t dent y kn w edge gaps, t

assess strengt s and weaknesses, t dent y a enges,pr r t es and su esses, and t a tate ben mark nga r ss untr es.

T s s nd1 UN-Wat GlAAS p t p s nts data dm 74 d p ng unt s, ng a t M nn um

D pm nt G a (MDG) g ns, and m 24 t nasupp t ag n s (eSAs), p s nt ng app mat 90%

a d pm nt ass stan (oDA) san tat n andd nk ng-wat .

T a b n ma kab ga ns n WASh. T 2012

p g ss p t t W d h a t o gan at n (Who)/Un t d Nat ns c d ns und (UNice ) J nt M n t ngP g amm Wat Supp and San tat n (JMP) ann un dt at t MDG ta g t d nk ng-wat was m t n 2010: tp p t n p p w t ut a ss t mp d d nk ng-wat s u s ad b n m t an a d ( m 24% t 11%)s n 1990. h w , t p g ss p t a s n t d t at tb n ts a un n d st but d.

Maj gains ha b n mad , wi h h MDGd inking-wa a g b ing m in 2010buchall ng s main duc dis a i i s and

inc as sani a i n c ag .amp , n m t d p g ss s d nt n t n as

a ss t d nk ng-wat am ng t p st n sub-Sa a an A a t san tat n am ng t p st n S ut As a. Mt an t qua t s t s w a k a ss t sa d nk ng-wat and bas san tat n n u a a as.

T a t t at, b tw n 1990 and 2010, 2 b np p ga n d a ss t mp d wat s u s and1.8 b n p p ga n d a ss t mp d san tat n

a t s d m nst at s w at unt s an a w tsusta n d mm tm nt, ad quat s u s and t

mp m ntat n app a s. T s su ts a s p nt t ta m nts mad b d pm nt pa tn s t at ap d d t na supp t. r ng- n ng b at a supp t

wat and san tat n at u nt t m s nan a s sst ms d t m t g - mm tm nts mad n

T st GlAAS p t was pub s d n 2010 a t a p n pt was p t d n 2008.

t M nn um D a at n. P t a w and

a t n, d n -bas d p ann ng and p -mak ng,su nt uman and nan a s u s a , wsusta n d su ss.

As t s p t s ws, n man unt s, p sp g amm s a a t tt mp as s n nsuad quat nan a and uman s u s t b t sustat st ng n ast u tu and pand a ss t sand nk ng-wat and g n s s. T dangaga nst t MDG ta g t s a a n .

F cusing n c i l managing ass s

sus ain s ic s can b as im an as cusingn n w in as uc u .

T 2012 GlAAS p t d aws n t at st n matn ud ng data m t o gan sat n e n mp at n and D pm nt (oecD) c d t r p t ng

(crS), and data gat d t ug tw s ts qu st nnan w- and m dd - n m unt s and n

T s qu st nna s a a w d unt s and d ns t p g ss and WASh nputs a d ng t

t a. W t sp ns s a bas d n ns nsumu t p stak d s and a subj t t a dat n,a kn w dg d t at t a u a sp ns s w s

a ab t . T us, t s m t nt, t sp ns s s unt p t d as a s -ass ssm nt unt and d n

and t data s u d b us d w t aut n w n mak nmpa s ns b tw n unt s and b tw n d n s. T

GlAAS m t d g s p s nt d n Ann A.

Lack bus da a, a icula l n nancialf ws, is a maj c ns ain g ss.

T p t:

wa ns a s gn ant sk s ppag n t ga

n t nd ng WASh s s un ss m att nt ng n t ma nta n ng t s s s and ass ts; a kn w dg s t at d sp t t s nan a

s s a d b man g - n m unt s, a dsan tat n and d nk ng-wat nt nu s t s , wta g t ng t bas MDG-t p s s s mp

s ws t at s m unt s a p t ng g dp g ss t wa ds nat na WASh ta g ts, but

g g ts t at t maj t unt s, uand nan a s u nst a nts, sp asan tat n, a s gn ant mp d ng p g ss.

T us n n an ng a untab t s n as nand s a k mp n nt t San tat n and Wat(SWA) pa tn s p, t w man GlAAS sp nd ntb ng. A untab t s b ng u t n an d b

n as d att nt n pa d t t human r g t t WatSan tat n s n t gn t n t s g t b tNat ns (UN).

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S c i ns 1 and 2t p t d s b t g w ng p t a wWASh mp m ntat n am ng p t ng unt s and t

n as ng ts unt s t b a untab and t p an andd nat t . K nd ngs n ud t w ng:

c unt s p t nt and substant p t amm tm nts t WASh, n as ng und ng

a at ns and n as ng ad s p andd nat n am ng mp m nt ng ag n s.

T maj t unt s a stab s d t anspa ntWASh s p s n ta g ts and a put n p asupp t ng p s. Man unt s a m n t ng aga nstt s ta g ts. A untab t an b mp d, as m st

unt s d n t n ud nsum s n p ann ng, andn a a stab s d gu a w p ss s.

D sp t mp ss g ba ga ns, m st unt s a a ngs t n m t ng t wn nat na WASh mm tm nts,w t 83% and 70% unt s p t d a ngs gn ant b nd t t nds qu d tm t t d n d nat na a ss ta g tssan tat n and d nk ng-wat , sp t .

A t ug t mp tant nt but n t at g n mak s ta t s a gn d, nat na ta g ts a g n a

n t b n stab s d g n p m t n p g amm s.

S c i n 3p s nts data n nan a f ws. W t m t ddata subm tt d p ud mak ng d n t stat m nts ab utg ba nan a a at ns, unt s p t nsu nt

nan ng WASh a , w t pa t u a s us s t a ssan tat n. K nd ngs n ud t w ng:

Man t g nm nts p t ng nad quat und nga at ns WASh a s p nt t a p abs pt n

apa t t at s, d u t s n sp nd ng t m t dunds t at a d.

D nk ng-wat nt nu s t abs b t maj t WAShund ng, n n unt s w t a at g

d nk ng-wat supp ag and a at wsan tat n ag .

insu nt und ng p at n and ma nt nanund m n s t susta nab t s s n a maj wa .

T s p t p s nts a ts and d s pt tabu a summa snum us d nk ng-wat and san tat n nd at s and

b n ma ks. nan a data p s nt d n t tab s a tsa , n a maj t as s, 2010. s m k nd at s,a das b a d maps and gu s s p d d t p s nt ag g ap a summa , g ba summa stat st s and t nds.c a ts and tabu a summa s a s g n a nd at t

numb sp ns s t at w ns d d n t ana s spa t u a qu st n. T s numb d s n t n ssa qua tt ta numb sp nd nts t t su , as n t unt

eSA answ d a pa ts t qu st nna s, and n manas s t data w t d m an a ad st ng s u

( .g. t oecD-crS).

unds a d sp p t nat ta g t d t nds s n u ban a as, n n unt s w

a as a at w s d and u a a a A t ug data n us d und ng nt but ns

m t d, w at n mat n t s sugg sts t at ta s gn ant and an mak a maj nt but nsusta n ng s s.

T st ngt n t t n WASh nan an mat n, a a m n d m t d data m n t

n d d ( n su m t d s p p s d n Ann A

S c i n 4 am n s t ad qua t uman s ubas t mp m nt WASh nt nt ns and g ggaps n data. K nd ngs n ud t w ng:

on a unt s d d n t p t n w manWASh sta w n p a , nd at ng a s gn an

a k n mat n n uman s u s. T s nsu nt sta n p a t p at a

ma nta n san tat n and d nk ng-wat n ast u tu ha t unt s su d p t d t at w m n

up ss t an a t nt p ss na WASh sta . la k supp -s d t n ans and sk d ab u

ut as a k ba t t susta nab t s

S c i n 5 n ms t at t g t t wat and san tatb g nn ng t b a pt d b g nm nts and d ssu ss s and nst a nts t t nd ng WASh ag

qu tab wa . K nd ngs n ud t w ng:

N a 80% unt s gn t g t tand 50% t g t t san tat n.

M st unt s a n t stab s d qu t tt a at n nan ng wat and san tat

S c i n 6 d s b s p t -s tt ng, ta g t ng da d, and t d nat n and a gnm nt eSA assw t unt p g amm s. K nd ngs n ud t

D sp t t n m s s, a d san tat nd nk ng-wat nt nu s t s . T t ta am und pm nt a d san tat n and wat n asb 3% m 2008 t 2010, t US$ 7.8 b n. N

n ss na nd ng san tat n and wat nm US$ 2.5 b n n 2008 t US$ 4.4 b n

A d bas s st ms mp s d 26% a dand d nk ng-wat n 2010, an n as m 16%

on 7% a d s d t d at ma nta n ng s D pm nt a d san tat n and wat t ag

nf t-a t d stat s n as d b 50% b tw nand 2010, m US$ 560 m n t US$ 840 m

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on a d pm nt a d san tat n andd nk ng-wat s ta g t d t t MDG g ns sub-Sa a an A a, S ut n As a and S ut - ast n As a w 70% t g ba uns d .

S t budg t supp t m d n s WASh sss t an 5% t ta WASh a d. opp tun t s st

n as ng a gnm nt w t unt p t s andst ngt n ng nat na WASh s st ms t ug

n as ng s t budg t supp t w t anspa nand a untab t m an sms a n p a .

S c i n 7 us s n san tat n, g n and d nk ng-wat

n s s and a t - a a t s, p t ng n a sst WASh s s n t s pub nst tut ns. K nd ngsn ud t w ng:

ha t unt s d d n t p t n a ss t ad quatsan tat n n s s a t - a a t s, sugg st nga a k m n t ng s st ms and apa t .

on a ag , 34% p ma s s and 25% u aa t - a nt s a k mp d san tat n a t s.

in sp ns t t nd ng t at t s a s us a k bustdata n n- unt nan a f ws t san tat n and d nk ng-wat , t s p t add ss s t subj t n g at d pt n Ann B. T ann d s b s t w k t at as b n d n s

a n d p ng a m t d g t a k ng nat na nan af ws. ot ann s nta n t su m t d g (Ann A), a g ssa (Ann c), and unt and eSA data (Ann sD and e, sp t ), as w as supp m nta n mat n

n d n / unt d nat n (Ann ).

Bas d n t d n m g ng m t s p t, a numbssu s stand ut as qu ng u g nt att nt n and a t n b :

Nat na g nm nts and unt WASh stak d s t : nt nu t mp t st ngt and a t

ad s p WASh; st ngt n t d pm nt bust nat na p ans

WASh s p s n; st ngt n s st m-w d supp t t d

WASh, and nk WASh s s t g nm nts st ms p ann ng and s u a at n;

us n bu d ng nst tut na and uman s uapa t b t n as ng WASh s s t t

uns d and ma nta n ng st ng s s b d t ngm s u s t p at ns and ma nt nan ;

ns d ad pt ng a uman- g ts bas d app a tus att nt n n t u n ab and t nsu t at t

a n t ud d m t b n ts WASh s s; mp ta g t ng n stm nts t t p and

u n ab ;

d p and st ngt n m n t ng and stab snat na WASh Manag m nt in mat n S st ms;

at and t a k sp budg ts san tat nand wat ;

n u ag mu t stak d pa t pat n n dmak ng a und WASh, t ug nsu tat n w tus s and t ug gu a ws.

e t na supp t ag n s t : mp ta g t ng a d t t p and u n

n ud ng ta g t ng -t a k unt s; ns d n as ng s t budg t supp t w

p t d t ad t st ng s st ms t dand n as ag ; ns d d t ng m t na und ng t su

p at n and ma nt nan st ng WASh s

A stak d s t : nt ns a m n at n and ab at n am n

nat na n ag n s, d n s and NGos.

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Con xit s a t at t a b n

ma kab ga ns, pa t u a b s munt s, n mp ng a ss t

san tat n and d nk ng-wat . T 2012JMP p g ss p t (UNice /Who,2012) st mat s t at 63% t w dsp pu at n as a ss t mp dsan tat n ( gu 1), and 89% tg ba p pu at n n w us s mp dd nk ng-wat s u s ( gu 2).

San tat n and d nk ng-wat aun sa a pt d as b ng ss nt a

uman , d gn t and umand pm nt. h w , san tat n andd nk ng-wat ssu s a n t n tpast d t g - p t aatt nt n t at t d s . A numbd n s, nt nat na n ng nm nta

gan at ns (NGos) and UN ag n s,n gn t n t s, am t g t ta s t p t a p san tat n

and d nk ng-wat w ng t adt UN human D pm nt r p t

(UNDP, 2006) n g g t ng s m

t p n pa s t m ngs w t n tnt nat na a t tu . T s n udt a k a s ng nt nat na b dt sp ak n b a san tat n andd nk ng-wat .

FIGUre 1 P ntag p pu at n us ng mp d san tat n aSource: UNICEF/WHO (2012)

FIGUre 2 P ntag p pu at n bta n ng d nk ng-wat ms u (2010)Source: UNICEF/WHO (2012)

Sani a i n and Wa All

Us ng t d n bas stab s d b UN-Wat GlAAS, t SWA pa tn s p a ms t add ss t a baand susta nab san tat n and d nk ng-wat . T s ba s n ud nsu nt p t a p t at n, wand mp m nt t p ans and st at g s, and un d nat d and nad quat n stm nts n t s p ans andt p d a mm n s n and a s t a u s and p n p s a t anspa nt, a untab and su ts-add ss t bsta s t g ba p g ss.

e g t - n m mb s mak up t SWA pa tn s p, w s bas d n mutua t ust, supp t and mm tm nt tt n ss, n ud ng nat na wn s p p ans, d n a m n at n and mutua a untab t .

T SWA h g l M t ng, d tw a s, b ngs t g t m n st s nan m d p ngd pm nt p at n m d n unt s and g - p s ntat s m d pm nt banks andadd ss t a k p t g n t san tat n and wat as a d pm nt nt nt n, t p ta g t ngn d bust p ann ng and nst tut ns. T st SWA h g l M t ng, d n Ap 2010, nfu n da t n at t unt . in pa t u a , pa t pants p t d t at t 2010 h g l M t ng st ngt ns t m n st s and nan m n st s, t gg d st ng s t d nat n n man unt s, at d

n san tat n, n u ag d p t a and nan a d s n-mak s t us d n b tt d s n-mak ngab ut san tat n w t n s t and nan m n st s.

T mm tm nts mad at t st h g l M t ng us d n SWAs t k p t a as n as dmp d d n -bas d d s n-mak ng and st ngt n d nat na p ann ng p ss s. Pa t pants tab d

mm tm nts and ag d t p t n t m gu a .

T GlAAS p t s t p ma m an sm p t ng n t p g ss unt s n a ng t ssu ss s w t n t WASh s t n m ng bsta s t p g ss.

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T su t s t SWA n t at , w tts mp n nt b nn a h g l

M t ngs t p d s n-mak s,supp t d b GlAAS as t g bam n t ng p t t at g g ts t

d n , d s and b kag sa t ng p g ss n n as ng

san tat n and d nk ng-wat ag .T SWA n t at a s nd a u s tnk w t and st ngt n st ng nat na

p ss s.

Answ ng t qu st n W at w kst t t nd and susta nWASh s p s n? s b m ng

m d u t w t t ap dang ng nan a , p t a and

p s a n nm nt. T g naand g ba nan a s s a

nt but d t at ng unp d taband t g t g nm nt and d nbudg ts. Man unt s a

p n d a d pm nt, butat t p ns g w ng n qu tb tw n t and t p . T

nt nu d t nd p pu at n g wtand ap d u ban at n u t st a nsa d t at ng wat and san tat n

n ast u tu . T s s g w ng

wat s a t , up d w t t ts t- and ng-t m sks p s d b

mat ang , s a p t nt a t at ta t s u t and qu tab s

p s n.

T as n g at ts

s und n ab . e n t atp g ss t d n t JMP p t(UNice /Who, 2012) w t

nt nu unt t nd t MDGp d, un sa wat and san tat n

ag w u d st b a n2015, 605 m n p p w u d

ma n w t ut a ss t an mp dd nk ng-wat s u , and 2.4 b np p w u d b w t ut a ss t

mp d san tat n a t s. G nt s s na , b ns w ma n at

sk WASh- at d d s as s suas d a a, w n 2011 k d 2m n p p and aus d 4 b n

p s d s n ss ( gu 3).

W t ut ap d p g ss n WASh, tg wt nat na n m s w

nt nu t b mp d d. e d nsugg sts t at a k a ss t sad nk ng-wat and ad quat san tat n

sts unt s b tw n 1% and 7%t annua g ss d m st p d

(GDP) (WSP-A a, 2012).

c u a as d s as p nt n andn m g wt a , t b n ts

n st ng n WASh g b nd a t

and b nd n m d pm nt.T t u n a ang t at at ann t as b m asu d. T s

n ud nt but ng t ndp s na d gn t and m t, s aa ptan , s u t w m n, satt ndan , sp a g s, anp du t t at s and w k.

W t 2015 ast app a ng,p pa at ns a a ad n p a t

us n un sa a ss t watand san tat n n t p st-MDG pc ns d ng t ast s u s t att s nt nu ng t w qu

s ta t at w a an mp dund stand ng w at s b ng d nw m t s b ng d n and t t

nputs ass at d w t su ss, nt b tt ta g t and m nts a s u s.

FIGUre 3 P ntag d at s att butab t WASh- at d d s as njuSource: Prss-stn et al. (2008)

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poli ical will and1 accoun abili y

Key MeSSAGeS

A unt s a mad s m m p t a nan a mm tmd nk ng-wat s n 2010, w t t ast maj t a ng stab s d t ans p s n ta g ts.

D sp t mp ss g ba ga ns, m st unt s a a ng s t n mnat na WASh mm tm nts, w t 83% and 70% unt s p t db nd t t nds qu d t m t t d n d nat na a ss ta g tsd nk ng-wat , sp t .

in stm nts n san tat n and d nk ng-wat a n as ng b ng s u

t anspa n s mp ng, a untab t su ts a d ma ns


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1 PoliTicAl Will AND AccoUNTABiliTy

h g - p t a mm tm ntund p ns a ts t a atand susta n mp m nts n a sst ad quat and sa d nk ng-wat ,san tat n and g n s s.Su ss u mp m ntat n t s

mm tm nt qu s a st ad us

n t wat and san tat n p t s,ad quat a at n s u s andt stab s m nt a gu a andt anspa nt m n t ng am w k t

nsu t at a stak d s an bd a untab aga nst t ag d

mm tm nts, s and sp ns b t s.Su sp ns b t s n ud n ng

ant ga am w ks, nsu ngt gu at m an sms,

ma nta n ng and st ngt n ngnst tut na a ang m nts and app ng

up-t -dat t n a kn w dg t ugb st p a t . T a d p nd, u t mat ,n p t a s t g ba an d

supp t t a ss nt a m nts.

A unt s t at sp nd d t tGlAAS qu st nna p t d t att ad mad s m m g -

p t a nan a mm tm ntt san tat n and d nk ng-wat , t n

at t m n st a , s n 201S nt n t m mad mm tm nat t SWA h g l M t ng nand man t s mad mm tm ntssubs qu nt n sp ns t nat naand nt nat na n t at s andea , at A aSan ii n 2008 n

S ut A a, amp , m n stb ng ng t t A an M n st sc un n Wat mm tt d t tm asu ab , t m -b und san tat nta g ts ns n d n t T kw nD a at n and mad a p dg nbudg t n s san tat n and g

th kwini D cla a i n

T T kw n D a at n was

s gn d b 30 A an g nm nm n st s n Du ban n b ua2008. T d a at n gn dt mp tan san tat n and

mm tt d t s gnat g nm ntst stab s ng sp pub s tbudg t a at ns san tat n, w tt a m sp nd ng 0.5% GDP nsan tat n.Source: WSP-Africa (2008).

In man cas s, li ical will has n ca al s d h nabling n i nm n qui d s cuad qua g ss agains na i nal sani a i n and d inking-wa a g s (tabl 1.1).

tABLe 1.1 M t ng p t a mm tm nts: p g ss t wa ds atta n ng san tat n and d nk ng-wat bp t ng atta nm nt k u ban/ u a san tat n and d nk ng-wat bj t s)

Regional breakdown Targets in place Policies adopted Adequate nance (perceived) Adequate outputs1

Northern A rica, Eastern, Central andWestern Asia, and the Caucasus

97% 88% 44% 49%

Latin America and Caribbean 100% 52% 30% 32%

Southern and South-eastern Asia andOceania

86% 63% 32% 36%Sub-Saharan A rica 94% 73% 9% 20%

TOTAL 93% 70% 22% 30%The percentages shown are based on progress in each o the our sub-sector areas o WASH services (urban sanitation, rural sanitation, urban drinking-water, anexpressed as an aggregate gure. For example, i a country reported adequate nancing or urban water supply, but not or the other three sub-sectors, the aggrexpressed as 25%.

1 Annua p g ss at 75% m t m t ta g t.

Source: 2011 GLAAS country survey (74 country respondents)

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N a tw t ds unt ssp nd ng t t 2011 GlAAS

qu st nna nd at d tmm tm nt t t a k ng and pubp t ng n p g ss mad at

nt nat na nts su as t n sm nt n d ab . T s nd ngs, tak n

t g t w t t p t d n as sn p nd tu wat and san tat nb s a unt s m 2009 t2011, a d n n t a t n

su t ng m nat na and nt nat naWASh mm tm nts. T tst SWA pa tn s p un t ugt s ns st nt and a a m d at

d nat ng, ag ng and n an ngmm tm nts.

T 2012 JMP p g ss p t(UNice /Who, 2012) d s b s tsu ss man unt s n du ngt p p t n p p w t ut a sst mp d d nk ng-wat s u sand t mp d san tat n a t s. Att nat na , p g ss qu nt

ds t at qu d t m t tMDG ta g ts. A numb unt s

m lat n Am a, N t n A aand W st n As a p t t at t a

n t a k n m t ng nat na ta g tsand su pass ng t JMP a m n dg ba t a mp d wat andsan tat n, su as un sa a ss ta p p d s w ag s st m.

W n t m s t m t ng s - mp s dnat na wat and san tat n ta g ts (as

pp s d t t g ba ag d MDGta g t), w , m st unt s p tt at t a a ng s t: 83% and 70%

unt s p t a ng s gn ant

b nd t t nds qu d t m tnat na a ss ta g ts san tat nand d nk ng-wat , sp t . Add t na , n a sp nd ng

unt s p t t at t a n t nt a k t a ta g ts d a d at t

g na nt nat na ( .g. t

T kw n g a a at ng 0.5%GDP t san tat n).

A untab t s st ngt n d bnsu ng t at nat na , g na and

a p ann ng and w p ss sa p n and n us , n ng aw d ang stak d s, n ud ng

a mmun t s. GlAAS data s wt at app mat n a t

sp nd ng unt s p t d tst n p d w s st ms,

and n 28% unt s a putn p a and s st mat a app

p du s st n ng t nsumnput.

in add t n t mak ng s m mm n st a - p t a na

mm tm nt t san tat n and d nkwat , a unt s pa t pat ngGlAAS a tak n st ps t n ast anspa n b a w ng t

mm tm nts and a t ns t b n

t pub d ma n. T s s d nb t nd dua pa t pat nGlAAS su and t n as dnumb unt s sp nd ng tsu (Tab 1.2). it s a s d nb t ag n ss t att nd t SWAh g l M t ng.

p g ss wa ds High L l M ing c mmi m n s la ing li icalwill and in nal ad cac

Man t mm tm nts mad b m n st s t p s ntat s ath g l M t ng f t d an n as d p t a w and add ss d

san tat n and wat at t nat na . S a t untp t d p g ss. T P s d nt l b a, amp , as b n amm tt d p p n nt wat and san tat n, p d ng ad s p t t

an SWA WASh c mpa t, w s s gn d n a 2012. in 2010, tBu k na as p s na aun d t n w san tat n and g n amp

S n ga , t g nm nt as tak n st ps t n an t mp tan dand san tat n w t n t n w nat na n m and s a p . TM ng a as p m t d t mp tan d nk ng-wat and san tat n am

a s and d s n-mak s. S a unt s a a s mm tt d tmm tm nts mad und t n t at s; nstan , et p a as d

t m t ts san tat n mm tm nts n n w t t T kw n D a at

tABLe 1.2 D p ng unt s pa t pat ng n t 2012 GlAAS p t1

: d n n as d a untab t (74MDG region Countries participating in 2011 GLAAS survey2 Proportion (%) o

population represented in the region

Eastern Asia Mongolia


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o a , data nd at s t at d s n-mak s a d m nst at d t g d

nt nt ns t mp WASh s s.B aus an n as d mm tm ntt a untab t , unt s WASh-

at d ts and utputs a b ttund st d and d um nt d. m t s

d n , w , t s a t at a a tba s, d s uss d at n t p t,a nt nu ng t mp d t d

tang b su ts. i m substantp g ss s t b mad , WASh d s n-mak s n d t b m m s usand ngag d n t w-up t t

mm tm nts t d su ts.

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polici s, lanning2 and coo dina ion

Key MeSSAGeS

G ba , p g ss as b n mad n t ad pt n nat na p s,sp nd ng unt s a ng ad pt d and pub s d p s san

wat , sp t . Man unt s a ag d and pub s d p sp t.

M st unt s a stab s d nat na s t p ann ng and d natman a s p t a ng nad quat n mat n and data ton n a sp nd ng unt s p t t at t p ann ng pannua b nn a ws, and n w unt s a n a p s tp ann ng bas d n ab data m nat na n mat n s st ms.

o 90% unt s a d nt a d sp ns b t wat anp at na d nt a at n as b n a mpan d b s a d nt a

unt s su d, p t nt a w ak n ng t apa t a gd s s.

c unt s a p g ss ad pt ng a p nt wat sa t p ann nd nk ng-wat qua t manag m nt.

D sp t a a gn t n t mp tant nt but n t at g nnat na ta g ts a g n a n t b n stab s d g n p m


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2 PolicieS, PlANNiNG, AND coorDiNATioN

2.1 Policy ADoPTioN

c unt s gn t mp tand p ng nat na san tat n

and d nk ng-wat p s t atstab s bj t s, d n s,

sp ns b t s and p tat ns, ands t b unda s g nm nts andpa tn s. e t and nt sd an b pa t u a d u t ta n unt s w g nm nt

d pa tm nts ag n s a n t gu d db sp san tat n and d nk ng-watp s.

G ba , 63% and 77% unt sp t d p s t at a b n

ag d and ga tt d san tat nand d nk ng-wat , sp t . T20092011 t nd s ws mp m nt:

unt s t at sp nd d t b t t2009 and 2011 GlAAS su s s wst ng p g ss, w t an add t na

14 unt s ( ut 38 mm nsp nd nts) a ng ag d and

pub s d p s s n 2009, p mn A a. S m unt s n t d t

p mp m ntat n was ndunp d tab nan ng and nad quat

d ss m nat n t p m ssag

U ban and u al sani a i n lici s ha b n ad d and ublish d in 63% s nd nc un i s, u m 40% in 2009, d m ns a ing ha c un i s a g ssi l ackling h u g nn d add ss sani a i n issu s. D inking-wa lic ad i n a s a high and sh w asimila a n g ss (Figu 2.1).

D inking-wa , lic ad i n, 2011

Sani a i n, lic ad i n, 2011

Is h a s c lic ag d and ublish d?

FIGUre 2.1 is t a san tat n and/ d nk ng-wat s t p ag d and pub s d?Sources: 2011 GLAAS country survey (74 country respondents); 20092010 CSO and GLAAS country sur vey 1

p lic ad i n, 2011 t nd m 2009 2011 (38 c un i s)

t 2010 GlAAS p t (Who, 2010), UN-Wat GlAAS and t W d Banks Wat and San tat n P g am ab at d t d p a t -pa t sunsu tat n p ss unt s n t A a g n. T s c unt Status o ws (cSos) p t n t t nt t w unt s a put n p

n d d t m t t wat and san tat n ta g ts, t nan ng qu m nts and s t susta nab t and n ud mm ndat ns n w a ur su ts m t 20092010 cSo and GlAAS unt su a us d mpa at pu p s s n s m t gu s n t s p t.

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SANItAtIoNSusta n d p g ss n u ban san tat n

qu s n ast u tu t k p up w tg wt and t st n su ntt n a apa t and nan a

s u s t m t d mand tat n san tat n a t s and

ta m a , t atm nt and d sp sa . A maj t sp nd nt unt sp t d stab s ng p ans tpans n u ban san tat n s s

t g t w t sp p p s ns tadd ss t ssu n s ums and n mas tt m nts. D sp t t s, m st unt ssubm tt ng data t GlAAS nd at d t atannua utputs a s gn ant ss t anw at s n d d t m t nat na u bansan tat n ta g ts.

in u a san tat n, n 20% unt sp t t at t supp sk d ab uand t n ans s ad quat t nsup g ss; w , m st unt s

nd at t at g nm nt p s sta b ng mu at d t d p t

p at s t and t u t d psan tat n p du ts and s s.

WAter SAFetyP s p m t ng nt nu us

g an n t m p ntsk manag m nt w nt but t

mp ng wat qua t and du ngd s as . T s g an s t n a k ng,w , n pa t b aus wat supp

p at s a qu nt w m db t p at na and nan a

a ng s, su t at t a unabt add ss t mp tant pub a tp t t n . T Who Gu d n s

D nk ng-wat Qua t (Who,2011) mm nd wat sa t p ans,a p a t manag m nt app a

n mpass ng t w wat supp

a n, m at m nt t nsum .T g ba m m ntum t wa ds watsa t p ann ng s supp t d b t

nd ngs m t GlAAS p t( gu 2.2).

T p g ss w t watp ans s ust at d n m d ta

gu 2.2, s w ng t Who g nS ut -east As a and t W st n

Pa , w ta n unt sa mad n tab p g ss. o t

unt s n u ag ng wat sa t

p ann ng, 13 ut 24 n S ut -east As a and t W st n Pa u na a p gu at qun wat sa t p ans, w as an

add t na 8 unt s a p ann ngupdat t p s and gu at

n p at t s app a .

T b t , wat sa t p anst b nt nua w d and upd

n ud ng n sp ns t t na asp d n gu at ns. in t s g

unt s n d t tak substantadd t na a t ns b t b nt wat sa t p ann ng app ab a d.

Wa sa lanning is gaining gl bal m m n um, wi h 81% h s nd n c un i si h nc u aging qui ing wa sa lans in lici s and gula i ns ing il

i nc s (Figu 2.2).

FIGUre 2.2 is t a nat na p t d p and mp m nt wat sa t p ans t pSource: (top) 2011 GLAAS country survey (74 country respondents); (bottom) WHO internal reports

Is h a na i nal lic d l and im l m n wasa lans h n i isk manag m n ?

Is h a na i nal lic d l and im l m n wasa lans h n i isk manag m n ?

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HyGIeNeD sp t w d sp ad gn t n t

mp tant nt but n g n ta t , g n p m t n p g amm s

a n t d n b t stab s m ntnat na ta g ts. on 19 ut 74

unt s (26%) a d n d ta g ts

nat na g n p m t n,nd at ng an mp tant p t nt amp m nt b s st mat ng p ann ng

and stab s ng an a untab t

am w k. in sta k nt ast t t sp at na gap, 90% unt sn ud g n n t a t

st at g s.

D sp t w a at smp m ntat n p g amm s bas d

n s a n a kn w dg ,att tud s and p pt ns n g n ,GlAAS unt p ts sugg st t at

g n p g amm s n m d b t s

t p s a a g w ng n ne p n nd at s t at t s dt p d t w t and w

g n b a u ang w asM , t a w stud s w

nd ngs n m t p s st n

g n b a u ng a t ssap g amm mp m ntat n.

F w c un i s ha s ablish d a g s h gi n m i n. Na i nal b ha i u changg amm s a n su ci n l in m d b ass ssm n s l cal a i ud s and a qu n l

limi d small-scal im l m n a i n (Figu 2.3).

A na i nal b ha i u chang g amm s bas d n s a ch, and ah h gi n m i n a g s?

FIGUre 2.3 A nat na b a u ang p g amm s bas d n s a , and a t g nSource: 2011 GLA AS country survey (74 country respondents)

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2.2 PlANNiNG ANDcoorDiNATioN An nab ng am w k p g ss

n san tat n and d nk ng-wat mustsupp t t t ans at n p s

nt a t n. imp tant a t s n udad s p, d nat n, aapa t , t m n t ng andn u ag m nt b ad pa t pat n

t nsu a untab t . c d nat nan b a ng ng n t mm n

s na w sp ns b t sd nt asp ts WASh

a agm nt d a numbg nm nt ag n s t at d t n asma s a t a s u s tt s a a. W a sp ns b t sun a , a untab t p man

s t p a w ak. Ag n s ma n tn ssa b d a untab , and

ssu s t at a p d t b ssp t n ma g na n a sp

nst tut na nt t w a d u tn s u ng ad quat nan a anduman s u s, n t ug t

ma b ss nt a mp n nts ta san tat n and d nk ng-wat

am w k.

T 2011 su nd at s s m

p g ss n m ng t majbsta s d nt d b GlAASsp nd nt unt s n 2009, w

n ud d t w ng:

App a s us d d p ngp s a n t nt and

st w t n a m n st .

Ag n s a w k ng nd p nd ntn sp p asp tsat t an b ng gu d d b

an a am w k.

l ad nst tut ns a n t d n d,sp a san tat n.

T s n st at g p an nw ta g ts d nk ng-wat

and san tat n w b m tt p m t n g n .

T s w apa t at as n t ms s g t

and s d .

e g t - p nt unt sd nt d a ad g nm nt ag n

san tat n, nd at ng a amp m nt t s tuat n n

2009. on ma sp u at t at t sp g ss ma a b n nk d t

L ad ins i u i ns sani a i n a d n d in 85%s nding c un i s. Addi i nall , m han hal s nding

c un i s ha c dina i n m chanisms am ng d inking-wa ins i u i ns a b h d n d and a i nal (Figu 2.4).

Sani a i n, l ad g nm n ag nc in lac , 2011

Ins i u i nal l ad and l s d n d, 2011

D inking-wa , ins i u i nal l s cl a l d n d, 2011

Is h a g nm n l ad ag nc / a ins i u i nal l s cl a l d n d?

t nd m 2009 2011 (38 c un i s)

FIGUre 2.4 is t a g nm nt ag n w t a a mandat tand d nat p d pm nt (san tat n)? A nst tut na

u a and u ban p a s a d n d and p at na (d nkSources: 2011 GLAAS country survey (74 country respondents); 20092010 CSO and GLAAScountry survey

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s ng nt nat na att nt n g nt san tat n, su as t ug tint nat na y a San tat n (2008).W ad ag n s a b n

d nt d, unt s mm nt t atp d nat n st sts am ng

mp m nt ng ag n s, pa t u asan tat n. in man unt s,g nm nt d nat n st u tu s

a b n stab s d at t nat na, but t s p ss m ng up

d nat n st n ds t t k d wnt p n a and a s, a t ug ,adm tt d , t ba s t d nat nma b w at t s s.

T GlAAS su d d n t askunt s t p t n t st n

a d n d ad g nm nt nst tut n

d nk ng-wat s mp b aus t ss ns d d stab s d p a t .h w , n a t unt ssu d p t d t at t ada mp s d t m d u t task

b t d n ng and p at na ngt s t mu t p nst tut ns

sp ns b d nk ng-wat s st msand s s.

C mmi m n s b c dina i n

T n d t st ngt n nkag s b tw n s t s and mp d natgn d at t SWA h g l M t ng n 2010, and unt s mad

sp a at ng t t s ssu . Ang a as s n d a Nat na intM t ng (m n st s wat , n nm nt, a t , du at n, t t a

and nan ). Ang a a s mm tt d t st ngt n ng a untab nst tutt a a k ng and s mak ng p g ss n t ng st ng nat na ad

n t t s t s p ans and st at g s. et p a p ts mak ng pn ts mm tm nt t mp ng t WASh p ann ng and d nat n p

st ngt n ng nat na p ans and pa tn s ps. Bu k na as as a ad stt Wat and San tat n Pa tn s p am w k t at t mm tt d t a

am w k w mp pa tn and d n d nat n and s p t dn as d nan ng san tat n and d nk ng wat w t n t nat na b

Ghana ansla s s ng lici s in u u s wa su l

Su ss u t ans at n nt utputs n ds st ng p s t b a mpant mp m ntat n a ang m nts and ad quat nan ng. amp

as d d ts MDG ta g t 77% wat supp ag b nab ngm n p p t ga n a ss t d nk ng-wat m an mp d s u1995 and 2010 (Who/UNice , 2012). its su ss an b att but d n pa t t

mp m ntat n a ang m nts t at a n p a u a and u ban watt c mmun t Wat and San tat n Ag n and t G ana Wat c mpan l

a t n budg ts t ug s pa at n t ms and an st ng gu at

san tat n, G ana pub s d a Nat na en nm nta San tat n A tand in stm nt P an n 2010 and as ad pt d c mmun t -l d T ta San tat na st at g . W us ds a p t d t n st n san tat n, tn a t n nan ng san tat n s twa ( . . d mand g n at n an

ang a t t s).

M s c un i s ha s ablish d lanning and c dina i n c ss s, bu h a nn c ssa il su d b ad qua in ma i n and da a (tabl 2.1).

tABLe 2 .1 P ann ng, d nat n and m n t ng p ss s: p g ss n s t d nd at s(% unt s t at p t d stab s m nt k u ban/ u a san tat n and d nk ng-wat p

Regional breakdown Lead government agencyor sanitation in place1

Institutional roles clearlyde ned and operational

or drinking water

Annual review used orplanning

(water and sanitation)

Investment programmeagreed and published(water and sanitation)

Use national in ormationsystem

(water and sanitation)

Northern A rica, Eastern,Central and Western Asia,and the Caucasus

78% 68% 63% 93% 51%

Latin America andCaribbean

100% 40% 33% 32% 22%

Southern and South-eastern Asia and Oceania

89% 62% 43% 49% 56%

Sub-Saharan A rica 84% 59% 63% 45% 36%

TOTAL 86% 60% 55% 51% 42%

1 Du t t d nt s g t qu st ns n g nm nt d nat n, san tat n app a s t b d ng b tt t an d nk ng-wat ;m nd at s t st n a ad ag n , w as t d nk ng-wat qu st n ass ss s t d nat n am ng k a t s. Spask d w t t was a g nm nt ag n w t a a mandat t ad and d nat t p d pm nt and p ann ng nst tut ns.ask d w t t nst tut na s u a and u ban p a s [nat na and a g nm nt, ut t s, wat b a ds, gu at s, t .] a

Source: 2011 GLA AS country survey (74 country respondents)

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2.3 revieWS,MoNiToriNG ANDrePorTiNGT s st mat p man p d( . . annua b nn a ) ws tm n t and a uat t p man

san tat n and d nk ng-wat uptakand s s s n as ng us d b

unt s as a bas s p ann ng. Tad pt n t s app a s s twpu p s s: st, t p d g atstak d pa t pat n and j nt

wn s p, and s nd, t p da m ans t d g nm nt andd n s a untab a untab

a ng p t d su ts. T sp ss s pa t u a mp tant wt a a a g numb a t s nsan tat n and d nk ng-wat , s n

t a t u at s and t at s mm ng a s, du s dup at n andp m t s mutua a untab t . S t -w d ws t at a d and wn db nat na g nm nt and n amaj stak d s a k t mp ngWASh d nat n and p ann ng.

c untr es t at resp nded t t eGlAAS quest nna res n b t 2009and 2011 ave made str ng pr gress,w t an add t na 14 and 9 untr es( ut 38 mm n resp ndents)

av ng estab s ed per d rev ewpr esses t at are used r p ann ng

n san tat n and dr nk ng-water,respe t ve y, s n e 2009.

e hi ian minis i s d nc dina i n, bu im l m n a i n

mains w ak a l w l ls

g nm n

in d t a tat t nt g at dmp m ntat n WASh n et p a,

t t n n d n m n st s, tm M n st Wat r s u s,

t M n st h a t and t M n stedu at n, s gn d a M m andumUnd stand ng j nt p at n

n 2006. T M m andumUnd stand ng as st d

bust d nat n at t g na; w , t WASh M U

[M m andum Und stand ng] asn pa t a b n t ans d t

w adm n st at s w t tsu t t at t mp m ntat n t

M U s n t st ng n a (W da)g nm nts (G nm ntet p a, 2011).

p i dic s c i ws a inc asingl b ing us d in sani a i n,wi h 85% c un i s ing gani ing such i ws and

n hal c un i s ing ha h i u c m s a us dsani a i n lanning (Figu 2.5).

FIGUre 2.5 is t an annua b nn a w t s t ?Sources: 2011 GLAAS country survey (74 respondents); 20092010 CSO and GLAAS country sur vey

Sani a i n, annual/bi nnial i w c ss s, 2011

Annual bi nnial i w, 2011

t nd m 2009 2011 (38 c un i s)

D inking-wa , annual/bi nnial i w c ss s, 2011

Is h an annual bi nnial i w h s c ?

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u unt s sp nd d t at twas n p ss w n tsan tat n d nk ng-wat . r w andd s n-mak ng p ss s n d t b

n m d b ab s t n mat n.c mp ns m n t ng n a

ut n bas s s a p a t t at m st

su d unt s a n t p ssd p ng. c unt sp nd ntsnd at t at d nat ng t m n t ng

p ss, t n a d ut b s ant t s at b t a and g na s,s mp and a ng ng. in add t n,

unt sp nd nts n m t at wt m g t b t p j tp g amm m n t ng s st ms, abs t -w d n mat n s st ms ma nt b d p d.

High L l M ing c mmi m n sb m ni ing

r bust s t m n t ng, n ud ng tm n t ng p us mm tm nts,was t subj t man mm tm ntsat t SWA h g l M t ng n 2010.Mau tan a mm tt d t n as ng

w-up and t anspa n n tt n a and nan a mp m ntat n

wat and san tat n p g amm st ug st ng mm tt s,m n t ng and a uat n, andaud ts; t unt p ts t at t s sp g ss ng w . et p a s w k ngt a ts mm tm nt t mpnat na m n t ng and n mat nmanag m nt s st ms b at ng aWASh n nt and st ngt n ng tnat na m n t ng and n mat ns st ms a t and wat s u s.l b a mm tt d t t d pm nt

a m n t ng and a uat n s st mt WASh s t and p ts g d

p g ss.

C un i s ha nl 42% u ban/ u al sani a i n andd inking-wa s c s a in m d b liabl in ma i nm ni ing s s ms (Figu 2.6).

Yes and usedUnder developmentNo

42%

42%

16%

FIGUre 2.6 is t a nat na n mat n s st m us d t nd s n-mak ng?Source: 2011 GLAAS country survey (74 country respondents)

J in S c r i w in N al

N pa , w t a a numb stat and n n-stat a t s w k ng nts st J nt S t r w n Ma 2011. T J nt S t r w d s us

mm ss n d p t n t status WASh n t unt , d nt d andt u k a t ns t at a t b tak n b a t ant stak d sand ag d t d an t J nt S t r w n 2012.

Source: Government of Nepal (2011)

Ci il s ci gani a i ns duc j in manc in e hi iain k p ng w t t p n p mutua a untab t , t s

p at ng n et p a p du d an Annua J nt r p t n WASh n 2010. Tmanat d m a mm tm nt mad at a mu t stak d um n 2009 t

s t s t gan at ns w u d p du an annua p manu d b n p at d nt t Nat na WASh r p t, p du d b t Na

c d nat n o .

Source: Government of Ethiopia (2011)

Bu kina Fas in ma i n s s m d ails c ss and u c m indica s

S m unt s a mad g d p g ss n stab s ng s t -w d ns st ms t at n m d s n-mak ng. T P g amm nat na dApp s

n eau p tab t dAssa n ss m nt Bu k na as pub s s an annuad ta d p ss and ut m nd at s d nk ng-wat and san tat nand u a . T s n ud a ss t wat and san tat n, p p t n wat at a un t n ng, ag s s, a t nt s and pub spag nan nd at s, su as t p p t n d nk ng-wat p sp p t n pub t ts manag d b d gat n.

Source: Government of Burkina Faso (2011)

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2.4 DeceNTrAlizATioN

in m st d p ng unt s,sp ns b t s d nk ng-wat and

san tat n s s a d d tt a . W n d nt a at n

s t , t nsu s t at s sa app p at a n ds,t at p at n and ma nt nan

qu m nts a m t and t at a t sat d a susta n d t m . T s

d s n t mp t at t s s san p at w t ut an supp t m

g s. e t d nt a at nqu s ad quat t n a , nan a

and uman s u s supp t t aaut t s. T p n p subs d a tapp s: t n t at t s k supp ts u d m m t aw n t a ng s a d ann tb s d w t t t n a , nan aand uman s u s a a a ab .ind p nd nt gu at n and qua t

nt a un t ns p m d at ag .

o 90% unt s nd at d t ats d as b n d nt a d

san tat n and d nk ng-wat supp ;w , as s wn n gu 2.7, ss

t an a a und tak n u s ad nt a at n.

As rep rted re ent y by t e A r anM n sters c un n Water, (AMcoW)t e maj r a enge st t be

ver me s t at de entra zat n andt e a management water supp yand san tat n (WSS) serv es. A amanagement stake ders, n ud ngt e ntra t ng aut r ty, t e mmune( a aut r t es), t e reg na te n adepartments t at s u d supp rt t em,

as we as t e water users ass at nsand t e a pr vate se t r, su er r ma severe a k uman, te n a , and

nan a res ur es t at prevents t emr m su ess u y undertak ng t e r

new resp ns b t es and ensur ng t atnvestment s susta nab e

(AMcoW, 2011).

onl 40% c un i s ha ha d c n ali d s ic d liha d c n ali d scal s nsibili i s (Figu 2.7).

41%59%

Operational and fiscalresponsibilitiesOnly operationaldecentralization

FIGUre 2.7 T w at d g as d nt a at n s b nut n san tat n?

N t : A s m a p p t n was und d nk ng-wat .Source: 2011 GLA AS country survey (64 country respondents indicating operational decentralization of service delivery)

D c n ali a i n u al wa s ic d li in India

in 2010, t ind an P ann ng c mm ss n p m d an a uat n studGand D nk ng Wat M ss n, t fags p u a wat p g amm n in

und t at n 8% t su d us ds w w ng t paand ma nt nan . T ns d d p at n and ma nt nan t sp ns b

t G am Pan a at (t ag mm tt ). h w , n aPan a ats a p ss d t nab t t tak t sp ns b tma nt nan . in a a g maj t t G am Pan a ats (50 ut 63),

p at n and ma nt nan t ass ts at d und t M ssb n d n (G nm nt ind a, 2010).

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2.5 locAl STAKeholDerPArTiciPATioNc nsu tat n w t , n m nt andpa t pat n b a stak d sa u a t nsu t at p s,

ga am w ks, m n t ng p ts,ms, budg ts, p nd tu p t sand s u p ans a w dand u wn d b stak d s andt at us s t s s t att want and a w ng t pa .c nsu tat n an b p m t d t ug

a us nst tut na am w ksp ss s at a , nat na and

g na s. c unt s aatt mpt d t nst tut na pa t pat nt ug a wat and san tat n

mm tt s, g st d us g upsand gu at s st ms t at a tat

nsum dba k and nsums t b a d.

r sp nd nts sugg st t at s munt s a aws, p s p ans

n m ng, nsu t ng w t andsupp t ng pa t pat n b t ns,but t s qu nt a n t sp tsan tat n and d nk ng-wat .

As gu 2.8 sugg sts, p du s

t supp t a stak dpa t pat n n p ann ng, budg t ngand mp m nt ng p g amm s an t b n s st mat a app d na maj t sp nd ng unt s.o 70% unt s nd at d t at

t t a n p du sa stak d pa t pat n

p du s a n t s st mat amp m nt d. r sp nd nts sugg st

t at t m an sms t at d p m tpub ngag m nt n san tat n

and d nk ng-wat sp a an t un m mp m nt d, a t ugt t nd s mp ng. St ngt n ngpa t pat p ss s w nsu t atp ann d n stm nts a app p at

t mmun t , ad t g at asupp t d s n-mak ng p ss s,

utputs and u nt n stm ntn ds, and mp susta nab t

san tat n and wat s s.c mpa ng t t nds d nk ng-watand san tat n, t s ms t at pu su ng

mmun t ngag m nt n t p ann ngand mp m ntat n p ss sd nk ng-wat ma b t asm att a t t an d ng t samsan tat n.

L cal s ak h ld a ici a i n in lanning, budg ing andim l m n ing g amm s has im d sinc 2009, wi h mc un i s ha ing s ablish d s s ma ic c ss s acili as ak h ld a ici a i n, bu s s ma ic a lica i n is s ill l w

all (Figu 2.8).

D inking-wa , c du s s ak h ld a ici a i n, 2011

Sani a i n, c du s s ak h ld a ici a i n, 2011

t nd m 2009 2011 (38 c un i s)

A h c du s in ming, c nsul ing & su ing a ici a i nb indi iduals/c mmuni ?

FIGUre 2.8 A t p du s n m ng, nsu t ng andpa t pat n b nd dua s/ mmun t ?Sources: 2011 GLAAS country survey (74 respondents); 20092010 CSO and GLAAS country survey

S ak h ld a ici a i n, 2011

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2.6 iMPlicATioNS orThe UTUreT s s t n s ws t at t WAShs t s b m ng m nt, w tg at us n san tat n, and t at

p g ss s b ng mad n man t as mp m nts, su as t sat d t d m nst at ng mm tm nt

t ug t s tt ng ta g ts,p g ss ad pt ng WASh p sand mp ng d nat n, n ud ngb ngag ng m stak d s np ann ng. h w , t s s t n a ss ws m t d p g ss n mant m d u t ssu s, su assu ss u mp m nt ng p s,d p ng t and ntp ann ng and m n t ng s st ms, and

t supp t ng t a nt d s s.

Ta k ng t d u t ssu s w qunt nu d st ngt and a tad s p, w t d n d s andsp ns b t s. P ann ng p ss su d b d amat a mp d tu d sp nd t data mad a a ab

t ug manag m nt n mat ns st ms. in t s ga d, WASh sd u d und ubt d b n t

m a st ngt n d w s st msapp a , w w u d nta n us nWASh n g nm nt s st ms

p ann ng and s u a at n.

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2 Financing3

Key MeSSAGeS

c nt a g nm nt nt nu s t b a maj s u und ng wata t ug man w- and m dd - n m unt s ma n d p nd nt n

und ng WASh am unt d t m t an 1% GDP n s n d p

e st ng s us d and p at n stm nt a p und stsugg st t at t a s gn ant s u s nan ng and an mak majsupp t ng p at n and ma nt nan s s.

T maj t unt s p t t at s t n mat n s st msp t ng a nad quat .

Data sugg st t at unds sp nt n p at n and ma nt nan a nsu nunt s nd at t at u a wat supp p g amm s a n t

und ng, w as n t d unt s p t t at u ban ut t s a kp at n and ma nt nan .

und ng s WASh a p t d t ma n nsu nt, sp aD nk ng-wat nt nu s t abs b t maj t WASh und ng, n

at g d nk ng-wat supp ag and at w san

M st unt s u d n t p t w mu t sp nd n g n , andwas n ab ut 2% WASh p nd tu .

T b akd wn p nd tu WASh n u a and u ban a as app aat d w t n ds.

l ng p u m nt p ss s and a adm n st at bu d ns m an t at mst ugg t nt d sbu s t m t d unds t at a mm tt d. A

ap ta mm tm nts s g t an t at d n mm tm nts, but app a

T st ngt n t t n WASh nan a n mat n, a a m nm n t ng s n d d ( n su m t d s p p s d n Ann B).


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3 iNANciNG

e t nd ng and susta n ng watand san tat n p g amm s and

n ast u tu qu , am ng tt ngs, ad quat und ng and s und

nan a manag m nt. T s n udn stm nt p ann ng, s u ng unds

p p s d budg ts, mak ng nt and

t m d sbu s m nts and m n t ngut m s. P us ana s s as wn t at g ba sp nd ng s a

ss t an w at s qu d t m t tMDGs (hutt n & Ba t am, 2008), andana s s g na sp nd ng n A a,

amp , s ws t at p nd tus n qua t w at s qu d

d nk ng-wat s s a n ( st &B -Ga m nd a, 2010). inad quat

und ng san tat n and d nk ng-wat n ast u tu and ts ng-

t m p at n and ma nt nan wast m st qu nt t d bsta bGlAAS su sp nd nts.

3.1 SoUrceS oUNDiNG AND hoW

MUch iS BeiNG SPeNTund ng wat and san tat n s

qu d n w ap ta n stm nt and

u nt p ns s p at ns( p at na p nd tu ), ap tama nt nan ( ng-t m n wa s and

ab tat n, usua d as anannua d p at n a g ) and an

sts ap ta ( nt st pa m nts nans and an qu d d d nd tu ns t

qu t p d s). und ng t s watand san tat n sts an m m tma n s u s, mm n d t as t3Ts WASh: ta s, w a unds

nt but d b us s WASh s s(and a s n ud ng t a u ab uand mat a n stm nts us dsmanag ng t wn wat supp );ta s, w t unds g nat ng

m d m st ta s t at a ann dt t s t b t nt a , g na and

a g nm nts; and t ans s, wt unds m nt nat na d n s

and a tab undat ns. T ans sn ud g ants and n ss na ans,

su as t s g n b t W d Bank,w n ud a g ant m nt n t m

a subs d d nt st at a g a

p d. T 3Ts a d s uss d n AnnB, a sp a GlAAS t mat s t nt at ws t stat t d n nWASh nan a f ws and p p s s am t d g t n u ag and a m n

unt m n t ng.

o t 74 unt s pa t pat ng n GlAAS,p v d ng a t p t d US$ 19.8n y 17 subm tt d data n s u s b n n nan a f ws ( gu 3.1).und ng, and just 4 w ab t p v dgu s n t nt but ns mad by T s nd ana ys s v d a t

us d t ug t paym nt 3T s u s und ngta s mta s. Tab 3.1 s ws t s us dus ds, tax s and t ans sbut

nt but ns, ang ng m 30% t 61%was n ssa y m t d t n y t u

t ta p t d san tat n and d nk ng-watunt s t at w ab t subm t t sund ng m a s u s, mb n ng ap tau data s t. T s ana ys s nd at s t atnv stm nt and u nt sts. T s

us d nt but ns a unt am t d data n m nd ngs n p v usp ts (W d Bank, 2008; oecD, 2009a)s gn ant s a nv stm nt n t s

nd at ng t at us d nt but ns unt s, a unt ng 44% und ngmp s a s gn ant p t n nanas mpa d w t nat na g v nm nt,

san tat n and d nk ng-wat . w nt but d n y 18% t pUS$ 10.1 b n w t n wat and san ta

Tw ana ys s w p m d t d t m nnan (Tab 3.1).at v nt but ns nan ng m

va us s u s t san tat n and d nk ng-T s data n m t mp tan

wat . T st ana ys s was n n d nan a nt but ns m us dt ass ss ng t nan a data n tax sta s and s -supp y, pa t u a yand t ans s m t 17 sp nd nt

u nt xp nd tu and ap taunt s. T s ana ys s s ws t at nt ag v nm nt ma ns t maj s u xp nd tu n n-n tw k d s v s,

nv stm nt n san tat n and d nk ng-and t n d t m n t t s n t utuwat n m st t unt s su v y d,

H us h ld unding WASH, h ugh a i s and s l -su l , isg n all n m ni d. Limi d da a sugg s ha h us h ld

unding c n ibu s a signi can sha h all WASHnancing (tabl 3.1).

tABLe 3.1 c nt but n us d ta s (and sts ass at d w t

Country Contribution o household tari s to total WASH unding

Contribution o household tari s to total

operational expenditure1

Iran (Islamic Republic o ) 61% 100%

Bangladesh 36% 87%

Thailand 32% Data not available

Lesotho 30% 82%

1 P g ss n as ng t p p t n p at na p nd tu und d t ug us d tasusta nab sts ass at d w t p at n and m n ma nt nan . o t m , t mb

ta at n n ds t und p at na p nd tu p us ng-t m ap ta ma nt nan and an nt st sSource: 2011 GLA AS country survey

C n al gov nm n budg alloca ion and disbu s m n a hmajo sou c o fnancing o s ond n coun i s. Hous holdcon ibu ions a oo ly und s ood, bu could b qually, i nomo signifcan (Figu 3.1).

FIGUre 3.1 S u s nan ng san tat n and d nk ng-watSource: 2011 GLA AS country survey

47%

7%Central governmentRegional governmentLocal governmentExternal donorsCommerical lendingOther

44%

18%

Tariff and self-supplyCentral governmentRegional governmentLocal governmentExternal donors

Commercial lendingOther

S u s und ng san tat n andd nk ng-wat , ud ng us ds(17 unt s, US$ 19.8 b n)

S u s und ng san tat n andd nk ng-wat , n us us d tas -supp (4 unt s, US$ 10.1 b n)

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exterNAL SUpportin man sp nd nt unt s, t nad pm nt a d ma ns a majs u nan ng san tat n andd nk ng-wat (Tab 3.2), m st k

ap ta n stm nt. in t s as s,st ng d nat n am ng d n sand a gnm nt w t WASh n stm ntp t s a ss nt a . GlAAS data

nd at t at d nat n m an smsa m k t b n p a

unt s w t mu t p d n s.

As d s uss d u t n s t n 6,US$ 8.9 b n n d pm nt a d wasd t d t san tat n and d nk ng-wat

n 2009. Maj p nt unt s nt ms a d am unts n ud c na,ind a, ind n s a, P u, Tu k , tUn t d r pub Tan an a and v tNam mp s ng US$ 1.5 b n nannua san tat n and wat a d (20082009 a ag ). oDA t m dd - n m

unt s su as c na1, ind a andTu k s p ma mp s d anst at a a g ant m nt at ast25%. San tat n and d nk ng-wat a d

mp s d 1% GDP s nunt s, as s wn n Tab 3.3b.

S t n 6 p d s u t d ta s nt na nan a supp t WASh.

e nal su can b a maj s u c nancing s m c un i s, highligh ing h n ds ng d n c dina i n and alignm n wi h s c in s m n i i i s (tabl 3.2).

tABLe 3.2 r sp nd nt unt s p t ng g at t an 25% d n nan

Country Donor nance (as % ogovernment nance)

Major donors2 Number o donors Sector wide approach orother sectoral rameworkimplemented or water andsanitation

Investment planimplemented

Madagascar 26 World Bank, A rican Development Bank, EU 12 Yes Yes

Honduras 39 Spain, Japan, World Bank 14 Being de ned Under preparatio

Kenya 41 Germany, World Bank, France 24 Yes Under preparation

A ghanistan 46 World Bank, USA, Germany 13 Being de ned Rural water su

Yemen 46 World Bank, Germany, Netherlands 12 Yes Yes

Bangladesh 63 Asian Development Bank, Japan, World Bank 19 Drinking-water only Yes

Lesotho 67 Ireland, World Bank, USA 9 Drinking-water only Urban rural su

EU, European Union; USA, United States o America

Sources: 2011 GLAAS country survey; OECD (2012)

Man d l ing c un i s main d nd n n nal aid WASH. I acc un s m han1% GDp in s n d l ing c un i s. onl n A ican c un is a WASH aid ci i n(tabl 3.3).

tABLe 3.3 T p a d p nts san tat n and wat a d n 20082009

a) T p WASh a d p nts b d a am unt (oDA) b) T p WASh a d p nts bCountry Average donor disbursement or

sanitation and drinking water,2008 2009 (US$ million)

Donor nancing orWASH (as % o GDP)

China 296 0.01

Viet Nam 274 0.29

India 252 0.02

Turkey 167 0.03

United Republic o Tanzania 161 0.77

Indonesia 157 0.03

Peru 139 0.11

Coun tr y Average donor disbursement orsanitation and drinking water,

2008 2009 (US$ million)

Donor nancing orWASH (as % o GDP)

Timor-Leste 11 1.94

Samoa 9 1.80

Burundi 17 1.31

Nicaragua 74 1.20

Lesotho 21 1.18

Liberia 10 1.15

Haiti 69 1.05

Sources: World Bank (2011); OECD (2012)

1 in add t n t an a ag annua a d US$ 296 m n, c na d an a ag annua am unt US$ 332 m n n n n- n ss na nd ng2 Data d d m oecD w t t pt n Bang ad s

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3 iNANciNG

3.2 AllocATioNo UNDiNG: WhATiS MoNey BeiNGSPeNT oN?on m asu us d t gaug p t a

mm tm nt and p t s t am untpub unds p nd d n san tat n

and d nk ng-wat , ass ss d as at nd mpa d w t sp nd ng n

t s t s. amp , t 2008T kw n D a at n s gnat s s t

a ta g t sp nd ng 0.5% GDP nsan tat n. in t 2011 GlAAS untsu , a m t d numb (13 ut74) sp nd nt unt s p t dt ta san tat n and d nk ng-wat

p nd tu s n m g nm nt andt na und ng s u s (mu t at a

and b at a d n s and mm and s). sp nd ng unt s

w t su nt data, t s p nd tu sw mpa d w t GDP. A m d anannua p nd tu san tat n andd nk ng-wat , ng ta s (d m stg nm nt) and t ans s (d n s), but

ud ng us d p nd tu s, was0.73% GDP.

Inc asing budg all ca i nssani a i n and d inking-wa

A a g p p t n t mm tm ntsmad at t 2010 SWA h g lM t ng at d t n as ng ta at ns t wat and san tat n md p ng unt s wn budg ts.M t an 20 sp mm tm ntsw mad b 12 unt s n t s

sp t. A w stand ut b aust w s gn ant nfu n d bt h g l M t ng p ss andb aus t unt s p t t

a ng u d t mm tm ntt at t a mak ng g d p g ss.G ana mad p g ss n n as ng tsa at ns wat and san tat n n

ts 2011 budg t, at ng a budg t nn w sp a at ns w mad

a t t s at d t t unt s2010 h g l M t ng mm tm nts.

T m l st p ts p g ss nn as ng g nm nt n stm nt nt WASh, g ng m US$ 2 m n n2009 t US$ 11.2 m n n 2010 andt n t US$ 35 m n n 2011.

G nm n ndi u ( m a s and ans s) nsani a i n and d inking-wa ang d m 0.37% 3.5%GDp (Figu 3.2).

Lesotho

HondurasKenyaEgypt

ThailandNepal

YemenIran (Islamic Republic of)

PanamaColombia

MadagascarBangladesh

Pakistan

3.511.16

1.110.92

0.800.80

0.730.69

0.460.450.42

0.380.37

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0Government-coordinated expenditure on WASH as a % of GDP

FIGUre 3.2 Pub sp nd ng ( m unds bta n d t ug d m stt na t ans s) n san tat n and d nk ng-wat as a p n(2010 data)N t : N t a unt s p t d nt but ns m g na and a geg pt, K n a and y m n).Sources: 2011 GLAAS country survey; World Bank (2012)

Summa da a m s nd n c un i s indica ha m diang nm n ndi u n sani a i n and d inking-wa is

n hi d ha h al h and n si h ha duca i n(tabl 3.4).

tABLe 3.4 G nm nt p nd tu n a t , du at n and WASh

Countr y Government expenditure onhealth (% o GDP)1

Government expenditure oneducation (% o GDP)

Government expenditure onsanitation and drinking water

(% o GDP)Bangladesh 1.1 2.42 0.4Colombia 5.4 4.7 0.5Egypt3 1.9 3.82 0.9Honduras 4.6 1.2India 1.3 0.2Iran (IslamicRepublic o )

2.3 4.7 0.7

Kenya3 2.1 6.91 1.1Lesotho 8.4 3.5Madagascar 2.7 3.2 0.4Nepal 1.7 4.7 0.8Panama 6.1 3.82 0.5Thailand 3.7 4.1 0.8 Yemen3 1.4 0.7Mi im m 1.1 3.2 0.2

M xim m 8.4 14.0 3.5M i 2.3 5.5 0.7

1 2010 data.2 2008 data.3 N t a unt s p t d nt but ns m g na and a g nm nts.

Sources: 2011 GLAAS country survey; UNESCO (2012); WHO (2012); World Bank (2012)

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CApItAL expeNDItUreCoMpAreD WItH reCUrreNtoperAtIoN AND MAINteNANCeexpeNDItUre

As n t d p v us y, sp nd ntunt s nd at t at t a

nsu nt s u s t atta n MDG

and unt y ta g ts. As su , t smp tant t at m t d nan a s u s

b a u y ba an d b tw n n wnv stm nt t p v d s v t t

uns v d and u nt xp nd tu tsusta n x st ng nv stm nts. As v ag

v s n as , ap ta ass ts n as ,as d s t n d v nu t v

u nt sts uman s u sand pa ts and supp s t p atand nsu t ng-t m ma nt nan

x st ng syst ms. h w v , as s wn

n gu 3.3a, 31% WASh undsxp nd d n 11 sp nd nt unt sw d t d t wa ds p at n andma nt nan . G v n t at m st unt s

p t t at p at n and ma nt nanp g amm s u a wat supp ya nad quat and t at u ban ut t s

qu nt y a k su nt v nu t vp at n and ma nt nan sts (s

s t n 3.7), t s a s s qu st ns as tw t x st ng und ng p at nand ma nt nan s su nt t susta n

WASh syst ms. M v , as t d n

t p v us GlAAS p t, 75% tst mat d nan ng n ds san tat n

and d nk ng-wat ns st u ntp at na and ma nt nan stsx st ng s v s (hutt n & Ba t am,

2008).

SANItAtIoN CoMpAreD WItHDrINKING-WAter expeNDItUre A rev ew expend ture breakd wns

an nd ate p tent a ssues wnan a res ur es are targeted. T e

2010 GlAAS rep rt nd ated t atsan tat n mpr ses appr x mate y

ne t t e nan ng dev tedt san tat n and dr nk ng-water

mb ned. T e 13 untr es t at wereab e t pr v de data r t s rep rt

nd ated t at 27% t ta WASh unds

were spent n san tat n ( gure 3.3b). A rd ng t g ba est mates, t esesame 13 untr es ave appr x mate y990 m n pe p e w d n t avea ess t mpr ved san tat n,

mpared w t 190 m n pe p e wd n t ave a ess t an mpr veds ur e dr nk ng-water. in t erw rds, un mpr ved san tat n, wrepresents 84% t e t ta WAShunserved n t ese untr es, re e ves

n y 27% t e t ta WASh und ng.

UrBAN CoMpAreD WItH rUrALexpeNDItUreS m a , t u ban sus u a

a t n gu 3.3 nd at s t at10 sp nd nt unt s, 75%

p nd tu s ta g t d at u bans tt ngs. h w , t s sam 10

unt s a app mat 44 mand 129 m n n u ban and u ap pu at ns, sp t , w d n

a a ss t mp d san tat nd nk ng-wat m an mp

s u . P p w t ut a ss tmp d san tat n d nk ng-wat

m an mp d s u n u aa as mp s 75% t unsbut b n t m n 25% t

p nd tu s san tat n and d nwat .

HyGIeNe proMotIoNe p nd tu g n du at nand p m t n was p d d b s

sp nd nt unt s. T am untsp nt n g n du at n andp m t n p g amm s a ss t s

sp nd nts ang d m 0.3% t 8.2%t ta p t d pub p nd tu

n WASh. A g an stan, Bang ad sand K n a a p t d 4%t ta WASh p nd tu g n

du at n and p m t n.Limi d sani a i n and d inking-wa ndi u da a clud making gl bal s a m n sc nc ning nancial all ca i ns d i d m a s and ans s, bu hin a h w ndi u sa a g d (Figu 3.3).

a) cap ta sus p at n and ma nt nan p nd tu(11 unt s, US$ 12.6 b n)

b) San tat n sus d nk ng-wat p nd tu(13 unt s, US$ 12.7 b n)

) U ban sus u a p nd tu (10 unt s, US$ 7.6 b n)d) h g n p m t n sus t WASh p nd tu(7 unt s, US$ 5.1 b n)

FIGUre 3.3 B akd wns p nd tu s a ss d nt at g sSource: 2011 GLA AS country survey

69%

31%Capital expenditure

Operation and maintenanceexpenditure

27%

73%

SanitationDrinking-water

Urban

Rural75%

25%Sanitation and drinking-water

Hygiene

2%

98%

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3 iNANciNG

Funding a i n andmain nanc in u al wa

su l

und ng and t n a supp tp at n and ma nt nan u a

wat supp a a n t ad quat :47 ut 70 unt s p t t atma nt nan p g amm s d n t

st a m t d n t n sss p . GlAAS nd ngs nd at a

a t nt but ng a t s, n ud ngan nad quat supp a n spapa ts and ut- -dat n n- st nt

n nt s u a wat p nts. Tad qua und ng t susta n u banwat supp p at ns s d s uss d att nd t s s t n.

3.3 USe o coMMiTTeDUNDS

e nt and t m as mm tt dunds s an t k asp t an

t nan ng s st m. l w annuad sbu s m nt at s a at d budg tsdu t ng p u m nt p ss sand a adm n st at bu d ns w

t d b man unt sp nd nts as

nst a nts t a ng san tat n andd nk ng-wat p ann ng ta g ts( gu 3.4).

Us a d an b mp d b b ttd nat n am ng d n s and a gn ng

w t unt p ss s. As an amp ,s t a m n at n as b n mp d

n et p a b t t a g st ad pm nt pa tn st W dBank, t Un t d K ngd m D pa tm nt

int nat na D pm nt and t A an D pm nt Bankw aa a m n d und a s ng nan ngm da t ann d t ug t M n st

nan and e n m D pm nt.M anw , m st t wat s t

a d pm nt pa tn sa t ugst p at ng n p j t m d aad pt d t m g ng s t -w dapp a , p a ng s pa at nd duap j t m ss ns and p j t-bas d

d s ts w t b annua J nt T n ar ws and an annua WAShMu t stak d um.

A ag abs i n a s c n al g nm n ca i alc mmi m n s a l w and sh w a d clining nd (Figu 3.4).

FIGUre 3.4 W at s t p ntag a d m st ap taut d?Source: 2011 GLAAS country survey (74 respondents); 20092010 CSO and GLAAS country sur vey

D inking-wa , abs i n c mmi d d m s ic unds, 2011

Sani a i n, abs i n c mmi d d m s ic unds, 2011

t nd m 2009 2011 (38 c un i s)

Wha is h c n ag d m s ic ca i al c mmi m n s u ili d?

Abs i n a s d m s ic c mmi m n s, 2011

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An ana s s was und tak n t d ntunt s a ng g w apa t

t us abs b unds aga nst tWASh und ng n ds. T d t s, a

nan a abs pt n apa t nd wasat d, w ama gamat d unt

sp ns s n n stm nt p g amm s,

d m st and d n abs pt n apa t ,and w t und ng s ag nm nts and p at ng nt t s w

n n w t d nt a at n p s.T s nd was mpa d w t unt

sp ns s n t su n und ng.T su ts n m p us d n(Wat A d, 2011b) sugg st ng t at t s

unt s n g at st n d, and t ata s a k t apa t t abs b andsp nd unds t , a nd d b

und s t at a u tant t n stt us

at ng a us . T s sugg stst at mp m nts n n stm nt p ann ngand nan a p u m nt u d maka p s t d n t wa ds mp ng

und ng su n and at ng atu us . r su ts u ban d nk ng-

wat a s wn n gu 3.6.

th Uni d r ublic

tan ania id n i s ac su ili a i n aid

A pub p nd tu w t watand san tat n s t n t Un t dr pub Tan an a n 2009 (van d nB g t a ., 2009) d nt d t a kp d tab t d n d sbu s m ntsas a maj as n p ut at n

a d. Unp d tab t s nk d t tw ng a t s: ( ) t p ann ng and

mp m ntat n d n und ng s n ta gn d w t t g nm nts budg t

a nda , sp a t g nm ntand d n unt s w k w t d nt

nan a a s; ( ) t us pa as st ms t at mak t a d t bta n u

n mat n n t p t d ass stanf ws; and ( ) t s as na t n p j t

mp m ntat n. T s n n sa u t a bat d b t

agm ntat n d n und ng, wsu ts n g t ansa t n sts

d n s and g nm nt a k .

A ag abs i n a s d n ca i al c mmi m n s a nl w han d m s ic ca i al abs i n a s (Figu 3.5).

FIGUre 3.5 W at s t p ntag d n ap ta mm tm ntsSources: 2011 GLAAS country survey (74 respondents); 20092010 CSA and GL AAS country survey

D inking-wa , abs i n c mmi d d n unds, 2011

Sani a i n, abs i n c mmi d d n unds, 2011

t nd m 2009 2011 (38 c un i s)

Wha is h c n ag d n ca i al c mmi m n s u ili d?

Abs i n a s d n c mmi m n s, 2011

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3 iNANciNG

K bs a i ns ass cia d wi h nancial abs i n

A nt Wat A d p t (Wat A d, 2011a) g g ts k bs at ns ass at d w t nan a abs pt ns t s:

h g abs pt n at s app a t b a g d nd at t a a t and n t s t . c mpa s n WASh w t t s t s sugg sts t at g n ssu s, su as t qua t pub nan

p g ss n d nt a at n, a an mpa t a ss a bas s s t s. cap ta budg ts a m k t an u nt budg ts t b und sp nt, s t at ap ta - nt ns

at g at sk t abs pt n nst a nts; p u m nt p ss s ma a s a nt but d t WASh-sp D n unds a mu m sus pt b t an nat na unds t d a and und sp nd ng. W t t maj t

t ap ta budg ts, t s aps w t t p us bu t, but t d n s ws t at d n p u m nta t bu d ns m n a ad -st a n d g nm nt apa t .

T a ng s t abs pt n a g at a ss a s t s n ag stat s.

Man h sam s nd n c un i s ha indica a lack nancing as a c ns ain ma nha an in s m n g amm in lac ha l w usag a s d m s ic and nal d n

c mmi m n s (Figu 3.6).

I n d e x

o f c a p a c i t y t o i n v e

s t a n d a b s o r b f u n d s *

L o w

M e d i u m

H i g h

EthiopiaKyrgyzstan

AngolaCameroonIndonesiaMongoliaRwandaThailand

UzbekistanZimbabwe

AzerbaijanBhutan

Iran (Islamic Republic of)Morocco

NepalPanama

South AfricaSri Lanka

BangladeshCentral African Republic Benin

Chad FijiEl Salvador

Gambia Lebanon EgyptGuinea Mali GhanaJordan

Lao Peoples Democratic RepublicMadagascar

MozambiqueNiger KenyaLesothoPhilippines Tajikistan

SenegalSouth Sudan Timor-Leste

Viet Nam

Cte dIvoireDemocratic Republic of the Congo

Dominican RepublicGuinea-Bissau

Haiti

CambodiaEquatorial Guinea

Myanmar

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)Paraguay

HondurasMauritania

Sierra LeoneTogo

Countries where low capacityto spend funds and high funding 75% of funds

needs cause of concern of funds needed needed

Sufficiency of funds to meet MDG target

FIGUre 3.6 Su n unds sus n stm nt and abs pt n apa t (u ban d nk ng-wat* N t : ind bas d n a t ta s u qu st ns, n ud ng ; 1) is an n stm nt p g amm mp m nt d

ap ta mm tm nt us d?, 3) P ntag d m st ap ta mm tm nt us d?, 4) is undng n n w t d nana s s, s m a t t s n t s p t, s bas d n s - p t d unt data.Source: 2011 GLA AS country survey (57 respondents)

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3.4 iNANciAlMoNiToriNG ANDTrANSPAreNcy:hoW cAN We TrAcKWhAT iS BeiNG SPeNT?

c mp ns m n t ngbudg ts and p nd tu at d nt

s g nm nt and ma s u s nu an n m

s u ta g t ng. it p d s a b ttund stand ng at abs pt n

at s and t t n ss p sand p g amm s and an p d

ns g t nt t st- t n ssapp a s us d t a WAShta g ts. S a sp nd nt unt s

nd at d t at a k a m n t ngam w k and p st-p j t nan a

ass ssm nts nst a n d nan ap ann ng.

T anspa nt budg ts and pub at nnan a stat m nts nab

stak d s t d nt p t s,und ng s u s and p t nt a und ng

gaps. gu 3.8 g g ts wsp nd nt unt s a p g ss ng

n t ms budg t t anspa n andmp ns n ss.

u t d s uss n nan ng nt s p t ( . . Ann B) w us

n t d pm nt a standa dm t d g t a k ng nan af ws t san tat n and d nk ng-wat at nat na s. T ab tt t a k nan a f ws an pg nm nts n d s n-mak ng andmak t bus n ss as n as ng

n stm nts n WASh as a w .

o 60% c un i s i h ha n nancial in ma i nmanag m n s s ms in lac us n ha id s nl

a ial in ma i n (Figu 3.7).

FIGUre 3.7 is t a nan a n mat n manag m nt s st m tn stm nts and p nd tu s n d nk ng-wat , san tat n and

p m t n at a nat na ?Source: 2011 GLAAS country survey (74 respondents)

Us nancial s s ms in u al a as

Is h a nancial in ma i n manag m n s s m ackin s m n s and ndi u s in d inking-wa , sani a i n and h gi n

m i n a a na i nal l l?

C ns lida d budg and ndi u in ma i n n sani a i nis dl a ailabl nl 40% c un s nd n s(Figu 3.8).

Required by national policy or regulation

Urban utilities have auditedaccounts and balance sheet Not requested for sanitation

Donor & domestic expenditure

Expenditures vs budget reportedin consolidated format

Yes, all government levels

Budget structure allows separatesectors to be identified

>75% of funds on budget

Budgets reflect both domestic Drinking-waterand donor investment Sanitation

0 20 40 60 80 100% of responding countries

FIGUre 3.8 c mp ns n ss nan a stat m nts and t anspa nSource: 2011 GLAAS country survey (74 respondents)

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3 iNANciNG

3.5 WASh iNveSTMeNTProGrAMMeS: DocoUNTrieS KNoW hoWMUch They Will NeeDTo SPeND iN UTUre?in stm nt p g amm s p t d nand p t ap ta n ds, mat

p t d s u s w t stsn ast u tu and p g amm s andmp nt g nm nta d nat n,

p d tab t and t anspa nbudg t ng and p nd tu . Man

sp nd nt unt s t td pm nt mp m ntat n

n stm nt p g amm s as s gn anta m nts n nt a s. T sp g amm s an a s b nk d t ast at g nan a p ann ng p ss t atansw s qu st ns su as w ( .g.us s, ta pa s, d n s) s u d paw at ( . . p at ng/ ap ta p ns s,wat /san tat n, u a /u ban/p u bana as) and w at s u d b t utus . T st at g nan ap ann ng p ss d t m n s w mum n s n d d and w t w u d

m m (oecD, 2009b).

T p ann d m d-t m p nd tusan tat n d pm nt 2010

2014 n as s a und u t m smpa d t san tat n budg t n t

p d 20052009.Indonesia2011 GLAAS country survey response

WASH in s m n g amming ma b im ing gl ball 62%s nd n c un i s ha s ablish d d inking-wa

in s m n g amm s, and 40% ha s ablish d sani a i nin s m n g amm s (Figu 3.9).

FIGUre 3.9 is t an n stm nt p g amm t at s ag d and pubSources: 2011 GLAAS country survey (74 respondents); 20092010 CSO and GLAAS country survey

D inking-wa in s m n g amm s, 2011

Sani a i n in s m n g amm s, 2011

t nd m 2009 2011 (38 c un i s)

Is h an in s m n g amm ha is ag d and ublish d?

S a us in s m n g amm s, 2011

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3.6 ADeQUAcyo iNANceT 2010 GlAAS p t (Who, 2010)

nd at d t at w unt s adsu nt nan a s u s t a

t p t d ta g ts. in a t, n 10unt s w p t d t a mt an 75% t unds n d dsan tat n. M nt data t d nt 2011 GlAAS unt su sugg stt at d m st budg t a at nssan tat n and d nk ng-wat a b n

n as ng s m unt s du tt d pm nt n stm nt p ansand st ng p t a mm tm nt.h w , m st sp nd nt unt s st

p t a s tag ad quat nan af ws t m t ta g ts and t at budg ts

qu nt a s t sp nd ng ag dn n stm nt p ans.

As d n t at p nd tu s an as ng san tat n and d nk ng-

wat , unt s t at p t d nb t t 2009 and 2011 GlAAS unt

su s w mpa d, as s wn n Tab3.5. u ut t unt s nd at dn as s n p nd tu s t t s t .

A St at g en nm nta San tat nin stm nt P an s u nt b

ab n t, p nd ng app a . T s wnt but s gn ant t mp d

san tat n nan ng n as d andp d tab und ng as w as b ttta g t ng t unds.Ghana 2011

GLAAS country survey response

tABLe 3.5 c mpa s n p nd tu s san tat n and d nk ng-wa(20082010)

Country Sanitation and drinking water expenditure (US$ million)2008 2010

Burkina Faso 258 159Kenya 286 355Lesotho 33 118Madagascar 13 107Nepal 77 128

Sources: 2011 GLAAS country survey; 20092010 CSO and GLAAS country survey

Whil nancial s u c s sani a i n and d inking-wa ha inc as d in s m c un i s, alunding is d main inad qua , s ciall sani a i n (Figu 3.10).

Sani a i n, ad quac nancing, 2011

A nancial f ws su ci n m MDG a g s?

D inking-wa , ad quac nancing, 2011

t nd m 2009 2011 (38 c un i s)Ad quac nancing, 2011

FIGUre 3.10 A nan a f ws su nt t m t MDG ta g ts?Sources: 2011 GLAAS country survey (74 respondents); 20092010 CSO and GLAAS country survey

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3 iNANciNG

3.7 ADeQUAcy oreveNUe To SUSTAiNUrBAN WATerSUPPly oPerATioNSGlAAS unt sp nd nts

p t d t at ut t s w n t nab t p at n and m nma nt nan sts t ug us s,

t a n t t a sts ng-t map ta ma nt nan . Man sp nd nt

unt s mm nt d n st ngn ast u tu b ng n a p stat

pa , t n as a su t a a kunds p nt and t

ma nt nan . d nk ng-wat , t san su t n a p s ,

p wat qua t g n n- nuwat . W t t m , d g adat n tn ast u tu w p g ss and an

ap d su t n a n d m stmaj ass t p a m nt.

T p mp m ntat n asp tsu ban wat manag m nt t at ma

p s t nfu n nu g n at nn ud :

c ndu t ng ta wsand p m ng adjustm nts

a d ng o a unt snd at t at u ban ta s a n tw d n t adjust d up n w.

D s n-mak ng aut t o a unt

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Glaas Report 2012 Eng