GLOBAL ADULT TOBACCO SURVEY...2018/02/14 · Г54 Глобальне опитування дорослих щодо вживання тютюну (Global Adult Tobacco Survey –

ReportUkraine 2017

GLOBAL ADULTTOBACCO SURVEY

НАЦІОНАЛЬНА АКАДЕМІЯ

МЕДИЧНИХ НАУК УКРАЇНИ

1993

Ministry of health of Ukraine

The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) is a nationally representative household survey of people age 15 years or older that is used to monitor tobacco use (smoking and smokeless) and to track key tobacco control indicators. This new round of GATS with a survey design similar to that used in the 2010 survey was conducted in 2016-2017, with Kiev International Institute of Sociology as the implementing agency in cooperation with the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. Between 2010 and 2017, Ukraine has implemented various tobacco control policies including increasing tobacco taxes; prohibiting smoking completely in cafés, bars, restaurants, healthcare, and educational facilities; and prohibiting tobacco advertising (except on the Internet), promotion, and sponsorship. The report documents the 2017 situation with tobacco use behaviors in Ukraine and changes since 2010. During this period, the prevalence of current smoking among adults dropped by nearly 20%. The median price for a pack of 20 cigarettes increased by almost 70%. Among adults, exposure to tobacco marketing, and exposure to secondhand smoke in the workplace, home, and public places have also significantly declined. Although Ukraine has reduced tobacco burden since 2010, over 8 million Ukrainians still use tobacco in 2017. The report suggests that further implementation of the WHO FCTC could help end the tobacco epidemic. Monitoring tobacco use and evaluating tobacco control interventions are critical to reduce tobacco use and tobacco-related morbidity and mortality.

УДК 311.2:178.7(477)=111 Г54

Г54 Глобальне опитування дорослих щодо вживання тютюну (Global Adult Tobacco Survey – GATS) (англ. мова). – Київ, 2017. – 240 с.

ISBN 978-617-7157-58-7

УДК311.2:178.7(477)=111

1

Ukraine2017

PREFACEULANA SUPRUN,

Acting Minister of Health of Ukraine

Tobacco use is one of the main causes of non-communicable diseases and premature deaths that can be prevented by implementing a set of measures proven to be effective in many countries. All these measures are included in the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) ratified by Ukraine in 2006. Indispensable implementation of the Convention provisions is also defined in the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement of 2014, which stimulates movement towards tobacco control activities.

Over the past 11 years since the WHO-FCTC was signed, common effort of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Members of the Parliament, international and public organizations has made it possible to ban tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, free public places from tobacco smoke, introduce graphic health warnings on cigarette packaging, and significantly increase tobacco taxes. All these measures have led to a considerable decrease in smoking prevalence in Ukraine and increased social intolerance to smoking.

Significant achievements in tobacco control made in the recent years are proved by the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) findings. This is one of the most comprehensive studies involving the population aged 15 and older and making possible to get reliable data on tobacco use and track the efficiency of tobaco control policies.

In Ukraine, GATS was conducted twice (in 2010 and 2017). Comparing both survey findings we see a positive tendency in growing public awareness of smoking-related harm, significant decreasing exposure to secondhand smoke and tobacco products advertising, reducing of cigarettes affordability. However, a lot remains to be done. We need to strengthen the tobacco control legislation and to ensure its enforcement, introduce bigger health warnings on cigarette packaging, create accessible services to help smokers quit and introduce proper regulation of new tobacco products which also cover electronic cigarettes which gains momentum, especially among young people.

The main survey findings and recommendations given in this report will be used to form further tobacco control policies to solve the outstanding problems.

On behalf of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, I would like to thank everyone involved in the second GATS in Ukraine. We really appreciate the expert assistance and financial support from our international partners including Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA), the World Health Organization and the Bloomberg Philanthropies. I would also like to note the important contribution of the Kiev International Institute of Sociology providing the methodology and technical support for the survey, the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine giving expert assistance in results analysis, and all the professionals involved in the work on this report and recommendations.

Ministry of health of Ukraine

2

GLOBAL ADULT TOBACCO SURVEY

MARTHE EVERARD,Head of WHO Country Office in Ukraine

It is my pleasure to congratulate Ukraine on behalf of the WHO on the completion of the second Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS 2017). This report marks another milestone in Ukraine’s commitment to tobacco control as a Party to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Ukraine ratified this Convention in 2006, and since then tobacco control in the country has been strengthened. This has helped to achieve the significant reduction in tobacco use demonstrated in GATS 2017.

GATS has been implemented in 29 countries globally and seven in the WHO European Region (Greece, Kazakhstan, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Turkey and Ukraine). This enables comparison across the region and the globe, and information sharing on experiences in tobacco control.

To help countries comply with the requirements of the WHO FCTC, WHO has developed a demand reduction policy package, known as MPOWER. Monitoring is an important component of this package which helps us understand the implementation of tobacco control and its impact on tobacco use. This enables implementing better-designed tobacco control policies and programs for greatest effect.

GATS is the result of national and international collaboration, efforts and enthusiasm, involving a range of partners and resulting in very rich and valuable information on tobacco use.

This report of the latest findings in Ukraine helps to advance efforts against the tobacco epidemic. It should become the reference report on the current state of tobacco use and tobacco control in Ukraine for policy-makers, health professionals, and all other stakeholders.

Ukraine, like many countries in the Region, has made progress, but more needs to be done and efforts focused on full implementation of the WHO FCTC. This should involve all tobacco control stakeholders across the relevant sectors, including the Government, policy-makers, experts, scientists and civil society.

I am sure that results of GATS 2017 will be used to develop Ukraine’s tobacco control further, to address the pressing issues and gaps in existing legislation, and to adopt new laws in line with the requirements of the WHO FCTC.

3

PREFACE Ukraine2017

INDU B. AHLUWALIA, MPH, PhD,Branch Chief, Global Tobacco Control Branch,

Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The completion of the 2017 Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) in Ukraine is a significant achievement. It represents a commitment by Ukraine to continue to monitor tobacco use and the impact of tobacco control measures since 2010 when the first GATS was conducted. The results can help further improve tobacco prevention and control efforts in Ukraine, which are supported by the World Health Organization’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) and the MPOWER demand reduction strategies.

The GATS data presented in this report show that there has been a significant progress in several key measures between 2010 and 2017. For example, the overall prevalence of daily tobacco smoking declined by 20%; exposure to secondhand smoke among non-smokers in homes, workplaces, government buildings, and restaurants declined considerably; the percentage of adults who reported noticing cigarette marketing decreased by 46%; and the cigarette prices increased.

However, despite this progress, opportunities remain to further improve these measures. Continued efforts to monitor these measures, as well as to implement the proven MPOWER demand reduction strategies can help further reduce the burden of tobacco-related diseases and deaths in Ukraine.

It is important to acknowledge that the collective efforts of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kiev International Institute of Sociology, WHO-EURO Office, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were critical to make the 2017 GATS a success. We look forward to ongoing collaboration in our collective efforts to address the tobacco epidemic.

4


DIMITRY BAZYKA, M.D., prof.,Academician-Secretary of the Division of Theoretical and Prophylactic Medicine, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Director-General, National Research Center for Radiation Medicine

Ukraine’s movement towards EU-integration requires laborious work to gradually implement the European standards in the socio-political, economic and social spheres, including population health protection and care. Tobacco control in Ukraine is one of the most important frontiers for the health of the nation, the priority of which was confirmed by the ratification in 2006 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). As part of implementing this Convention, Ukraine has been gradually introducing European standards – including tobacco control – in

its health legislation. The currently released second Ukraine GATS 2017 report is a valuable document, indicating both the achievements and problems of our country in this area.

Among the obtained results, the attention has to be particularly drawn by to the evidence of the effectiveness of tobacco control measures such as:

• significant decrease in the overall prevalence of current and daily smoking between 2010 and 2017;

• sharp decrease in the secondhand smoke exposure at workplace both in overall and among non-smokers with simultaneous significant increase of workplaces which are completely smokefree;

• high social support of the complete smoking ban in indoor workplaces and public places.

At the same time, this study highlighted a number of problems, e.g. an extremely low percentage of successful attempts of quitting smoking and insufficient attention to this process from health care providers.

It is extremely important that GATS uses a unified procedure for data collection and processing: a comprehensive, standard protocol, which allows for obtaining high-quality data comparable with data from other countries.

I am pleased to note that the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine was an active participant of the current GATS report preparation. Participation of representatives of the scientific community in this work is very important for the adequate interpretation of the obtained results and the development of scientifically based recommendations. This work should give an impetus to conducting research in the NAMS institutions for further improvement of the tobacco control in Ukraine. At this stage, important are measures targeted at specific population groups, first of all to those, who are exposed to several risk factors including smoking. The example of such groups is represented by Chornobyl emergency workers who are at increased risk of lung cancer as a result of inhalation of radioactive dust during the cleanup activities and smoking.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the participants of the GATS in Ukraine and confidence that the obtained results will become a solid basis for the further effective measures in tobacco control.

5

PREFACE Ukraine2017

HANNA HOPKO,Member of Parliament in the 8th Verkhovna Rada

of Ukraine, Head of the Foreign Affairs Committee in Verkhovna Rada

The use of tobacco significantly impedes development in the whole world. For a country, smoking-related diseases are a heavy economic burden that costs billions of dollars yearly causing productivity losses, premature deaths of experienced workers and higher health care expenses.

Ten years ago the tobacco epidemic seemed to be a too difficult problem to overcome as the society was unprepared for radical changes. But the common efforts of the public and the government have brought significant success. Over the past decade, smoking prevalence has gradually decreased in Ukraine. This is shown by the latest Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS 2017) findings.

Thus, we got important anti-tobacco legislation prohibiting smoking in majority of public places; tobacco advertising and sponsorship got banned and cigarette prices got raised. As a result, fewer people start smoking and more are willing to get rid of tobacco addiction. And most importantly, the society is gradually getting used to the new rules and starting to understand that smoking is no longer normal. For instance, the survey findings show that the proportion of families which do not allow smoking at home is increasing although this is not regulated by laws. This illustrates people’s growing awareness of adverse effects of smoking. People are growing more conscious of their health and wellness of their family members – and smoking gradually becomes socially unacceptable. And this is the right way to go.

Nowadays, developed countries (in particular, the EU states) announce the Tobacco endgame strategy aiming at smoking prevalence reduction. Ukraine should continue strengthening its tobacco control legislation and enforcement of existing laws. The need for further work on tobacco control is also stated in the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement with one of its parts being devoted to public health issues.

What is important for success is to further develop cooperation of all the parties involved in tobacco control. These include the Ministry of Health, members of the Parliament, international and public organizations, scientific research institutions etc. It is also worth following the health in all policies principle and remembering that public health issues are to be of higher priority than business interests (including tobacco business).

The Global Adult Tobacco Survey is a great instrument for ‘quality assurance’ of tobacco control measures that are to be undertaken in Ukraine. This survey reveals not only achievements but also problems to be solved; it gives the necessary information to make decisions on policies. And it is our common task to build tobacco-free Ukraine.

6


ACRONYMSBI: Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce Tobacco UseCDC: Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCDCF: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention FoundationEU: European UnionFCTC: Framework Convention on Tobacco ControlGATS: Global Adult Tobacco SurveyGHPSS: Global Health Professions Student SurveyGSPS: Global School Personnel SurveyGTSS: Global Tobacco Surveillance SystemGYTS: Global Youth Tobacco SurveyJHSPH: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthHBSC: Health Behavior in School-aged ChildrenHCP: Health care providerKIIS: Kiev International Institute of SociologyMOH: Ministry of Health of UkraineNAMSU: National Academy of Medical Sciences of UkrainePSU: Primary sampling unitRTI: RTI InternationalSES: Socioeconomic statusSHS: Secondhand smokeUAH: Ukrainian HryvniaWHO: World Health Organization

7

Ukraine2017

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) 2017 was conducted due to collaboration of

national and international partners. The project was made possible only through the joint efforts of all partners, including the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (MOH), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the CDC Foundation, World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office in Ukraine, WHO Regional Office for Europe, RTI International, and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (JHSP). Financial support was provided by the Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use (BI) through the CDC Foundation with a grant from Bloomberg Philanthropies.

The implementation of the survey and production of this report would not have been possible without the dedicated efforts, technical support and full commitment of all partners. We would like to thank the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and the WHO Country Office in Ukraine for their sincere efforts to ensure the successful survey completion and the dissemination of GATS data and findings. Appreciations are extended to all fieldwork staff and IT engineers who stood behind our success, as well as all individuals who helped prepare this report. Last but not least, special thanks also go to the survey respondents for their participation.

Report Contributors:• Tatiana Andreeva, Independent Consultant for Tobacco Control, Public Health and

Epidemiology• Dimitry Bazyka, Academician-Secretary, Department of Theoretical and Prophylactic

Medicine, NAMSU• Oleh Dudin, Senior specialist of coordination with other central executive authorities

and Ministries, Department of Public Health, MOH• Mykola Fuzik, Senior Researcher, NAMSU• Nataliya Korol, National Surveillance Officer, WHO Country Office in Ukraine • Kateryna Rymarenko, Project Manager, NGO Advocacy Center Life • Victoria Zakhozha, Deputy Director, KIIS

Report Reviewers:• Nataliya Piven, Head of the Department of Public Health, MOH • Marthe Everard, Head of WHO Country Office in Ukraine• Kristina Mauer-Stender, Program Manager, Tobacco Control Team, WHO Regional

Office for Europe• Andrew Snell, Consultant, Tobacco Control Team, WHO Regional Office for Europe• Roberto Gnesotto, Consultant, WHO Country Office in Ukraine• Volodymyr Paniotto, Director General, KIIS• Victor Sushko, Head of the Department of Pulmonology, NAMSU

8


CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201.1. History of tobacco use and tobacco control in Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201.2. GATS Ukraine 2010 and its findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.3. Recent tobacco control efforts in Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.4. GATS Ukraine 2017 goals and objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

CHAPTER 2. METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232.1. Study population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.2. Sample design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.3. Questionnaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242.4. Recruitment, training, and fieldwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.4.1. Implementing agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.4.2. Pretest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.4.3. Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.4.4. Fieldwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.4.5. Confidentiality / informed consent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.5. Data processing and aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.6. Statistical analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.7. Sample and population characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

CHAPTER 3. BACKGROUND: TOBACCO CONTROL POLICY IN UKRAINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283.1. Monitoring of tobacco use and prevention policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283.2. Protect people from tobacco smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323.3. Offer help to quit tobacco use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323.4. Warn about the dangers of tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.5. Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.6. Raise taxes on tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

CHAPTER 4. FINDINGS ON TOBACCO USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354.1. Tobacco use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.2. Use of various smoked tobacco products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.3. Cigarettes smoked per day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.4. Age at initiation of daily smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.5. Quitting smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.6. Time to first smoke after waking-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384.7. Electronic cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384.8. Changes between 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

CHAPTER 5. FINDINGS ON EXPOSURE TO SECONDHAND SMOKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405.1. Exposure to secondhand smoke at workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405.2. Changes between 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

9

CONTENTS Ukraine2017

5.3. Exposure to secondhand smoke at home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415.4. Changes between 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425.5. Exposure to secondhand smoke at public places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435.6. Changes between 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

CHAPTER 6. FINDINGS ON SMOKING CESSATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456.1. Intention to quit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456.2. Quit attempts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466.3. Assistance received for quitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466.4. Changes between 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

CHAPTER 7. FINDINGS ON ECONOMICS OF TOBACCO USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487.1. Cigarette prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487.2. Cigarette expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487.3. Cigarette consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497.4. Cigarette brands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497.5. Venue of purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497.6. Types of cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497.7. Illicit cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507.8. Changes between 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

CHAPTER 8. FINDINGS ON MEDIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518.1. Anti-cigarette smoking information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518.2. Health warning labels on cigarette packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528.3. Cigarette marketing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528.4. Changes between 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

CHAPTER 9. FINDINGS ON KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PERCEPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . .559.1. Harms of smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559.2. Tobacco tax and price increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569.3. Perception of point-of-sale advertisement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569.4. Complete smoking ban in indoor workplaces and public places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579.5. Changes between 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

CHAPTER 10. DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5910.1. Monitoring of tobacco use and prevention policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5910.2. Protect people from tobacco smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6110.3. Offer help to quit tobacco use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6310.4. Warn about the dangers of tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6410.5. Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6510.6. Raise taxes on tobacco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

CHAPTER 11. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Appendix A: Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Appendix B: Sample Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Appendix C: Estimates of Sampling Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Appendix D: Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

10


INTRODUCTION

Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of premature deaths and diseases, killing more than 7 million people a year globally. More than 6 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use, while around 890,000 are the result of non-smokers being exposed to secondhand smoke [1].

To confront the tobacco epidemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was adopted in 2003 [2]. FCTC is the first international legally binding public health treaty under the auspices of WHO in response to the global tobacco epidemic. It has been ratified by 181 countries, covering about 90% of the world population. A systematic and efficient surveillance system is critical to monitor tobacco use and evaluate tobacco prevention and control interventions [3].

The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) is a nationally representative household survey of people age 15 years or older that is used to monitor tobacco use (smoking and smokeless) and to track key tobacco control indicators. The use of a standard questionnaire, sampling methodology, and protocols in GATS makes comparison of survey results possible across countries.

GATS was first implemented in Ukraine in 2009-2010. Ukraine has since made progress in reducing tobacco use and adopted many key tobacco control initiatives including: prohibiting smoking completely in cafés, bars, restaurants, and health care and educational facilities; prohibiting

tobacco advertisement (except on the Internet), sponsorship and promotion; mandating graphic health warning labels on all cigarette packs; and implementing multiple tobacco tax increases [4, 5].

This new round of GATS was conducted in 2016-2017, with Kiev International Institute of Sociology as the implementing agency in cooperation with the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. Technical assistance was provided by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the WHO, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and RTI International. Program support was provided by the CDC Foundation. Financial support was provided by the Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use through the CDC Foundation, with a grant from Bloomberg Philanthropies.

METHODS

The GATS Ukraine 2017 adopted a survey design similar to the 2010 survey, as a household survey of persons 15 years of age and older. The sample used a multi-stage stratified clustering design. Voter precincts were used as the primary sampling units (PSU). A total of 14,800 households from 600 PSUs were sampled with 8,298 adults completing the survey. The household response rate was 67.5%, the individual response rate was 95.5%, and the overall response rate was 64.4%. GATS Ukraine 2017 data were compared to that from GATS Ukraine 2010. The temporarily

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

11

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Ukraine2017

occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, city of Sevastopol, and certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, were excluded from GATS 2017 survey. These territories consist of 14.4% of the population in Ukraine. To allow for comparative analysis, the regions that were not covered by GATS Ukraine 2017 were also removed from the 2010 survey data.

GATS provides information on respondents’ background characteristics, tobacco use (smoking and smokeless), tobacco cessation, secondhand smoke

exposure, economics, media, and knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards tobacco use. GATS enhances countries’ capacity to design, implement and evaluate tobacco control programs. It will also help countries to fulfill their obligations under the WHO FCTC to generate comparable data within and across countries.

WHO developed MPOWER, a technical assistance package of six evidence-based tobacco demand reduction measures contained in the FCTC that includes:

KEY FINDINGS

GATS2017

Tobacco UseIn 2017, 23.0% (8.2 million) of all

adults in Ukraine reported current tobacco use (self-reported current use of tobacco products on a daily or less than daily basis) in any form (40.1% of males and 8.9% of females). Overall, 22.8% of adults currently smoked tobacco (39.7% among males and 8.8% among females). Overall, 20.1% (7.2 million) of adults currently smoked tobacco daily (35.9% among males and 7.0% among females). Among daily tobacco smokers, 69.2% reported first smoking tobacco within 30 minutes after awakening. Among ever-daily tobacco smokers aged 18-34 years, smoking was initiated on average

at 16.8 years of age, and 60.4% of tobacco smokers started smoking before age 18.

Overall, 22.8% of adults currently smoked cigarettes (39.6% among males and 8.8% among females). The average number of cigarettes smoked per day was 17.1 among daily cigarette smokers (18.2 for males and 12.6 for females). Among daily cigarette smokers, 90.5% smoked 10 or more cigarettes daily.

Overall, 0.7% of adults currently smoked water pipe with tobacco, and 0.2% used smokeless tobacco.

Electronic CigarettesOverall, 50.9% of adults ever heard of

electronic cigarettes. Overall, 6.4% of adults ever used electronic cigarettes, and 1.7% of adults were current users of electronic cigarettes.

Monitor tobacco use & prevention policies

Protect people from tobacco smoke

Offer help to quit tobacco use

Warn about the dangers of tobacco

Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, & sponsorship

Raise taxes on tobacco

12


Smoking CessationAlmost two in five (39.2%) tobacco

smokers (current and former smokers who quit in the past 12 months) had attempted to quit in the last 12 months. Among tobacco smokers who had made a quit attempt in the past 12 months, 6.2% used nicotine replacement pharmacotherapy, 5.3% used Internet- and email-based support, 3.2% used non-medication therapy, 2.3% used non-nicotine medications, 2.1% used counseling / advice, and 72.2% tried to quit without any assistance.

Among tobacco smokers who visited a health care provider (HCP) in the past 12 months, 49.2% were asked by a HCP if they smoked, and 39.4% were advised by a HCP to quit smoking.

Overall, 62.5% of current tobacco smokers (5.1 million) stated they were interested in quitting, and 6.7% stated they were ready to quit smoking within the next month.

Secondhand Smoke ExposureAmong adults who worked indoors,

14.3% were exposed to tobacco smoke in their workplace in the past 30 days. Overall, 13.0% of adults were exposed to tobacco smoke at home. Among non-smokers, 7.3% were exposed to tobacco smoke at home and 10.5% were exposed in their workplace.

Overall, 43.4% of people who visited bars and nightclubs, and 24.0% of people who visited restaurants reported exposure to tobacco smoke when visiting each respective location. Of all the public places included in the survey, tobacco smoke exposure was the lowest in health care facilities (3.7%).

EconomicsOverall, 73.3% of current manufactured

cigarette smokers made their last purchase in stores, with 22.2% stating the last purchase was from a kiosk and 2.8% stating it was from a street vendor.

Among manufactured cigarette smokers, 4.5% purchased non-filtered cigarettes, 83.4% purchased regular-filtered cigarettes, and 12.1% purchased slim-filtered cigarettes; 97.3% showed the interviewer cigarettes packs with warning labels in Ukrainian, 0.9% in Russian, 0.8% in Romanian (Moldovan), 0.2% in other languages, and 0.7% with no health warnings.

Advertising, Promotion, and Sponsorship

Among all adults, 52.7% noticed anti-tobacco information during the last 30 days in various locations; 37.3% came across anti-tobacco information on TV, followed by posters in health care facilities (19.7%) and billboards (16.3%).

Among current tobacco smokers, 92.2% had noticed health warnings on cigarette packages during the past 30 days and more than half (54.0%) thought about quitting because of the warning labels.

Overall, 25.0% of adults noticed cigarette advertisement, sponsorship, or promotion during the last 30 days in various places. Overall, 13.7% of adults reported noticing cigarette advertising in stores where cigarettes were sold, followed by television (6.2%), cigarette pack inserts (5.8%), billboards (4.2%), and Internet (4.0%).

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions

Overall, 92.7% of adults believed that smoking could cause serious illnesses.

Overall, 85.5% believed inhaling secondhand smoke causes serious illnesses.

Overall, 53.7% of adults believed smoking a water pipe with tobacco could cause serious illnesses; 11.5% mistakenly believed that some types of cigarettes were less harmful than others.

Overall, 72.0% of adults considered highlighted, enlarged, or specially decorated cigarette packs at the point of sale as a form of cigarette advertising.

13

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Ukraine2017

Among all adults, 83.2% favored a complete smokefree policy for indoor workplaces and public places. Overall, 81.3% believed that smoking should not be allowed in restaurants and cafés.

Overall, 21.0% of current tobacco smokers reported that they would quit smoking if the price of tobacco products sharply increased, and 25.8% reported that they would smoke less.

CHANGESBETWEEN2010AND2017

• Overall prevalence of tobacco use significantly decreased from 28.4% to 23.0% (from 49.9% to 40.1% among males, no significant change among females). This represents a 19.0% relative percent decline in tobacco use (19.7% relative percent decline for males).

• Overall prevalence of daily tobacco smoking significantly decreased from 25.0% to 20.1% (from 45.1% to 35.9% among males, no significant changes among females). This represents a 19.8% relative percent decline in tobacco smoking (20.5% relative percent decline for males).

• The percentage of tobacco smokers who made quit attempts in the past 12 months did not change significantly from 2010 to 2017. No change was observed in the percentage of smokers that were asked by a HCP if they smoked or in the percentage of smokers who were advised to quit by a HCP in the past 12 months.

• The percentage of adults exposed to secondhand smoke in the workplace significantly decreased from 31.9% to 14.3%. The percentage of adults who reported that smoking was not allowed in any indoor areas in their workplaces significantly increased from 44.9% to 62.0%.

• The percentage of adults exposed to secondhand smoke at home significantly decreased from 22.9% in 2010 to 13.0% in 2017.

• Among adults who visited restaurants and cafés in the past 30 days, the percentage of those who were exposed to tobacco smoke significantly decreased from 62.1% to 24.0%.

• After adjusting for inflation, the median price for a pack of 20 manufactured cigarettes significantly increased from 10.4 UAH in 2010 to 17.5 UAH in 2017, representing a relative price increase of 68.4%. The median price for 100 packs of 20 manufactured cigarettes in GDP per capita, as an index of cigarette affordability, was 2.1% in 2010 and 3.3% in 2017 [6].

• The percentage of adults who noticed anti-cigarette smoking information during the last 30 days significantly decreased from 66.8% in 2010 to 52.7% in 2017.

• The percentage of current smokers who noticed health warnings on cigarette package during the last 30 days (from 96.4% in 2010 to 92.2% in 2017), as well as the percentage of those having thought about quitting because of health warnings on cigarette packs (from 59.7% in 2010 to 54.0% in 2017), both significantly decreased.

• Exposure to any cigarette advertising, promotion, or sponsorship in the past 30 days declined significantly from 46.3% in 2010 to 25.0% in 2017. Similarly, significant declines were observed for both current smokers (from 60.3% in 2010 to 30.3% in 2017) and non-smokers (from 40.8% in 2010 to 23.4% in 2017).

• The overall percentage of adults who believed that certain types of cigarettes can be less harmful than others significantly decreased from 16.2% in 2010 to 11.5% in 2017.

14


CONCLUSION

Between 2010 and 2017, Ukraine has implemented various tobacco control policies including increasing tobacco taxes; prohibiting smoking completely in cafés, bars, restaurants, health care, and educational facilities; and prohibiting tobacco advertising (except on the Internet), promotion, and sponsorship. The prevalence of current smoking among adults dropped by nearly 20% during this period. The median price for a pack of 20 cigarettes increased by almost 70%. Among adults, exposure to tobacco marketing, and exposure to secondhand smoke in the workplace, home, and public places have also significantly declined.

GATS is a tool to monitor the extent of tobacco epidemic, and to identify opportunities in preventing and reducing tobacco use in Ukraine. Continued commitment to the WHO FCTC by Ukraine would further prevent and reduce tobacco use. Examples of evidence-based activities include:1. Adding tobacco questions to

other surveys to complement the information provided by GATS and to offer more detail on uptake of all forms of tobacco use, especially novel tobacco product use and use among youths and young adults.

2. Evaluating the effectiveness of prohibitions on the marketing of tobacco products, and exploring effective ways to strengthen the enforcement of tobacco control policies, especially smokefree laws and prohibitions on tobacco marketing.

3. Providing accessible low- or no-cost smoking cessation services at both national and local levels to assist in quitting tobacco.

4. Enhancing efforts to warn people about the risks of tobacco use through the implementation of evidence-based methods recommended by FCTC, which include adopting and rotating pictorial warnings that covers more than 50% of the main display areas on cigarette packs.

5. Increasing the price of tobacco and implementing WHO FCTC protocols to address illicit tobacco trade.

6. Implementing tobacco awareness campaigns based on communication theories developed for the purpose of behavior change. Although Ukraine has reduced tobacco

use since 2010, over 8 million Ukrainians still use tobacco in 2017. Further implementation of the WHO FCTC could help end the tobacco epidemic. Monitoring tobacco use and evaluating tobacco control interventions are critical to reduce tobacco use and tobacco related morbidity and mortality.

15

Ukraine2017

MPOWER: Summary indicatorsTable 2.1: Unweighted number and percentage of households and persons interviewed

and response rates, by residence – GATS Ukraine, 2017Table 2.2: Distribution of adults aged 15 years or older by selected demographic

characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017 Table 2.3: Distribution of adults aged 15 years or older by selected demographic

characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017Table 4.1: Percentage of current tobacco users aged 15 years or older and their

distribution by tobacco use pattern and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 4.2: Percentage distribution of adults aged 15 years or older, by smoking status, gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 4.3: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older, by detailed smoking status and gender – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 4.4: Number of adults aged 15 years or older, by detailed smoking status and gender – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 4.5: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older, by detailed smokeless tobacco use status and gender – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 4.6: Number of adults aged 15 years or older, by detailed smokeless tobacco use status and gender – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 4.7: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 4.8: Number of adults aged 15 years or older who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 4.9: Percentage of current tobacco users aged 15 years or older, by tobacco use pattern and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 4.10: Average number of cigarettes smoked per day and percentage distribution of daily cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by number of cigarettes smoked per day, gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 4.11: Average age at daily smoking initiation and percentages of adults aged 18-34 years who initiated daily smoking by certain age, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 4.12: Percentage of former smokers aged 15 years or older, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 4.13: Percentage of former smokers aged 15 years or older who stopped smoking for more than 6 months, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 4.14: Percentage distribution of former daily smokers aged 15 years or older, by time since quitting smoking and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

LISTOFTABLES

16


Table 4.15: Percentage distribution of daily smokers aged 15 years or older, by time to first smoke upon waking and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 4.16: Electronic cigarette awareness and use among adults aged 15 years or older, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 4.17: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older, by detailed smoking status and gender – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 4.18: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 4.19: Average number of cigarettes smoked per day and percentage distribution of daily cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by number of cigarettes smoked per day, gender and other selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 4.20: Average age at daily smoking initiation and percentage distribution of ever daily smokers 18-34 years old, by age at daily smoking initiation, gender and residence – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 4.21: Percentage of former smokers aged 15 years or older, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 4.22: Percentage distribution of daily smokers aged 15 years or older, by time to first smoke upon waking and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 5.1: Percentage and number of adults aged 15 years or older who were exposed to tobacco smoke at work, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 5.2: Percentage distribution of adults aged 15 years or older by the smoking policy they have at work and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 5.3: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who were exposed to tobacco smoke at work, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 5.4: Percentage distribution of adults aged 15 years or older, by the smoking policy at home and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 5.5: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who were exposed to tobacco smoke at home, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 5.6: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who were exposed to tobacco smoke at home, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 5.7: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who were exposed to tobacco smoke at various public places, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 5.8: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who were exposed to tobacco smoke at various public places, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 6.1: Percentage distribution of current smokers aged 15 years or older by interest in quitting smoking and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

17

LIST OF TABLES Ukraine2017

Table 6.2: Percentage of smokers aged 15 years or older who made a quit attempt and received health care provider advice in the past 12 months, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 6.3: Percentage of smokers aged 15 years or older who made a quit attempt in the past 12 months, by cessation method used and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 6.4: Percentage of smokers aged 15 years or older who made a quit attempt in the past 12 months, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 6.5: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who received advice to quit smoking from HCP, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 7.1: Amount paid for 20 manufactured cigarettes by manufactured cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 7.2: Cigarette expenditure per month among current manufactured cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 7.3: Percentage of current manufactured cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by last brand purchased and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 7.4: Percentage distribution of manufactured cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by the source of last purchase of cigarettes and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 7.5: Percentage distribution of current manufactured cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by type of cigarette purchased, gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 7.6: Percentage distribution of warning label languages found on cigarette packages among current manufactured cigarette smokers, by demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 8.1: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who noticed anti-cigarette smoking information during the last 30 days in various places, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 8.2: Percentage of current smokers aged 15 years or older who noticed health warnings on cigarette packages and considered quitting because of the warning labels, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 8.3: Percentage distribution of warning labels in Ukrainian found on cigarette packages among current manufactured cigarette smokers – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 8.4: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days in various places, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 8.5: Percentage of current smokers aged 15 years or older who noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days in various places, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 8.6: Percentage of current non-smokers aged 15 years or older who noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days in various places, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

18


Table 8.7: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who noticed anti-cigarette smoking information during the last 30 days in various places, by smoking status – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 8.8: Percentage of current smokers aged 15 years or older who noticed health warnings on cigarette packages and considered quitting because of the warning labels, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 8.9: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 9.1: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who believe that smoking causes serious illness and various diseases, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 9.2: Percentage of current smokers aged 15 years or older who believe that smoking causes serious illness and various diseases, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 9.3: Percentage of non-smokers aged 15 years or older who believe that smoking causes serious illness and various diseases, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 9.4: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who believe that smoking water pipe with tobacco causes serious illness and comparison of smoking water pipe with tobacco to cigarettes, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 9.5: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who believe that certain types of cigarettes can be less harmful than others, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 9.6: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who believe that inhaling tobacco smoke from somebody else is harmful, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 9.7: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who favor increasing taxes on tobacco products, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 9.8: Percentage distribution of current manufactured cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by possible responses to significant rise of tobacco product price and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 9.9: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who consider highlighted, enlarged or specially decorated cigarette packs at point of sales as advertising, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 9.10: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who favor ban of smoking in indoor public and workplaces, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 9.11: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who think smoking should not be allowed in indoor areas of restaurants or cafés, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Table 9.12: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who believe that smoking causes illness, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

19

LIST OF TABLES Ukraine2017

Table 9.13: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who believe that exposure to secondhand smoke causes illness, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 9.14: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who believe certain types of cigarettes can be less harmful than others, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Table 9.15: Percentage distribution of current manufactured cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by possible responses to significant rise of tobacco product price and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

20


CHAPTER1.INTRODUCTION

Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of premature deaths and diseases, killing more than seven million people a year. More than six million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use, and approximately 890,000 are the result of exposure to secondhand smoke. Globally, over one billion adults smoke tobacco, equating to every fifth person aged 15 or older. About 80% of smokers live in low- or middle-income countries, and approximately 226 million live in poverty [1].

1.1.HISTORYOFTOBACCOUSEANDTOBACCOCONTROLINUKRAINE

Until the early 1990s, cigarettes and tobacco production in Ukraine had been under the state monopoly. Since then, transnational tobacco corporations have come to the market and have gained control over 97% of the Ukrainian cigarette production. The remainder is owned by small domestic factories or is imported. Annual cigarette sales were changing over time. In the 1990s, an average of 60-70 billion cigarettes were sold; by 2008, that increased to over 125 billion [5].

Manufactured cigarettes are the most popular form of tobacco consumed in Ukraine. According to the 2010 Ukraine Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) results, they were used by almost 99% of adult smokers with growing dominance of filter cigarettes. In the 1990s, non-filter cigarettes constituted more than 50% of

the overall tobacco consumption, but this share had fallen to less than 10% in the late 2000s [7]. Other types of smoked tobacco products (e.g., hand-rolled cigarettes, cigars or cigarillos, pipes, and water pipes) are not very widespread in Ukraine and are used by a small percentage of smokers. However, water pipes (with and without tobacco) have become more and more popular, especially among young people below the age of 25. Electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, have also gained popularity. Selling of e-cigarettes and their cartridges has no legislative regulations in Ukraine: they are accessible and affordable for many people because of relatively low prices and no age restrictions on sale.

Tobacco use has caused a huge burden on citizens’ health and finances in Ukraine. In 2010, tobacco killed an estimated 85,000 Ukrainians per year, contributing to 12% of overall mortality [5, 8] – 82,000 men (24% of overall male mortality) and 3,000 women (1% of overall female mortality). Primary causes of death included lung cancer (79%), respiratory diseases (40%), vascular diseases (11%), and other diseases (5%). In addition to lost lives, Ukraine suffered an annual loss of 12.5 billion USD (3.2% of annual GDP) due to the health care expenditures and disability caused by tobacco-related diseases [9, 10].

In 2006, Ukraine ratified the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first international binding treaty under the aegis of the WHO that includes 180 countries with about 90% of the global population. Over the last decade, FCTC has become an

21

INTRODUCTION Ukraine2017

essential tool for public health and enabled participating countries to achieve significant success in tobacco control.

Adopted by the Parliament in September 2005, law No 2899, “On Measures to Prevent and Reduce the Use of Tobacco Products and Their Harmful Impact on Public Health” was the first legislative act in Ukraine related to tobacco control [11]. Among other regulations, this law set requirements regarding tobacco products content, prohibited any terms, inscriptions or signs that may create wrong impressions that certain tobacco products are less harmful than others, and banned sales of tobacco products to or by persons aged under 18 years, and sales of individual cigarettes (not including cigars). A set of amendments to this law was adopted in 2009-2012 according to FCTC requirements, including a stipulation that public health interests had priority over the vested interests of the tobacco industry. Legislative amendments have also introduced pictorial and text warnings that covered 50% of a tobacco pack’s surface (actual new health warning appeared in October 2012). Additional smokefree policies covered 100% of restaurants and cafés which previously could have smoking zones.

On September 3, 2009, the Ukrainian government adopted the National Social Program for the Reduction of the Harmful Impact of Tobacco on Public Health in Ukraine until 2012 [12]. The objectives of this program were to protect the population against the consequences of tobacco use and the exposure to tobacco smoke and to minimize the social, environmental, and economic consequences of tobacco use by implementing tobacco control measures at the national and local levels. The National Program was comprised of a range of tobacco control activities, including the provision of smoking cessation services. However, money planned for this program implementation was not allocated in the

state budget; eventually, the program was canceled in 2011. Since that time, no other government-funded program on tobacco control has been adopted.

1.2.GATSUKRAINE2010ANDITSFINDINGS

The WHO encourages countries to implement comprehensive tobacco control programs according to the MPOWER1 package with its first element related to the monitoring of tobacco use and tobacco control policies. The Bloomberg Initiative to Reduce Tobacco Use provided funding through CDC Foundation to help Ukraine conduct the first Global Adult Tobacco Survey in 2010. GATS aims to obtain comprehensive information on tobacco use and tobacco control efforts in various countries. To compare survey results across different countries, GATS uses standard survey questionnaires, survey design and protocol. The U.S. Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention and RTI International provide technical support for the survey in participating countries.

GATS Ukraine 2010 provided critical information for government and tobacco control advocacy in Ukraine. Its indicators became a benchmark for monitoring compliance with various tobacco control measures in the country, including smokefree policies in various public places, advertising bans, etc. Several crucial findings of GATS Ukraine 2010 were as follows:

• The survey documented the support for various tobacco control policies rendered by Ukraine’s population, allowing the civil society activists to further advocate for stronger tobacco control policies.

• Although smuggling tobacco into a country is a traditional argument used by tobacco industry against tobacco tax increases, a mere 1.5% of potentially

1 The MPOWER package is a series of six proven policies aimed at reversing the global tobacco epidemic: (1) Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies; (2) Protect people from tobacco smoke; (3) Offer help to quit tobacco use; (4) Warn about the dangers of tobacco; (5) Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship; and (6) Raise taxes on tobacco.

22


smuggled cigarettes at the Ukrainian market documented by GATS Ukraine 2010 became an important prerequisite for advancing tobacco taxation.

• A lack of public awareness of certain tobacco-related harms among Ukraine’s population and the health risks associated with water pipe use in particular, were taken into account in later media activities.

1.3.RECENTTOBACCOCONTROLEFFORTSINUKRAINE

After GATS 2010 and with its findings at hand, several further legislative efforts were undertaken. In September 2012, a ban on tobacco advertising, sponsorship and promotion came into force (law No 3778; amendment to the law No 2899 and the law on advertisement). This law banned almost all kinds of advertisement (except advertisement on the Internet), promotion and sponsorship of tobacco products. However, because of loopholes in the legislation, the tobacco industry continues to find ways to promote its products, including through advertising at points of sale.

In December 2012, a smokefree policy came into force with a ban on smoking (including e-cigarettes and water pipes) in places of public catering (e.g., cafés, bars and restaurants) and other public places (law No 4844). Currently, national legislation bans smoking in all health and educational institutions, public transportation, restaurants and café premises and some other places. At workplaces, hotels, dormitories, railway stations and airports, smoking is allowed only in specially designated areas.

Between 2011 and 2013, the pace of tobacco tax increase slowed (taxes were increased only by 45% over three years). However, in 2014, tobacco taxes increased

three times by a total of 40%. During the same year, the Parliament adopted the law “On the Amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine and some legislation about tax reform”. This law envisaged that beginning January 1, 2015 the rates of excise for non-filter cigarettes had to be increased to the level of filter cigarettes, and tobacco product retailers had to pay an additional excise tax of 5% of the product price [13]. In 2015 and 2016, tobacco excise taxes increased by 40% each year. During 2007–2016, revenues from tobacco excise taxes increased substantially – from 2.5 billion to 33.2 billion UAH.

1.4.GATSUKRAINE2017GOALSANDOBJECTIVES

Since 2010, many key tobacco control policies have been adopted in Ukraine. The WHO, Ministry of Health of Ukraine (MOH), Bloomberg Initiative (BI) and CDC therefore teamed up again in 2016 to repeat GATS in Ukraine, with two key goals: to monitor current exposures related to tobacco use and to help evaluate the impact related to the implemented tobacco control policies since GATS 2010.

To achieve these goals, the objectives of the survey include documenting the following groups of indicators:

• Tobacco use-related behaviors• Tobacco smoke exposures at various

premises• Exposure to tobacco control policies,

including smokefree policies, smoking cessation, awareness campaigns about dangers associated with smoking, bans on tobacco advertising and promotion, and tobacco prices.This report presents the design of

the survey as well as the key findings. It demonstrates the current situation with tobacco use among adults in Ukraine and observes the changes that happened between 2010 and 2017.

23

Ukraine2017

CHAPTER2.METHODOLOGY

Adhering to the global standard protocol for systematically monitoring adult tobacco use and tracking key tobacco control indicators, the 2017 GATS Ukraine survey adopted a design similar to GATS Ukraine 2010 aiming to produce estimates at the national level. The design also allowed us to estimate indicators of interest at a pre-determined precision level by gender, age group, education and residence status, as well as to compare current survey results to the GATS Ukraine 2010 survey.

2.1.STUDYPOPULATION

The target population of the survey included men and women aged 15 years and older who considered Ukraine to be their primary place of residence – irrespective of citizenship – and lived for more than six of the last 12 months in the dwelling interviewed. The temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, city of Sevastopol, and certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts were excluded from the survey. Respondents were considered non-eligible if their primary places of residence were institutionalized living facilities or collective dwellings, such as military institutions, prisons, convents, hotels, dormitories, hospitals, nursing homes, etc. The homeless were also excluded.

The survey sample size was calculated according to the requirements of the GATS Sample Design Manual. To achieve the target sample of 8,000 respondents,

14,800 households were sampled with the aim to obtain 2,000 respondents for each of the analysis domains: urban and rural men and women.

2.2.SAMPLEDESIGN

GATS Ukraine 2017 was a household-based survey that conformed to the GATS sampling design protocol (refer to Appendix B for details). It employed a two-stage sample design. At the first stage, voting precincts defined by the Central Election Commission for the 2014 nationwide parliamentary elections were used as the primary sampling units (PSUs), which consisted of eligible voters 18 years old and older [14]. PSUs were selected randomly using the method of selection probability proportional to the size of PSUs (PPS). There were 300 PSUs selected in the urban areas and 300 PSUs in the rural areas. At the second stage, 30 housing units were randomly selected from each selected PSU in big cities (Kyiv, Dnipro, Lviv, Odesa, and Kharkiv) and 25 housing units from each selected PSU in other urban settlements, or 23 housing units from rural PSUs. The list of households was developed from mapping and listing conducted in August 2016. An eligible household member was interviewed and asked to give information about each eligible adult in the household. One eligible household member was then randomly selected from the household roster. Since there are more adult females than adult males in the general population in Ukraine,

24


adult males were sampled at a higher rate than females in an effort to achieve a sample with a 50-50 split by gender.

2.3.QUESTIONNAIRES

The 2017 Ukraine GATS used two questionnaire modules: the Household Questionnaire and the Individual Questionnaire. The questionnaires were largely based on the 2010 Ukraine GATS instrument. They included both core sets of questions designed for all GATS participating countries and country-specific questions – recommended by MOH, CDC and WHO – to address country-specific issues. Both questionnaires were developed in English first and translated into both Ukrainian and Russian. The questions modified or added for the 2017 survey were back-translated into English to check the quality of the translations. The questionnaires were approved by the CDC Questionnaire Review Committee (refer to Appendix A for details).

The Household Questionnaire was used to collect information on persons who considered the selected housing unit as their primary place of residence. Any adult household member aged 18 years or older was eligible to answer the household questionnaire. This questionnaire aimed to collect information on the name, birth date or age, gender, and status of tobacco use of each household member. One eligible household member was randomly selected from the household roster to complete an individual questionnaire that consisted of eleven sections:1) Section A – Background characteristics:

Questions on gender, age, education, occupation status, possession of household items, marital status, and financial well-being.

2) Section B – Tobacco smoking: Questions on patterns and frequency of use, former tobacco consumption,

the age of initiation of daily smoking, consumption of different tobacco products, nicotine dependence and consultations with health care providers.

3) Section WP – Water pipe: Questions on frequency and patterns of water pipe use (with and without tobacco), the age of initiation of water pipe use and some details about the most recent smoking session (duration, number of participants).

4) Section EC – Electronic cigarettes: Questions on awareness and experience of using e-cigarettes.

5) Section C – Smokeless tobacco: Questions on frequency of use, former use, and consumption of different smokeless tobacco products.

6) Section D – Cessation: Questions on receiving advice to quit smoking by health care providers and the methods used to try to stop smoking.

7) Section E – Secondhand Smoke (SHS): Questions on the indoor smoking policy and exposure to SHS in homes and at workplaces, and exposure to SHS in the last 30 days at different public sites including government buildings / offices, health care facilities, restaurants or cafés, bars or night clubs, public transportation, universities, and private companies. An additional item was included on knowledge about serious illnesses in non-smokers due to SHS exposure.

8) Section F – Economics: Questions on the brand, quantity, cost, and source of manufactured cigarettes in the last purchase.

9) Section G – Media: Questions on exposure to pro- and anti-tobacco advertising in the media such as television, radio, billboards, posters, newspapers / magazines, cinema, Internet, public transportation; exposure through sporting events

25

METHODOLOGY Ukraine2017

sponsored by tobacco companies; exposure to tobacco promotion activities; and reaction to health warning labels on cigarette packages. The reference period for the questions in this section was the last 30 days.

10) Section H – Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions: Questions on knowledge about health effects of smoking, SHS, smokeless tobacco, and water pipe use.

11) Section CP – Cigarette packs: Information printed on any cigarette packages that respondents had with them (brand, health warning message, contents of tar and nicotine, date of production, and maximum retail price) was obtained.

2.4.RECRUITMENT,TRAINING,ANDFIELDWORK

2.4.1. Implementing agenciesThe Kiev International Institute of

Sociology (KIIS) was contracted to undertake the field work for 2017 Ukraine GATS. The BI provided funding for the survey through the CDCF and the WHO. U.S. CDC provided technical support. The KIIS project manager provided overall direction for the survey implementation. The fieldwork director was assisted by three fieldwork managers (FMs) who served as field coordinators in the respective regions, while 24 fieldwork supervisors (FSs) carried out field activities in the oblasts. Each team was composed of one team supervisor and three to nine field interviewers (FIs).

2.4.2. PretestIn April 2016, KIIS conducted a GATS

pretest that piloted the questionnaire in Ukrainian and Russian for the language accuracy, logical flow or sequence of the questions, adequacy and appropriateness of response options, and the accuracy of

translations. In addition, the pretest was designed to investigate if the respondents’ attitudes, interests, and motivation to answer the questions would be sustained and to measure the average interview time in order to set a reasonable quota per day for the field interviewers. Efforts were also made to assess problems that would likely occur during the actual GATS field operation, and solutions were identified to solve such problems. Another important objective of the pretest was to test the use of tablets in the field. Pretest fieldwork was conducted in both urban and rural areas – totaling 101 respondents – distributed by gender, urban / rural residence, smoking status and age groups.

2.4.3. TrainingTo prepare the KIIS Central Office

personnel, training for trainers was held where particular items and instructions in need of extra emphasis were identified. Issues to be addressed during the training of field staff were explored as well. This was held for the KIIS GATS core team, who participated in the pretest and assisted with finalizing the questionnaires and manuals.

KIIS Central Office staff served as instructors and trained all field operation personnel for the 2017 Ukraine GATS in four regional sessions during October 1-10, 2016. Participants in these sessions included 24 FSs and 96 FIs (some supervisors worked on the GATS Ukraine project as interviewers as well). Each training session covered key survey concepts and definitions, questionnaire administration using tablets, and other field operation protocols. All sessions included classroom lectures, written exercises, demonstration interviews, role-playing, mock interviews, and field practice.

2.4.4. FieldworkFor the 2017 Ukraine GATS, the KIIS

employed 110 FIs, distributing among 24 teams nationwide. Each team supervisor

26


was responsible for three to nine interviewers and ensured that the team strictly followed protocol for interviewing the sample households and the individuals. In each oblast, a FS from the permanent KIIS survey network was designated to monitor the progress of the team in his / her oblast and to ascertain that the workload was completed within the survey period. The FMs were assigned to supervise the implementation of the survey in their groups of oblasts and provide technical assistance on survey concepts, questionnaire items and field operation procedures. Usually, regional FSs were providing technical assistance on the use of tablets, while the IT team at the KIIS Central Office solved more complicated issues. The FSs conducted spot checks, and the KIIS quality control supervisors conducted verification interviews. The GATS fieldwork was carried out from October 5, 2016, until January 31, 2017.

2.4.5. Confidentiality / informed consent Parental consent was required for

interviewees aged 15-17 years to participate in the survey. All data collected through the GATS is confidential. Respondents were assured that all answers in the survey would be used only for research and not for any other purposes; and all identifying data, such as name and address, would never be associated with their interview responses. In addition, the FIs signed a statement of confidentiality to ensure that they would maintain the confidentiality of the data.

2.5.DATAPROCESSINGANDAGGREGATION

GATS data were collected using Samsung tablets. RTI international provided technical support for programming the questionnaire, setting up the tablets, managing the devices and aggregating data.

At the KIIS Central Office, technical staff served as the GATS data managers (DMs). The FIs exported data files from their tablets on a daily basis. In some unusual cases (i.e., if the FI was in a remote area), the data were exported less frequently than daily. After data was exported, the files were transmitted to the KIIS National Data Center.

The DM received and managed the data files transmitted by the FIs. To detect problems in the data files early and provide resolutions, the GATS project manager viewed and scrutinized the data upon receipt.

The DM routinely reviewed and monitored the transmitted data files and provided a weekly status report indicating the number of complete and incomplete cases per FI. The General Survey System (GSS) aggregation software was used to provide the status report containing this information. During processing, the GSS sorted the files in the selected folders by the most recently submitted standard database format (sdf) files. After ensuring the completeness of the sdf files, the DM merged and aggregated all the files into a single sdf file, using an aggregation module part of the GSS. The aggregated data was converted into an SPSS format for further evaluation and to ensure data quality.

2.6.STATISTICALANALYSIS

Sample weights were computed for each respondent who completed the survey, following the standard protocol outlined in the GATS sample weights manual. The details of the sampling weights process are described in Appendix B. Weighted point estimates and standard error calculations were estimated using SPSS Version 23, SAS Version 9.3 and SUDAAN Version 11.0. The complex survey design feature was taken into account to calculate the survey error properly. Data cleaning and data analysis were conducted from February to

27

METHODOLOGY Ukraine2017

September 2017. Data from the present survey were compared to the GATS Ukraine 2010 survey data. For consistency, the territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, city of Sevastopol, and certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts which are temporarily outside the control of the government of Ukraine, were removed from the 2010 survey data and therefore also excluded from the comparative analysis in this report.

2.7.SAMPLEANDPOPULATIONCHARACTERISTICS

For the GATS Ukraine 2017 survey, 8,717 of 14,800 households sampled finished the household survey, and 8,298 individuals completed the individual questionnaire. The top reason for household non-participation during the survey process was that 14.1% of households refused to participate, followed by not being able to reach the household member eligible to complete the roster (12.2%), empty households (10.2%), and address not a dwelling (2.5%). The household response rate in the urban area was 60.8% compared to 75.5% in the rural area, totaling a 67.5% response rate overall. Individual response rates were similar in the urban area and rural area, at 96.1% and 94.8% respectively, averaging 95.5%. The overall response rate, calculated by taking the product of household response rate

and individual response rate, was 64.4%. Details can be found in Table 2.1.

The 8,298 completed interviews were representative of an estimated population of 36.1 million adults aged 15 or older living in Ukraine, excluding the areas not covered in the survey. Since the weighted data were matched to the population as of January 1, 2016 [15] through post-stratification by region, residence, gender, and age group, the weighted distribution by these four factors reflected the actual population distribution. Details are listed in Table 2.2.

With regard to comparison data collected in 2010 and 2017 (see Table 2.3), both datasets were weighted to the current Ukrainian population. However, it is worth noting that certain changes took place over these seven years. Compared to the first GATS wave, the youngest age group (aged 15-24 years) became smaller, and the group of people aged 25-44 years became larger. The distribution of the population between urban and rural areas further shifted towards urban, which was 65.4% in 2010 and 69.4% in 2017. In regard to education, groups of those with secondary or less than secondary education became smaller, and those with college or university-level education became larger. In parallel, the percentage of students in the new weighted sample is smaller than in the previous one. The proportion of people who are married or living together decreased as well. These population changes could affect the changes in tobacco use-related indicators and need to be taken into account.

28


CHAPTER3.BACKGROUND:TOBACCOCONTROLPOLICYINUKRAINE

This chapter describes the status of tobacco use and control in Ukraine prior to GATS 2017 and is set out according to the MPOWER implementation package.

3.1.MONITORINGOFTOBACCOUSEANDPREVENTIONPOLICIES

Ukraine conducted a set of surveys among adults and youth with support from international organizations (i.e., GATS in 2010; Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) in 1999, 2005, and 2011; Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) in 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014; European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) in 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011 and 2015) throughout the country, as well as annual surveys conducted by the State Statistics Service and country research institutions. These studies provide further insights into tobacco use as well as knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions surrounding the behavior.

Burden of tobacco use in Ukraine: Prevalence of tobacco use among adults

According to the WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic published in 2015 [1], Ukraine occupied the 21st place in the world in smoking prevalence

among persons aged 15 years and older, in comparison to fourth place in 2006. This is considered significant progress which has been supported by several national surveys conducted in Ukraine.

Several nationally representative surveys conducted in Ukraine by KIIS revealed a decrease in smoking prevalence among the Ukrainian population in general and in different gender and age groups [16]2 (Figure 3.1).

The first round of GATS in Ukraine in 2010 revealed that current smoking prevalence was 28.3%, with 25.0% daily smoking prevalence (45.1% among men and 8.4% among women) [17]. Results of the recent KIIS survey conducted in February 2017 demonstrated that daily smoking prevalence among adults aged 18 years and older was 23.7% (41.2% for men and 9% for women). In comparison, in 2006 the daily smoking prevalence in Ukraine was about 31% among adults aged 18 years and older. The trends in smoking prevalence differ between men and women in Ukraine. The initial level among men was very high (62% of daily smokers in 2005) and it consistently declines over time as various tobacco control measures have been implemented. Among women, the initial level was lower (16% of daily smokers in 2005) and it declined dramatically between

2 The samples of 2015 and 2017 surveys excluded the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, city of Sevastopol, and certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, which are temporarily outside the control of the government of Ukraine.

29

BACKGROUND ON TOBACCO CONTROL POLICY IN UKRAINE Ukraine2017

2006-2008, soon after first tobacco control measures were implemented, to reach the level of about 9%. Since then, tobacco use in women has largely gone unchanged. This might partly be due to the lower rate making it statistically more difficult to detect change. However, it does require additional attention to ensure tobacco control in Ukraine is having a beneficial impact for women as well as men.

The State Statistics Service of Ukraine includes the question about smoking behavior of all household members aged 12 and older into the annual panel household survey. These results also show the decrease in daily smoking prevalence from 25.6% in 2008 to 19.3% in 2016 [18, 19].

The share of smokers started decreasing after the first tobacco control law was adopted in 2005 and Ukraine ratified the WHO FCTC in 2006. The most profound decreases in smoking prevalence were observed between 2008 and 2010 when the combination of the global economic recession and effective tobacco taxation policies led to reduced tobacco affordability. This outcome was facilitated by various tobacco control measures, including smokefree policies, a ban on tobacco

advertising in various media adopted in consecutive stages, and introducing the tobacco pack health warnings enacted in 2007 and 2012.

Between 2013 and 2017, the decrease in daily smoking prevalence was insignificant (26.2% vs. 23.7%). This could be caused by a lack of anti-tobacco law enforcement, use of loopholes in the legislation by the tobacco industry, and cigarette price reduction in late 2015. A more substantial decrease in daily smoking prevalence between 2013 and 2017 (by 28%) was observed among people aged 18–30 [20]. This may indicate that smaller numbers of young people initiated smoking over this period compared to earlier years.

Tobacco production, sales, and consumption

The state monopoly on cigarettes and tobacco production in Ukraine was dismantled in the early 1990s. This created an attractive environment for transnational tobacco corporations to corner the market. Currently, four big international corporations – Philip Morris International, Japan Tobacco International, British American Tobacco, and Imperial Tobacco –

FIGURE 3.1: Percentage of daily smokers among adult males and females (18+) in Ukraine, 2006–2017

58%

13%

52%

11%

50%

8%

49%

9%

47%

7%

45%

11%

42%

9%

42%

9%

41%

9%

2006, Mar 2007, Feb 2008, Nov 2009, May 2009, Oct 2013, Feb 2014, Oct 2015, Dec 2017, Feb

Males Females

30


control about 97% of the tobacco market in Ukraine. The remaining tobacco products are produced by small factories or are imported. According to the most recent data available, domestic tobacco growing in Ukraine is not significant and occupies less than 120 hectares with productivity around 50 tons (covers up to 0.1% of demand) [5].

Manufactured cigarettes are the most popular form of tobacco consumption in Ukraine; according to 2010 Ukraine GATS results, they were used by almost 99% of adult smokers with growing dominance of filter cigarettes over non-filter ones. In the 1990s, non-filter cigarettes constituted more than 50% of overall tobacco consumption; in the late 2000s, this share had fallen to less than 10% [7].

In the 1990s, the annual sales of manufactured cigarettes were about 60–70 billion pieces, increasing to 125 billion cigarettes in 2008. By 2016, annual sales of manufactured cigarettes in Ukraine decreased to 76 billion pieces. This was accompanied by a decline in number of

smokers during this period: from 10.1 million to 6.753 million [18] (Figure 3.2). The volume of the cigarette market was determined not only by the consumption in Ukraine but also by the smuggling of cigarettes from Ukraine to the European Union countries, which slightly decreased in 2008-2012 as tobacco taxation policies made Ukrainian cigarettes more expensive [4]. However, it increased again in 2014-2016 due to the collapse of the national currency exchange rate.

Use of other types of smoked tobacco products (i.e., hand-rolled cigarettes, cigars or cigarillos, pipes, and water pipes) is not very widespread in Ukraine. GATS 2010 results reported that less than 2% of current smokers used any type of these products. However, water pipes (with and without tobacco) became more popular, especially among young people below the age of 25. For instance, the survey conducted in 2017 found that 9.0% of men and 7.8% of women aged 18 years or older used water pipes during the past 12 months [20].

FIGURE 3.2: Number of cigarette sales and number of smokers

Tobacco excise revenue, bn UAH

Average excise per 1000 cigarettes, UAH

Number of daily smokers, mn

Cigarette sales, bn sticks

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

3.6

9.1

13.115.3

16.617.9 18.1

22.2

33.2

2981

137

174202

238 248

304

431

125111

95 88 82 75 73 74 77

10.1

9.2

8.78.6 8.35 8.1 7.3

6.25 6.5

3 In 2016 with the exclusion of the territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, city of Sevastopol, and certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, which are temporarily outside the control of the government of Ukraine.

31


Because of weak law enforcement, some bars, cafés, and restaurants in Ukraine offer water pipes to their visitors.

Electronic cigarettes have also gained popularity. Selling e-cigarettes and their cartridges has no legislative regulations in Ukraine. They are accessible and affordable for many people because of relatively low prices and no age restrictions on sale. According to survey results, 7.5% of men and 6.8% of women used electronic cigarettes within the past 12 months [20]. There is a popular opinion among smokers that switching to e-cigarettes may help to quit smoking.

Prevalence of tobacco smoking among youth

The tobacco industry invests considerable resources and uses special tactics to target the youth as potential cigarette consumers.

Ukraine has participated in three international surveys focused on smoking behavior among young people: GYTS, HBSC, and the ESPAD.

The GYTS is targeted to youth aged 13-15 years old. It was conducted in Ukraine in 1999, 2005, and 2011 [21]. Results revealed that prevalence of smoking cigarettes reduced by 30% among both boys and girls (from 24.0% in 2005 to 16.6% in 2011). Prevalence of daily smoking decreased by half (from 8.6% to 4.4%).

The HBSC covers schoolchildren of different age groups (from 11 to 16) and aims to monitor children’s health and behavior. In Ukraine, it was conducted in 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014. According to the most recent HBSC results, 30.0% of schoolchildren aged 11-17 years (36.0% of boys and 25.0% of girls) have ever smoked, while 7.3% (10.1% of boys and 4.8% of girls) were daily smokers. Similar to adults, there was a reduction in daily smoking among the youth between 2010 and 2014 (from 11.0% to 7.3%) [22].

The objective of ESPAD is to collect data about the use of psychoactive substances (including tobacco) among schoolchildren and students aged 15-17 years. Six rounds of the survey have already been conducted in Ukraine – in 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, and 2015. Based on ESPAD results, the percentage of adolescents who smoked at least once during the last 30 days decreased significantly between 1995 and 2015: from 50.6% to 25.7% for boys and from 27.6% to 13.2% for girls [23].

Traditionally, there are more smokers among boys than among girls and among those who are older: in 2015, prevalence of daily smoking among girls was 6.7% compared to 18.1% among boys.

In 2015, the survey included questions about water pipe and e-cigarette use for the first time. According to the findings, 38.8% and 19.4% of adolescents aged 15-17 years have ever smoked water pipes and e-cigarettes respectively while 11.3% of adolescents smoked water pipes and 5.5% smoked e-cigarettes within the past 30 days [23].

Prevalence of tobacco use among health professionals and medical students

Health care workers can provide effective messages promoting healthy lifestyles and advising and supporting smoking cessation. However, there is a persistent tobacco use culture within the health care workforce.

A pilot Global Health Professions Student Survey (GHPSS) was conducted in Ukraine in 2009 among third-year health profession students at the Kyiv Medical University [24]. The survey found that 62.5% of students were ever smokers, and the most frequent age of smoking initiation was between 11 and 15 years old. Smoking at the university during the previous year was reported by 31.6% of smokers. Exposure to secondhand smoke at home within the last

32


week was reported by 60.5% of students while 73.3% were exposed to secondhand smoke in other places outside their homes.

According to another survey conducted in 2009, daily smoking prevalence among Ukrainian primary care physicians was 22.3%, only slightly lower than in the general population (27.0%) [5]. The prevalence of smoking was higher among male physicians than female ones. The average age of smoking initiation implies that the majority of health care workers started smoking while they were medical students at universities.

3.2.PROTECTPEOPLEFROMTOBACCOSMOKE

Law 2899, enacted in 2005, included key elements protecting people from tobacco smoke. Amendments to this law were adopted between 2009 and 2012 to include certain smokefree indoor public places (except workplaces, hotels, dormitories, railway stations, and airports where smoking is still allowed in specially designated areas).

A national survey of tobacco use conducted in 2005 [25] found 53% of the population reported exposure to SHS at least daily. Two-thirds of non-smokers (65%) and three-quarters of former smokers (74%) were exposed to SHS at least several days a week.

Results of Ukraine GATS 2010 revealed that the share of those exposed to SHS daily or almost daily declined from 53% in 2005 to 32% in 2010, and the share of those rarely or never exposed to SHS increased from 26% in 2005 to 47% in 2010. In 2010, 23% of adults aged 15 years and older reported exposure to SHS at home at least once a month. This had not changed by 2013 according to the nationally representative omnibus survey (22% reported SHS exposure at least monthly).

Smoking outside the home appears to have been influenced more by the legislative changes. For example, overall, 32% of those working outside their homes in indoor areas were exposed to SHS at the workplace within the past 30 days in 2010; while in 2013, 17% of those working in indoor areas reported being exposed to SHS at work [26].

Exposure to SHS in other public places varied depending on the venue. In 2010, visitors to health care facilities experienced the lowest level of SHS exposure (6.3%). Visitors to other places experienced higher levels of SHS: 10.1% in governmental buildings, 16.5% in public transportation, 24.2% in universities, and 62.1% in cafés and restaurants. In 2013, the percentage of those exposed to SHS at cafés and restaurants reduced significantly (to 28%) [26], which is associated with the law adopted in 2012 banning smoking in these places.

3.3.OFFERHELPTOQUITTOBACCOUSE

Smoking cessation services are not well organized. Although the MOH approved guidelines for health care practitioners in September 2012 by the Order 746 [27], still not many physicians ask their patients about smoking status, and not all practitioners have skills or time to consult patients on quitting.

Analysis of surveys conducted in 2005 [28] and 2010 [29] revealed that an advice to quit smoking from health care workers was mostly provided to those smokers who are older and probably suffer smoking-related diseases. A more recent survey of smokers [30] showed that 70% of men and 61% of women who already tried to quit did so unassisted. At the same time, almost 70% of smokers declared their desire to quit and 77% recognized a need of the professional services development.

33


3.4.WARNABOUTTHEDANGERSOFTOBACCO

Warnings aimed at smokers and the general public are key requirements of the WHO FCTC. According to the Ukrainian law (No 2899, enacted in 2005 with amendments of 2012), tobacco companies must cover at least 50% of their products’ packaging with written and pictorial warnings about the harms of tobacco consumption. Tobacco companies are also forbidden to put false or misleading information – such as “mild”, “light”, or “ultra-light” – on packages. The draft law No 2820 that aimed to introduce bigger pictorial health warnings on both sides of a tobacco pack (not less than 65%) was registered at the Parliament in May 2015.

Anti-smoking media campaigns are not conducted systematically and usually are advocacy-oriented, i.e. covering certain ‘hot topics’ within campaigns before the draft law voting in the Parliament.

3.5.ENFORCEBANSONTOBACCOADVERTISING,PROMOTION,ANDSPONSORSHIP

The law No 3778 (amendment to the law No 2899 and the law on the advertisement) enacted in 2012 banned almost all kinds of advertisement (except advertisement on the Internet), promotion and sponsorship of tobacco products. Because of loopholes in the legislation, tobacco producers found a way to advertise tobacco products at points of sale.

As was seen in the survey conducted in late 2015 [31], among those who visited points of tobacco sales within the last 30 days, 37.2% reported having observed advertisement or other information that promotes tobacco purchases. Three quarters of respondents (75.7%) perceive

the use of colors and light to emphasize the tobacco packs at the points of sales as those that encourage youth to uptake smoking.

Also due to the lack of the law enforcement, some cases of tobacco products promotion and sponsorship still occurred. However, all these issues are addressed in the newly registered draft law No 4030a. Adoption of this bill will allow the strengthening of tobacco control policies. Additionally, draft law 2820 (which is also registered in the Parliament) proposes to remove contradictions of different laws on tobacco advertisement on the Internet and to ban such advertising in line with the EU Directive 2003/33.

One of the tobacco industry’s tactics is the promotion of slim or flavored cigarettes. Marketing of these cigarettes is aimed at women and youth. The nationally-representative omnibus survey conducted in 2017 revealed that 23% of smokers (39% women and 18% men) smoked cigarettes with flavors during the past 12 months [20]. These percentages were even higher among women smokers in the younger age group: 76% of women aged 30 years or younger have ever smoked such cigarettes, and 24% reported doing so on a regular basis. The draft law No 2820 proposes to ban flavor cigarettes in Ukraine in line with the EU Directive 2014/40.

3.6.RAISETAXESONTOBACCO

Effective tobacco taxation results in decreased affordability, consumption, and smoking prevalence. Ukraine’s and other countries’ experiences demonstrate that taxation encourages smokers to quit and discourages people from starting to smoke, as well as generating significant revenues. Ultimately, these factors lead to lower tobacco-associated morbidity and mortality.

34


The history of tobacco taxation in Ukraine is very varied. In 2000-2007, taxation was weak and there was an associated increase in both cigarette consumption and cigarette smuggling out of Ukraine. However, since the middle of 2008, the tobacco taxation policy in Ukraine has been strengthened. Tobacco excise taxes have been increased several times. Between August 2008 and July 2010, the average tobacco excise per pack of cigarettes increased six-fold [4]. These taxation policies are associated with a decrease in smoking prevalence – especially among less affluent groups of the population [32] – and an increase in revenues to the state budget.

In 2011-2013, the pace of tobacco tax increases slowed (taxes were increased only by 45% over three years). However, in 2014, tobacco taxes increased three times by 40% total. In the same year, the Parliament adopted the law “On the Amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine and some legislation about tax reform”. This law envisaged that beginning January 1, 2015, the rates of excise for non-filter cigarettes had to increase to the level of filter cigarettes, and tobacco product retailers had to pay an additional excise tax of 5% of the product price [13]. In 2015-2016, tobacco excise taxes increased by 40% each year.

A consistent approach to the increase of tobacco excise taxes demonstrated good results. During 2007–2016, revenues from tobacco excise taxes increased substantially – from 2.5 billion to 33.2 billion UAH (Figure 3.2). Unfortunately, mechanisms of earmarking are not applied in Ukraine; therefore, this money cannot be directly guided towards health care and healthy lifestyle promotion.

In 2016, the World Bank and Ukrainian experts developed several scenarios of tax policies for Ukraine [33]. The strategy is to increase tobacco taxes annually to achieve the level of EU – 90 Euro per 1,000 cigarettes.

Taking into account all the above, Ukraine has achieved significant successes in tobacco control. However, continued progress towards curbing the tobacco epidemic requires the adoption of new progressive laws and ongoing enforcement of existing tobacco control measures. One of the greatest challenges will be resistance to tobacco industry interferences as well as enforcement of the laws through increasing monitoring, control, and punishment procedures. Further chapters of this report provide evidence of how the policies explained here resulted in changes of population-level indicators.

35

Ukraine2017

This chapter reports the findings from GATS 2017 relating to the prevalence of tobacco use in Ukraine and other tobacco-related behaviors including quitting behaviors. Tobacco products can generally be divided in two types: smoked tobacco and smokeless tobacco. Smoked tobacco products in Ukraine include cigarettes (manufactured and hand-rolled), cigars and cigarillos, pipes, water pipes with tobacco, and other unspecified smoked tobacco. Since the vast majority of tobacco products consumed in Ukraine are smoked tobacco, this chapter focuses on smoked tobacco, particularly cigarettes. Electronic cigarettes are also included in this chapter.

4.1.TOBACCOUSE

In Ukraine, 23.0% of adults (aged 15 or older) used tobacco products, including smoked or smokeless tobacco. The use of smoked tobacco products is dominant with 99.3% of tobacco users reporting smoking tobacco and 0.7% reporting using smokeless tobacco only or both smoked and smokeless tobacco. The same patterns were observed across all regions and education levels. Details can be found in Table 4.1.

Among adults in Ukraine, 22.8% were current tobacco smokers. There were about 8.2 million current smokers: 6.5 million men and 1.7 million women. Men were about four times more likely to smoke tobacco than women (39.7% vs. 8.8%), as illustrated in Figure 4.1.

CHAPTER4.FINDINGSONTOBACCOUSE

KEY FINDINGS1. In 2017, prevalence of overall current smoking was 22.8%

which is 19% lower than it was in 2010 (28.3%). Prevalence of daily smoking reduced from 25.0% in 2010 to 20.1% in 2017. The quit rate was 32.4%, an increase from 26.2% in 2010.

2. Average number of cigarettes consumed per day was 17.1 in 2017 (18.2 for men and 12.6 for women daily smokers), and has not changed significantly compared to 2010.

3. More than two-thirds (69.2%) of daily smokers consumed tobacco within 30 minutes after awakening. Every fifth smoker (21.3%) reached for their first cigarette within five minutes after awakening.

4. Among the 18-34 age group, 60.4% of adults initiated daily smoking before age 18 years. Though smoking initiation remains much higher among young male adults than females, there has been an observed reduction in smoking initiation which is greater among men and the younger age cohorts. This marks a change in previous trends.

5. Around two percent of adults smoked water pipes with or without tobacco, and 1.7% of adults were current users of electronic cigarettes. Usage of both products was highest for men and women ages 15-24 and those living in urban areas.

Among all adults, 20.1% were daily smokers. The daily smoking prevalence among men was much higher than among women (35.9% vs. 7.0%). Most smokers were daily smokers, including nearly 5.9 million men and 1.4 million women. Daily smokers constituted 90.4% of all current male smokers and 79.3% of all current female

36


smokers. Among men, the prevalence of daily smoking was highest for the group aged 25-44 years (46.4%) and those aged 45-64-year (38.3%); it is also higher for those with secondary and high school education (all over 42%) compared to those with less than secondary education or with post-secondary education (all less than 28%). Adults from the rural areas have a higher prevalence of daily smoking (40.7%) compared to those from urban areas (33.7%). The prevalence was higher in the Southern region (40.9%) compared to other regions.

For women, the prevalence of daily smoking was highest for ages 25-44 (11.8%) compared to other age groups (all under 7%). By education level, the lowest prevalence was among those with less than secondary education (2.1%) in contrast to those with greater education (all above 6%). This association which might seem unexpected is most probably explained by age and residence because women with less than secondary education are mostly old rural women who generally do not smoke. Women living in urban areas (8.2%) were more likely to smoke daily than counterparts in rural areas (4.2%). By geographical region, women

in the Western region were least likely to smoke daily (2.6%) compared to those in other regions (all over 7%). Details about daily smoking prevalence can be found in Table 4.2.

Among adults in Ukraine, 2.7% were occasional smokers: 3.8% of men (representing 9.5% of all current male smokers) and 1.8% of women (representing 20.5% of all current women smokers).

Non-smokers constituted 77.2% of the population, representing almost 28 million adults (around 10 million men and 18 million women); 10.2% were former daily smokers, and 5.2% were former occasional smokers. The percentage of former daily smokers among men was higher than among women (17.2% and 4.4% respectively).

Overall, 61.8% of adults have never smoked tobacco (36.7% of men and 82.6% of women), representing approximately 22.3 million adults (6 million men and 16.3 million women). For more details on smoking status and number of smokers see Tables 4.3–4.4.

Very few adults (0.2%) reported using smokeless tobacco products. Almost all were men and consumed smokeless tobacco occasionally (See Tables 4.5 and 4.6).

Males Females

43.1%Never daily smokers

86.8%Never daily

smokers

35.9%Daily

smokers

7.0%Daily smokers

17.2%Former daily smokers

4.4%Former daily

smokers

3.8%Occasional

smokers

1.8%Occasional

smokers

FIGURE 4.1: Adults by detailed smoking status and gender, GATS Ukraine, 2017

37

FINDINGS ON TOBACCO USE Ukraine2017

4.2.USEOFVARIOUSSMOKEDTOBACCOPRODUCTS

Tables 4.7 and 4.8 present the prevalence of using various smoking tobacco products and the corresponding numbers of smokers. The majority of current smokers (98.9%) used manufactured cigarettes. The consumption of other smoked tobacco products among adults in Ukraine is marginal: 1.2% smoked hand-rolled cigarettes; 0.2% reported smoking pipes, 0.4% cigars or cigarillos, and 0.7% water pipes with tobacco (1.4% reported smoking water pipes without tobacco).

The use of hand-rolled cigarettes was reported by 2.5% of men (approximately 400,000 in absolute numbers), but the number of women using hand-rolled cigarettes was much smaller (less than 0.1%). Men in rural areas (5.0%) were more likely to smoke hand-rolled cigarettes compared to 1.4% for their urban peers.

Among adults, 1.3% of men and 0.3% of women reported smoking water pipes with tobacco. For both genders, those aged 15-24 years were more likely smokers of water pipes with tobacco than people in older age groups.

The percentage of adults, who admitted tobacco use, smoking cigarettes or other tobacco products, as well as the use of smokeless tobacco, is shown in Table 4.9.

4.3.CIGARETTESSMOKEDPERDAY

The average number of cigarettes smoked per day was calculated for daily smokers in Table 4.10. Daily cigarette smokers consumed 17.1 cigarettes on average per day: 18.2 for men and 12.6 for women. Among male daily smokers, 93.8% reported smoking ten or more cigarettes per day, and 62.6% smoked 20 or more cigarettes per day

on average. For female daily smokers, 72.6% reported smoking ten or more cigarettes per day, and 25.3% reported smoking 20 cigarettes or more per day.

4.4.AGEATINITIATIONOFDAILYSMOKING

Age at daily smoking initiation was calculated only for ever daily smokers aged 18-34 years old. Overall, the average age at initiation was 16.8 (16.5 for men and 17.7 for women). By age 15, 5.8% of respondents became daily smokers; 16.2% by age 17, 27.6% by age 19, and 31.4% by age 21. These proportions were significantly higher among male participants than among females. By age 21, 46.7% of men and 16.7% of women initiated daily smoking. Though smoking initiation was occurring a bit slower among the youngest age group (18-26) than among those aged 27-34, these differences did not reach statistical significance. When macro-regions of Ukraine are compared, smoking initiation is seen to be most intense in the Southern region and the least intense in the Western region with differences that were statistically significant for all ages between 17 and 21. More details can be found in Table 4.11.

4.5.QUITTINGSMOKING

Among those who had ever smoked daily, about a third (32.4%) were able to quit smoking successfully, a measure known as the “quit rate.” The quit rate was greater for older smokers than for younger smokers (20.2% among those aged 15-24 and 70.7% among those aged 65 or older). For women, the quit rate was significantly higher in urban areas (39.5%) than in rural areas (19.4%). Interestingly,

38


the quit rate for males was higher among both the least educated smokers and the most educated smokers. The quit rate was 48.9% for those with less than a secondary education and 39.7% for those with post-secondary education, but it was less than 30% for those with only secondary and high school education. A similar pattern was found for females.

The percentage of former smokers who stopped smoking for more than six months (the period after which chances of remaining continuously abstinent are significantly higher) constituted 29.3%. For further details, please see Tables 4.12 and 4.13.

One important dimension of the quitting phenomenon is how long smokers can refrain from smoking, since relapse is often a concern. This survey revealed that, overall, 32.8% of former daily smokers had quit smoking during the past five years compared to 48.3% who had quit ten or more years ago (Table 4.14). Quitting in the past five years was higher for women (43.8%) than men (29.3%) and decreased

FIGURE 4.2: Electronic cigarette awareness and use by smoking status, GATS Ukraine, 2017

Ever heard of electronic cigarettes

Ever used an electronic cigarette

Current user of electronic cigarettes

46.7%

2.9% 0.9%

65.0%

18.0%

4.3%

Current smokers

Non-smokers

with age – from 51.1% for ages 25-44 to 12.5% for ages 65 and over. Also, the rate was much lower for those with less than a secondary education (less 10%) than for those with each level of secondary or higher education (over 29%). With respect to former daily smokers who quit ten or more years ago, the rate was highest among those aged 65 years and older (71.5%) and those with less than a secondary education (74.6%).

4.6.TIMETOFIRSTSMOKEAFTERWAKING-UP

The time to first smoke after waking-up was used to measure the degree of tobacco dependence. Overall, 69.2% of daily smokers indicated they smoked tobacco within 30 minutes of awakening (21.3% within five minutes and 47.9% within 6-30 minutes) – 72.8% among men and 53.5% among women. For smokers aged 25 years or younger, 54.3% started their first smoke within 30 minutes after waking up, whereas for each of the other three age groups, it was more than 65%. Further details are listed in Table 4.15.

4.7.ELECTRONICCIGARETTES

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), which appeared in the market only very recently, have gained momentum in many countries, especially among youth. GATS measured their use in Ukraine. Our results indicated that more than half of the adults were aware of e-cigarettes (58% of men and 45% of women), 6.4% (10.2% of men and 3.1% of women) have tried them, and 1.7% of adults were current users of e-cigarettes (2.5% of men and 1.0% of women). Prevalence of smoking e-cigarettes was higher among those aged 15-24 (4.2%)

39

FINDINGS ON TOBACCO USE Ukraine2017

and 25-44 (2.4%) compared to older age groups (all less than 0.5%). Current tobacco smokers were more likely to try smoking e-cigarettes and retain the practice. Among current smokers, 18.0% have ever used e-cigarettes, and 4.3% were current users; it was 2.9% and 0.9% respectively for non-smokers (Figure 4.2).

For further details, please see Table 4.16.

4.8.CHANGESBETWEEN2010AND2017

The overall prevalence of current smoking significantly decreased between 2010 and 2017 from 28.3% to 22.8% with a relative reduction of 19.3%. A significant decrease was found for men (from 49.6% to 39.7% with a relative change of 20.0%). The prevalence for women changed from 10.5% to 8.8%, although this is not statistically significant.

There was a significant decrease in the prevalence of daily smoking, from 25.0% in 2010 to 20.1% in 2017, with a relative reduction of 19.8%. Similar patterns were observed between 2010 and 2017 for men, from 45.1% in 2010 to 35.9% in 2017, a reduction of 20.0%. For women, no significant changes were found (Figure 4.3).

The overall number of cigarettes smoked per day did not increase from 2010 to 2017 significantly for either gender. However, it is worth noting that the daily cigarette consumption increased significantly for smokers aged 15-24 years from 13.7 in 2010 to 16.3 in 2017, while there were no significant changes for other age groups. In 2010, 56.3% of male daily smokers reported smoking 20 or more cigarettes per day while 62.6% did so in 2017.

Initiation of daily smoking among young people was reported as less in 2017 than 2010. Significant differences were found by age 19 (in 2010 33.9% of young

FIGURE 4.3: Prevalence of current and daily tobacco smoking by gender, GATS Ukraine, 2010 & 2017

25.0%20.1%

45.1%

35.9%

8.4% 7.0%

28.3%

2010

Overall Male Female

2010 20102017 2017 2017

25.0%

49.6%

39.7%

10.5% 8.8%

Current

Daily

people had initiated by this age, this was only 27.6% in 2017); similarly, by age 21 41.6% had initiated daily smoking in 2010 and only 31.4% in 2017. The changes were more obvious among men than among women. Among men, 49.4% and 42.2% became daily smokers by age 19, and 59.4% and 46.7% became daily smokers by age 21 in 2010 and 2017 respectively. Changes among younger survey participants were larger and reached statistical significance already by age 17 years old. Because groups by regions were smaller, changes between surveys reached statistical significance only by age 21 as this result was estimated in a larger group than those for ages 19 or 17.

The percentage of former daily smokers did not increase significantly. At the same time, the quit rate increased from 26.2% in 2010 to 32.4% in 2017, with a relative change of 23.7%.

Details for comparison between the 2010 and 2017 surveys can be found in Tables 4.17–4.22.

40


CHAPTER5.FINDINGSONEXPOSURETOSECONDHANDSMOKE

KEY FINDINGS1. Almost one in seven people were exposed to SHS in the

workplace among those adults who worked indoors or both indoors and outdoors.

2. Overall, 13.0% of all adults were exposed to tobacco smoke at home.

3. Among non-smokers, 7.3% were exposed to SHS at home and 10.5% were exposed to SHS at work.

4. Between 2010 and 2017, the overall SHS exposure in workplaces reduced by more than half (from 31.9% in 2010 to 14.3% in 2017). Similar changes were observed for non-smokers: SHS exposure at work decreased from 24.6% in 2010 to 10.5% in 2017.

5. Within seven years, there was a great decrease in exposure to SHS at home among both the overall population and non-smokers. Between 2010 and 2017 exposure declined from 22.9% to 13.0% overall, and from 14.2% to 7.3% for non-smokers.

6. Bar and nightclub visitors (43.4%) along with restaurant and café visitors (24.0%) were more likely to be exposed to SHS indoors. Of all public facilities, the lowest percentage of adults (3.7%) was exposed to SHS in health care facilities. Presence of SHS at all the aforementioned places was more likely reported by men than women.

Secondhand smoke (SHS) is smoke from other people’s smoking tobacco products. It comes directly from the burning tobacco as well as the smoke being exhaled by smokers. SHS contains all the same harmful chemicals that smokers breathe into their bodies and is dangerous to the health of people around, smokers or non-smokers alike.

People may be exposed to SHS anywhere other people are smoking including at home, the workplace, or public places like cafés, bars, restaurants, nightclubs, public transportation, governmental buildings, health care facilities and universities. This chapter provides an overview of reported exposure to SHS from GATS 2017 and comparison with GATS 2010.

5.1.EXPOSURETOSECONDHANDSMOKEATWORKPLACE

GATS measured the exposure to SHS in the past 30 days for adults who work outside of their homes and usually indoors or both indoors and outdoors. Overall, there

41

FINDINGS ON EXPOSURE TO SECONDHAND SMOKE Ukraine2017

were 14.3% or two million adults exposed to SHS at work; 10.5% or 1.1 million were among non-smokers.

SHS exposure in the workplace was almost three times more likely among men (20.8%) when compared to women (7.4%). This equates to 1.5 million men and over half a million women. Among non-smokers, men (15.8%) were more than twice as likely to be exposed to SHS at workplaces than women (6.9%). For further details, please see Table 5.1.

Among those who worked indoors or outdoors within an enclosed area, 62.0% reported that their company prohibited smoking in any indoor areas, and about a third reported smoking was allowed in at least some indoor areas, while 3.3% mentioned that smoking was allowed anywhere, and 3.4% reported no such policies regarding smoking. Further details can be found in Table 5.2.


The percentage of people exposed to SHS in the workplace in 2017 has decreased compared to the 2010 results. The overall SHS exposure in workplaces reduced by more than half, from 31.9% in 2010 to 14.3% in 2017. Similar changes were observed for non-smokers (from 24.6% in 2010 to 10.5% in 2017), as set out in Table 5.3.

The decrease among women was even greater (from 22.0% in 2010 to 7.4% in 2017, a relative reduction of 66.2%) than that among men (from 41.9% in 2010 to 20.8% in 2017, a relative reduction of 50.3%).

This reduction in SHS exposure at work is seen across all demographic groups surveyed, including age, education, residence, smoking status and region, with the least relative reduction equaling 40% and all statistically significant. However, the most significant reduction was

observed among non-smokers aged 65 or older (from 24.6% in 2010 to 4.9% in 2017, a relative reduction of 80.1%) and non-smokers from the Eastern region (from 45.8% in 2010 to 11.1% in 2017, a relative reduction of 85.3%).

The percentage of workplaces where smoking was allowed anywhere significantly decreased (from 6.9% in 2010 to 3.3% in 2017). At the same time, the percentage of places where smoking is not allowed in any indoor area increased from 44.9% to 62.0% (Figure 5.1). Further details can be found in Table 5.2.

5.3.EXPOSURETOSECONDHANDSMOKEATHOME

Among all respondents, 78.2% said that smoking is never allowed in their homes. This percentage was higher among non-smokers (81.7%) and women (84.8%). In contrast, other options regarding smoking-related rules adopted at home – i.e., “smoking being allowed” (6.2%), “smoking not being allowed but with exceptions” (11.7%), or “having no rules regarding smoking at home” (4.0%) – were reported more likely by smokers and by men. More details can be found in Table 5.4.

About one in seven adults (13.0%), or 4.6 million, were exposed to SHS at home at least monthly. Two million of these were non-smokers implying that 7.3% of non-smokers are exposed to SHS at home.

Among current smokers, 32.7% reported that smoking takes place in their homes at least on a monthly basis. This was higher among women (39.7%), while the difference from men was not statistically significant. Older smokers were more likely to report smoking in their homes.

Overall, men had a higher risk (15.9%; 2.6 million) of being exposed to SHS at home than women (10.6%; 2 million). However,

42


among non-smokers, more women (7.8%; 1.4 million) than men (6.3%; 619,000) were exposed to SHS at home.

Compared to adults aged 65 or older (7.4%), those under 65 were more likely to be exposed to SHS at home (at least 13% across all under 65 year olds). Those who had secondary or greater education were also more likely to be exposed (all above 11%) in contrast to those with less than secondary education (8.6%). For more information, see Table 5.5.


Between 2010 and 2017, there was a great decrease in exposure to tobacco smoke at home among both the overall population and non-smokers (see Table 5.6). The percentage of exposed reduced from 22.9% in 2010 to 13.0% in 2017 (a relative

reduction of 43.2%) overall, and from 14.2% in 2010 to 7.3% in 2017 (a relative reduction of 48.8%) for non-smokers. The decrease among women was greater (21.4% in 2010 and 10.6% in 2017, relative reduction of 50.5%) than that among men (24.7% in 2010 and 15.9% in 2017, a relative reduction of 35.5%). For non-smokers, exposure among women decreased by 53.9% (from 17.0% to 7.8%) compared to the 24.4% among men (from 8.3% to 6.3%).

Significant decrease (relative changes between 30-60%) in SHS exposure at home was observed across almost all demographic characteristics (i.e., age, education, residence and region) for both the overall population and non-smokers – except for male non-smokers, for whom the change between 2010 and 2017 was not significant.

The percentage of respondents who reported that smoking was allowed in their homes decreased from 7.7% in 2010 to 6.2%

FIGURE 5.1: Exposure to tobacco smoke at work and policy regarding smoking at work, GATS Ukraine, 2010 & 2017

2010

2017

Overall

14.3%

31.9%

Non-smokers

10.5%

24.6%

Allowed anywhere

3.3%6.9%

Allowed only in some indoor areas

31.3%

41.4%

Not allowed in any indoor areas

62.0%

44.9%

There is no policy

6.7% 3.4%

Exposed to tobacco smoke at work*, ** Policy regarding smoking at work**

* In the past 30 days. ** Among those respondents who work outside of the home and who usually work indoors or both indoors and outdoors.

43

FINDINGS ON EXPOSURE TO SECONDHAND SMOKE Ukraine2017

in 2017 (see Table 5.4). The percentage of those who stated that “smoking is not allowed but with exceptions” also reduced (from 22.0% in 2010 to 11.7% in 2017). At the same time, the percentage of those who reported that smoking is not allowed at all increased from 65.8% to 78.2% between 2010 and 2017, and these changes were significant across all demographic groups (Figure 5.2).

5.5.EXPOSURETOSECONDHANDSMOKEATPUBLICPLACES

Exposure to SHS was measured for those who visited various public places including government buildings, health care facilities, restaurants and cafés, bars and nightclubs, universities, and who used public transportation during the 30 days prior to the interview.

Among places listed above, the lowest exposure to SHS was observed in health care facilities (3.7% reported witnessing a smoker), followed by government buildings (4.9%) and public transportation (8.5%). The highest exposure was revealed in bars and nightclubs (43.4%), followed by restaurants / cafés and universities at 24.0% and 18.3% respectively.

Men were more likely to report exposure to SHS than women when visiting these public places. Also, there were no apparent differences between overall population and non-smokers. More details are included in Table 5.7.


Among adults who visited public places, the reduction in exposure to SHS was found statistically significant for almost all venues

FIGURE 5.2: Exposure to tobacco smoke at home and policy regarding smoking at home, GATS Ukraine, 2010 & 2017

Overall Non-smokers Allowed Not allowed, but exceptions

Never allowed No rules

Exposed to tobacco smoke at home* Policy regarding smoking at home

* Adults reporting that smoking inside their home occurs at least monthly.

13.0%7.3% 6.2%

11.7%

78.2%

22.9%

14.2%7.7%

65.8%

4.5%

22.0%

2010

2017

4.0%

44


studied. The largest decrease was observed in restaurants and cafés (from 62.1% in 2010 to 24.0% in 2017, a relative reduction of 61.3%), while the least reduction was seen in universities (from 24.2% in 2010 to

18.3% in 2017, a relative change of 24.4%) (Figure 5.3).

Details of comparing SHS exposure in public places in surveys 2010 and 2017 can be found in Table 5.8.

FIGURE 5.3: Exposure to tobacco smoke at various public places*, GATS Ukraine, 2010 & 2017

2010

2017

* Among those who visited the place in the past 30 days.

Restaurants / cafés

24.0%

62.1%

Universities

18.3%24.2%

Public transportation

8.5%16.5%

Government buildings

4.9%10.1%

Health care facilities

3.7%6.3%

45

Ukraine2017

CHAPTER6.FINDINGSONSMOKINGCESSATION

KEY FINDINGS1. In 2017, two thirds (62.5%) of current cigarette smokers

stated they were interested in quitting, but only 6.7% stated they planned to quit in the next month.

2. Almost two in five (39.2%) smokers (current and former smokers who quit in the past 12 months) had attempted to quit in the past year. There is no significant difference compared to 2010 (41.0%).

3. Only 1.2% of those who had tried to quit in the past 12 months were successful in this for at least six months. This percentage decreased compared to 2010 (2.9%).

4. Among current smokers, 22.5% reported visiting a health care provider (HCP) in the past 12 months. Only 49.2% of them were asked by the provider if they smoked, and 39.4% were advised to quit. There was essentially no change in HCPs checking the smoking status of patients and advising smokers to quit between 2010 and 2017.

5. Among smokers who had made a quit attempt in the past 12 months, 6.2% used nicotine replacement pharmacotherapy, 5.3% used Internet and mail support, 3.2% used non-medication therapy, 2.3% used non-nicotine medications, 2.1% used counseling / advice, and 72.2% tried to quit without any assistance.

One way to reduce the harms of tobacco use is to help smokers quit smoking as soon as possible. International experience proves that the quit rate (indicates percentage of those who quit smoking successfully) is higher provided there is a range of programs and professional assistance to support smokers in the cessation process. To date, smoking cessation services in Ukraine have been weak and unable to meet smokers’ demands. Currently the Ministry of Health of Ukraine with the support of international organizations is planning to implement several projects to improve the provision of services through primary health care and to launch the national quitline. GATS covered the smoking cessation topic to assess the situation and estimate the real requirements in quit services.

This chapter describes smoking cessation rates and behaviors reported in GATS 2017.

6.1.INTENTIONTOQUIT

Almost two thirds (62.5%) of current cigarette smokers, or 5.1 million smokers, stated they were interested in quitting. Overall, 6.7% of respondents reported they were planning to quit within the next month. The percentage of smokers who

were interested in quitting was greater among younger smokers than their older peers. More detailed information can be found in Table 6.1.

46


2010 2017

59.0%Had no quit

attempts

60.8%Had no quit

attempts

2.9%Successfully quit smoking

1.2%Successfully quit smoking

41.0%Made a quit attempt

39.2%Made a quit attempt

FIGURE 6.1: Smokers who made a quit attempt* and successfully quit smoking** in past 12 months, GATS Ukraine, 2010 & 2017

* Among current smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months.** Among current smokers who made a quit attempt in past 12 months and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months.

Successful quit is defined as abstinence from smoking for more than 6 months.

6.2.QUITATTEMPTS

Overall, 32.8% of former daily smokers had quit smoking during the past five years (43.8% women and 29.3% men); in comparison, 48.3% of those who smoked daily quit ten or more years ago (Table 4.14).

Overall, 39.2% of smokers (including current smokers and former smokers) made a quit attempt during the past 12 months. The smokers with less than secondary education were less likely to make a quit attempt than smokers with higher education. Female smokers were more likely (46.5%) to make a quit attempt compared to males (37.2%). However, among smokers who made a quit attempt, only 1.2% were successful in quitting for at least six months. Females were more likely to quit successfully (2.8%) than males (0.7%). Smokers with a college education or above were more likely to

quit successfully (2.9%) than those with less education (less than 1%). For more details, please see Table 6.2.

6.3.ASSISTANCERECEIVEDFORQUITTING

Less than a quarter of smokers (22.5%) reported that they had visited a HCP in the past 12 months. Females were more likely to visit a HCP than males, and smokers in urban areas were more likely to visit a HCP than those in rural areas. Less than half (49.2%) of the smokers who had visited HCPs were asked by the provider if they smoked. Only 39.4% of those who visited a HCP were advised to quit smoking. Those aged 45 years and older were more likely than the younger groups to be asked and advised to quit, as were those in the Western region compared to other regions. There was almost no

47

FINDINGS ON SMOKING CESSATION Ukraine2017

difference between smokers in urban areas and smokers in rural areas in the percentage of those advised by HCPs to quit. Further details can be found in Table 6.2.

Among smokers who had made a quit attempt in the past 12 months, methods used for quitting were as follows: nicotine replacement pharmacotherapy (6.2%), Internet and mailing support (5.3%), non-medication therapy (3.2%), non-nicotine medications (2.3%), counseling / advice (2.1%), psychotherapeutic method (0.9%), acupuncture (0.3%), and 3.5% used other methods.

Overall, 72.2% of smokers (73.2% of men and 69.3% of women) did not use any external assistance to quit smoking. See Table 6.3 for further details.


The surveys revealed that the overall percentage of smokers who made quit attempts in the past 12 months did not

change significantly between 2010 and 2017 (41.0% and 39.2%, respectively). A significant decrease in quit attempts was noted among those aged 15–24 (54.7% in 2010 and 42.0% in 2017) and rural smokers (45.0% in 2010 and 38.7% in 2017), as well as among smokers from the Western region (48.5% in 2010 and 40.1% in 2017). The percentage of smokers who were able to quit smoking for more than six months also significantly decreased, from 2.9% in 2010 to 1.2% in 2017 (Figure 6.1). This significant decrease was observed among males but not among females; it was also observed among those aged 25-44 and 45-64.

There was essentially no change in HCPs checking the smoking status of patients and advising smokers to quit. This pattern was consistent across all demographic subgroups (Figure 6.2).

For further details, please refer to Tables 6.4–6.5.

FIGURE 6.2: Smokers asked by health care providers about smoking status and advised to quit smoking, by age group, GATS Ukraine, 2010 & 2017

Asked by HCP about smokingAdvised by HCP to quit smoking

Overall

2010 2017

33.0%

43.4%

39.4%

49.2%

15-24

2010 2017

25.2%

35.3%

21.0%

35.8%

25-44

2010 2017

29.6%

46.8%

38.0%

51.1%

45-64

2010 2017

44.0%

52.0%

44.1%

54.2%

65+

2010 2017

56.8%

63.3%

63.6%

64.2%

48


CHAPTER7.FINDINGSONECONOMICSOFTOBACCOUSE

KEY FINDINGS1. Between 2010 and 2017, the overall consumption of

cigarettes in Ukraine declined by 28%.

2. Cigarettes’ affordability, measured as share of cigarette price in GDP per capita relatively decreased between 2010 and 2017 by 30%.

3. In 2017 most smokers reported purchasing cigarettes from licit sources. However, almost 3% of purchases were made from street vendors which represent illicit sources of cigarettes; this level is the same as in 2010.

4. Up to 2.6% of cigarette packs shown by Ukrainian smokers during GATS 2017 interviews had non-Ukrainian origin, and might have been smuggled into Ukraine.

5. Most smokers used regular filter cigarettes. Use of slim filter cigarettes increased from 10.0% in 2010 to 12.2% in 2017. The proportion of smokers who used non-filter cigarettes declined from 8.6% in 2010 to 4.5% in 2017.

were calculated, such as overall cigarette consumption and price per pack, monthly expenditures on cigarettes, place of cigarette purchases, type of cigarettes purchased and illicit trade of tobacco products.

7.1.CIGARETTEPRICES

The median price of a pack (20 sticks) of manufactured cigarettes was 17.5 UAH. There were no significant differences across demographic subgroups except that younger smokers less than 45 years old on average smoked more expensive cigarettes than their older peers. Same was true for smokers with higher level of education who reported purchasing more expensive cigarettes. The cost of purchasing 100 packs of manufactured cigarettes equaled to only 3.3% of the GDP per capita in Ukraine (using 2016 GDP). For more details, please see Table 7.1.

7.2.CIGARETTEEXPENDITURES

The median monthly expenditure by smokers on manufactured cigarettes was 450.9 UAH. Males spent significantly more

One of the most effective measures to reduce tobacco use is to raise tobacco taxes. In Ukraine, several tax increases have been implemented since 2008 to curb cigarette smoking.

This chapter focuses on the economic aspects of manufactured cigarette use among current smokers. Important indicators

49

FINDINGS ON ECONOMICS OF TOBACCO USE Ukraine2017

(485.7 UAH) than females (272.4 UAH). Smokers aged between 25 and 65 years old spent significantly more than smokers of younger and older age groups (see Table 7.2).

7.3.CIGARETTECONSUMPTION

There were approximately 7.25 million current daily smokers (Table 4.4) in Ukraine in 2017, and each of them smoked 17.1 manufactured cigarettes per day on average. Multiplying the product of these two figures by 365 days, the estimated annual consumption of cigarettes in Ukraine is 45.2 billion sticks. This indicates a decline from the 63.0 billion estimated in GATS 2010. While both figures are potential underestimates of cigarette consumption, the decline by 28% can be considered as a more reliable estimate. If survey participants underreport their average number of cigarettes smoked per day, they are likely to underreport these similarly. Thus, both figures based on data collected in 2010 and 2017 might be underestimates of cigarette consumption but this underestimate is likely to be systematic, based on consistently acquired indicators. So, we assume the relative decline of 28% to be a more reliable estimate than the absolute numbers of cigarettes per year.

7.4.CIGARETTEBRANDS

The top five brands purchased by those who currently smoke manufactured cigarettes were Pryluky, Rothmans, Pryma, Bond, and Winston. More than 10% of smokers reported buying the first four brands during their last purchase. Pryluky and Pryma were much more popular among men, and Winston had greater popularity among women. Rothmans was more popular

among those younger than 45 years old and Pryma was more likely to be purchased by smokers aged 45 and older. Pryluky, Pryma and Bond seemed to be more popular among rural smokers, while Winston was more popular in urban areas. Please refer to Table 7.3 for further details.

7.5.VENUEOFPURCHASE

Overall, most smokers (73.3%) who currently smoked manufactured cigarettes made their last purchase in stores; 22.2% made their purchases from a kiosk.

Purchase of cigarettes from street vendors, which is an example of illicit trade, remains at about 3%. The difference in venues of cigarette purchases was seen by rural / urban areas: kiosks and street vendors were more frequently reported by smokers from urban areas while rural smokers were more likely to purchase cigarettes from stores and other sources. Further information can be found in Table 7.4.

7.6.TYPESOFCIGARETTES

Among manufactured cigarette smokers, 4.5% responded that they last purchased non-filter cigarettes. Most smokers purchased filter cigarettes: 83.4% purchased regular filter and 12.1% purchased slim filter. Smokers aged 65 or older were more likely (15.8%) to use non-filter cigarettes than smokers of other age groups (all less than 8%). Smokers with less than a secondary education were also significantly more likely to smoke non-filter cigarettes than those with higher level of education, but significantly less likely to purchase slim-filter cigarettes.

Compared to males (6.1%), females were significantly more likely (35.1%) to smoke slim-filter cigarettes. However, for both genders, the percentage of smokers

50


who last purchased slim-filter cigarettes increased along with their education level. Males from the Southern region seemed to have greater fondness of slim-filter cigarettes than smokers from other regions. Females from urban areas were much more likely to use slim-filter cigarettes, but such differences were smaller for males. More details can be found in Table 7.5.

7.7.ILLICITCIGARETTES

Interviewees’ cigarette packs were examined to explore the possibility of illicit or smuggled cigarettes in Ukraine. Among the cigarette packages shown to interviewers by current smokers of manufactured cigarettes, 97.3% had warning labels in Ukrainian, 0.9% in Russian, 0.8% in Romanian (Moldovan), 0.2% in other languages, and 0.7% had no health warnings. This suggested that there was

possibly a small amount of illicit cigarettes in Ukraine. There were no noticeable differences between men and women or between urban and rural smokers. However, all of the cigarette packs shown by smokers aged 18-24 had warning labels in Ukrainian, whereas a small percentage (2.9%) of cigarette packs shown by smokers aged 25 years or older either had warning labels that were not in Ukrainian or didn’t have a warning label on the pack at all. Details were included in Table 7.6.


To match 2017 data, the price and monthly cost spent on purchasing manufactured cigarettes from the 2010 survey were adjusted for inflation. Both measures significantly increased from 2010 to 2017. The median adjusted cigarette price per pack was 10.4 UAH in 2010 and 17.5 UAH in 2017, with a relative increase of 68.4%. Similarly, the median monthly cost increased from 259.2 UAH to 450.9 UAH, with a relative change of 74.0% (Figure 7.1).

The cost of 100 packs of manufactured cigarettes as a percentage of GDP per capita increased from 2.3% in 2010 to 3.3% in 2017. Please refer to Tables 7.1 and 7.2 for details.

FIGURE 7.1: Median cost of cigarettes and monthly expenditures on cigarettes*, GATS Ukraine, 2010 & 2017

Amount paid for 20 manufactured cigarettes

Cigarette expenditure per month

2010

2017

* In adjusted constant 2016 UAH

17.5 UAH

451.4 UAH

10.4 UAH

259.2 UAH

51

Ukraine2017

CHAPTER8.FINDINGSONMEDIA

KEY FINDINGS1. Among adults in Ukraine, 52.7% noticed anti-tobacco

information during the last 30 days in various locations. In comparison to 2010, this percentage reduced significantly (from 66.8% to 52.7%). In 2017, TV had the highest probability of showing anti-tobacco information (37.3%).

2. Among current smokers of manufactured cigarettes, 92.2% noticed health warnings on cigarette packages during the past 30 days, and more than half (54.0%) of them thought about quitting because of the warning label. Both percentages decreased slightly since 2010.

3. Overall, 25.0% of adults noticed cigarette marketing (advertisement, sponsorship or promotion) during the last 30 days in various places. This has almost halved since 2010. Current cigarette smokers as well as young people aged 15-24 years were more likely to have seen cigarette marketing.

4. Exposure to tobacco advertising was most likely in stores selling cigarettes but this has decrease from 20.9% in 2010 to 13.7% in 2017. Exposure was more likely reported by young people under 25 years.

The media is a powerful source for tobacco companies to promote their products and increase sales. It is also indispensable for anti-tobacco communities to promote healthy lives and a smokefree society.

This chapter presents findings from GATS 2017 about the anti–tobacco campaign and tobacco advertisement, sponsorship and promotion. Pictorial warnings on cigarette packs were also discussed.

8.1.ANTI-CIGARETTESMOKINGINFORMATION

Among adults 15 years and older, during the last 30 days, 52.7% noticed information warning about the danger of smoking or encouraging quitting. The leading sources with anti-tobacco information were television (37.3%), posters in health care facilities (19.7%) and billboards (16.3%), followed by Internet (15.9%), magazines and newspapers (15.8%), posters in public transportation (14.0%) and in educational facilities (10.0%), as illustrated in Figure 8.1.

Females were significantly more likely (22.6%) to notice anti-cigarette smoking information from posters in health care facilities than males (16.3%). Compared to smokers aged 25 and older, those aged 15-24 were significantly more likely to

notice such information from posters in educational facilities and the Internet.

Overall, 38.3% of adults aged 15-24 were exposed to anti-smoking information on the Internet compared to 12.9% among adults who were older. Please refer to Table 8.1 for more details.

52


8.2.HEALTHWARNINGLABELSONCIGARETTEPACKAGES

Among current smokers of manufactured cigarettes, 92.2% noticed health warnings on cigarette packages during the past 30 days (Table 8.2). There was no noticeable difference by gender, residence or region. However, the percentage of smokers who noticed the warnings on cigarette packs was significantly lower among those aged 65 and older (77.9%) compared to other age groups (all over 90%).

FIGURE 8.1: Places where respondents noticed anti-cigarette smoking information*, by smoking status, GATS Ukraine, 2017

Any location

On television

Posters in health care facilities

On billboards

Internet

In newspapers or in magazines


Posters in educational facilities

On the radio

Current smokers

Non-smokers

* During the past 30 days

53.4%

37.8%

10.3%

20.2%

15.9%

15.9%

15.8%

13.6%

8.0%

50.3%

35.5%

8.9%

18.0%

15.7%

15.6%

17.9%

15.3%

8.5%

In total, 54.0% of current smokers thought about quitting because of the warning labels on cigarette packs. This percentage was significantly higher among smokers from the Southern region (67.1%) compared to those from Central (43.9%) and Eastern regions (51.4%). Although not statistically significant, smokers aged 65 and older were less likely (41.9%) to think about quitting because of warning labels compared to other age groups (all over 50%). Female smokers were more likely to think about quitting because of warning labels than male smokers, and rural smokers were more likely than urban smokers.

The warning labels found on cigarette packs were distributed unequally. The most frequent types of labels were ‘Smoking causes dependence on tobacco—don’t start smoking!’ (15.2%); ‘Smoking causes lung cancer’ (12.5%); and ‘Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases’ (12.0%). The least frequent labels were ‘Smoking diminishes the ability of women to give birth to children’ (6.0%). For more details see Table 8.3.

8.3.CIGARETTEMARKETING

Overall, 25.0% of adults noticed cigarette marketing (advertisement, sponsorship or promotion) during the last 30 days in various places. Those aged 15-24 years (35.4%) were more likely to see cigarette marketing than those over 25 years (23.6%). Current smokers (30.3%) were more likely than non-smokers (23.4%) to see cigarette marketing.

Across different places, the exposure to cigarette advertisements among adults was highest in stores where cigarettes were sold (13.7%), followed by television (6.2%), cigarette pack inserts (5.8%), billboards (4.2%) and the Internet (4.0%). Exposure to the cigarette advertisement in such places

53

FINDINGS ON MEDIA Ukraine2017

as posters, newspapers and magazines, public transportation (vehicles / stations), radio and cinemas was less likely (all below 4%). See Figure 8.2 for more details.

Young adults aged 15-25 years were significantly more likely to report exposure to cigarette advertisement during the last 30 days in stores (20.6%) compared to those 25 years or older (12.8%).

Overall, only 0.6% of adults had noticed any tobacco sponsorship at sporting events associated with cigarette brands or companies. Although still low, youth aged 15-24 years were significantly more likely to be exposed to these tobacco-sponsored sports activities (1.6%) compared to their older peers (0.5%); it was also more likely for males than females.

Cigarette promotion was more commonly observed on clothing or items with cigarette brand names or logos (1.9%). Other forms of promotion included free gifts or discounts on other products (1.4%), free cigarette samples (1.2%) and prize competitions (1.2%). Men and young people aged 15-24 years were more likely to have noticed cigarette promotions compared to women and those aged 25 years and older. For further details, please see Tables 8.4–8.6.


The percentage of adults aged 15 years and older who noticed anti-cigarette smoking information during the last 30 days reduced significantly from 66.8% to 52.7% (a relative reduction of 21.1%). The largest reduction in places where adults noticed anti-cigarette information was observed for newspapers and magazines from 27.9% in 2010 to 15.8% in 2017 (a relative reduction of 43.4%), followed by radio (14.3% in 2010 to 8.1% in 2017 – a relative reduction of 43.2%), billboards (24.9% in 2010 to 16.3%

in 2017 – a relative reduction of 34.5%), and television (46.3% in 2010 to 37.3% in 2017 – a relative reduction of 19.5%).

Comparing 2010 and 2017 data, the percentage of current smokers who noticed health warnings on cigarette packages during the last 30 days (96.4% in 2010 and 92.2% in 2017) and the percentage of those who thought about quitting due to those warning labels (59.7% in 2010 and 54.0% in 2017) had slight but significant decrease (Figure 8.3).

FIGURE 8.2: Places where respondents noticed cigarette advertisements*, by smoking status, GATS Ukraine, 2017

Any location

In stores where cigarettes are sold

On cigarette pack inserts

On television

On posters

On billboards

On the Internet

On / inside public transportation

vehicles / stations

In newspapers or magazines

On the radio

In cinemas

* During the past 30 days

21.1%

13.3%

2.8%

1.5%

0.6%

3.9%

3.7%

4.3%

6.6%

4.2%

3.0%

26.2%

15.2%

2.7%

1.4%

0.5%

12.0%

3.7%

3.7%

5.1%

3.4%

2.2%

Current smokers

Non-smokers

54


Between GATS 2010 and GATS 2017, the percentage of adults who noticed any advertisement, sponsorship, or promotion during the last 30 days has almost halved (from 46.3% to 25.0%, a relative reduction of 46.0%). The reduction was comparable for both current smokers, with a relative reduction of 49.7%, and non-smokers, with a relative reduction of 42.6%.

Between 2010 and 2017, the percentage of adults who noticed cigarette advertisements in stores that sold cigarettes decreased from 20.9% to 13.7% (a relative reduction of 34.5%). The reduction was greater among current smokers (from 27.7% to 15.2%, a relative reduction of 45.1%) compared to non-smokers (from 18.3% to 13.3%, a relative reduction of 27.3%), greater among men (from 23.8% to 14.3%, a relative reduction of 40%) than women (from 18.5% to 13.2%, a relative reduction of 28.5%), and greater among those from urban areas (from 24.9% to 14.6%, a relative reduction of 41.4%) than those from rural areas (from 13.5% to 11.8%, a relative reduction of 13.1%).

Details comparing 2010 survey and 2017 survey results can be found in Figure 8.4 and Tables 8.7–8.9.

FIGURE 8.3: Smokers who noticed health warnings on cigarette packs during last 30 days and considered quitting because of them, GATS Ukraine, 2010 & 2017

Noticed health warnings on cigarette package

Thought about quitting because of warning labels

92.2%

54.0%

96.4%

59.7%

2017

2010

FIGURE 8.4: Adults who noticed anti- or pro-cigarette information in the last 30 days, GATS Ukraine, 2010 & 2017

Noticed anti-cigarette smoking information

at any location

Noticed any advertisement,

sponsorship, or promotion

2017

2010

52.7%

25.0%

66.8%

46.3%

55

Ukraine2017

CHAPTER9.FINDINGSONKNOWLEDGE,ATTITUDES,ANDPERCEPTIONS

Tobacco smoke contains more than 7,000 chemicals, and many are considered carcinogenic. Smoking tobacco is one of the major risk factors for a number of diseases causing premature death and chronic illness such as cancers, lung diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Smokers and non-smokers alike often don’t fully understand the harm caused by smoking and exposure to smoking, and that the true social norm is to not smoke. It is essential to increase public awareness of the harms caused by smoking and to gather public support for tobacco control.

This chapter describes GATS 2017 findings on the knowledge and beliefs the public has on the harms of smoking, SHS, smokeless tobacco and water pipe use. Public opinion regarding increasing tobacco tax and their perceptions of large or decorated cigarette packs as a means of tobacco advertisement is also considered.

9.1.HARMSOFSMOKING

Overall, 92.7% of adults in Ukraine reported believing that smoking causes serious illness: 94.5% for lung cancer,

KEY FINDINGS1. In 2017, 85.5% of adults believed inhaling other people’s

smoke caused serious illness, and 92.7% believed smoking caused serious illness. Between 2010 and 2017, the percentage of those who believed smoking can cause stroke, heart attack and lung cancer increased significantly (from 74.3% in 2010 to 82.6% in 2017).

2. In 2017, one in ten adults (11.5%) believed that some types of cigarettes were less harmful than others. This percentage decreased significantly compared to 2010 (16.2%).

3. Only 53.7% believed smoking water pipes with tobacco caused serious illness.

4. Among current smokers of manufactured cigarettes, the most prevalent reactions to a substantial tobacco price increase were smoking fewer cigarettes (25.8%), quitting (21.0%) and smoking as before (19.8%)

5. Almost three quarters (72%) of adults considered highlighted, enlarged or specially decorated cigarette packs as a form of cigarette advertising.

6. Almost 83% of adults in Ukraine were in favor of the complete smoking ban in indoor workplaces and public places; 81.3% believed smoking should not be allowed in restaurants and cafés.

56


86.7% for heart attacks, 86.1% for stroke, and 51.7% for acute respiratory diseases whereas 36.5% mistakenly believed that Parkinson’s disease is also associated with tobacco smoking (Tables 9.1–9.3). Among adults, 83.9% knew that smoking causes bronchitis and 80.3% knew about the link between smoking and tuberculosis, but only seven in ten (70.9%) knew that smoking could cause gastric ulcers, and fewer than six in ten (59.9%) knew that smoking can cause impotence. Compared to non-smokers, current smokers consistently reported lower awareness of the harms across all diseases investigated in the survey.

Over half of adults (53.7%) believed that using water pipe with tobacco could cause serious illnesses. Some (8.7%) thought that it was less harmful to smoke water pipe with tobacco compared to smoking cigarettes (Table 9.4). About one in ten adults believed that some types of cigarettes were less harmful than others. This belief was more common among current smokers (18.7%) than non-smokers (9.3%), Table 9.5.

Overall, 85.5% of adults believed that inhaling other people’s smoke causes serious illness (Table 9.6). The awareness of the dangers of SHS exposure was higher (all over 80%) among people with secondary or higher education compared to those with less than a secondary education (76.2%). Current smokers were less likely to report that SHS can cause serious illness.

9.2.TOBACCOTAXANDPRICEINCREASE

More than half of non-smokers (56.8%) favored increasing taxes on tobacco products, but only 14.7% of current smokers supported the idea of tax increases (Table 9.7).

As a possible response to a substantial rise of tobacco product prices, 21.0% of current smokers of manufactured cigarettes intended to quit smoking, and 25.8% intended to smoke less. There were little differences by age, region, residence, and education level. Women were more inclined to quit smoking (27.8%) compared to men (19.3%) in response to a substantial rise of tobacco product prices. However, men were more likely (15.6%) than women (8.4%) to anticipate switching to cheaper products to cope with the price increase. Smokers in rural areas were significantly less likely to remain smoking as before (14.8%) compared with their urban peers (22.0%). More details are provided in a Table 9.8.

9.3.PERCEPTIONOFPOINT-OF-SALEADVERTISEMENT

Overall, 72.0% of adults considered highlighted, enlarged or specially decorated cigarette packs as a form of cigarette advertising (Table 9.9). Non-smokers (73.8%) were significantly more likely than current smokers (65.8%) to consider such packs as advertising. No noticeable differences were found between males and females or between urban and rural residents. However, younger adults were more likely to take such stance than their older peers, and those with less education were less likely to think so compared to those with more education. Among adults aged 65 years and older, only 58.9% thought of it as advertising compared to over 73% for other age groups. Among adults with less than a secondary education, it was 41.6% compared to over 65% among those with more education. This trend holds for both current smokers and non-smokers.

57

FINDINGS ON KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PERCEPTIONS Ukraine2017

9.4.COMPLETESMOKINGBANININDOORWORKPLACESANDPUBLICPLACES

With regard to indoor workplaces and public places, 83.2% of adult Ukrainians supported the complete smoking ban (65.8% of current smokers and 88.3% of non-smokers – see Table 9.10); 81.3% of respondents (77.2% of men and 84.7% of women) believed smoking should not be allowed in restaurants and cafés (Table 9.11).


Since 2010, there was a modest but significant increase in the percentage of adults who believed smoking can cause all three of the following diseases: stroke, heart attack and lung cancer. The percentage went from 74.3% in 2010 to 82.6% in 2017, a relative change of 11.2% (Table 9.12). This increase was present in both current smokers and non-smokers, males and females, and across all age groups except adults with a post-secondary education. Greater changes were seen among males (13.9% relative increase) than females (9.1% relative increase), and among rural residents (17.7% relative increase) than urban residents (8.1% relative increase).

Overall, there was no change between 2010 and 2017 in percentages of adults who believed SHS causes serious illness in non-smokers. Significant decreases in this percentage were observed among those aged 15-24 (from 87.9% in 2010 to 82.8% to 2017) and among those with a post-secondary education (from 90.9% in 2010 to 87.6% in 2017). More details are provided in a Table 9.13.

FIGURE 9.1: Adults who believed certain types of cigarettes can be less harmful than others, by smoking status, GATS Ukraine, 2010 & 2017

Current smokers Non-smokers

18.7%

9.3%

15.8% 16.3%

2017

2010

The overall percentage of adults who believed that certain types of cigarettes can be less harmful than others decreased significantly from 16.2% in 2010 to 11.5% in 2017. The same holds true for almost all demographic groups (Table 9.14). One major exception is current smokers, among which there were no significant changes since 2010. For non-smokers, this percentage decreased from 16.3% in 2010 to 9.3% in 2017 with a 42.7% relative reduction (Figure 9.1). The relative reduction was also prominent for adults aged 15-24 years at 41.5% (Table 9.14).

When asked about the response to a sharp increase in tobacco price, the percentage of smokers who chose to switch to cheaper products significantly increased from 10.4% to 14.1%, while the percentage of smokers who opted to quit smoking significantly decreased from 25.2% in 2010 to 21.0% in 2017 (see Table 9.15 and Figure 9.2).

Among different age groups, smokers aged 15-24 years showed the largest decrease in expecting to quit smoking – from 34.3% in 2010 to 21.4% in 2017, with a significant relative reduction of 37.6%.

58


FIGURE 9.2: Likely response* if price of tobacco products rises significantly, GATS Ukraine, 2010 & 2017

2017

2010

Smoke less

25.8%28.4%

Quit smoking

21.0%25.2%

Smoke as before

19.8%22.1%

Switch to cheaper products

14.1%10.4%

* Among current manufactured cigarette smokers

59

Ukraine2017

GATS is a powerful tool of tobacco surveillance, created to help countries understand tobacco use and strengthen tobacco control. In Ukraine, GATS provides the richest and most reliable source of information on tobacco use in adults. GATS also allows comparison with other countries, in Eastern Europe and beyond, which have carried out the survey. This helps to identify strengths and weaknesses of existing tobacco control and strengthen implementation in priority areas.

This report documents the findings of GATS 2017 and the changes seen since 2010, in the prevalence of tobacco use, knowledge and attitudes towards tobacco and other important issues such as availability of tobacco, exposure to secondhand smoke and smoking cessation issues.

Ukraine has made progress in protecting its population through the implementation of various elements of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), including the MPOWER package. Key findings are presented in the chapters 4-9. In this section we try to focus on vulnerable and high-risk groups in Ukraine to enable prioritization in future policy design.

The main limitation of this survey derives from its cross-sectional nature. However, this being the second wave of the survey, the comparison of current results with the previous ones gives several insights into the successes and failures of tobacco control in Ukraine. This report is based on descriptive and bivariate analysis of the acquired data. The below discussion is set

out according to the MPOWER measures. Further questions, which can be answered with additional analysis of the collected data, are also set out.

10.1.MONITORINGOFTOBACCOUSEANDPREVENTIONPOLICIES

The report documents the findings from the 2017 survey and changes since 2010, in the prevalence of various tobacco-related behaviors including consumption of cigarettes and other tobacco and nicotine-delivery products.

Prevalence of tobacco useFrom 2010 to 2017, the relative

decrease in overall (daily and non-daily) smoking prevalence in Ukraine was about 19% and the decrease in cigarette consumption was 28%. These results are subsequent to advances in tobacco control undertaken in Ukraine over recent years and present a case for further strengthening implementation of the WHO FCTC.

The rate of decline in smoking prevalence was greater for the younger age groups in the survey. Smoking prevalence in middle-aged and older people, especially among those living in rural areas, has shown little change.

The largest decrease of 10% or relative reduction of 37% was in the youngest population group (aged 15-24). Such substantial reduction is consistent with conclusions reached by other surveys [20, 34],

CHAPTER10.DISCUSSION

60


which showed that the main effect of tobacco control measures in Ukraine was prevention of smoking uptake among young people [33, 35]. This was achieved even though the tobacco industry continued to practice its marketing to children and youth [36, 37].

This pattern of increased beneficial impact on younger adults compared with older age groups mirrors studies from New York City since 2002, showing a greater decline in smoking rates among young people (52%) than among older adults (28%) [38].

The decline in smoking prevalence in Ukraine between 2010 and 2017 is a continuation of that observed between 2005 (when overall prevalence of current smoking among the adult population of Ukraine was measured as 41%, 67% in men and 20% in women [39]) and 2010. The rate of decline has slowed in women compared with men. This is in contrast to many other countries where the prevalence of smoking among women has continued to increase [40-42].

In Ukraine in 2017, the prevalence of smoking remains around four times higher in men than in women [5, 16, 17, 39, 43, 44]. This general pattern of higher smoking rates in men is consistent with most of the world and is partly explained by the differences in perceived social norms across genders and the cultural attitudes towards women smoking [40, 45].

Specific demographic groups with higher tobacco use and lower quit-rates have been identified in a number of studies from other countries, as well as in Ukraine [46, 47]. Tobacco control policies must take into account the needs of these higher risk groups, particularly in the area of smoking cessation [48].

The percentage of smokers with more severe nicotine dependence, i.e. those who smoke their first cigarette within half an hour after waking up, increased. This phenomenon might be a consequence of the less dependent smokers finding

it easier to quit, so their share among all smokers declines. However, this ‘hardening hypothesis’ is hard to confirm and is still debated in academic literature [49, 50].

Tobacco and nicotine delivery products

In Ukraine, manufactured cigarettes remain the most prevalent tobacco product. A very small proportion of tobacco consumers use hand-rolled cigarettes, pipes, cigars, and cigarillos, or smokeless tobacco products. Hence, presently those products do not constitute a priority issue for public health.

Among manufactured cigarettes, the majority of smokers use filter cigarettes. Younger, urban and more educated smokers tend to use slim filter cigarettes more frequently. Since 2010, the percentage of male smokers using slim cigarettes has increased (1.3% in 2010, 6.1% in 2017). However, there was a decline among female smokers (42.6% in 2010, 35.1% in 2017). Several studies [51] show that slim cigarettes are incorrectly perceived to be less harmful, which is in part due to marketing by the tobacco industry [52]. Slim filter cigarette use in Ukraine might warrant additional evaluation or policy focus and may benefit from dedicated evidence-based anti-tobacco media campaigns.

Use of non-filter cigarettes has consistently declined in Ukraine. In the 1990s, non-filter cigarettes amounted to more than 50% of general tobacco consumption; in the late 2000s, this had fallen to less than 10% [7]. In 2010, 8.6% of smokers purchased non-filter cigarettes [17], which declined to 5.4% in 2017. Their use is more common in older men, with lower education, living in rural areas.

The proportion of water pipe use remains unchanged at around 2% of adults. However, as the questionnaire focuses on daily and weekly use, any changes in occasional use could not be detected. There

61

DISCUSSION Ukraine2017

are some groups, such as 15-24 years old living in urban areas, that are thought to be at higher risk of increased water pipe use. The most recent European School Project on Alcohol and Drugs (ESPAD) survey, conducted in Ukraine in 2015, reported that 11.3% of young people aged 15-17 years had smoked water pipe during the last 30 days [23]. The disturbing fact is that just a bit more than half of respondents (55.5%) aged 15-24 years know that smoking water pipe with tobacco causes serious illnesses. Although Ukrainian legislation regulates smoking of water pipe in public places similarly to cigarettes, its enforcement remains poor and must be strengthened.

The use of e-cigarettes among the adult population of Ukraine was measured for the first time in 2017. Ever use of this product was reported to be 6.4%, while 1.7% of adults confirmed using e-cigarettes on a regular basis. The omnibus survey conducted in early 2017 revealed very similar data – 1.9% of men smokers and 2.9% of women smokers reported using e-cigarettes within the last 30 days [20]. ESPAD survey reported that 5.5% of young people aged 15-17 years used e-cigarettes during the last 30 days [23]. As this behavior is more widespread among younger and more educated people, we should expect increases in e-cigarettes use unless proper control measures are implemented. Such measures should be a priority as some studies suggest adolescents who use e-cigarettes might be six times more likely to begin smoking cigarettes [53]. Among current smokers, 18.0% have ever used e-cigarettes and 4.3% were current users. This is close to the results from another survey conducted in Ukraine in 2016 [30], which revealed that 12% of men and 17% of women smokers willing to quit, experimented e-cigarettes as a means to quit smoking. Current evidence on the effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation remains inconclusive [54].

Further research questionsTo inform tobacco control policy

development in Ukraine further analysis needs to consider how the distributions of both exposure variables, including coverage of policies, and outcome variables, including tobacco use, changed over time and how these changes varied by population groups. This approach will help to identify which policy tools and approaches are most effective. This would require a more in-depth evaluation of GATS and other sources of more fine-grained data.

Several more specific research questions are as follows:

• What specific marketing exposures are reported by the demographic groups with the highest prevalence of smoking or tobacco consumption, or the unfavorable dynamics of these indicators?

• Which percentage of young people in various birth cohorts has established daily smoking by certain age points?

• Which demographic groups have contributed most to the decreasing trend in the use of slim cigarettes between 2010 and 2017?

10.2.PROTECTPEOPLEFROMTOBACCOSMOKE

GATS 2017 findings show the current level of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in workplaces, public places and homes, and the decline since 2010. Observed changes illustrate the success of smokefree legislation enacted in Ukraine in 2006 and amended in 2009 and 2012.

WorkplacesBetween 2010 and 2017, the percentage

of people exposed to SHS at workplaces decreased dramatically: overall from 31.9% to 14.3%, and among non-smokers from 25.6% to 10.5%. The percentage of

62


workplaces adopting the policy banning smoking indoor increased. The reduction in SHS exposure in workplaces followed incremental smokefree legislation. This pattern reflects that of other countries, for example Finland [55].

In workplaces, the reduction in SHS exposure occurred across all demographic groups. However, among those who work indoors or both indoors and outdoors, exposure still varies between groups. In particular, up to 20% of men with lower education living in rural areas report exposure to indoor SHS in the workplace. Enforcement of smokefree policies needs to target workplaces with ongoing exposure.

Workplaces are a common place of SHS exposure in other countries as well, with men [56-58], migrants and people with lower education being most exposed [59]. Exposure to SHS especially affects those with lower education [60] and income [58], and those with no smokefree workplace policy [61, 62]. SHS exposure declines more significantly with full smoking bans than with partial bans [63].

Public placesReported SHS exposure in public

places reduced by about a half across most demographic groups. The largest decrease was observed in restaurants and cafés: in 2010, 62.1% of those who visited restaurants and cafés observed somebody smoking, while in 2017 only 24.0% saw smoking in restaurants. However, among all public places included in the questionnaire, the largest percentage (43.4%) of visitors reported exposure to SHS in bars and nightclubs. Although the national law bans smoking in cafés, bars, and restaurants, and over 80% of the population supports this, the percentage of those who mentioned smoking in these place remains too high. Better enforcement of smokefree policies is needed to further reduce SHS exposure.

The pattern of change in SHS exposure after the smokefree laws are adopted is typical: in most countries, SHS exposure dropped significantly in cultural venues, government offices, and commercial venues but continued to be high in restaurants, cafés, bars, nightclubs and amusement parks [63, 64].

HomesIn homes, exposure to SHS at least on

a monthly basis diminished from 14.2% in 2010 to 7.3% in 2017 for non-smokers. The percentage of people who reported smoking where they live decreased. The percentage of smokers exposed to SHS in their homes decreased from 45.2% in 2010 to 32.7% in 2017. The perceived risk of smoking bans in public places increasing SHS exposure in homes is not demonstrated here, which supports increasing the implementation and enforcement of smokefree policies.

Among smokers, the decline in the proportion of those exposed to SHS at home is largest among younger people, women and urban dwellers.

SHS exposure in the home is higher among the socioeconomically disadvantaged, which is consistent with other countries [57, 58, 60, 61]. Proportionally more women than men are likely to be exposed to SHS. This was seen among both smokers and non-smokers. This is also not unique to Ukraine [57-59]. Although not measured in Ukraine, studies show that women living with a partner are more likely to be exposed to SHS [58, 59].

Though the percentage of households which have no rules about smoking at home remained the same at around 4%, the percentage of households where smoking is allowed decreased dramatically from 29.7% in 2010 to 17.9% in 2017 and the percentage of households where smoking is never allowed increased from 65.8% to 78.2% respectively. Again,

63


changes were greater among women, younger people, and urban dwellers, even though significant declines were seen across all demographic groups.

In Ukraine, supporters of smokefree policies and their beneficiaries are, to a great extent, younger and more educated, female and urban dwellers. This mostly coincides with those groups most likely to stop or refuse to take up smoking after tobacco control measures have been adopted. Men, rural, less educated and older people are generally more likely to be late adopters of smokefree changes.

The adoption of comprehensive smokefree legislation appears to have initiated a cascade of changes. The implementation of limited smokefree provisions in 2006 [11] was followed by a decrease in the percentage of people recurrently exposed to SHS from 53% in 2005 [39] to 32% in 2010 [17]. Additional legislative amendments adopted in 2012 resulted in further significant declines of exposure in workplaces and public places, but not within homes, as measured in early 2013 [26]. However, after four years of new policy, recent measurements have revealed extensive changes in all premises including homes.

As observed in other countries, smokefree policies resulted in greater decreases in SHS exposure at workplaces than in homes [65], diminishing the exposures among children of higher SES groups and increasing exposures among children in families with lower SES [66, 67] which happened after smoking of predominantly lower SES individuals was shifted from workplaces and public places to their homes. Higher levels of education were also associated with reduced exposure in the home [68]. Though GATS does not collect this information, it is worth exploring the characteristics of socio-demographic groups in which the exposure at home remains high. In some countries, smokefree

legislation did not result in decreased SHS exposure in homes [63] or the reduction did not persist [57].

Further research questions• Which demographic groups suffer

highest exposure to SHS in workplaces, public places or at home?

• How does SHS exposure in the workplace differ by workplace smoking policy, and how does this change over time since implementation of the policy?

• How are smokefree policies in workplaces and public places associated with SHS exposure in the home, and how this varies by residents’ smoking status?

• What are the characteristics of individuals (smokers and non-smokers) and households where smoking is not allowed?

10.3.OFFERHELPTOQUITTOBACCOUSE

In Ukraine, need and demand for smoking cessation services are great. More than 60% of smokers are interested in quitting and about 40% made quit attempts within the 12 months prior to the survey. However, only 1.2% of smokers who have tried to quit remain abstinent after 6 months.

Most smokers (73.2% of men and 69.3% of women) tried to quit without any assistance. These findings match up a telephone survey on quitting smoking conducted in Ukraine in 2016, which showed that 70% of men and 61% of women, who already tried to quit, did so unassisted [30]. Similar to GATS results, this telephone survey also revealed that the percentage of those who used nicotine-replacement therapy is quite low (up to 7%), which might indicate that availability of information about this effective quit method [69] or affordability of medication is limited.

64


Health care services role in cessation support remains small. Only one in five smokers (22.5%) visited health care professionals during the 12 months prior to the survey and only half of those that did were asked about smoking (49.2%) and even fewer got advice to quit (39.4%). Traditionally, these percentages were higher in older age groups. Among those who made a recent quit attempt, only about 2% reported using counseling /advice. According to the telephone survey conducted in 2016, about a third of smokers would like to get face-to-face cessation counseling [30]. These findings, together with the evidence that advice from a health care provider is associated with attempting quitting [70], reveal a need for capacity building of health care workers, especially at the primary care level.

Further research questions• Among recent quitters, how is duration

of abstinence associated with reported means of smoking cessation?

• Were recent quit attempts associated with particular tobacco control measures and tobacco awareness reported by the survey participants?

10.4.WARNABOUTTHEDANGERSOFTOBACCO

Current tobacco pack health warnings were noticed by the majority of smokers and this prompted more than half of them to think about quitting. This is consistent with many studies exploring the role of tobacco pack health warnings in motivating smokers to quit [71-74].

The effectiveness of health warnings tends to decrease over time [75]. In Ukraine, a slight but significant decline was seen in attention to health warnings compared to GATS 2010 results, especially in older smokers. This possibly signifies

that smokers are getting used to current pictorial warnings, which have not changed since 2012. This emphasizes the importance of legislative measures that ensure tobacco health warnings renewal and regular rotation.

Another question regarding tobacco pack health warnings relates to whether smokers, who report noticing health warnings, also differ in terms of their intention to quit and experience of quit attempts. An earlier analysis of data collected in Ukraine revealed that smokers able to recall tobacco pack health warnings were more interested in quitting and practicing quitting behaviors [76]. Various studies report similar findings [77]. The design and use of tobacco health warnings should therefore take into account various factors, including the degree of tobacco awareness and the target population [78].

Knowledge of the harms of tobacco within the population of Ukraine varies. Comparison of data collected in 2005 [39], 2010 [17], and current suggests that health warnings introduced in late 2006 informed almost all the population, including smokers, regarding such problems as nicotine dependence (increase from 40% in 2005 to 96% in 2010) and smoking as a cause of lung cancer (91% in 2010 and 97% in 2017). Other knowledge on harms reached large portions of the population more gradually: cardiovascular diseases (47% in 2005, 79% in 2010, and 87% in 2017); bronchitis (78% in 2010, 84% in 2017); stroke (78% in 2010, 86% in 2017); tuberculosis (76% in 2010, 80% in 2017), gastric ulcer (67% in 2010, 71% in 2017); impotence (11% in 2005, 55% in 2010, and 60% in 2017); and respiratory diseases (40% in 2010 and 52% in 2017). However, this increase in perceived association is also seen in the case of Parkinson’s disease (9% in 2005, 21% in 2010, and 37% in 2017) whereas smokers have a lower risk of

65


Parkinson’s disease, while the explanation for this finding is still unknown [79]. The common belief that Parkinson’s disease is caused by smoking is likely to be related to a general understanding that tobacco use causes ill health and, indeed, this general understanding at the population level is more important than a more detailed one.

Awareness of harmful effects of smoking water pipe has also increased, from 31% in 2010 to 54% in 2017. Whilst this is reassuring, water pipes are becoming more popular, especially among younger people, so targeted and evidence-based awareness campaigns should be considered.

Another indicator of tobacco awareness campaigns effectiveness relates to whether some cigarettes or tobacco products can be less harmful than others [80]. The percentage of Ukrainian non-smokers who believed that certain types of cigarettes were less harmful than others was 16.6% in 2010 and went down to 9.3% in 2017, with a relative decrease in various demographic groups of 35-50%. However, there was no change or slight increases among smokers, especially women, older and urban dwellers. This again points to a need for banning marketing and dedicated awareness campaigns to protect those most at risk through misconceptions about tobacco use.

Awareness of the harmful impact of SHS increased from 33% in 2005 to 86% in 2010, but did not change for most demographic groups on to 2017. The slight but significant decrease in awareness among younger age groups is concerning. Better awareness is associated with lower exposure to SHS, especially among women [56], and again suggests a need for effective awareness raising campaigns targeting people most at risk. As health warnings on tobacco packs have been found to impact both smokers and non-smokers [81], this cheap mode of awareness building should be strengthened.

Although posters in health care facilities and educational institutions are noticed at the same level as in 2010, a decline of anti-smoking messages seen in newspapers and magazines, and on television and billboards, and heard on the radio, is a concern. Campaigns should be guided by evidence, including behavior change theories, and principles of social marketing and counter-marketing [82].

Further research questions• Do smokers who report noticing health

warnings and thinking of quitting differ in terms of their intention to quit and experience of quit attempts?

• What are the characteristics of smokers who tend to ignore health warnings?

• What are the characteristics of smokers who believe that some cigarettes are less harmful, and what cigarettes do they smoke?

10.5.ENFORCEBANSONTOBACCOADVERTISING,PROMOTION,ANDSPONSORSHIP

The empirical literature suggests that comprehensive advertising bans have played an important role in reducing tobacco products consumption in developed countries, but that partial policies did not have an effect [83]. The overall exposure of the Ukrainian population to tobacco marketing declined from 41% in 2010 to 22% in 2017. This demonstrates progress since the advertising ban legislation introduced in 2012. Many of the advertising exposures declined significantly including advertising on different media: television (from 10% to 6%), billboards (from 15% to 4%), posters (from 12% to 4%), newspapers or magazines (from 11% to 3%), and cigarette pack inserts (from 15% to 6%). No significant

66


changes occurred around tobacco marketing presented through radio (2%), cinemas (0.4-0.6%), and the Internet (4-5%).

The residual exposure to tobacco advertising despite a comprehensive ban remains a concern and warrants strengthened enforcement. This incomplete enforcement of a complete ban has been seen across other countries, especially among low-income [84].

There was also significant decline in advertising seen in stores (from 21% to 14%). While this kind of advertising is already banned in Ukraine, legislative loopholes are used by tobacco producers and sellers, for example, the tobacco industry reacted to the restrictions by marketing through the least regulated means, such as points of sale [85]. A high percentage of respondents (over 65% of smokers and 74% of non-smokers) perceive the enlarged packs and lighting decorations of packs at points of sale as advertising, and the international evidence shows that advertising in points of sales is associated with an impulse to purchase cigarettes [86]. There is an urgent need to block these legislative loopholes, including banning promotion at the points of sale.

The percentage of those who noticed tobacco products sponsorship was below 1% and occurred mostly at the sports or sporting events associated with cigarettes brands or companies with higher rates for males and respondents of younger age. At the same time overall about 5% of adults observed cigarettes promotion in a way of distribution of free samples of cigarettes, clothing / item with brand name or logo, or discounts, etc. Such episodes are related to lack of legislation enforcement and must be regulated.

Further research questions• Is residual advertising reported by

survey participants associated with particular geographical areas?

• What are the distinguishing characteristics of people who notice tobacco advertising?

• Does tobacco use behavior differ among smokers who are aware of point-of-sale advertising?

10.6.RAISETAXESONTOBACCO

Tobacco taxes and pricesIn Ukraine, tobacco prices and

expenditures have increased making cigarettes less affordable. In 2008-2010, tobacco excise was increased six-fold; in 2014-2016, a 40% increase was undertaken annually. An effective tobacco taxation policy in Ukraine increased the average nominal excise tax for a pack of 20 cigarettes from 2.74 UAH in 2010 to 8.62 UAH in 2016. The increase of excise taxes on non-filter cigarettes to the level of filter cigarettes, implemented in January 2015, resulted in further decline in consumption of non-filter cigarettes and lowered affordability of all cigarettes. Price differences between cigarette types and brands have since become smaller, reducing the risk of switching to cheaper brands and types.

When asked about the response to a hypothetical sharp increase in tobacco price, the percentage of smokers who intended to switch to cheaper products significantly increased from 10.4% to 14.1%, while the percentage of smokers who anticipated quitting smoking significantly decreased from 25.2% in 2010 to 21.0% in 2017. It is possible that the existing taxation policy has already motivated the majority of those smokers prone to the effects of taxation to quit. Based on smoking histories of GATS participants from three neighboring Eastern European countries (Russian Federation, Poland, and Ukraine) during the post-transitional period of the 1990s and 2000s, it was concluded that

67


a 10% increase in cigarette taxes during the observation period increased the probability of smoking cessation among smokers in these countries by 1.6% to 2.3% [87].

Further research questions• How do various socio-demographic

groups of smokers react to tobacco price increases in terms of quitting or reducing smoking or shifting brands?

• What is the distribution of cigarettes of various price groups in the Ukrainian tobacco market?

• What is the price elasticity of tobacco demand by various demographic groups?

• How do different socioeconomic groups expect to react to a sharp price increase? How has this changed over the last decade of tobacco control?

Illicit tradeAs illicit trade is the most frequent

argument against raising tobacco taxes, and measures to overcome illicit trade need to be undertaken in parallel with increased tobacco taxation, two indicators of illicit trade were measured by GATS. Although cigarette sales by street vendors are banned in Ukraine, about 3% of all cigarette purchases were reported from these vendors. This is the same level as in 2010, which reveals that enforcement has not

improved. Street vendors quite commonly sell cigarettes by individual stick [88] which might facilitate smoking initiation among young people.

Given the percentage of observed tobacco packs carrying non-Ukrainian health warnings (2.6% in 2017 and 1.6% in 2010) and the estimated level of tobacco consumption, we can assume that the volume of illicit cigarettes in the Ukrainian market is around one billion sticks. The volume of cigarettes sold in Ukraine is much larger than the volume consumed, which means that billions of Ukrainian cigarettes are smoked in other countries. The net effect is that more Ukrainian cigarettes seem to leave the Ukraine market than non-Ukrainian cigarettes are brought in. The control of illicit trade in Ukraine is therefore crucial to effective tobacco control both in Ukraine and internationally. Effective measures against illicit trade are urgently needed in line with provisions of the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products [89].

Further research questions• Which tobacco use behaviors are

typical of smokers reporting cigarette purchases from street vendors?

• Which tobacco use behaviors are typical of smokers who demonstrated cigarette packs with non-Ukrainian warnings or without any warnings?

68


GATS results show that tobacco control policies in Ukraine since 2005 have had a beneficial impact on tobacco use and awareness but still need to be strengthened. GATS provides information that will enable Ukraine to more effectively implement tobacco control policies. Some demographic groups are still disadvantaged and particularly vulnerable to tobacco marketing and other exposures. Identifying these groups and how to best reduce their risk from tobacco should to be carefully assessed and addressed.

Some of the greatest improvement between GATS 2010 and 2017, was seen in younger, more educated people, including relating to their reduced likelihood to start smoking and to create smokefree homes. If tobacco control efforts are maintained and strengthened, this trend could spread beneficially through the population, but reducing inequalities will need further attention. Successful tobacco control policies, for instance, smokefree policies implemented in workplaces and public places can introduce new social norms and trigger a cascade of changes and the diffusion of innovation to places which are more difficult to reach or regulate (e.g. households).

As tobacco control is an ongoing process of counteracting tobacco industry efforts to identify customers for their existing and emerging products, further successes can be achieved through ongoing timely surveillance and analysis focused

on specific groups of the population and particular industry activities. Implementation of prompt and evidence-based measures should follow thorough multi-faceted analysis of the available data.

To see progress towards comprehensive tobacco control, Ukraine needs to strengthen implementation across all WHO FCTC articles and not only implementation of the MPOWER measures focused on in this report.

1. MONITORING of tobacco use and prevention policies

GATS is a powerful monitoring tool, however there is a need for additional smaller and more frequent surveys to supplement GATS data. Biennial surveys using a selection of GATS indicators would provide timely information on key issues. These additional surveys should be funded by the Ukraine government and national tobacco control reports should be issued regularly.

Tobacco control efforts in Ukraine seem to have been effective in deterring young people from taking up smoking, but further monitoring is needed to determine the ongoing trend in both the number of new smokers and the number of former smokers.

Although the prevalence of other forms of tobacco use, including smokeless tobacco, water pipe use and e-cigarettes remains low in Ukraine, targeted studies are needed to clarify patterns of use to inform necessary measures to prevent spread of and increase in their use.

CHAPTER11.CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS

69

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Ukraine2017

2. PROTECT people from tobacco smokeEnforcement of smokefree policies

in public places needs to be supported through government resources.

Smoke-free legislation should be amended to remove existing loopholes and provide effective protection from exposure to tobacco smoke in all indoor workplaces and other public places without any exemptions.

Smoke-free workplaces, public places and homes should be made the topic of best practices media campaigns.

Workplaces where smoking is still allowed require special attention including awareness campaigns, community mobilization and media advocacy.

Targeted education campaigns need to emphasize people’s rights for a smokefree environment and provide tools to effectively protect these rights.

3. OFFER help to quit tobacco useThere is an urgent need to develop

smoking cessation services and make them accessible and affordable for all smokers.

Primary health care workers (physicians, nurses, midwives, and other staff) should be trained on smoking cessation support, specialized smoking cessation facilities should be established and an efficient referral system across national and local levels should be put in place (including quit-line, clinics and other services).

Smoking cessation could be complemented by anti-tobacco campaigns, including tobacco pack health warnings, to encourage people to use available services.

4. WARN about the dangers of tobaccoTobacco pack health warnings need to be

increased, and regularly renewed and rotated. Plain packaging should be introduced to

remove the appeal created by pack designs.

Tobacco awareness campaigns need to take into account revealed current gaps in awareness, high risk groups to be targeted and the evidence for effective techniques, including behavior change theories. Campaigns should cover the risks associated with all tobacco and related products, including e-cigarettes and water pipes.

To ensure sufficient coverage, the population campaigns should be properly funded by the national and local authorities.

5. ENFORCE bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship

Proper enforcement is needed to ensure an effective total ban on all forms of tobacco marketing in all media and at all levels, from national to local.

Point-of-sale advertising, such as the use of over-sized packs and lit advertising boards and boxes, should be included in the enforced ban.

6. RAISE taxes on tobaccoEvidence-based tobacco taxation that

results in increased price for the consumer should be strengthened in Ukraine with regular tobacco excise hikes, ensuring tobacco affordability is further reduced.

Mechanisms to earmark a portion of tobacco taxes to invest more in public health and tobacco control should be considered, as this can bring further economic benefits through reduced health care costs and increased productivity of the population due to further improvement in public health.

As illicit trade in tobacco products undermines price and tax measures designed to strengthen tobacco control, Ukraine should fully implement the WHO FCTC Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products.

70


1. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2015: Raising taxes on tobacco 2015.

2. World Health Organization. WHO Framework convention on tobacco control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.

3. Frieden TR, Bloomberg MR. How to prevent 100 million deaths from tobacco. Lancet. 2007;369(9574):1758-61.

4. Krasovsky KS. The story of Ukraine: World Health Organization 2013.5. Krasovsky KS, Andreeva T, Grygorenko A, Polishchuk M, Skipalsky A, Stoyka O. Tobacco

Control in Ukraine. Second National Report. – Kyiv: Ministry of Health of Ukraine. – 2014. – 128 p. 2014.

6. IMF. GDP per capita, current prices 2017 [Available from: http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD].

7. Krasovsky KS, Andreeva TI, Grigorenko AA, Butylska NA. Assessment of dynamics in tobacco smoking prevalence in Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Bulletin of Social Hygiene and Health Care in Ukraine. 2009(2):91-9.

8. Peto R, Lopez AD, Pan H, Boreham J, Thun M. Mortality from smoking in developed countries 1950–2000 Oxford: Oxford University Clinical Trial Service Unit; 2015 [Available from: http://gas.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/tobacco/].

9. Ross HZ, Shariff S, Gilmore A. Economics of tobacco taxation in Ukraine 2009 [10. Goodchild M, Nargis N, Tursan d’Espaignet E. Global economic cost of smoking-

attributable diseases. Tobacco Control. 2017.11. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. The Law on Measures to Prevent and Reduce the Use

of Tobacco Products and their Harmful Impact on Public Health (in Ukrainian) 2005 [Available from: http://zakon3.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2899-15].

12. Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Decree of No.940 dated September 3, 2009, on the approval of the Governmental social program aimed at reduction of the harmful effects of tobacco on the public health for the period until 2012 (in Ukrainian) 2009 [Available from: http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/940-2009-%D0%BF].

13. Krasovsky KS. Analysis of tobacco excise tax policy in Ukraine in 2013–2016 years from the public health perspective (in Ukrainian). Economics and law in health care. 2016(2 (4)):100-7.

14. Central Election Commission of Ukraine. Official webpage 2014 [Available from: http://www.cvk.gov.ua/].

15. State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Population distribution by gender and age. Ukraine; 2016.

16. Andreeva TI, Krasovsky KS, Kharchenko NM. Correlates and recent changes of smoking prevalence among adults in Ukraine (in Ukrainian). East European Journal of Public Health. 2009(1):50-7.

17. Ministry of Health of Ukraine. Ukraine Global Adult Tobacco Survey country report Andreeva T, Kharchenko N, Krasovsky K, Korol N, Lea V, Lee J, et al., editors. Kiev: Ministry of Health of Ukraine; 2010. 173 p.

REFERENCES

71

REFERENCES Ukraine2017

18. State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Population self-estimated health status and availability of certain types of medical care. Ukraine; 2016.

19. Krasovsky KS. Trends in smoking prevalence among various population groups in Ukraine in 2008-2015 (in Ukrainian). Ukraine Health of the nation. 2016(4):47-54.

20. Kiev International Institute of Sociology. The prevalence of smoking among young people has been reduced by 28% – KIIS. Press-release of March 20, 2017 [Available from: http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=692&t=7&page=1].

21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ukraine GYTS 2011 Factsheet (Ages 13–15) 2011 [Available from: https://nccd.cdc.gov/GTSSDataSurveyResources/Ancillary/DataReports.aspx?CAID=1].

22. Balakireva OM, Bondar TV, Pavlova DM. Indicators and Social Context of Adolescent Health Formation (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: UNICEF; 2014.

23. Balakireva OM. Smoking, Alcohol and Drugs Use among Students: Prevalence and trends in Ukraine (by the results of the 2015 survey within international European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). Kyiv; 2015.

24. Gruzieva O, Korol N. GHPSS pilot study report. Ukraine 2009. 2009.25. Andreeva TI, Krasovsky KS. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure of Ukrainian

population and potential of workplaces and public places smoking bans (in Ukrainian). Ukraine Health of the Nation. 2007(3-4):191-7.

26. Regional Advocacy Center Life. Thank you for not Smoking: Survey results indicated strong support for smoke-free law. Press-release of April 4, 2013 (in Ukrainian) 2013 [Available from: http://center-life.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=518&Itemid=32].

27. Grygorenko A, Krasovsky K. Guidelines for healthcare workers on providing help to people willing to quit smoking Kyiv: Ministry of Health; 2012 [Available from: http://www.moz.gov.ua/ua/portal/dn_20120926_746.html].

28. Andreeva T. Who in Ukraine gets physician’s advice to quit smoking? Results of 2005 nationwide survey (in Ukrainian). Grani. 2011(1 (75)):131-6.

29. Andreeva TI. Smoking cessation aid to Ukrainian smokers, results of 2010 population survey (in Ukrainian). Social Psychology. 2010(6(44)):149-56.

30. Andreeva TI, Petrenko T, Krasovsky KS. Results of the telephone survey on quitting smoking in Ukraine2016. Available from: https://figshare.com/articles/Results_of_the_telephone_survey_on_quitting_smoking_in_Ukraine/5173057].

31. Kiev International Institute of Sociology. The results of KIIS survey on tobacco smoking in Ukraine as of 2015 compared to 2013-2014 2015 [Available from: http://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=587&page=12].

32. Krasovsky KS. Sharp changes in tobacco products affordability and the dynamics of smoking prevalence in various social and income groups in Ukraine in 2008-2012. Tob Induc Dis. 2013;11(1):21.

33. Webber L, Andreeva T, Sotomayor R, Jaccard A, Retat L, Marquez P. Modeling the Long-Term Health and Cost Impacts of Reducing Smoking Prevalence through Tobacco Taxation in Ukraine: World Bank Group; 2017 [Available from: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/417831489985759573/pdf/113601-WP-R4-TT-Ukraine-20170312-PUBLIC.pdf].

34. Kiev International Institute of Sociology. Prevalence of daily smoking in Ukraine continues to decrease. Press-release of January 21, 2010 [Available from: http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng&cat=reports&id=300&t=7&page=7].

72


35. Andreeva TI, Krasovsky KS. Simulation modeling of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine in 2005-2010. European Conference Tobacco or Health Abstract book March 28-30, 2011; Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2011. p. 245.

36. Weiger C, Grant A, Cohen J. Tobacco Product display, advertising and promotion around schools. Technical report on tobacco marketing at the point-of-sale in Kyiv, Ukraine. Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; 2016.

37. Iavorskyi P, Vakhitova H, Nedilchenko B. A study of the operation and distinctive features of tobacco goods marketing in temporary constructions (kiosks) in Kyiv City: Kyiv School of Economics; 2017 [Available from: https://www.slideshare.net/KyivSchoolofEconomics/ss-72853291].

38. Kilgore EA, Mandel-Ricci J, Johns M, Coady MH, Perl SB, Goodman A, et al. Making it harder to smoke and easier to quit: the effect of 10 years of tobacco control in New York City. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(6):e5-8.

39. The International Centre for Policy Studies. Tobacco in Ukraine: national survey of knowledge, attitudes and behavior. A survey of Ukrainian population. Kiev: The International Centre for Policy Studies; 2005. 84 p.

40. Thun M, Peto R, Boreham J, Lopez AD. Stages of the cigarette epidemic on entering its second century. Tob Control. 2012;21(2):96-101.

41. Lopez AD, Collishaw NE, Piha T. A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries. Tob Control. 1994;3(3):242-7.

42. Amos A, Greaves L, Nichter M, Bloch M. Women and tobacco: a call for including gender in tobacco control research, policy and practice. Tob Control. 2012;21(2):236-43.

43. Gilmore AB, McKee M, Telishevska M, Rose R. Epidemiology of smoking in Ukraine, 2000. Preventive medicine. 2001;33(5):453-61.

44. Andreeva TI, Krasovsky KS. Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5. Tob Control. 2007;16(3):202-6.

45. Andreeva TI. Difficulties in quitting smoking: gender stereotypes impact (in Ukrainian). Social Psychology. 2011(3(47)):98-108.

46. Movsisyan NK, Sochor O, Kralikova E, Cifkova R, Ross H, Lopez-Jimenez F. Current and past smoking patterns in a Central European urban population: a cross-sectional study in a high-burden country. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:571.

47. Cosh S, Hawkins K, Skaczkowski G, Copley D, Bowden J. Tobacco use among urban Aboriginal Australian young people: a qualitative study of reasons for smoking, barriers to cessation and motivators for smoking cessation. Australian journal of primary health. 2015;21(3):334-41.

48. Dawson AP, Cargo M, Stewart H, Chong A, Daniel M. Aboriginal health workers experience multilevel barriers to quitting smoking: a qualitative study. International journal for equity in health. 2012;11:27.

49. Fernandez E, Lugo A, Clancy L, Matsuo K, La Vecchia C, Gallus S. Smoking dependence in 18 European countries: Hard to maintain the hardening hypothesis. Preventive medicine. 2015;81:314-9.

50. Hughes JR. The hardening hypothesis: is the ability to quit decreasing due to increasing nicotine dependence? A review and commentary. Drug and alcohol dependence. 2011;117(2-3):111-7.

51. Boyd TC, Boyd CJ, Greenlee TB. A means to an end: slim hopes and cigarette advertising. Health promotion practice. 2003;4(3):266-77.

73


52. Mutti S, Hammond D, Borland R, Cummings MK, O’Connor RJ, Fong GT. Beyond light and mild: cigarette brand descriptors and perceptions of risk in the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2011;106(6):1166-75.

53. Barrington-Trimis JL, Urman R, Berhane K, Unger JB, Cruz TB, Pentz MA, et al. E-cigarettes and future cigarette use. Pediatrics. 2016;138(1):e20160379.

54. El Dib R, Suzumura EA, Akl EA, Gomaa H, Agarwal A, Chang Y, et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems and/or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems for tobacco smoking cessation or reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open. 2017;7(2):e012680.

55. Heloma A, Helakorpi S, Honkonen J, Danielsson P, Uutela A. Exposure to secondhand smoke in Finnish workplaces and compliance with national smoke-free workplace legislation. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(7):723-9.

56. Hughes SC, Corcos IA, Hofstetter CR, Hovell MF, Seo DC, Irvin VL, et al. Secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmoking adults in Seoul, Korea. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP. 2008;9(2):247-52.

57. Tsai YW, Chang LC, Sung HY, Hu TW, Chiou ST. The impact of smoke-free legislation on reducing exposure to secondhand smoke: differences across gender and socioeconomic groups. Tob Control. 2015;24(1):62-9.

58. Bonevski B, Paul C, Jones A, Bisquera A, Regan T. Smoky homes: gender, socioeconomic and housing disparities in second hand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure in a large population-based Australian cohort. Preventive medicine. 2014;60:95-101.

59. Fischer F, Kraemer A. Factors associated with secondhand smoke exposure in different settings: Results from the German Health Update (GEDA) 2012. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:327.

60. Nazar GP, Lee JT, Arora M, Millett C. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Secondhand Smoke Exposure at Home and at Work in 15 Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Nicotine & tobacco research. 2016;18(5):1230-9.

61. Homa DM, Neff LJ, King BA, Caraballo RS, Bunnell RE, Babb SD, et al. Vital signs: disparities in nonsmokers’ exposure to secondhand smoke--United States, 1999-2012. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2015;64(4):103-8.

62. King BA, Homa DM, Dube SR, Babb SD. Exposure to secondhand smoke and attitudes toward smoke-free workplaces among employed U.S. adults: findings from the National Adult Tobacco Survey. Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2014;16(10):1307-18.

63. Ye X, Yao Z, Gao Y, Xu Y, Xu Y, Zhu Z, et al. Second-hand smoke exposure in different types of venues: before and after the implementation of smoke-free legislation in Guangzhou, China. BMJ open. 2014;4(2):e004273.

64. Schoretsaniti S, Filippidis FT, Vardavas CI, Tzavara C, Dimitrakaki C, Behrakis P, et al. Prevalence and determinants of SHS exposure in public and private areas after the 2010 smoke-free legislation in Greece. International journal of environmental health research. 2014;24(5):401-11.

65. Manzanares-Laya S, Lopez MJ, Sanchez-Martinez F, Fernandez E, Nebot M. [Impact of the 28/2005 Spanish smoking law on second-hand smoke exposure in Barcelona]. Gac Sanit. 2011;25(6):495-500.

66. Akhtar PC, Currie DB, Currie CE, Haw SJ. Changes in child exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (CHETS) study after implementation of smoke-free legislation in Scotland: national cross sectional survey. Bmj. 2007;335(7619):545.

74


67. Moore GF, Holliday JC, Moore LA. Socioeconomic patterning in changes in child exposure to secondhand smoke after implementation of smoke-free legislation in Wales. Nicotine & tobacco research. 2011;13(10):903-10.

68. King BA, Mirza SA, Babb SD. A cross-country comparison of secondhand smoke exposure among adults: findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). Tob Control. 2013;22(4):e5.

69. Wang D, Connock M, Barton P, Fry-Smith A, Aveyard P, Moore D. ‘Cut down to quit’ with nicotine replacement therapies in smoking cessation: a systematic review of effectiveness and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2008;12(2):iii-iv, ix-xi, 1-135.

70. Zhao L, Song Y, Xiao L, Palipudi K, Asma S. Factors influencing quit attempts among male daily smokers in China. Preventive medicine. 2015;81:361-6.

71. Borland R, Wilson N, Fong GT, Hammond D, Cummings KM, Yong HH, et al. Impact of graphic and text warnings on cigarette packs: findings from four countries over five years. Tob Control. 2009;18(5):358-64.

72. Brewer NT, Hall MG, Noar SM, Parada H, Stein-Seroussi A, Bach LE, et al. Effect of Pictorial Cigarette Pack Warnings on Changes in Smoking Behavior: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA internal medicine. 2016;176(7):905-12.

73. Azagba S, Sharaf MF. The effect of graphic cigarette warning labels on smoking behavior: evidence from the Canadian experience. Nicotine & tobacco research. 2013;15(3):708-17.

74. Borland R, Yong HH, Wilson N, Fong GT, Hammond D, Cummings KM, et al. How reactions to cigarette packet health warnings influence quitting: findings from the ITC Four-Country survey. Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2009;104(4):669-75.

75. Hitchman SC, Driezen P, Logel C, Hammond D, Fong GT. Changes in Effectiveness of Cigarette Health Warnings Over Time in Canada and the United States, 2002–2011. Nicotine & tobacco research. 2014;16(5):536-43.

76. Andreeva TI, Krasovsky KS. Recall of tobacco pack health warnings by the population in Ukraine and its association with the perceived tobacco health hazard. Int J Public Health. 2011;56(3):253-62.

77. Bittencourt L, Person SD, Cruz RC, Scarinci IC. Pictorial health warnings on cigarette packs and the impact on women. Revista de saude publica. 2013;47(6):1123-9.

78. Mays D, Turner MM, Zhao X, Evans WD, Luta G, Tercyak KP. Framing Pictorial Cigarette Warning Labels to Motivate Young Smokers to Quit. Nicotine & tobacco research. 2015;17(7):769-75.

79. Derkinderen P, Shannon KM, Brundin P. Gut feelings about smoking and coffee in Parkinson’s disease. Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2014;29(8):976-9.

80. O’Connor RJ, McNeill A, Borland R, Hammond D, King B, Boudreau C, et al. Smokers’ beliefs about the relative safety of other tobacco products: findings from the ITC collaboration. Nicotine & tobacco research. 2007;9(10):1033-42.

81. Andreeva TI, Krasovsky KS. Health awareness impact of tobacco pack health warnings in Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Naukovi zapysky Sociology. 2010(109):72–7.

82. Grier S, Bryant CA. Social marketing in public health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26:319-39.

83. Blecher E. The impact of tobacco advertising bans on consumption in developing countries. J Health Econ. 2008;27(4):930-42.

75


84. Hiilamo H, Glantz S. FCTC followed by accelerated implementation of tobacco advertising bans. Tob Control. 2017;26(4):428-33.

85. Brown A, Boudreau C, Moodie C, Fong GT, Li GY, McNeill A, et al. Support for removal of point-of-purchase tobacco advertising and displays: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Canada survey. Tob Control. 2012;21(6):555-9.

86. Li L, Borland R, Fong GT, Thrasher JF, Hammond D, Cummings KM. Impact of point-of-sale tobacco display bans: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey. Health Educ Res. 2013;28(5):898-910.

87. Ross H, Kostova D, Stoklosa M, Leon M. The impact of cigarette excise taxes on smoking cessation rates from 1994 to 2010 in Poland, Russia, and Ukraine. Nicotine & tobacco research. 2014;16 Suppl 1:S37-43.

88. D’Angelo D, Ahluwalia IB, Pun E, Yin S, Palipudi K, Mbulo L. Current Cigarette Smoking, Access, and Purchases from Retail Outlets Among Students Aged 13-15 Years – Global Youth Tobacco Survey, 45 Countries, 2013 and 2014. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2016;65(34):898-901.

89. World Health Organization. Protocol to eliminate illicit trade in tobacco products. 2013.

76


APPENDIXA:QUESTIONNAIRE

GLOBALADULTTOBACCOSURVEY(GATS)

QUESTIONNAIREINUKRAINE

September 6, 2016

77

QUESTIONNAIRE Ukraine2017

IDENTIFYINGINFORMATION

QUESTIONNAIRE ID NUMBER ________ [USE PRE-PRINTED LABEL IF APPLICABLE]

HOUSEHOLD DESIGNATION: MALE FEMALE

OBLAST/CITY ________

Kyiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Kyiv oblast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Vinnytsia oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Volyn oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Dnipropetrovsk oblast . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Donetsk oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Zhytomyr oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Zakarpattia oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Zaporizhzhia oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Ivano-Frankivsk oblast . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Kirovohrad oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Luhansk oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 L’viv oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Mykolayiv oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Odesa oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Poltava oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Rivne oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Sumy oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Ternopil oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Kharkiv oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Kherson oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Khmelnytskiy oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Cherkasy oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Chernivtsi oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Chernihiv oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

RURAL DISTRICT __________________TOWN/VILLAGE ____________________________________________________________URBAN/RURAL _____________________________________________________________LOCALITY _________________________________________________________________

STREET ADDRESS ___________________________________________________________CENSUS SECTOR ____HOUSEHOLD # _____SEGMENT # _______

Type of settlementCity, population 1 mn or more . . . . 1 City, population 100,000–999,000 . 2 City, population 50,000–99,000 . . . 3 Town, population 20,000–49,000 . . 4Town, population under 20,000 . . . 5Urban settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Village . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

78


RESULTCODES

Household Questionnaire Pending Result Codes102: Completed Part of Household Questionnaire, Could Not Finish103: Household Questionnaire Not Complete, Could Not Identify an Appropriate Screening Respondent 104: Household Refusal 105: Unoccupied/Vacant/Demolished House 106: Selected Address is Not a Household108: Other Household Non-response 109: Nobody Home

Household Questionnaire Final Result Codes200: Completed Household Questionnaire, One Person Selected201: Completed Household Questionnaire, No One Selected202: Completed Part of Household Questionnaire, Could Not Finish203: Household Questionnaire Not Complete, Could Not Identify an Appropriate Screening Respondent 204: Household Refusal 205: Unoccupied/Vacant/Demolished House206: Selected Address is Not a Household207: Household Respondent Incapacitated 208: Other Household Non-response 209: Nobody Home

Individual Questionnaire Pending Result Codes302: Completed Part of Individual Questionnaire 303: Selected Individual was Later Determine to be Survey Ineligible 304: Selected Respondent Refusal 307: Selected Respondent Incapacitated 308: Other Individual Non-response309: Selected Respondent Not Home

Individual Questionnaire Final Result Codes400: Completed Individual Questionnaire401: Not Eligible for Individual Questionnaire403: Selected Individual Was Later Determine to be Survey Ineligible 404: Selected Respondent Refusal 407: Selected Respondent Incapacitated 408: Other Individual Non-response409: Selected Respondent Not Home

79


HOUSEHOLDQUESTIONNAIRE

INTRO. [THE HOUSEHOLD SCREENING RESPONDENT SHOULD BE 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER AND YOU MUST BE CONFIDENT THAT THIS PERSON CAN PROVIDE ACCURATE INFORMATION ABOUT ALL MEMBERS OF THE HOUSEHOLD.IF NEEDED, VERIFY THE AGE OF THE HOUSEHOLD SCREENING RESPONDENT TO MAKE SURE HE/SHE IS 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDERTHE HOUSEHOLD SCREENING RESPONDENT CAN BE LESS THAN 18 YEARS OLD, ONLY IF NO HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS ARE 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER.][TO DISCOVER WHAT LANGUAGE A RESPONDENT PREFERS TO SPEAK SAY “HELLO” WITHOUT STRESS ON THE LANGUAGE YOU SPEAK. IN UKRAINIAN AND RUSSIAN THESE PHRASES SOUND RATHER SIMILAR.]

Good day (evening).IF THE RESPONDENT ANSWERS...

...IN UKRAINIAN, THEN ASK: ...IN RUSSIAN, THEN ASK:

А) Tell me please, is it easier for you to speak Ukrainian (Ukrainian) or maybe it is easier for you to speak Russian (Russian)?

Tell me please, is it easier for you to speak Russian (Russian) or maybe it is easier for you to speak Ukrainian (Ukrainian)?

Ukrainian …1TAKE THE UKRAINIAN QUESTIONNAIRE, MARK THE ANSWER AND CONDUCT THE INTERVIEW IN UKRAINIAN

Russian ...2TAKE THE RUSSIAN QUESTIONNAIRE, MARK THE ANSWER AND CONDUCT THE INTERVIEW IN RUSSIAN

It does not matter (in Ukrainian) It does not matter (in Russian)

B) What language of these two do you speak more often – Ukrainian or Russian? (Ukrainian)

What language of these two do you speak more often – Russian or Ukrainian? (Russian)

Ukrainian …3DS maybe it does not matter

(in Ukrainian) …4

TAKE THE UKRAINIAN QUESTIONNAIRE, MARK THE ANSWER AND CONDUCT THE INTERVIEW IN UKRAINIAN

Russian ...5DS maybe it does not matter

(in Russian) ...6

TAKE THE RUSSIAN QUESTIONNAIRE, MARK THE ANSWER AND CONDUCT THE INTERVIEW IN RUSSIAN

80


INTRO1. An important survey of adult tobacco use behavior is being conducted by the Kiev International Institute of Sociology under the auspice of the Ministry of Health throughout Ukraine and your household has been selected to participate. All houses selected were chosen from a scientific sample and it is very important to the success of this project that each participates in the survey. All information gathered will be kept strictly confidential. I have a few questions to find out who in your household is eligible to participate.

HH1. First, I’d like to ask you a few questions about your household. In total, how many persons live in this household?[INCLUDE ANYONE WHO CONSIDERS THIS HOUSEHOLD THEIR USUAL PLACE OF RESIDENCE]

PERSONS

HH2. How many of these household members are 15 years of age or older?

PERSONS

HH4. I now would like to collect information about only these persons that live in this household who are 15 years of age or older. Let’s start listing them from oldest to youngest.

HH4a. What is the {oldest/next oldest} person’s first name? _________________

HH4b. What is this person’s age? [IF RESPONDENT DOESN’T KNOW, PROBE FOR AN ESTIMATE]

[IF REPORTED AGE IS 15 THROUGH 17, BIRTH DATE IS ASKED]

HH4c. What is the month of this person’s date of birth?

01 – JANUARY . . . . . 102 – FEBRUARY . . . . 203 – MARCH . . . . . . 304 – APRIL . . . . . . . . 405 – MAY . . . . . . . . . 506 – JUNE . . . . . . . . 607 – JULY . . . . . . . . . 708 – AUGUST . . . . . 809 – SEPTEMBER . . 910 – OCTOBER . . . . 1011 – NOVEMBER . . . 1112 – DECEMBER . . . 12DON’T KNOW . . . . . 77REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 99

81


HH4cYEAR. What is the year of this person’s date of birth?

[IF DON’T KNOW, ENTER 7777IF REFUSED, ENTER 9999]

HH4d. Is this person male or female?

MALE . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FEMALE . . . . . . . . . . 2

HH4e. Does this person currently smoke tobacco, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, or water-pipes?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2DON’T KNOW . . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9

[REPEAT HH4a – HH4e FOR EACH PERSON REPORTED IN HH2]

HH5. [NAME OF THE SELECTED ELIGIBLE PERSON IS:

{FILL SELECTED HH MEMBER’S FIRST NAME}

ASK IF SELECTED RESPONDENT IS AVAILABLE AND IF SO, PROCEED TO THE INDIVIDUAL QUESTIONNAIRE.IF SELECTED RESPONDENT IS NOT AVAILABLE, MAKE AN APPOINTMENT AND RECORD IT AS A COMMENT ON RECORD OF CALLS.]

82


INDIVIDUALQUESTIONNAIRE

IQINTRO. [IF THE HH MEMBER SELECTED FOR INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEW IS THE SAME ONE WHO ANSWERED HH QUESTIONNAIRE, CONDUCT INTERVIEW IN SAME LANGUAGE.IF THE HH MEMBER SELECTED FOR INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEW IS NOT THE ONE WHO ANSWERED HH QUESTIONNAIRE, REPEAT THE PROCEDURE OF PREFERABLE LANGUAGE SELECTION.]

IQ SAME AS HH RESPONDENT . . . . . . . . . . 1 GO TO CONSENT1IQ DIFFERENT THAN HH RESPONDENT . . . 2 GO TO IQINTROA

IQINTROA. [TO DISCOVER WHAT LANGUAGE A RESPONDENT PREFERS TO SPEAK SAY “HELLO” WITHOUT STRESS ON THE LANGUAGE YOU SPEAK. IN UKRAINIAN AND RUSSIAN THESE PHRASES SOUND RATHER SIMILAR.]

Good day (evening).IF THE RESPONDENT ANSWERS...

...IN UKRAINIAN, THEN ASK: ...IN RUSSIAN, THEN ASK:

А) Tell me please, is it easier for you to speak Ukrainian (Ukrainian) or maybe it is easier for you to speak Russian (Russian)?

Tell me please, is it easier for you to speak Russian (Russian) or maybe it is easier for you to speak Ukrainian (Ukrainian)?

Ukrainian …1TAKE THE UKRAINIAN QUESTIONNAIRE, MARK THE ANSWER AND CONDUCT THE INTERVIEW IN UKRAINIAN

Russian ...2TAKE THE RUSSIAN QUESTIONNAIRE, MARK THE ANSWER AND CONDUCT THE INTERVIEW IN RUSSIAN

It does not matter (in Ukrainian) It does not matter (in Russian)

B) What language of these two do you speak more often – Ukrainian or Russian? (Ukrainian)

What language of these two do you speak more often – Russian or Ukrainian? (Russian)

Ukrainian …3DS maybe it does not matter

(in Ukrainian) …4

TAKE THE UKRAINIAN QUESTIONNAIRE, MARK THE ANSWER AND CONDUCT THE INTERVIEW IN UKRAINIAN

Russian ...5DS maybe it does not matter

(in Russian) ...6

TAKE THE RUSSIAN QUESTIONNAIRE, MARK THE ANSWER AND CONDUCT THE INTERVIEW IN RUSSIAN

83


CONSENT1. [SELECT THE APPROPRIATE AGE CATEGORY BELOW. IF NEEDED, CHECK THE AGE OF SELECTED RESPONDENT FROM THE “CASE INFO” SCREEN IN THE TOOLS MENU.]

15-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 [GO TO CONSENT2]18 OR OLDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 [GO TO CONSENT5]EMANCIPATED MINOR (15-17) . . . 3 [GO TO CONSENT5]

CONSENT2. Before starting the interview, I need to obtain consent from a parent or guardian of [NAME OF RESPONDENT] and from [NAME OF RESPONDENT].

IF BOTH SELECTED RESPONDENT AND PARENT/GUARDIAN ARE AVAILABLE, CONTINUE WITH INTERVIEW.IF PARENT/GUARDIAN IS NOT AVAILABLE, BREAK-OFF INTERVIEW AND SCHEDULE AN APPOINTMENT TO RETURN.IF MINOR RESPONDENT IS NOT AVAILABLE, CONTINUE WITH OBTAINING PARENTAL CONSENT.

CONSENT3. [READ THE FOLLOWING TO THE PARENT/GUARDIAN AND SELECTED RESPONDENT (IF AVAILABLE):]

I am working with Kiev International Institute of Sociology. This institution is collecting information about tobacco use in Ukraine. This information will be used for public health purposes by the Ministry of Health.

Your household and [NAME OF RESPONDENT] have been selected at random. [NAME OF RESPONDENT] responses are very important to us and the community, as these answers will represent many other persons.

The interview will last around 30 minutes. [NAME OF RESPONDENT] participation in this survey is entirely voluntary. The information that [NAME OF RESPONDENT] will provide will be kept strictly confidential and [NAME OF RESPONDENT] will not be identified by his/her responses. Personal information will not be shared with anyone else, not even other family members including you. [NAME OF RESPONDENT] can withdraw from the study at any time, and may refuse to answer any question.

We will leave the necessary contact information with you. If you have any questions about this survey, you can contact the telephone numbers listed.

If you agree with [NAME OF RESPONDENT]’s participation in this survey, we will conduct a private interview with him/her.

[ASK PARENT/GUARDIAN:] Do you agree with [NAME OF RESPONDENT]’s participation?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 [GO TO CONSENT4]NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 [END INTERVIEW]

84


CONSENT4. [WAS THE SELECTED MINOR RESPONDENT PRESENT?]

PRESENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 [GO TO CONSENT6]NOT PRESENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 [GO TO CONSENT5]

CONSENT5. [IF MINOR RESPONDENT IS NOT AVAILABLE, BREAK-OFF INTERVIEW AND SCHEDULE AN APPOINTMENT TO RETURN.]

[READ TO THE SELECTED RESPONDENT:]

I am working with Kiev International Institute of Sociology. This institution is collecting information about tobacco use in Ukraine. This information will be used for public health purposes by the Ministry of Health.

Your household and you have been selected at random. Your responses are very important to us and the community, as these answers will represent many other persons. The interview will last around 30 minutes. Your participation in this survey is entirely voluntary. The information that you will provide us will be kept strictly confidential, and you will not be identified by your responses. Personal information will not be shared with anyone else, not even other family members. You can withdraw from the study at any time, and may refuse to answer any question.

{FILL IF CONSENT1=2: If you smoke cigarettes you will be asked to show your pack of cigarettes if you have it available and you agree to do so.

We will leave the necessary contact information with you. If you have any questions about this survey, you can contact the telephone numbers listed.

{FILL IF CONSENT4=2: Your parent/guardian has given his/her permission for you to participate in this study}

If you agree to participate, we will conduct a private interview with you.

CONSENT6. [ASK SELECTED RESPONDENT:] Do you agree to participate?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 [PROCEED WITH INTERVIEW]NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 [END INTERVIEW]

85


SECTIONA.BACKGROUNDCHARACTERISTICS

A00. I am going to first ask you a few questions about your background.

A01. [RECORD GENDER FROM OBSERVATION. ASK IF NECESSARY.]

MALE . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FEMALE . . . . . . . . . . 2

A02a. What is the month of your date of birth?

01 – JANUARY . . . . . 102 – FEBRUARY . . . . 203 – MARCH . . . . . . 304 – APRIL . . . . . . . . 405 – MAY . . . . . . . . . 506 – JUNE . . . . . . . . 607 – JULY . . . . . . . . . 708 – AUGUST . . . . . 809 – SEPTEMBER . . 910 – OCTOBER . . . . 1011 – NOVEMBER . . 1112 – DECEMBER . . . 12DON’T KNOW . . . . . 77REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 99

A02b. What is the year of your date of birth?

YEAR: [IF DON’T KNOW, ENTER 7777. IF REFUSED, ENTER 9999]

INT: IF MONTH=77/99 OR YEAR=7777/9999 IN A02, ASK A03. OTHERWISE SKIP TO A04.

A03. How old are you?

[IF RESPONDENT IS UNSURE, PROBE FOR AN ESTIMATE AND RECORD AN ANSWER.IF REFUSED, BREAK-OFF AS WE CANNOT CONTINUE INTERVIEW WITHOUT AGE]

YEARS OLD

A03a. [WAS RESPONSE ESTIMATED?]

YES . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . 2DON’T KNOW . . 7

86


A04. What is the highest level of education you have completed?

[SELECT ONLY ONE CATEGORY]

NO FORMAL SCHOOLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SKIP TO A05PRYMARY SCHOOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 LESS THAN SECONDARY SCHOOL COMPLETED (LESS THAN 9 GRADES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BASIC SECONDARY SCHOOL COMPLETED (FULL 9 GRADES) . . . . 4 FULL SECONDARY SCHOOL COMPLETED (11 GRADES) . . . . . . . . 5 HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETED, INCLUDING PROFESSIONAL SECONDARY EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL SECONDARY EDUCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 COLLEGE/UNIVERSITY COMPLETED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7POST GRADUATE DEGREE COMPLETED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 DON’T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 SKIP TO A05

AA4a. What is the number of years of your formal education?


[RANGE: 1–40, 77, 99]

A05. Which of the following best describes your main work status over the past 12 months:1) employed in the public sector, 2) non-government employee, 3) self-employed entrepreneur or employer, 4) student, 5) homemaker, 6) retired, 7) unemployed-able to work, or8) unemployed-unable to work?

[INCLUDE SUBSISTENCE FARMING AS SELF-EMPLOYED]

1 – EMPLOYED IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 – NON-GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 – SELF-EMPLOYED, ENTREPRENEUR OR EMPLOYER . . . . . . . . 3 4 – STUDENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 – HOMEMAKER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 – RETIRED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 – UNEMPLOYED, ABLE TO WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 – UNEMPLOYED, UNABLE TO WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8DON’T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

87


A06. The following questions are about different things that you may have in your household. Such questions are asked to all research participants in all countries and will be used for comparison. You may skip any of these questions if you like.

Please tell me whether this household or any person who lives in the household has the following items:

YES NODON’T KNOW REFUSED

a. Electricity?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9b. Flush toilet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9c. Fixed telephone? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9d. Cell telephone? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9e. TV set? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9f. Radio receiver? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9g. Refrigerator? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9h. Car? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9i. Moped/scooter/motorcycle? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9j. Washing machine? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9k. Computer (desktop, laptop, handheld etc.)? . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9l. Access to Internet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9

AA7. Which of the following statements applies the most to you: 1) we don’t have enough for food and basic necessities, 2) we have only enough for food and basic necessities, 3) we are doing well enough but can’t yet afford more expensive items

(apartment, car), 4) we have already purchased an apartment and a car but we cannot afford more

expensive items, or 5) we can afford anything we want?

1 – WE DON’T HAVE ENOUGH FOR FOOD AND BASIC NECESSITIES . . . . 1 2 – WE HAVE ONLY ENOUGH FOR FOOD AND BASIC NECESSITIES . . . . . 2 3 – WE ARE DOING WELL ENOUGH BUT CAN’T YET AFFORD MORE . . . . 34 – WE HAVE ALREADY PURCHASED AN APARTMENT AND A CAR . . . . . 4 5 – WE CAN AFFORD ANYTHING WE WANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 DON’T KNOW / HARD TO SAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

A08. How many rooms in your household are used for sleeping?


[RANGE: 0–20, 77, 99]

88


AA10. How often did you attend religious services during the last 12 months?

DAILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 WEEKLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 MONTHLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 SEVERAL TIMES A YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4NEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5DO NOT KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

A11. What is your marital status? Would you say 1) married, 2) living together without being married, 3) separated, 4) divorced, 5) widowed, or 6) never been married?

1 – MARRIED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 – LIVING TOGETHER WITHOUT BEEN MARRIED . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 – SEPARATED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 – DIVORCED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 – WIDOWED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6 – NEVER BEEN MARRIED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

89


SECTIONB.TOBACCOSMOKING

B00. I would now like to ask you some questions about smoking tobacco, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and water pipe tobacco smoking.

Please do not answer about electronic cigarettes and smokeless tobacco at this time.

B01. Do you currently smoke tobacco on a daily basis, less than daily, or not at all?

DAILY . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SKIP TO B04LESS THAN DAILY . . 2 NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . 3 SKIP TO B03DO NOT KNOW . . . . 7 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WPREFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WP

B02. Have you smoked tobacco daily in the past?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SKIP TO B08NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SKIP TO BB3aDO NOT KNOW . . . . 7 SKIP TO BB3aREFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO BB3a

B03. In the past, have you smoked tobacco on a daily basis, less than daily, or not at all?

[IF RESPONDENT HAS DONE BOTH “DAILY” AND “LESS THAN DAILY” IN THE PAST, CHECK “DAILY” AND FOLLOW DAILY ROUTING]

DAILY . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SKIP TO B11LESS THAN DAILY . . 2 NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . 3 DO NOT KNOW . . . . 7 REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9

BB3a. {DISPLAY IF B03=3: You have already said you never smoked. Nevertheless,}

{DISPLAY IF B02=2 OR B03=2: You have already said you never smoked on a daily basis. Nevertheless,}

Adding all cigarettes you smoked in your entire life, have you smoked 100 cigarettes or 5 packs?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2DO NOT KNOW . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9

90


ROUTING:• IF B02=2, 7 or 9, GO TO B10• IF B03=2, GO TO B13• IF B03=3, 7 or 9, GO TO NEXT SECTION WP

[CURRENT DAILY SMOKERS]

B04. How old were you when you first started smoking tobacco daily?

YEARS OLD [IF DON’T KNOW OR REFUSED, ENTER 99]

INT: IF B04 = 99, ASK B05. OTHERWISE SKIP TO B06.

B05. How many years ago did you first start smoking tobacco daily?

YEARS [IF REFUSED, ENTER 99]

B06. On average, how many of the following tobacco products do you currently smoke each day? Also, let me know if you smoke the product, but not every day.

[IF RESPONDENT REPORTS SMOKING THE PRODUCT BUT NOT EVERY DAY, ENTER 888IF RESPONDENT REPORTS IN PACKS OR CARTONS, PROBE TO FIND OUT HOW MANY ARE IN EACH AND CALCULATE TOTAL NUMBER]

a. How many manufactured cigarettes? PER DAY

a1. [IF B06a=888] On average, how many manufactured cigarettes do you currently smoke each week?

PER WEEK

b. (How many) Hand-rolled cigarettes? PER DAY

b1. [IF B06b=888] On average, how many hand-rolled cigarettes do you currently smoke each week?

PER WEEK

d. (How many) Pipes full of tobacco? PER DAY

d1. [IF B06d=888] On average, how many pipes full of tobacco do you currently smoke each week?

PER WEEK

e. (How many) Cigars, or cigarillos? PER DAY

e1. [IF B06e=888] On average, how many cigars, or cigarillos do you currently smoke each week?

PER WEEK

f. (How many) Water pipe tobacco smoking sessions per day?

PER DAY

f1. [IF B06f=888] On average, how many water pipe tobacco smoking sessions do you currently participate in each week?

PER WEEK

g. Any others? (Specify type: ________________) PER DAY

g1. [IF B06g=888] On average, how many [FILL PRODUCT] do you currently smoke each week?

PER WEEK

91


B07. How soon after you wake up do you usually have your first smoke? Would you say…

Within 5 minutes, . . . . . . . . . 1 6 to 30 minutes, . . . . . . . . . . . 2 31 to 60 minutes, or . . . . . . . 3 More than 60 minutes? . . . . . 4REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

INT: SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WP

[CURRENT LESS THAN DAILY SMOKERS]



INT: IF B08 = 99, ASK B09. OTHERWISE SKIP TO B10.



B10. How many of the following tobacco products do you currently smoke during a usual week:

[ IF RESPONDENT REPORTS DOING THE ACTIVITY WITHIN THE PAST 30 DAYS, BUT LESS THAN ONCE PER WEEK, ENTER 888

IF RESPONDENT REPORTS IN PACKS OR CARTONS, PROBE TO FIND OUT HOW MANY ARE IN EACH AND CALCULATE TOTAL NUMBER]

a. (How many) Manufactured cigarettes? PER WEEK

b. (How many) Hand-rolled cigarettes? PER WEEK

d. (How many) Pipes full of tobacco? PER WEEK

e. (How many) Cigars or cigarillos? PER WEEK

f. Number of water pipe tobacco smoking sessions per week?

PER WEEK

g. Any others? PER WEEK

Specify type: _________________

INT: SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WP

92


[FORMER SMOKERS]



INT: IF B11 = 99, ASK B12. OTHERWISE SKIP TO B13a.



B13a. How long has it been since you stopped smoking?

[ONLY INTERESTED IN WHEN RESPONDENT STOPPED SMOKING REGULARLY – DO NOT INCLUDE RARE INSTANCES OF SMOKING

ENTER UNIT ON THIS SCREEN AND NUMBER ON NEXT SCREEN]

YEARS . . . . . . . . . . . 1 MONTHS . . . . . . . . . 2 WEEKS . . . . . . . . . . . 3 DAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 LESS THAN 1 DAY . . 5 SKIP TO B14DON’T KNOW . . . . . 7 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WPREFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WP

B13b. [ENTER NUMBER OF (YEARS/MONTHS/WEEKS/DAYS)]

INT: IF B13 < 1 YEAR (< 12 MONTHS), THEN CONTINUE WITH B14. OTHERWISE SKIP TO NEXT SECTION WP.

B14. Have you visited a doctor or other professional health care provider in the past 12 months?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SKIP TO B18REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO B18

B15. How many times did you visit a doctor or health care provider in the past 12 months? Would you say 1 or 2 times, 3 to 5 times, or 6 or more times?

1 OR 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 13 TO 5 . . . . . . . . . . . 26 OR MORE . . . . . . . 3REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9

93


B16. During any visit to a doctor or health care provider in the past 12 months, were you asked if you smoke tobacco?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SKIP TO B18REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO B18

B17. During any visit to a doctor or health care provider in the past 12 months, were you advised to quit smoking tobacco?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9

B18. During the past 12 months, did you use any of the following to try to stop smoking tobacco:

YES NO REFUSED

a. Counseling, including at a smoking cessation clinic? . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9b. Nicotine replacement therapy, such as the patch or gum? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9c. Other medications? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9

[IF B18c=1] c1. [SPECIFY] ____________________

f. Acupuncture? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9g. Psychotherapeutic methods, like hypnosis, coding? . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9e. Non-medication therapy, such as dietary supplements, physical exercises, herbs, etc.? . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9h. Internet site and mailing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9i. Tried to quit without assistance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9j. Anything else? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9

j1. Please specify what you used to try to stop smoking:___________________________________________

94


SECTIONWP–WATERPIPE(WATERPIPE)MODULE

WPintro. I would now like to ask you some questions about smoking water pipe, including smoking it with or without tobacco.

ROUTING: B06f/B10f ask for the number of water pipe smoking sessions per day/week

• IF B01=1 AND B06f>0 AND <888 (CURRENT DAILY WP TOB SMOKERS), GO TO WP2

• IF B01=1 AND B06f=888 (CURRENT LESS THAN DAILY WP TOB SMOKERS), GO TO WP2

• IF B01=1 AND B06f=0 (CURRENT DAILY SMOKER, BUT NO WP), GO TO WP0

• IF B01=2 AND B10f>0 AND <888 (CURRENT LESS THAN DAILY WP TOB SMOKERS), GO TO WP2

• IF B01=2 AND B10f=888 (CURRENT LESS THAN WEEKLY WP TOB SMOKERS), GO TO WP2

• IF B01=2 AND B10f=0 (CURRENT LESS THAN DAILY SMOKER, BUT NO WP), GO TO WP0

• IF B01=3 AND B03=3 (NEVER SMOKERS), GO TO WP0• IF B01=3 AND B03=1 OR 2 (FORMER SMOKERS), GO TO WP0

• ELSE, GO TO WP0

WP0. Do you currently smoke water pipe on a daily basis, less than daily, or not at all?

DAILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1LESS THAN DAILY . . . . . . . . . . 2 NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION ECREFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION EC

WP1. When you smoke water pipe, does it contain tobacco always, most of the time, sometimes, or never?

ALWAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SKIP TO WP3MOST OF THE TIME . . . . . . . 2 SKIP TO WP3SOMETIMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 SKIP TO WP3NEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION ECDON’T KNOW/NOT SURE . . . 7 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION ECREFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION EC

95


WP2. You have previously indicated you currently smoke water pipe with tobacco. Do you also smoke water pipe without tobacco?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2DON’T KNOW/NOT SURE . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

WP3. How old were you when you first tried smoking water pipe with tobacco?

[IF DON’T KNOW OR REFUSED, ENTER 99]

[IF WP3 = 99, ASK WP4. OTHERWISE SKIP TO WP5]

WP4. How many years ago did you first try smoking water pipe with tobacco?

[IF REFUSED, ENTER 99]

WP5. The last time you smoked water pipe with tobacco, how long did you participate in the water pipe smoking session?

[ENTER UNIT ON THIS SCREEN AND NUMBER ON NEXT SCREEN]

HOURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 MINUTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 DON’T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 SKIP TO WP6REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO WP6

WP5a. [ENTER NUMBER OF (HOURS/MINUTES)]

WP6. The last time you smoked water pipe with tobacco, how many other people did you share the same pipe with during the session?


96


SECTIONEC.ELECTRONICCIGARETTES

EC1. Now I have a few questions about electronic cigarettes. Electronic cigarettes include any product that uses batteries or other methods to produce a vapor which contains nicotine. They have various other names such as e-cigarette, vape-pen, e-shisha, e-pipes. Before today, have you ever heard of electronic cigarettes?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION CREFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION C

EC2. Do you currently use electronic cigarettes on a daily basis, less than daily, or not at all?

DAILY . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION CLESS THAN DAILY . . 2 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION CNOT AT ALL . . . . . . . 3REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9

EC3. Have you ever, even once, used an electronic cigarette?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9

97


SECTIONC.SMOKELESSTOBACCO

C00. The next questions are about using smokeless tobacco, such as chewing tobacco, snus, snuff and nasvai. Smokeless tobacco is tobacco that is not smoked, but is sniffed through the nose, held in the mouth, or chewed.

C01. Do you currently use smokeless tobacco on a daily basis, less than daily, or not at all?

[IF RESPONDENT DOES NOT KNOW WHAT SMOKELESS TOBACCO IS, READ DEFINITION FROM QXQ SCREEN]

DAILY . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SKIP TO C10LESS THAN DAILY . . 2 NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . 3 SKIP TO C03DO NOT KNOW . . . . 7 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION D1REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION D1

C02. Have you used smokeless tobacco daily in the past?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SKIP TO C10NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SKIP TO C10DO NOT KNOW . . . . 7 SKIP TO C10REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO C10

C03. In the past, have you used smokeless tobacco on a daily basis, less than daily, or not at all?

[IF RESPONDENT HAS DONE BOTH “DAILY” AND “LESS THAN DAILY” IN THE PAST, CHECK “DAILY”]

DAILY . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION D1LESS THAN DAILY . . 2 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION D1NOT AT ALL . . . . . . . 3 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION D1DO NOT KNOW . . . . 7 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION D1REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION D1

C10. How many times a week do you usually use the following:

[IF RESPONDENT REPORTS DOING THE ACTIVITY WITHIN THE PAST 30 DAYS, BUT LESS THAN ONCE PER WEEK, ENTER 888]

a. Snus, by mouth? TIMES PER WEEK

b. Snuff, by nose? TIMES PER WEEK

c. Chewing tobacco? TIMES PER WEEK

d. Nasvai? TIMES PER WEEK

e. Any others? TIMES PER WEEK

Specify type: _________________

98


SECTIOND1.CESSATION–TOBACCOSMOKING

IF B01 = 1 OR 2 (RESPONDENT CURRENTLY SMOKES TOBACCO), CONTINUE WITH THIS SECTION.IF B01 = 3, 7, OR 9 (RESPONDENT DOES NOT CURRENTLY SMOKE TOBACCO), SKIP TO NEXT SECTION E.

D01. The next questions ask about any attempts to stop smoking that you might have made during the past 12 months. Please think about tobacco smoking.

During the past 12 months, have you tried to stop smoking?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SKIP TO D04REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO D04

D02a. Thinking about the last time you tried to quit, how long did you stop smoking?


MONTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 WEEKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 DAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 LESS THAN 1 DAY (24 HOURS) . . . . . . 4 SKIP TO D03DON’T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 SKIP TO D03REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO D03

D02b. [ENTER NUMBER OF (MONTHS/WEEKS/DAYS)]

D03. During the past 12 months, did you use any of the following to try to stop smoking tobacco:

YES NO REFUSED

a. Counseling, including at a smoking cessation clinic? . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9b. Nicotine replacement therapy, such as the patch or gum? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9c. Other medications? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9

[IF D03c=1] c1. [SPECIFY] ____________________

f. Acupuncture? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9g. Psychotherapeutic methods, like hypnosis, coding? . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9e. Non-medication therapy, such as dietary supplements, physical exercises, herbs, etc.? . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9h. Internet site and mailing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9i. Tried to quit without assistance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9j. Anything else? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 9

j1. Please specify what you used to try to stop smoking:___________________________________________

99


D04. Have you visited a doctor or other professional health care provider in the past 12 months?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SKIP TO D08REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO D08

D05. How many times did you visit a doctor or health care provider in the past 12 months? Would you say 1 or 2 times, 3 to 5 times, or 6 or more times?

1 OR 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 13 TO 5 . . . . . . . . . . . 26 OR MORE . . . . . . . 3REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9

D06. During any visit to a doctor or health care provider in the past 12 months, were you asked if you smoke tobacco?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SKIP TO D08REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO D08

D07. During any visit to a doctor or health care provider in the past 12 months, were you advised to quit smoking tobacco?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9

D08. Which of the following best describes your thinking about quitting smoking 1) I am planning to quit within the next month, 2) I am thinking about quitting within the next 12 months, 3) I will quit someday but not within the next 12 months, or 4) I am not interested in quitting?

1 – QUIT WITHIN THE NEXT MONTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 – THINKING WITHIN THE NEXT 12 MONTHS . . . . . . 23 – QUIT SOMEDAY, BUT NOT NEXT 12 MONTHS . . . . 34 – NOT INTERESTED IN QUITTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 DON’T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

100


SECTIONE.SECONDHANDSMOKE

E01. I would now like to ask you a few questions about smoking in various places.

Which of the following best describes the rules about smoking inside of your home: 1) smoking is allowed inside of your home, 2) smoking is generally not allowed inside of your home but there are exceptions, 3) smoking is never allowed inside of your home, or 4) there are no rules about smoking in your home?

1 – ALLOWED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 – NOT ALLOWED, BUT EXCEPTIONS . . . . 23 – NEVER ALLOWED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 SKIP TO EE03a4 – NO RULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 SKIP TO E03DON’T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 SKIP TO E03REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO E03

E02. Inside your home, is smoking allowed in every room?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 DON’T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

E03. How often does anyone smoke inside your home? Would you say daily, weekly, monthly, less than monthly, or never?

DAILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1WEEKLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 MONTHLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3LESS THAN MONTHLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4NEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5DON’T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

EE3a. How often do you happen to inhale other people’s smoke? Would you say it happens almost never or rarely, several times a week, almost daily, or regularly – several hours a day?

ALMOST NEVER OR RARELY. . . . . . . . . . . . 1SEVERAL TIMES A WEEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2ALMOST DAILY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3REGULARLY, SEVERAL HOURS A DAY . . . . . 4DON’T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

101


E04. Do you currently work outside of your home?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO/DON’T WORK . . 2 SKIP TO E09REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO E09

E05. Do you usually work indoors or outdoors?

INDOORS . . . . . . . . . 1 SKIP TO E07OUTDOORS . . . . . . . 2 BOTH . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 SKIP TO E07REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9

E06. Are there any indoor areas at your work place?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SKIP TO E09DON’T KNOW . . . . . 7 SKIP TO E09REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO E09

E07. Which of the following best describes the indoor smoking policy where you work: 1) smoking is allowed anywhere, 2) smoking is allowed only in some indoor areas, 3) smoking is not allowed in any indoor areas, or 4) there is no policy?

1 – ALLOWED ANYWHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 – ALLOWED ONLY IN SOME INDOOR AREAS . . . . . . . 23 – NOT ALLOWED IN ANY INDOOR AREAS . . . . . . . . . 3 4 – THERE IS NO POLICY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4DON’T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

E08. During the past 30 days, did anyone smoke in indoor areas where you work?


E09. During the past 30 days, did you visit any government buildings or government offices?


102


E10. Did anyone smoke inside of any government buildings or government offices that you visited in the past 30 days?


E11. During the past 30 days, did you visit any health care facilities?


E12. Did anyone smoke inside of any health care facilities that you visited in the past 30 days?


E13. During the past 30 days, did you visit any restaurants or cafés?


E14. Did anyone smoke inside of any restaurants or cafés that you visited in the past 30 days?


E25. During the past 30 days, did you visit any bars or night clubs?


103


E26. Did anyone smoke inside of any bars or night clubs that you visited in the past 30 days?


E15. During the past 30 days, did you use any public transportation?


E16. Did anyone smoke inside of any public transportation that you used in the past 30 days?


E17. Based on what you know or believe, does breathing other people’s smoke cause serious illness in non-smokers?


E18. Based on what you know or believe, does breathing smoke from other people’s cigarettes cause any of the following:


a. Heart disease in adults? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9b. Lung illnesses in children? . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9c. Lung cancer in adults? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9

E21. During the past 30 days, did you visit any universities?


104


E22. Did anyone smoke inside of any universities that you visited in the past 30 days?


E23. During the past 30 days, did you visit any private workplaces other than your own?


E24. Did anyone smoke inside of any of these private workplaces you visited in the past 30 days?


E29. For each of the following public places, please tell me if you think smoking should or should not be allowed in indoor areas:

SHOULD BE ALLOWED

SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED

DON’T KNOW REFUSED

a. Hospitals? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 7 . . . 9b. Workplaces? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 7 . . . 9c. Restaurants or café? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 7 . . . 9d. Bars? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 7 . . . 9e. Public transportation vehicles? . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 7 . . . 9f. Schools? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 7 . . . 9g. Universities?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 7 . . . 9h. Places of worship? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . 7 . . . 9

105


SECTIONF.ECONOMICS–MANUFACTUREDCIGARETTES

IF [B01 = 1 OR 2 (RESPONDENT CURRENTLY SMOKES DAILY OR LESS THAN DAILY)]AND[(B06a OR B10a) > 0 AND <= 888 (RESPONDENT SMOKES MANUFACTURED CIGARETTES)],THEN CONTINUE WITH THIS SECTION.OTHERWISE, SKIP TO NEXT SECTION G.

F01a. The next few questions are about the last time you purchased cigarettes for yourself to smoke.

The last time you bought cigarettes for yourself, how many cigarettes did you buy?


CIGARETTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 PACKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 CARTONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 OTHER (SPECIFY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 01c. [SPECIFY THE UNIT]: _____________NEVER BOUGHT CIGARETTES . . . . 5 SKIP TO NEXT SECTION GREFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO F03

F01b. [ENTER NUMBER OF (CIGARETTES/PACKS/CARTONS/OTHER)]

[IF F01a=CIGARETTES, GO TO F02][IF F01a=PACKS, GO TO F01dPack][IF F01a=CARTONS, GO TO F01dCart][IF F01a=OTHER, GO TO F01dOther]

F01dPack. Did each pack contain 10 cigarettes, 20 cigarettes, or another amount?

10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2OTHER AMOUNT . . . . 7 F01dPackA. How many cigarettes were in each pack?REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . 9

[GO TO F02]

106


F01dCart. Did each carton contain 100 cigarettes, 200 cigarettes, or another amount?

100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2OTHER AMOUNT . . . . 7 F01dCartA. How many cigarettes were in each carton?REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . 9

[GO TO F02]

F01dOther. How many cigarettes were in each {F01c}?

[IF REFUSED, ENTER 999]

F02. In total, how much money did you pay for this purchase?


RANGE = 1–500, 999

F03. What brand did you buy the last time you purchased cigarettes for yourself?

BOND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 CAMEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 CHESTERFIELD . . . . . . . 3GLAMOUR . . . . . . . . . . . 4 KARELIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 KENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 L&M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 LUCKY STRIKE . . . . . . . . 8 MARLBORO . . . . . . . . . . 9 MONTE CARLO . . . . . . . 10 MORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 NEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 PARLIAMENT . . . . . . . . . 13 PRYLUKY . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 PRYMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 F03PRYMARONSON . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 WINSTON . . . . . . . . . . . 17 OTHER FILTER . . . . . . . . 18 F03a. [SPECIFY BRAND] _________OTHER NON-FILTER . . . 19 F03a. [SPECIFY BRAND] _________REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . 99

107


F03PRYMA. What sort of Pryma cigarettes?

PRYMA – NON-FILTER . . . . . 1 PRYMA LUX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 PRYMA OPTIMA . . . . . . . . . 3PRYMA-SRIBNA . . . . . . . . . . 4OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 F03a. [SPECIFY BRAND] _________REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

F04. The last time you purchased cigarettes for yourself, where did you buy them?

STORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 STREET VENDOR . . . . . . . . . . . 3 OUTSIDE THE COUNTRY . . . . 6KIOSKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7INTERNET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8FROM ANOTHER PERSON . . . 9RESTAURANT OR BAR. . . . . . . 10OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 F04a. [SPECIFY LOCATION]:_______________DON’T REMEMBER. . . . . . . . . 77REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

F05. The last time you purchased cigarettes for yourself, did you purchase non-filter, regular filter or filter slim cigarettes?

NON-FILTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 REGULAR FILTER . . . . . . . . . . 2 FILTER SLIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

FF6. If the price for tobacco products were to rise significantly (say, double), would you 1) continue to smoke as before, 2) switch to cheaper products, 3) start smoking less, or 4) quit smoking?

1 – SMOKE AS BEFORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 – SWITCH TO CHEAPER PRODUCTS . . . . 2 3 – SMOKE LESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 – QUIT SMOKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4DO NOT KNOW/ HARD TO SAY . . . . . . . . . 7 REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

108


SECTIONG.MEDIA

G01intro: The next few questions ask about your exposure to the media and advertisements in the last 30 days.

G01. In the last 30 days, have you noticed information about the dangers of smoking or that encourages quitting in any of the following places:


a1. In newspapers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9a2. In magazines? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9b. On television? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9c. On the radio? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9d. On billboards? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9aa. In public transport? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9e. On posters in health facilities? . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9bb. On posters in educational institutions? . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9cc. On the Internet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9f. Somewhere else? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

[DO NOT INCLUDE HEALTH WARNINGS ON CIGARETTE PACKAGES]

f1. Please specify where: _____________________________________

G02. In the last 30 days, did you notice any health warnings on cigarette packages?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SKIP TO G04DID NOT SEE ANY CIGARETTE PACKAGES . . . 3 SKIP TO G04REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 SKIP TO G04

G03. [ADMINISTER IF B01 = 1 OR 2. ELSE GO TO G04]In the last 30 days, have warning labels (text or pictures) on cigarette packages led you to think about quitting?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 DON’T KNOW . . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . . 9

109


G04. In the last 30 days, have you noticed any advertisements or signs promoting cigarettes in the following places:


a. In stores where cigarettes are sold? . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9b. On television? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9c. On the radio? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9d. On billboards? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9e. On posters? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9f. In newspapers or magazines? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9g. In cinemas? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9h. On the Internet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9i. On or inside public transportation vehicles or stations? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9j. On cigarette pack inserts? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9k. Anywhere else? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

k1. Please specify where: __________________________

G05. In the last 30 days, have you noticed any sport or sporting event that is associated with cigarette brands or cigarette companies?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 DON’T KNOW . . . . . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

G06. In the last 30 days, have you noticed any of the following types of cigarette promotions:


a. Free samples of cigarettes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9b. Prize competition for cigarette purchases? . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9c. Coupons for cigarettes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9d. Free gifts or special discount offers on other products when buying cigarettes? . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9e. Clothing or other items with a cigarette brand name or logo? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9f. Cigarette promotions in the mail or email? . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9

110


SECTIONH.KNOWLEDGE,ATTITUDES&PERCEPTIONS

H01. The next question is asking about smoking tobacco. Based on what you know or believe, does smoking tobacco cause serious illness?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2DON’T KNOW . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . 9

H02. Based on what you know or believe, does smoking tobacco cause the following:


a. Stroke (blood clots in the brain that may cause paralysis)? . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9b. Heart attack? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9c. Lung cancer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9d. Respiratory disease? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9e. Parkinson’s disease? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9f. Impotence? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9g. Tuberculosis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9h. Bronchitis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9i. Gastric ulcer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9j. Bladder cancer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 2 . . . . 7 . . . . 9

H02_2. Do you think that some types of cigarettes could be less harmful than other types, or are all cigarettes equally harmful?

COULD BE LESS HARMFUL . . 1ALL EQUALLY HARMFUL . . . 2DON’T KNOW . . . . . . . . . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

H02_3. Do you believe cigarettes are addictive?


H03. Based on what you know or believe, does using smokeless tobacco cause serious illness?


111


HH3_1. Based on what you know or believe, does smoking water pipe with tobacco cause serious illness?


HH3_2. Compared to smoking cigarettes, do you think smoking water pipe with tobacco is less harmful, no different, or more harmful to health?

LESS HARMFUL . . . 1NO DIFFERENT . . . 2MORE HARMFUL . 3DON’T KNOW . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . 9

H04. Do you favor or oppose the law that completely prohibits smoking in indoor workplaces and public places, such as restaurants and bars?

FAVOR . . . . . . . . . . 1 OPPOSE . . . . . . . . . 2 DON’T KNOW . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . 9

H05. Would you favor or oppose increasing taxes on tobacco products?

FAVOR . . . . . . . . . . 1 OPPOSE . . . . . . . . . 2 DON’T KNOW . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . 9

HH6_1. Do you consider highlighted and / or enlarged packs of cigarettes or special decoration of cigarette packs at the points of sale and in the kiosks / shops windows as cigarette advertising?

YES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 DON’T KNOW . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . 9

HH7. Do you think inhaling tobacco smoke when somebody else is smoking is harmful or harmless to you?

HARMFUL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1HARMLESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2DON’T KNOW/HARD TO SAY . . . . 7REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

112


SECTIONCP.CIGARETTEPACKS

CPcomp. IF (CALCULATED AGE FROM A02 (OR A03) = 18 OR OLDER) AND (B01 = 1 OR 2) AND [(B06a = 1–200 OR 888) OR (B10a = 1–200 OR 888), CONTINUE TO CP1.

ELSE, SKIP TO END OF INTERVIEW I00

CP1. Do you have a pack of your cigarettes with you? I would like to take a few pictures of the pack. The information obtained would only be used for the purpose of the study and would not be disclosed to anyone including your family members or any authority.

RESPONDENT WILLING TO SHOW PACK . . 1RESPONDENT DOES NOT HAVE A PACK . . . 2 SKIP TO END OF INTERVIEW I00RESPONDENT REFUSES TO SHOW PACK . . 3 SKIP TO END OF INTERVIEW I00

CP1А. [INTERVIEWER: TAKE PICTURES OF CIGARETTE PACK]

[QUESTION TYPE = PICTURE CAPTURE]

a. FRONT SIDEb. BACK SIDEc. LEFT SIDE (NICOTINE AND TAR CONTENTS)d. BOTTOM (PRICE AND DATE OF PRODUCTION)

CP2. [RECORD THE HEALTH WARNING FROM THE PACK]

(Text is provided in Ukrainian:)

UKR 1 “Smoking causes lung cancer” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 UKR 2 “Smoking causes dependence on tobacco – don’t start smoking!” . 2 UKR 3 “Smokers die younger” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 UKR 4 “Smoking causes skin aging” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4UKR 5 “Smoking diminishes the ability of womento give birth to children!” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5UKR 6 “Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6UKR 7 “Smoking destroys arteries, causes heart attacks and strokes” . . . . 7UKR 8 “Smoking may cause slow and painful death” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8UKR 9 “Smoking in pregnancy harms your baby” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9UKR 10 “Smoking damages sperm and may lead to impotence” . . . . . . . . 10RUSSIAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11ROMANIAN (MOLDOVAN) . . . 12OTHER LANGUAUGE . . . . . . . . . 13 CP2a. [SPECIFY]:________________NO HEALTH WARNING . . . . . . . 14

113


CP3. [RECORD THE TAR LEVEL FROM THE PACK IN mg]

______ In mg

CP4. [RECORD THE NICOTINE LEVEL FROM THE PACK IN mg]:

______ In mg

CP5. [RECORD THE MAXIMUM RETAIL PRICE FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE PACK]

______ UAH

CP6. [RECORD THE DATE OF PRODUCTION FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE PACK]

DAY-MONTH-YEAR

CP7. [RECORD THE CIGARETTE BRAND:]

BOND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1CAMEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2CHESTERFIELD . . . . . . . . 3GLAMOUR . . . . . . . . . . . 4KARELIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5KENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6L&M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7LUCKY STRIKE . . . . . . . . . 8MARLBORO . . . . . . . . . . 9MONTE CARLO . . . . . . . . 10MORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11NEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12PARLIAMENT . . . . . . . . . 13PRYLUKY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14PRYMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15RONSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16WINSTON . . . . . . . . . . . . 17OTHER FILTER . . . . . . . . . 18OTHER NON-FILTER . . . . 19REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

[IF CP7 = PRYMA (15), GO TO CP7PRYMA][IF CP7 = OTHER (18 OR 19), GO TO CP7a][OTHERWISE GO TO END OF INTERVIEW I00]

114


CP7PRYMA. [WHAT SORT OF PRYMA CIGARETTES?]

PRYMA – NON-FILTER . . 1PRYMA LUX . . . . . . . . . . . 2PRYMA OPTIMA . . . . . . . 3PRYMA-SRIBNA . . . . . . . . 4OTHER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5REFUSED . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

[IF CP7PRYMA = OTHER (5), GO TO CP7a][OTHERWISE GO TO END OF INTERVIEW I00]

CP7a. [SPECIFY BRAND]

115


ENDINDIVIDUALQUESTIONNAIRE

I00. Those are all of the questions I have. Thank you very much for partcipating in this important survey.

I02. [RECORD ANY NOTES ABOUT INTERVIEW:]

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

116


The 2017 Ukraine GATS was a nationally representative household survey of all non-institutionalized men and women age 15 years and older designed to produce internationally comparable data on tobacco use and tobacco measures for the country as a whole. It also allows estimation of indicators of interest for gender, age, and residence groups at an acceptable level of precision.

STAGESOFSELECTION

The 2017 Ukraine GATS used a stratified two-stage sample design. At the first stage, primary sampling units (PSUs) were selected randomly by probability proportional to the size. For both urban and rural population, PSUs were equal to voting precincts defined by Central Electoral Commission for 2014 nationwide parliamentary elections, and those PSUs consisted of eligible voters (citizens of 18 years old and older). There were 300 PSUs selected in the urban areas and 300 PSUs selected in the rural areas. The temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, city of Sevastopol, and certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, which are temporarily outside the control of the government of Ukraine, were excluded from the survey.

At the second stage, 30 housing units were randomly selected from each selected PSU in big cities (Kyiv, Dnipro, Lviv, Odesa, and Kharkiv), and 25 housing units from each selected PSU in other urban settlements, or 23 housing units from rural PSUs. The list of households was developed from mapping and listing conducted in August 2016 as part of GATS Ukraine project.

An eligible household member was interviewed and asked to give information about each eligible adult in the household. One eligible household member was then randomly selected from the household roster. Since there are more adult females than adult males in the general population in Ukraine, adult males were sampled at a higher rate than females in an effort to achieve a sample with a 50-50 split by gender. There were no substitutes or replacement for the eligible individual.

WEIGHTING

Weighting is a method used to obtain parameters from the data set resulting from sampling so as to represent the universe. A three step weighting procedure was used in accordance with the GATS Sample Weights Manual: (Step 1) computation of base weight for each sample respondent; (Step 2) adjustment of the base weights for non-response; and (Step 3) post-stratification calibration adjustment of weights to known population.

APPENDIXB:SAMPLEDESIGN

117

SAMPLE DESIGN Ukraine2017

Base Weight Base weights were calculated which are inversely proportional to the overall selection

probabilities for each sample respondent (Step 1). Calculations in this stage included probabilities of selection of primary sampling units, secondary sampling units, households, and eligible individuals. Base weights were calculated using these probabilities based on the household and individual.

Adjustment for Unit Non-responseIn Step 2, base weights were adjusted to compensate for the losses in the sample

outcome due to non-response. In this stage, household-level non-response adjustment was performed by using weighted data by PSU level; individual-level non-response adjustment was done by using weighted data on sixteen cells which constituted taking into account gender, age, and tobacco use.

Household-level Response RateUsing the household disposition codes, the household-level response rate were

computed separately for each sample PSU using the formula below.

where:1 = Completed household questionnaire2 = Completed part of the household questionnaire, could not finish roster3 = Household questionnaire not complete, could not identify an appropriate screening respondent4 = Household refusal5 = Other household non-response6 = Nobody home

The corresponding household-level weighting class adjustments were computed as one divided by the weighted household response rate for each sample PSUs. For the household-level non-response adjustments, there were only nine PSUs with a household adjustment factor greater than 3. For those 9 PSUs the household adjustment factor was trimmed to 3. The minimum value was 1.00 and the median value was 1.46. Table B1 lists all household-level adjustment factors.

Person-level Response RatePerson-level non-response adjustment was done by using the individual-level response

rate formula by a combination of weighting class variables. As with the household adjustment component, the person-level adjustment component was computed as one divided by the weighted response rate for each person’s weighting class.

118


where:11 = Completed individual questionnaire12 = Completed part of individual questionnaire13 = Selected respondent refusal14 = Selected respondent incapacitated15 = Other individual non-response 16 = Selected respondent not home

The corresponding person-level weighting class adjustments were computed as one divided by the weighted person-level response rate for each weighting cell. The minimum value was 1.00 while the maximum value was 1.10 with a median value of 1.06. Table B2 shows the person-level non-response adjustments.

119


TABLE B1. Household-level non-response adjustment factor

PSU

Household-level

Non-response Adjustment

Factor

PSU

Household-level


Factor

PSU

Household-level


Factor

PSU

Household-level


Factor

PSU

Household-level


Factor

2010 2.00 3072 1.10 4590 1.43 6133 2.67 7073 1.71

2021 1.88 3081 1.71 4600 1.43 6140 1.31 7081 1.57

2030 2.31 3091 1.15 4611 1.46 6150 1.57 7092 1.40

2040 2.55 3103 1.60 4620 1.33 6160 1.50 7104 1.57

2050 2.73 3110 3.00 4632 1.33 6171 1.53 7110 1.47

2060 2.67 3120 1.33 4640 1.43 6181 1.60 7121 1.60

2071 1.93 3512 1.38 4650 1.25 6192 1.57 7133 1.20

2080 1.67 3523 1.53 4661 1.50 6200 1.57 7141 1.92

2090 1.53 3531 1.53 4671 1.36 6213 1.50 7150 1.50

2100 1.81 3542 1.43 4682 1.47 6220 1.67 7164 1.71

2110 1.73 3550 1.12 5012 1.50 6230 1.64 7172 2.33

2120 2.00 3562 2.20 5021 1.57 6243 1.16 7180 1.50

2130 2.15 3571 1.47 5030 1.57 6252 1.38 7511 1.29

2140 1.80 3582 1.31 5040 1.60 6260 1.60 7521 1.73

2150 1.60 3591 1.06 5050 1.64 6272 1.92 7532 1.19

2160 2.18 3600 1.11 5060 1.44 6280 1.67 7541 1.21

2170 1.73 3613 1.38 5510 1.75 6293 1.28 7552 1.20

2180 1.79 3620 1.46 5520 1.18 6300 1.64 7561 1.06

2190 1.79 3630 1.29 5530 1.40 6313 1.19 8011 1.50

2200 1.53 3640 1.10 5540 1.54 6321 1.82 8022 1.29

2210 1.71 4012 1.62 5550 1.40 6511 1.27 8031 1.57

2220 1.33 4023 1.75 5560 1.33 6520 1.17 8040 1.17

2230 1.67 4030 2.00 5570 1.36 6532 1.54 8052 1.57

2240 3.00 4042 1.50 5580 1.33 6541 1.25 8061 1.90

2251 2.36 4050 1.83 5592 1.36 6552 1.90 8071 1.18

2261 1.56 4061 1.10 5601 1.38 6560 1.17 8081 1.36

2271 1.69 4072 1.54 6010 1.88 6573 1.60 8510 1.00

2280 1.77 4082 1.39 6021 1.58 6580 1.12 8520 1.07

2290 1.93 4092 2.00 6034 3.00 6592 1.18 8530 1.14

2300 1.69 4100 3.00 6040 1.56 6602 1.50 8541 1.14

2310 2.00 4510 1.40 6050 3.00 6611 1.33 8550 1.07

2320 1.86 4521 1.36 6060 2.27 6620 1.25 8560 1.07

3012 1.64 4530 1.36 6070 2.23 7012 1.28 8570 1.07

3020 1.64 4540 1.18 6080 3.00 7023 1.69 8582 1.21

3032 1.71 4550 1.31 6090 2.08 7033 1.44 8590 1.00

3042 1.33 4560 1.29 6102 1.87 7041 1.54 8600 1.14

3050 1.57 4572 1.22 6110 1.43 7053 1.58 8611 1.00

3062 1.90 4580 1.64 6121 1.50 7062 1.16 8621 1.21

120


PSU

Household-level


Factor

PSU

Household-level


Factor

PSU

Household-level


Factor

PSU

Household-level


Factor

PSU

Household-level


Factor

9012 1.44 10521 1.67 12071 1.71 14520 1.07 16030 1.88

9021 1.36 10532 1.50 12082 1.85 14530 1.53 16040 2.00

9032 1.47 10540 1.50 12510 1.83 14542 1.06 16050 1.50

9042 1.91 10552 1.58 12520 1.92 14550 1.00 16060 2.07

9051 1.77 10562 1.50 12532 1.75 14560 1.44 16070 1.69

9062 1.67 10570 1.38 12540 1.92 14572 1.22 16080 1.81

9512 1.46 10580 1.42 12551 1.38 14583 1.20 16093 1.67

9522 1.40 10590 1.50 12561 1.58 14591 1.35 16104 2.14

9531 1.33 10603 1.42 12571 1.92 14602 1.06 16113 1.93

9540 1.20 11010 1.35 12580 1.83 14610 1.40 16120 2.14

9553 1.50 11022 2.00 12590 1.54 14620 1.00 16130 1.32

9562 1.11 11030 1.53 12600 1.50 14630 1.36 16142 1.44

9571 1.05 11041 2.00 13011 1.75 14642 1.33 16150 1.56

9580 1.38 11052 1.33 13023 2.00 14651 1.06 16161 1.19

9590 1.21 11061 1.69 13032 1.92 14660 1.22 16172 1.38

9603 1.29 11070 1.62 13040 2.08 14672 1.13 16180 1.47

9610 1.40 11083 1.40 13053 2.08 14681 1.27 16512 1.13

9621 1.46 11510 1.24 13063 1.83 14690 1.06 16520 1.16

9632 1.43 11520 1.11 13510 1.67 14700 1.06 16530 1.17

9640 1.50 11531 1.18 13520 1.50 15012 1.67 16540 1.20

9650 2.71 11541 1.27 13530 1.62 15020 1.75 16550 1.20

9661 1.33 11551 1.05 13543 1.67 15031 1.67 16562 1.24

9672 1.54 11562 1.11 13551 1.67 15043 1.92 16572 1.40

9681 1.54 11572 1.22 13561 1.67 15050 1.92 16581 1.19

10010 1.57 11583 1.25 14010 2.00 15062 1.83 16590 1.36

10020 1.71 11592 1.25 14024 2.00 15070 1.92 16601 1.29

10033 1.50 11601 1.10 14031 1.67 15080 1.75 16612 1.43

10041 1.44 11611 1.05 14041 1.85 15090 1.69 16622 1.57

10050 1.50 11620 1.11 14050 1.41 15101 1.50 16632 1.33

10060 1.60 11631 1.10 14060 1.56 15510 1.38 16642 1.43

10070 1.57 11640 1.24 14070 1.61 15520 1.67 16650 1.50

10080 1.85 11651 1.29 14081 1.23 15531 1.38 16661 1.27

10093 1.57 11661 1.06 14090 1.24 15540 1.58 16671 1.27

10102 1.60 11672 1.11 14102 1.39 15550 1.67 16681 1.33

10110 1.57 11680 1.00 14111 1.19 15562 1.29 17012 1.05

10122 1.54 12014 1.69 14123 1.64 15570 1.33 17021 1.50

10130 1.53 12021 1.69 14132 1.28 15582 1.33 17032 1.43

10143 1.64 12031 1.62 14142 1.31 15590 1.54 17041 1.69

10150 1.71 12040 1.67 14150 2.00 15601 1.21 17051 1.40

10161 1.38 12053 1.79 14161 1.14 16010 2.50 17060 1.35

10512 1.58 12062 1.47 14510 1.00 16020 2.50 17073 1.24

121


PSU

Household-level


Factor

PSU

Household-level


Factor

PSU

Household-level


Factor

PSU

Household-level


Factor

PSU

Household-level


Factor

17080 1.69 19093 1.67 21102 1.50 22572 1.23 24580 1.18

17092 3.00 19101 1.75 21110 1.67 22580 1.17 24590 1.20

17103 1.40 19510 1.80 21120 2.36 22590 1.38 24602 1.27

17510 1.00 19521 1.33 21130 2.50 22601 1.21 24610 1.13

17520 1.45 19530 1.50 21140 2.00 23010 1.53 24620 1.29

17530 1.36 19542 1.31 21150 1.25 23021 1.69 25011 1.38

17541 1.25 19550 1.14 21160 1.50 23032 1.53 25021 2.40

17550 1.12 19561 1.67 21172 1.64 23042 1.71 25030 1.39

17560 1.62 19570 1.00 21182 1.54 23050 1.64 25041 1.83

17570 1.46 19580 1.67 21194 1.53 23063 1.64 25053 1.56

17580 1.20 19591 1.46 21201 1.47 23073 1.50 25062 1.91

17590 1.43 19601 1.25 21213 1.57 23081 1.18 25512 1.00

17600 1.24 20010 1.58 21222 1.41 23510 1.54 25520 1.16

17610 1.27 20020 1.83 21232 1.64 23522 1.43 25532 1.33

17622 1.19 20030 1.67 21241 1.64 23530 1.57 25540 2.25

18013 1.17 20042 1.42 21510 1.36 23540 1.36 25551 1.29

18020 1.41 20050 1.75 21520 1.20 23550 1.40 25562 1.80

18030 1.85 20060 1.50 21532 1.38 23560 1.47 25570 1.44

18040 1.60 20510 1.15 21541 1.38 23570 1.46 25580 1.67

18050 1.71 20520 1.14 21552 1.50 23580 1.62 25593 1.90

18061 1.40 20530 1.21 21560 1.38 23590 1.29 25602 1.53

18510 1.13 20542 1.35 21573 1.36 23600 1.50 25611 1.35

18521 1.82 20552 1.27 21581 1.29 23611 1.62 25622 1.36

18532 1.29 20561 1.21 21590 1.36 23620 1.31 26012 1.24

18542 1.43 20570 1.14 21602 1.50 23631 1.38 26022 1.50

18551 1.36 20582 1.19 21610 1.50 23640 1.40 26030 1.62

18560 1.67 20590 1.27 21620 1.31 24013 1.33 26043 1.29

18570 1.25 20600 1.82 22011 1.20 24020 1.28 26051 1.14

18580 1.62 20611 1.21 22020 1.64 24030 1.20 26061 3.00

18590 1.43 20622 1.40 22031 1.29 24042 2.50 26072 1.44

18601 1.40 20631 1.19 22040 1.64 24052 1.46 26081 1.43

18610 1.18 20640 1.06 22051 1.57 24062 1.43 26510 1.18

18620 1.25 21010 2.33 22062 1.50 24070 1.25 26520 1.31

19011 1.75 21022 22072 1.47 24081 1.38 26530 1.57

19022 1.75 21031 2.55 22082 1.33 24511 1.18 26542 1.29

19032 1.67 21040 1.93 22510 1.33 24521 1.13 26551 1.31

19040 1.77 21050 3.00 22520 1.13 24530 1.21 26561 1.19

19050 2.50 21060 2.00 22530 1.00 24542 1.21 26570 1.29

19060 1.77 21070 1.21 22540 1.33 24551 1.31 26581 1.38

19070 1.14 21080 1.63 22550 1.46 24560 1.21 26590 1.38

19080 1.83 21092 2.07 22561 1.50 24570 1.15 26600 1.38

122


TABLE B2. Person-level non-response adjustment factor

Gender Age Group Current Smoking Status Person-level Adjustment Factor

Male

15-24Smoking 1.09

Not Smoking 1.08

25-44Smoking 1.10

Not Smoking 1.06

45-64Smoking 1.09

Not Smoking 1.06

65+Smoking 1.07

Not Smoking 1.05

Female

15-24Smoking 1.03

Not Smoking 1.10

25-44Smoking 1.05

Not Smoking 1.05

45-64Smoking 1.02

Not Smoking 1.05

65+Smoking 1.00

Not Smoking 1.02

Post-stratification Calibration AdjustmentIn the final stage of the weighting (Step 3), calibration adjustments were done

to adjust weights to known population totals. Adjustment cells were defined by cross-classifying variables that are generally known to be correlated with the key measures of tobacco use. The post-stratification adjustment (r) is calculated by region, residence (urban/rural), gender and the four age groups resulting in 64 adjustment cells. Some age groups were collapsed (if cell sample size <25) with neighboring age group to increase the cell size, therefore the final number of cells for calibration is 58. Table B3 shows the post-stratification calibration adjustment factors.

Final WeightsThe final weights assigned to each respondent were computed as the product of the

base weights, the non-response adjustments, and post-stratification calibration adjustment. The final weights were used in all analysis to produce estimates of population parameters.

123


TABLE B3. Post-stratification calibration adjustment factor

Region Domain Gender

Calibration Adjustment Factor

Age Group

15-24 25-44 45-64 65+

Western

UrbanMale 1.95 1.52 1.73 0.96

Female 2.38 1.45 1.43 0.94

RuralMale 1.93 1.51 1.17 1.12

Female 1.82 1.63 1.04 1.24

Central

UrbanMale 1.94 1.56 1.38 1.12

Female 2.29 1.52 1.44 1.06

RuralMale 2.37 2.01 1.15 1.24

Female 1.87 1.18 1.16

Southern

UrbanMale 1.67 1.47 1.10 1.01

Female 2.00 1.21 1.05 1.06

RuralMale 2.03 1.17 1.57

Female 1.85 0.97 1.23

Eastern

UrbanMale 3.25 3.60 2.41 1.73

Female 2.78 3.08 1.73

RuralMale 2.43 2.18 2.26

Female 2.95 1.83 1.58

Effect of Variable Sample Weights on the Precision of Survey WeightsVariation in sample weights can increase the amount of sampling error in survey

estimates and thus lead to larger variances and standard errors of these estimates. More specifically, the multiplicative increase in the variance of survey estimates depends on how variable the weights are for the set of sample observations that are used to produce the estimate. The more variable weights are the larger the value of Meffw. It is preferable for the Meffw to be less than 2.00. The values of Meffw were 1.94 overall and 1.68 for urban and rural residence. In this case, the values of Meffw are low which imply that the effort to reduce the effect of variable weights on estimates, such as weight trimming, is not required.

Other Computational ChecksTo validate if the calibration reflects the distribution of the known population by

region, urbanization, gender and age group, adjusted sample weights were summed by the combination of these characteristics. Table B4 shows that the population count is the same as the total sample weights by region, urbanization, gender and age.

124


TABLE B4. Sum of final weights by region, urbanization, gender and age

Region Domain Gender

Sample Weights Population Counts

Age Group Age Group

15-24 25-44 45-64 65+ 15-24 25-44 45-64 65+

Western

UrbanMale 309503 837237 622433 229907 309503 837237 622433 229907

Female 305495 863034 787147 423452 305495 863034 787147 423452

RuralMale 355158 783981 649148 267404 355158 783981 649148 267404

Female 333241 743269 687597 556692 333241 743269 687597 556692

Central

UrbanMale 479718 1448244 1082478 451885 479718 1448244 1082478 451885

Female 461702 1521819 1412579 847318 461702 1521819 1412579 847318

RuralMale 236614 568356 530622 270226 236614 568356 530622 270226

Female 757395 580520 591294 757395 580520 591294

Southern

UrbanMale 358785 1119716 844851 372161 358785 1119716 844851 372161

Female 339118 1126569 1120952 751760 339118 1126569 1120952 751760

RuralMale 524607 316965 129905 524607 316965 129905

Female 493102 357680 260297 493102 357680 260297

Eastern

UrbanMale 387995 1255109 993778 455714 387995 1255109 993778 455714

Female 1616530 1297167 924661 1616530 1297167 924661

RuralMale 245681 165766 80152 245681 165766 80152

Female 224169 181894 156034 224169 181894 156034

125

Ukraine2017

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: non-sampling errors and sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the GATS Ukraine to minimize this type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the GATS Ukraine is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance divided by the total number of cases in the frequency distribution. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the GATS Ukraine’ sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulae. SUDAAN (ver. 11.0) was used to calculate the sampling errors for GATS Ukraine. This procedure used the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions.

The Taylor linearization method treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration. The variance of r is computed using the formula given below, with the standard error being the square root of the variance:

APPENDIXC:ESTIMATESOFSAMPLINGERRORS

126


,in which

,

where h represents the stratum which is 1 for urban and 2 for rural; mh is the total number of PSUs selected in the hth stratum;yhi is the sum of weighted values of variable y in the ith PSUs in the hth stratum;xhi is the sum of weighted number of cases in the ith PSUs in the hth stratum; andfh is the sampling fraction in stratum h, which is so small that it is ignored.

In addition to the standard error, the procedure computes the design effect (DEFF) for each estimate, which is defined as the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and the standard error that would result if a simple random sample had been used. A DEFF value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a value greater than 1.0 indicates the increase in the sampling error because of the use of a more complex and less statistically efficient design. The procedure also computes the relative error and confidence limits for the estimates.

Sampling errors for the GATS Ukraine are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary interest. The results are presented in this appendix for the country as a whole and by gender and type of residence. Table C1 shows the list of indicators, the type of estimate, and the base population of the indicator. Table C2 to Table C6 on the other hand present the value of the statistic (R), its standard error (SE), the number of unweighted cases (n), the design effect (DEFF), the relative standard error (SE/R), the margin of error (MOE) and the 95 percent confidence limits (R±1.96SE) for each variable. The DEFF is considered undefined when the standard error considering simple random sample is zero (when the estimate is close to 0 or 1).

127

ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS Ukraine2017

TABLE C1. List of indicators for sampling errors, GATS Ukraine, 2017

Indicator Estimate Base populationCurrent tobacco users Proportion All adults ≥ 15 years old

Current tobacco smokers Proportion All adults ≥ 15 years old

Current cigarette smokers Proportion All adults ≥ 15 years old

Current users of smokeless tobacco Proportion All adults ≥ 15 years old

Daily tobacco smokers Proportion All adults ≥ 15 years old

Daily cigarette smokers Proportion All adults ≥ 15 years old

Former daily tobacco smokers among all adults Proportion All adults ≥ 15 years old

Former tobacco smokers among ever daily tobacco smokers Proportion Ever daily tobacco smokers ≥ 15 years old

Smokers who first use tobacco within 5 minutes of waking Proportion Current daily smokers ≥15 years old

Smokers who first use tobacco within 6-30 minutes of waking Proportion Current daily smokers ≥15 years old

Smokers who attempted quitting in the past 12 months Proportion Current smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months

Smokers whom health care provider asked about smoking ProportionCurrent smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months, and who visited a HCP during the past 12 months

Smokers whom health care provider advised to quit smoking ProportionCurrent smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months, and who visited a HCP during the past 12 months

Smokers who used nicotine patch or gum for smoking cessation Proportion Current smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months

Smokers who used counseling / advice for smoking cessation Proportion Current smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months

Smokers planning to quit, thinking about quitting or willing to quit smoking Proportion Current smokers

Adults exposed to SHS at home over past 30 days Proportion All adults ≥ 15 years old

Adults exposed to SHS at workplace over past 30 days Proportion Adults who work indoor or both indoor and outdoor

Adults exposed to SHS in government building / offices Proportion Adults who visited government building / offices in the past 30 days

Adults exposed to SHS in health care facilities Proportion Adults who visited health care facilities in the past 30 days

Adults exposed to SHS in restaurants /cafés Proportion Adults who visited restaurants / cafés in the past 30 days

Adults exposed to SHS in public transportation Proportion Adults who used public transportation in the past 30 days

Smokers who did last cigarette purchase in store Proportion Current manufactured cigarette smokers

Smokers who did last cigarette purchase at kiosk Proportion Current manufactured cigarette smokers Adults who noticed anti-tobacco information on radio or television during the last 30 days Proportion All adults ≥ 15 years old

Smokers who noticed health warning labels on cigarette packages during the last 30 days Proportion Current smokers

Smokers who thought about quitting because of health warning labels on cigarette package during the last 30 days Proportion Current smokers

Adults who noticed any cigarette advertisement or promotion during the last 30 days Proportion All adults ≥ 15 years old

Adults who believe that tobacco smoking causes serious illness Proportion All adults ≥ 15 years old

Adults who believe that tobacco smoking causes strokes Proportion All adults ≥ 15 years old

Adults who believe that tobacco smoking causes heart attacks Proportion All adults ≥ 15 years old

Adults who believe that tobacco smoking causes lung cancer Proportion All adults ≥ 15 years old

Adults who believe that SHS causes serious illness in non-smokers Proportion All adults ≥ 15 years old

Number of cigarettes smoked per day Mean Current daily manufactured cigarette smokers

Time since quitting smoking (years) Mean Former daily smokers

Monthly expenditures on manufactured cigarettes Median Current manufactured cigarette smokers

Age at daily smoking initiation Mean Ever daily smokers 18-34 years old

128


TABLE C2. Sampling errors for national sample, GATS Ukraine, 2017

Indicator Estimate (R)

Standard Error (SE)

Sample size (n)

Design Effect (DEFF)

Relative Error

(SE/R)

Margin of Error (MOE)

Confidence Limits

Lower Limit (R-1.96SE)

Upper Limit (R+1.96SE)

Current tobacco users 0.230 0.006 8 220 1.885 0.028 0.012 0.218 0.243

Current tobacco smokers 0.228 0.006 8 298 1.897 0.028 0.012 0.216 0.240

Current cigarette smokers 0.228 0.006 8 298 1.887 0.028 0.012 0.215 0.240

Current users of smokeless tobacco 0.002 0.001 8 169 2.781 0.451 0.001 0.000 0.003

Daily tobacco smokers 0.201 0.006 8 298 1.816 0.030 0.012 0.189 0.212

Daily cigarette smokers 0.200 0.006 8 298 1.803 0.029 0.012 0.189 0.212

Former daily tobacco smokers among all adults 0.102 0.004 8 298 1.673 0.042 0.008 0.094 0.111

Former tobacco smokers among ever daily tobacco smokers 0.324 0.011 2 581 1.371 0.033 0.021 0.303 0.345

Smokers who first use tobacco within 5 minutes of waking 0.213 0.013 1 582 1.559 0.060 0.025 0.187 0.238

Smokers who first use tobacco within 6-30 minutes of waking 0.479 0.017 1 582 1.755 0.035 0.033 0.447 0.512

Smokers who attempted quitting in the past 12 months 0.392 0.015 1 857 1.773 0.038 0.030 0.363 0.422

Smokers whom health care provider asked about smoking 0.492 0.034 379 1.761 0.069 0.067 0.425 0.559

Smokers whom health care provider advised to quit smoking 0.394 0.032 378 1.632 0.082 0.063 0.331 0.457

Smokers who used nicotine patch or gum for smoking cessation 0.062 0.012 717 1.807 0.195 0.024 0.038 0.086

Smokers who used counseling / advice for smoking cessation 0.021 0.006 718 1.150 0.276 0.011 0.009 0.032

Smokers planning to quit, thinking about quitting or willing to quit smoking

0.625 0.015 1 775 1.755 0.024 0.030 0.595 0.655

Adults exposed to SHS at home over past 30 days 0.130 0.007 8 236 3.316 0.052 0.013 0.117 0.143

Adults exposed to SHS at workplace over past 30 days 0.143 0.010 2 640 2.108 0.069 0.019 0.124 0.163

Adults exposed to SHS in government building / offices 0.049 0.006 3 003 2.357 0.124 0.012 0.037 0.061

Adults exposed to SHS in health care facilities 0.037 0.005 2 556 2.108 0.147 0.011 0.026 0.047

Adults exposed to SHS in restaurants /cafés 0.240 0.019 1 485 2.850 0.078 0.037 0.204 0.277

Adults exposed to SHS in public transportation 0.085 0.008 4 943 3.783 0.091 0.015 0.070 0.100

Smokers who did last cigarette purchase in store 0.733 0.019 1 705 3.232 0.026 0.038 0.695 0.770

Smokers who did last cigarette purchase at kiosk 0.222 0.018 1 705 3.190 0.081 0.035 0.187 0.257

Adults who noticed anti-tobacco information on radio or television during the last 30 days

0.383 0.011 8 283 4.111 0.028 0.021 0.362 0.404

Smokers who noticed health warning labels on cigarette packages during the last 30 days

0.922 0.010 1 775 2.718 0.011 0.021 0.902 0.943

129



Standard Error (SE)

Sample size (n)


Relative Error

(SE/R)


Confidence Limits



Smokers who thought about quitting because of health warning labels on cigarette package during the last 30 days

0.540 0.018 1 766 2.194 0.033 0.034 0.506 0.575

Adults who noticed any cigarette advertisement or promotion during the last 30 days

0.250 0.009 8 245 3.664 0.037 0.018 0.232 0.268

Adults who believe that tobacco smoking causes serious illness 0.927 0.006 8 284 4.300 0.006 0.012 0.915 0.938

Adults who believe that tobacco smoking causes strokes 0.861 0.007 8 285 3.565 0.008 0.014 0.847 0.875

Adults who believe that tobacco smoking causes heart attacks 0.867 0.008 8 283 4.299 0.009 0.015 0.852 0.882

Adults who believe that tobacco smoking causes lung cancer 0.945 0.005 8 287 3.363 0.005 0.009 0.936 0.954

Adults who believe that SHS causes serious illness in non-smokers 0.855 0.007 8 290 3.283 0.008 0.014 0.842 0.869

Number of cigarettes smoked per day 17.1 0.2 1 583 1.4 0.0 0.5 16.7 17.6

Time since quitting smoking (years) 12.3 0.5 886 1.5 0.0 1.0 11.3 13.3

Monthly expenditures on manufactured cigarettes 451.4 21.9 1 619 2.0 0.0 42.8 408.6 494.3

Age at daily smoking initiation 16.8 0.2 595 1.6 0.0 0.3 16.5 17.1

130


TABLE C3. Sampling errors for male sample, GATS Ukraine, 2017


Standard Error (SE)

Sample size (n)


Relative Error

(SE/R)


Confidence Limits











Smokers who first use tobacco within 5 minutes of waking 0.233 0.014 1 334 1.540 0.062 0.028 0.205 0.261

Smokers who first use tobacco within 6-30 minutes of waking 0.495 0.018 1 334 1.743 0.037 0.035 0.460 0.531

Smokers who attempted quitting in the past 12 months 0.372 0.017 1 523 1.840 0.045 0.033 0.339 0.405






0.600 0.016 1 465 1.650 0.027 0.032 0.567 0.632




Adults exposed to SHS in health care facilities 0.057 0.013 849 2.587 0.224 0.025 0.032 0.082

Adults exposed to SHS in restaurants /cafés 0.262 0.024 856 2.569 0.092 0.047 0.215 0.309


Smokers who did last cigarette purchase in store 0.752 0.018 1 405 2.517 0.024 0.036 0.716 0.788

Smokers who did last cigarette purchase at kiosk 0.199 0.017 1 405 2.404 0.083 0.032 0.167 0.231


0.371 0.013 3 758 2.728 0.035 0.026 0.346 0.397


0.923 0.010 1 465 2.243 0.011 0.021 0.902 0.943

131



Standard Error (SE)

Sample size (n)


Relative Error

(SE/R)


Confidence Limits




0.528 0.018 1 458 1.898 0.034 0.035 0.493 0.563


0.264 0.012 3 741 2.650 0.045 0.023 0.241 0.287






Number of cigarettes smoked per day 18.2 0.3 1 333 1.3 0.0 0.5 17.7 18.7


Monthly expenditures on manufactured cigarettes 461.7 9.8 1 340 1.5 0.0 19.1 442.6 480.8


132


TABLE C4. Sampling errors for female sample, GATS Ukraine, 2017


Standard Error (SE)

Sample size (n)


Relative Error

(SE/R)


Confidence Limits






Current users of smokeless tobacco 0.000 0.000 4 481 – – 0.000 0.000 0.000




Former tobacco smokers among ever daily tobacco smokers 0.366 0.033 412 1.988 0.092 0.066 0.300 0.431

Smokers who first use tobacco within 5 minutes of waking 0.124 0.024 248 1.295 0.192 0.047 0.077 0.171

Smokers who first use tobacco within 6-30 minutes of waking 0.411 0.041 248 1.684 0.099 0.080 0.331 0.490

Smokers who attempted quitting in the past 12 months 0.465 0.039 334 2.030 0.084 0.076 0.388 0.541




Smokers who used counseling / advice for smoking cessation 0.002 0.002 156 0.333 1.006 0.004 -0.002 0.006


0.720 0.033 310 1.696 0.046 0.065 0.655 0.785







Smokers who did last cigarette purchase in store 0.658 0.044 300 2.518 0.066 0.085 0.572 0.743

Smokers who did last cigarette purchase at kiosk 0.310 0.044 300 2.658 0.141 0.085 0.224 0.395


0.393 0.013 4 525 3.396 0.034 0.026 0.367 0.419


0.922 0.019 310 1.606 0.021 0.038 0.884 0.960

133



Standard Error (SE)

Sample size (n)


Relative Error

(SE/R)


Confidence Limits




0.587 0.042 308 2.192 0.071 0.082 0.505 0.668


0.239 0.011 4 504 2.975 0.046 0.021 0.217 0.260






Number of cigarettes smoked per day 12.6 0.5 250 1.4 0.0 0.9 11.7 13.5


Monthly expenditures on manufactured cigarettes 410.9 101.7 279 1.9 0.2 199.3 211.7 610.2


134


TABLE C5. Sampling errors for urban sample, GATS Ukraine, 2017


Standard Error (SE)

Sample size (n)


Relative Error

(SE/R)


Confidence Limits



















0.639 0.020 900 1.553 0.031 0.039 0.600 0.678










0.372 0.014 4 129 3.458 0.038 0.027 0.345 0.400


0.918 0.014 898 2.429 0.016 0.028 0.891 0.946

135



Standard Error (SE)

Sample size (n)


Relative Error

(SE/R)


Confidence Limits




0.521 0.023 893 1.904 0.044 0.045 0.476 0.567


0.259 0.011 4 109 2.777 0.044 0.022 0.237 0.282










136


TABLE C6. Sampling errors for rural sample, GATS Ukraine, 2017


Standard Error (SE)

Sample size (n)


Relative Error

(SE/R)


Confidence Limits






Current users of smokeless tobacco 0.002 0.002 4 082 4.028 0.632 0.003 –0.001 0.006













0.593 0.020 875 1.504 0.034 0.040 0.553 0.633


Adults exposed to SHS at workplace over past 30 days 0.163 0.018 942 2.282 0.112 0.036 0.127 0.198








0.407 0.016 4 154 4.304 0.039 0.031 0.376 0.438


0.931 0.012 877 1.828 0.012 0.023 0.909 0.954

137



Standard Error (SE)

Sample size (n)


Relative Error

(SE/R)


Confidence Limits




0.582 0.023 873 1.874 0.039 0.045 0.537 0.627


0.229 0.015 4 136 5.239 0.065 0.029 0.199 0.258










138


MPOWER: Summary indicators

Indicator2010

Overall Male Female

M: Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies Current tobacco use 28.4 (27.2, 29.7) 49.9 (47.8, 52.0) 10.5 (9.2, 12.0)Current tobacco smokers 28.3 (27.0, 29.5) 49.6 (47.6, 51.7) 10.5 (9.2, 12.0)Current daily tobacco smokers 25.0 (23.8, 26.3) 45.1 (43.0, 47.2) 8.4 (7.1, 9.8)Current cigarette smokers 28.0 (26.8, 29.2) 49.3 (47.2, 51.4) 10.3 (9.0, 11.7)Current manufactured cigarette smokers 27.9 (26.6, 29.1) 49.0 (47.0, 51.1) 10.3 (9.0, 11.7)Current smokeless tobacco users 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1)Average number of cigarettes smoked per day 16.9 (16.5, 17.4) 18.1 (17.6, 18.6) 11.8 (10.9, 12.8)Average age at daily smoking initiation among ever daily smokers 18-34 years 17.1 (16.9, 17.4) 16.8 (16.5, 17.1) 18.1 (17.5, 18.6)P: Protect people from tobacco smokeExposure to secondhand smoke at home at least monthly 22.9 (21.5, 24.4) 24.7 (22.9, 26.7) 21.4 (19.6, 23.4)Exposure to secondhand smoke at work1 31.9 (29.4, 34.6) 41.9 (38.5, 45.4) 22.0 (18.8, 25.6)Non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke at home or workplaces 21.6 (20.0, 23.2) 19.8 (17.1, 22.7) 22.4 (20.5, 24.3)Exposure to secondhand smoke in public places among those who visited1:

Government building / offices 10.1 (8.6, 11.8) 12.9 (10.7, 15.5) 8.0 (6.2, 10.2)Health care facilities 6.3 (5.1, 7.8) 7.9 (5.7, 10.8) 5.5 (4.1, 7.4)Restaurants / cafés 62.1 (58.9, 65.3) 64.3 (60.1, 68.2) 59.5 (53.9, 64.8)

Believe smoking should not be allowed in restaurants or cafés 70.9 (69.1, 72.7) 65.0 (62.6, 67.3) 75.9 (73.6, 78.1)O: Offer help to quit tobacco use Made a quit attempt in the past 12 months 41.0 (38.3, 43.8) 40.0 (37.1, 43.0) 44.6 (37.9, 51.5)Advised to quit smoking by a health care provider 33.0 (28.3, 38.1) 33.9 (28.8, 39.5) 30.4 (20.8, 42.0)Attempted to quit smoking using a specific cessation method:

Nicotine patch or gum 1.6 (0.9, 2.9) 1.5 (0.8, 2.9) 1.8 (0.5, 6.7)Counseling / advice 2.1 (1.2, 3.7) 2.2 (1.2, 4.0) 1.9 (0.5, 7.4)

Interest in quitting smoking 70.0 (67.3, 72.6) 68.8 (65.8, 71.7) 74.7 (66.6, 81.4)W: Warn about the dangers of tobaccoBelieve that tobacco smoking causes serious illness 93.2 (92.3, 93.9) 91.5 (90.1, 92.6) 94.6 (93.5, 95.4)Believe that smoking causes:

Strokes 79.0 (77.3, 80.6) 75.5 (73.2, 77.6) 81.9 (79.9, 83.7)Heart attacks 80.2 (78.7, 81.6) 76.8 (74.6, 78.9) 83.0 (81.2, 84.6)Lung cancer 91.2 (90.2, 92.1) 89.7 (88.3, 91.0) 92.5 (91.3, 93.5)

Belief that inhaling other peoples’ smoke causes serious illness 86.2 (85.0, 87.3) 82.3 (80.6, 84.0) 89.4 (88.0, 90.7)Noticed anti-cigarette smoking information at any location1 66.8 (64.8, 68.7) 66.4 (63.9, 68.8) 67.1 (64.6, 69.5)Thinking of quitting because of health warnings on cigarette packages 59.7 (56.1, 63.2) 58.5 (54.7, 62.3) 64.2 (56.6, 71.1)E: Enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship Noticed any cigarette advertisement, sponsorship or promotion1 46.3 (44.2, 48.4) 53.3 (50.7, 55.8) 40.5 (38.1, 43.0)R: Raise taxes on tobaccoMedian cigarette expenditure per month 259.2 (247.2, 276.9) 280.4 (269.0, 297.7) 183.0 (157.4, 205.3)Median price for a pack of 20 manufactured cigarettes 10.4 (10.4, 11.0) 10.3 (10.3, 10.5) 12.5 (11.4, 12.9)

1 In the last 30 days. * p<0.05. Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).

The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.

N/A: Not Applicable.

APPENDIXD:TABLES

139

TABLES Ukraine2017

2017 Relative changes

Overall Male Female Overall Male Female

23.0 (21.8, 24.3) 40.1 (38.2, 42.0) 8.9 (7.6, 10.3) − 19.0* – 19.7* − 15.8 22.8 (21.6, 24.1) 39.7 (37.8, 41.6) 8.8 (7.6, 10.2) − 19.3* − 20.0* − 16.2 20.1 (18.9, 21.3) 35.9 (33.9, 37.9) 7.0 (5.9, 8.2) − 19.8* − 20.5* − 16.6 22.8 (21.5, 24.0) 39.6 (37.7, 41.6) 8.8 (7.6, 10.1) − 18.7* − 19.6* − 14.8 22.6 (21.3, 23.8) 39.2 (37.3, 41.1) 8.8 (7.6, 10.1) − 19.1* − 20.1* − 14.8 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) 0.0 N/A − 27.4 − 25.4 N/A 17.1 (16.7, 17.6) 18.2 (17.7, 18.7) 12.6 (11.7, 13.5) 1.0 0.5 6.5 16.8 (16.5, 17.1) 16.5 (16.1, 16.8) 17.7 (17.0, 18.4) − 1.9 − 2.1 − 1.8

13.0 (11.7, 14.4) 15.9 (14.1, 18.0) 10.6 (9.2, 12.2) − 43.2* − 35.5* − 50.5* 14.3 (12.5, 16.4) 20.8 (18.1, 23.8) 7.4 (5.8, 9.5) − 55.2* − 50.3* − 66.2* 10.4 (9.2, 11.8) 12.1 (10.2, 14.4) 9.5 (8.2, 11.0) − 51.5* − 38.7* − 57.5*

4.9 (3.8, 6.2) 6.0 (4.2, 8.3) 4.1 (2.9, 5.8) − 51.5* − 53.9* − 48.1* 3.7 (2.7, 4.9) 5.7 (3.7, 8.8) 2.7 (1.8, 4.0) − 41.7* − 27.5 − 50.9* 24.0 (20.5, 27.9) 26.2 (21.7, 31.2) 21.5 (17.1, 26.7) − 61.3* − 59.2* − 63.9* 81.3 (79.6, 82.9) 77.2 (74.8, 79.5) 84.7 (82.8, 86.3) 14.6* 18.8* 11.5*

39.2 (36.3, 42.2) 37.2 (34.0, 40.6) 46.5 (38.9, 54.1) − 4.3 − 7.0 4.2 39.4 (33.3, 45.8) 40.9 (33.8, 48.4) 36.0 (25.0, 48.6) 19.4 20.5 18.4

6.2 (4.2, 9.1) 5.4 (3.5, 8.2) 8.6 (4.0, 17.5) 292.9* 259.5 367.4 2.1 (1.2, 3.5) 2.7 (1.5, 4.7) 0.2 (0.0, 1.5) − 3.8 21.5 − 88.8* 62.5 (59.4, 65.4) 60.0 (56.7, 63.1) 72.0 (65.0, 78.1) − 10.8* − 12.9* − 3.6

92.7 (91.4, 93.8) 91.1 (89.5, 92.5) 94.0 (92.6, 95.1) − 0.5 − 0.4 − 0.6

86.1 (84.6, 87.4) 83.6 (81.5, 85.4) 88.2 (86.5, 89.6) 9.0* 10.7* 7.7* 86.7 (85.1, 88.2) 84.4 (82.3, 86.2) 88.7 (86.9, 90.3) 8.2* 9.8* 6.9* 94.5 (93.5, 95.4) 92.8 (91.5, 93.9) 96.0 (94.9, 96.9) 3.6* 3.4* 3.8* 85.5 (84.1, 86.9) 81.9 (80.0, 83.7) 88.5 (86.9, 90.0) − 0.8 − 0.5 − 1.0 52.7 (50.4, 54.9) 51.9 (49.2, 54.5) 53.3 (50.6, 56.0) − 21.1* − 21.9* − 20.5* 54.0 (50.6, 57.5) 52.8 (49.2, 56.3) 58.7 (50.3, 66.5) − 9.5* − 9.8* − 8.6

25.0 (23.3, 26.8) 26.4 (24.1, 28.7) 23.9 (21.8, 26.1) − 46.0* − 50.5* − 41.1*

450.9 (428.0, 456.2) 485.7 (461.6, 501.3) 272.4 (258.6, 302.1) 74.0* 73.2* 48.9* 17.5 (17.3, 17.9) 17.4 (17.2, 17.9) 17.8 (17.0, 18.0) 68.4* 68.3* 42.7*

140


TABLE 2.1: Unweighted number and percentage of households and persons interviewed and response rates, by residence – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Residence

TotalUrban Rural

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Selected household

Completed (HC) 4 315 54.6 4 402 63.8 8 717 58.9

Completed – No one eligible (HCNE) 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0

Incomplete (HINC) 64 0.8 33 0.5 97 0.7

No screening respondent (HNS) 65 0.8 67 1.0 132 0.9

Nobody home (HNH) 1 219 15.4 588 8.5 1 807 12.2

Refused (HR) 1 387 17.6 705 10.2 2 092 14.1

Unoccupied (HUO) 653 8.3 861 12.5 1 514 10.2

Address not a dwelling (HAND) 154 1.9 212 3.1 366 2.5

Other1 (HO) 43 0.5 32 0.5 75 0.5

Total households selected 7 900 100.0 6 900 100.0 14 800 100.0

Household Response Rate (HRR) (%)2 60.8% 75.5% 67.5%

Selected person

Completed (PC) 4 141 96.0 4 157 94.4 8 298 95.2

Incomplete (PINC) 17 0.4 10 0.2 27 0.3

Not eligible (PNE) 8 0.2 17 0.4 25 0.3

Not at home (PNH) 37 0.9 78 1.8 115 1.3

Refused (PR) 84 1.9 86 2.0 170 2.0

Incapacitated (PI) 22 0.5 49 1.1 71 0.8

Other1 (PO) 6 0.1 5 0.1 11 0.1

Total number of sampled persons 4 315 100.0 4 402 100.0 8 717 100.0

Person-level Response Rate (PRR) (%)3 96.1% 94.8% 95.5%

Total Response Rate (TRR) (%)4 58.5% 71.6% 64.4%

1 Includes any other result not listed.2 The Household Response Rate (HRR) is calculated as:

3 The Person-level Response Rate (PRR) is calculated as:

4 The Total Response Rate (TRR) is calculated as: (HRR × PRR) / 100Notes:• An incomplete household interview (i.e., roster could not be finished) was considered a nonrespondent to the GATS. Thus, these cases

(HINC) were not included in the numerator of the household response rate.• The Total Number of Sampled Persons should be equal to the number of Completed [HC] household interviews.• A completed person interview [PC] includes respondents who had completed at least question E01 and who provided valid answers

to questions B01/B02/B03. Respondents who did not meet these criteria were considered as nonrespondents to GATS and thus, were not included in the numerator of the person-level response rate.

141

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 2.2: Distribution of adults aged 15 years or older by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

CharacteristicsWeighted Unweighted

Percentage (95% CI1) Number of adults (in thousands)

Number of adults Percentage

Overall 100.0 36 096.6 8 298 100.0

Gender

Male 45.4 (43.8, 46.9) 16 374.1 3 765 45.4

Female 54.6 (53.1, 56.2) 19 722.5 4 533 54.6

Age (years)

15-24 11.7 (10.6, 12.8) 4 223.5 537 6.5

25-44 37.3 (35.8, 38.9) 13 472.7 2 348 28.3

45-64 32.2 (30.8, 33.7) 11 631.6 3 021 36.4

65+ 18.8 (17.7, 19.9) 6 768.9 2 392 28.8

Residence

Urban 69.4 (67.9, 70.8) 25 048.8 4 141 49.9

Rural 30.6 (29.2, 32.1) 11 047.8 4 157 50.1

Education level2,3

Less than secondary 6.3 (5.6, 7.0) 1 984.6 812 9.8

Secondary school 22.7 (21.2, 24.2) 7 204.9 2 047 24.7

High school 41.6 (39.9, 43.4) 13 198.3 3 089 37.2

College or above 29.4 (27.6, 31.4) 9 341.1 1 789 21.6

Region

Western 24.3 (22.9, 25.7) 8 754.7 2 512 30.3

Central 31.1 (29.5, 32.8) 11 240.8 2 820 34.0

Southern 22.5 (21.1, 23.9) 8 116.5 1 970 23.7

Eastern 22.1 (20.5, 23.8) 7 984.7 996 12.0

Marital status

Married, live together 57.9 (56.5, 59.3) 20 643.8 4 065 49.0

Not married 42.1 (40.7, 43.5) 15 016.5 4 111 49.5

Employment status

Employed in public sector 16.8 (15.5, 18.1) 6 006.7 1 198 14.4

Employed in non-public sector 30.7 (29.0, 32.4) 10 984.8 2 062 24.8

Student 5.3 (4.5, 6.2) 1 892.8 225 2.7

Home maker 8.6 (7.6, 9.6) 3 072.8 562 6.8

Retired 29.7 (28.3, 31.0) 10 621.3 3 413 41.1

Not employed 9.0 (8.2, 10.0) 3 232.8 785 9.5

Note: The following observations were missing: 0 for age, 0 for gender, 0 for residence, and 24 for education.1 95% Confidence interval.2 Less than secondary includes “No formal schooling”, “Primary school”, and “Less than 9 grades”; Secondary school includes “Full

9 grades”, and “11 grades”; High school includes “High school completed”; College or above includes “College/university completed” and “Post graduate degree completed”.

3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

142


TABLE 2.3: Distribution of adults aged 15 years or older by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristics

2010

Weighted Unweighted number of adultsPercentage (95% CI1) Number of adults (in thousands)

Overall 100.0 34 360.7 7 082

Gender

Male 45.4 (44.8, 46.0) 15 597.5 3 538

Female 54.6 (54.0, 55.2) 18 763.2 3 544

Age (years)

15-24 18.2 (16.7, 19.8) 6 262.3 752

25-44 34.0 (32.5, 35.6) 11 690.9 2 304

45-64 30.3 (28.9, 31.7) 10 408.1 2 440

65+ 17.5 (16.4, 18.5) 5 999.5 1 586

Residence

Urban 65.3 (63.6, 67.0) 22 439.2 3 338

Rural 34.7 (33.0, 36.4) 11 921.6 3 744

Education level2,3

Less than secondary 11.7 (10.8, 12.7) 3 279.6 927

Secondary school 26.7 (25.3, 28.2) 7 486.1 1 854

High school 38.3 (36.7, 40.0) 10 730.7 2 306

College or above 23.3 (21.8, 24.8) 6 518.1 1 230

Region

Western 27.2 (25.9, 28.6) 9 360.4 2 041

Central 34.8 (33.1, 36.5) 11 951.5 2 536

Southern 25.5 (24.2, 26.8) 8 756.0 1 675

Eastern 12.5 (11.4, 13.6) 4 292.9 830

Marital status

Married, live together 63.7 (62.0, 65.3) 21 762.2 4 854

Not married 36.3 (34.7, 38.0) 12 410.6 2 197

Employment status

Employed in public sector 17.9 (16.7, 19.2) 6 134.1 1 199

Employed in non-public sector 28.3 (26.8, 29.8) 9 672.0 1 823

Student 9.4 (8.2, 10.8) 3 227.9 335

Home maker 8.2 (7.4, 9.0) 2 795.1 572

Retired 27.7 (26.4, 29.0) 9 480.1 2 416

Not employed 8.5 (7.7, 9.4) 2 914.0 718

1 95% Confidence interval.2 Less than secondary includes “No formal schooling”, “primary school”, and “Less than 9 grades”; Secondary school includes “Full


3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.Note: GATS Ukraine 2017 survey does not cover the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, city of Sevastopol, and certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts. Data from these areas were also excluded for GATS Ukraine 2010 survey for the purpose of comparison with 2017 survey data.

143

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 2.3 (CONT.): Distribution of adults aged 15 years or older by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristics

2017

Weighted Unweighted number of adultsPercentage (95% CI1) Number of adults (in thousands)

Overall 100.0 36 096.6 8 298

Gender

Male 45.4 (43.8, 46.9) 16 374.1 3 765

Female 54.6 (53.1, 56.2) 19 722.5 4 533

Age (years)

15-24 11.7 (10.6, 12.8) 4 223.5 537

25-44 37.3 (35.8, 38.9) 13 472.7 2 348

45-64 32.2 (30.8, 33.7) 11 631.6 3 021

65+ 18.8 (17.7, 19.9) 6 768.9 2 392

Residence

Urban 69.4 (67.9, 70.8) 25 048.8 4 141

Rural 30.6 (29.2, 32.1) 11 047.8 4 157

Education level2,3

Less than secondary 6.3 (5.6, 7.0) 1 984.6 812

Secondary school 22.7 (21.2, 24.2) 7 204.9 2 047

High school 41.6 (39.9, 43.4) 13 198.3 3 089

College or above 29.4 (27.6, 31.4) 9 341.1 1 789

Region

Western 24.3 (22.9, 25.7) 8 754.7 2 512

Central 31.1 (29.5, 32.8) 11 240.8 2 820

Southern 22.5 (21.1, 23.9) 8 116.5 1 970

Eastern 22.1 (20.5, 23.8) 7 984.7 996

Marital status

Married, live together 57.9 (56.5, 59.3) 20 643.8 4 065

Not married 42.1 (40.7, 43.5) 15 016.5 4 111

Employment status

Employed in public sector 16.8 (15.5, 18.1) 6 006.7 1 198

Employed in non-public sector 30.7 (29.0, 32.4) 10 984.8 2 062

Student 5.3 (4.5, 6.2) 1 892.8 225

Home maker 8.6 (7.6, 9.6) 3 072.8 562

Retired 29.7 (28.3, 31.0) 10 621.3 3 413

Not employed 9.0 (8.2, 10.0) 3 232.8 785

1 95% Confidence interval.2 Less than secondary includes “No formal schooling”, “primary school”, and “Less than 9 grades”; Secondary school includes “Full


3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.Note: GATS Ukraine 2017 survey does not cover the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, city of Sevastopol, and certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts. Data from these areas were also excluded for GATS Ukraine 2010 survey for the purpose of comparison with 2017 survey data.

144


TABLE 4.1: Percentage of current tobacco users aged 15 years or older and their distribution by tobacco use pattern and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic Current tobacco users1

Type of current tobacco use2

Smoked only Smokeless only Both smoked and smokeless

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 23.0 (21.8, 24.3) 99.3 (98.2, 99.7) 0.2 (0.0, 1.1) 0.6 (0.3, 1.3)

Age (years)

15-24 19.1 (15.6, 23.3) 96.3 (89.4, 98.8) 1.7 (0.2, 11.0) 2.0 (0.6, 6.5)

25-44 32.6 (30.2, 35.1) 99.3 (97.8, 99.8) 0.0 N/A 0.7 (0.2, 2.2)

45-64 23.1 (21.1, 25.1) 99.9 (99.6, 100.0) 0.0 N/A 0.1 (0.0, 0.4)

65+ 6.1 (5.1, 7.4) 99.7 (98.1, 100.0) 0.0 N/A 0.3 (0.0, 1.9)

Residence

Urban 22.9 (21.3, 24.6) 99.4 (98.0, 99.8) 0.2 (0.0, 1.6) 0.4 (0.1, 1.0)

Rural 23.3 (21.5, 25.1) 98.9 (96.3, 99.7) 0.0 N/A 1.1 (0.3, 3.7)

Education level 3

Less than secondary 9.8 (7.3, 13.1) 100.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

Secondary school 26.7 (24.2, 29.5) 99.9 (99.6, 100.0) 0.0 N/A 0.1 (0.0, 0.4)

High school 27.0 (24.8, 29.4) 99.5 (97.2, 99.9) 0.0 N/A 0.5 (0.1, 2.8)

College or above 19.0 (16.8, 21.6) 99.3 (97.3, 99.8) 0.0 N/A 0.7 (0.2, 2.7)

Region

Western 20.7 (18.6, 22.9) 98.9 (92.5, 99.8) 0.7 (0.1, 5.1) 0.4 (0.1, 2.6)

Central 22.2 (20.3, 24.3) 99.7 (98.9, 99.9) 0.0 N/A 0.3 (0.1, 1.1)

Southern 26.6 (24.1, 29.2) 99.1 (97.5, 99.7) 0.0 N/A 0.9 (0.3, 2.5)

Eastern 23.1 (19.9, 26.7) 99.1 (94.2, 99.9) 0.0 N/A 0.9 (0.1, 5.8)

1 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers or smokeless tobacco users.2 Among current tobacco users.3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

N/A: Not applicable

145

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.1 (CONT.): Percentage of current tobacco users aged 15 years or older and their distribution by tobacco use pattern and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017


Type of current tobacco use2

Smoked only Smokeless only Both smoked and smokeless

Percentage (95% CI)

Male 40.1 (38.2, 42.0) 99.1 (97.7, 99.6) 0.2 (0.0, 1.4) 0.7 (0.3, 1.7)

Age (years)

15-24 28.1 (22.8, 34.2) 95.4 (86.9, 98.5) 2.1 (0.3, 13.5) 2.5 (0.7, 8.1)

25-44 50.9 (47.3, 54.5) 99.1 (97.1, 99.8) 0.0 N/A 0.9 (0.2, 2.9)

45-64 42.0 (38.6, 45.6) 99.9 (99.5, 100.0) 0.0 N/A 0.1 (0.0, 0.5)

65+ 15.9 (12.9, 19.4) 99.7 (97.8, 100.0) 0.0 N/A 0.3 (0.0, 2.2)

Residence

Urban 38.3 (35.9, 40.8) 99.2 (97.3, 99.8) 0.3 (0.0, 2.2) 0.5 (0.2, 1.3)

Rural 43.9 (41.0, 46.9) 98.8 (95.8, 99.6) 0.0 N/A 1.2 (0.4, 4.2)

Education level3

Less than secondary 29.2 (21.6, 38.2) 100.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

Secondary school 49.0 (44.8, 53.2) 99.9 (99.5, 100.0) 0.0 N/A 0.1 (0.0, 0.5)

High school 46.7 (43.4, 50.0) 99.4 (96.6, 99.9) 0.0 N/A 0.6 (0.1, 3.4)

College or above 31.2 (27.0, 35.6) 99.0 (96.2, 99.8) 0.0 N/A 1.0 (0.2, 3.8)

Region

Western 39.0 (35.5, 42.7) 98.7 (91.6, 99.8) 0.8 (0.1, 5.7) 0.4 (0.1, 2.9)

Central 37.7 (34.5, 41.0) 99.7 (98.5, 99.9) 0.0 N/A 0.3 (0.1, 1.5)

Southern 43.4 (39.6, 47.3) 98.8 (96.7, 99.6) 0.0 N/A 1.2 (0.4, 3.3)

Eastern 41.2 (36.5, 46.0) 98.9 (92.8, 99.8) 0.0 N/A 1.1 (0.2, 7.2)

Female 8.9 (7.6, 10.3) 100.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

Age (years)

15-24 8.3 (4.6, 14.4) – – – – – –

25-44 15.1 (12.6, 18.0) 100.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

45-64 7.7 (6.1, 9.7) 100.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

65+ 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) – – – – – –

Residence

Urban 10.4 (8.7, 12.3) 100.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

Rural 5.3 (4.2, 6.7) 100.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

Education level3

Less than secondary 2.8 (1.4, 5.7) – – – – – –

Secondary school 8.8 (6.6, 11.7) 100.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

High school 9.5 (7.4, 12.1) 100.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

College or above 9.7 (7.6, 12.2) 100.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

Region

Western 4.8 (3.3, 7.0) 100.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

Central 9.5 (7.6, 11.7) 100.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

Southern 12.7 (9.9, 16.1) 100.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

Eastern 8.5 (5.6, 12.8) 100.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

1 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers or smokeless tobacco users.2 Among current tobacco users.3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

«–» Estimates suppressed due to unweighted sample size less than 25.N/A: Not applicable

146


TABLE 4.2: Percentage distribution of adults aged 15 years or older, by smoking status, gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

CharacteristicSmoking status

Daily smokers Occasional smokers1 Non-smokers

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 20.1 (18.9, 21.3) 2.7 (2.2, 3.4) 77.2 (75.9, 78.4)

Age (years)

15-24 14.2 (11.3, 17.8) 4.4 (2.7, 7.2) 81.3 (77.2, 84.8)

25-44 28.8 (26.5, 31.2) 3.6 (2.8, 4.8) 67.6 (65.1, 70.0)

45-64 20.9 (19.1, 22.8) 2.0 (1.4, 2.9) 77.1 (75.1, 79.0)

65+ 5.0 (4.0, 6.1) 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) 94.0 (92.7, 95.0)

Residence

Urban 19.6 (18.2, 21.2) 3.1 (2.4, 3.9) 77.3 (75.7, 78.9)

Rural 21.1 (19.5, 22.8) 2.0 (1.5, 2.6) 76.9 (75.1, 78.7)

Education level2

Less than secondary 8.9 (6.5, 12.0) 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) 90.3 (87.0, 92.8)

Secondary school 24.2 (21.7, 26.9) 2.2 (1.6, 3.1) 73.5 (70.8, 76.1)

High school 24.4 (22.2, 26.8) 2.4 (1.7, 3.3) 73.2 (70.9, 75.4)

College or above 15.7 (13.7, 17.9) 3.3 (2.3, 4.7) 81.1 (78.6, 83.3)

Region

Western 17.2 (15.4, 19.3) 3.1 (1.9, 5.0) 79.7 (77.4, 81.7)

Central 19.7 (17.9, 21.6) 2.4 (1.8, 3.2) 77.9 (75.8, 79.8)

Southern 23.9 (21.7, 26.2) 2.5 (1.6, 3.9) 73.6 (71.0, 76.1)

Eastern 19.9 (16.8, 23.4) 3.0 (1.9, 4.6) 77.1 (73.6, 80.4)

1 Occasional refers to less than daily use.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

147

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.2 (CONT.): Percentage distribution of adults aged 15 years or older, by smoking status, gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

CharacteristicSmoking status

Daily smokers Occasional smokers1 Non-smokers

Percentage (95% CI)

Male 35.9 (33.9, 37.9) 3.8 (3.0, 4.9) 60.3 (58.4, 62.2)

Age (years)

15-24 21.6 (16.9, 27.1) 5.8 (3.4, 9.7) 72.6 (66.6, 77.9)

25-44 46.4 (42.8, 50.1) 4.1 (2.9, 5.8) 49.5 (45.8, 53.1)

45-64 38.3 (35.1, 41.6) 3.4 (2.1, 5.5) 58.3 (54.8, 61.7)

65+ 14.0 (11.2, 17.3) 1.7 (0.9, 3.2) 84.3 (80.8, 87.2)

Residence

Urban 33.7 (31.2, 36.3) 4.2 (3.1, 5.7) 62.1 (59.6, 64.5)

Rural 40.7 (37.9, 43.5) 2.9 (2.1, 4.1) 56.4 (53.5, 59.3)

Education level2



High school 42.5 (39.1, 46.1) 3.9 (2.7, 5.6) 53.6 (50.3, 56.8)

College or above 27.2 (23.4, 31.3) 3.7 (2.2, 5.9) 69.2 (64.7, 73.3)

Region

Western 34.2 (30.8, 37.8) 4.2 (2.5, 7.1) 61.6 (58.0, 65.1)

Central 33.8 (30.7, 37.1) 3.8 (2.6, 5.4) 62.4 (59.1, 65.6)

Southern 40.9 (37.3, 44.7) 2.1 (1.3, 3.5) 56.9 (53.0, 60.7)

Eastern 35.4 (30.1, 41.1) 5.1 (3.1, 8.4) 59.4 (54.5, 64.2)

Female 7.0 (5.9, 8.2) 1.8 (1.3, 2.6) 91.2 (89.8, 92.4)

Age (years)

15-24 5.5 (2.7, 10.6) 2.8 (0.9, 8.2) 91.8 (85.8, 95.4)

25-44 11.8 (9.5, 14.6) 3.2 (2.1, 4.8) 85.0 (82.1, 87.5)

45-64 6.8 (5.3, 8.7) 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) 92.4 (90.4, 94.0)

65+ 0.5 (0.2, 1.1) 0.7 (0.3, 1.6) 98.8 (97.9, 99.3)

Residence

Urban 8.2 (6.7, 9.9) 2.1 (1.4, 3.1) 89.7 (87.8, 91.3)

Rural 4.2 (3.2, 5.4) 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) 94.7 (93.3, 95.8)

Education level2



High school 8.4 (6.3, 10.9) 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) 90.6 (88.0, 92.7)

College or above 6.7 (5.1, 8.8) 2.9 (1.8, 4.9) 90.3 (87.9, 92.4)

Region

Western 2.6 (1.7, 3.9) 2.2 (1.2, 4.1) 95.2 (93.1, 96.7)

Central 8.1 (6.4, 10.3) 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) 90.6 (88.3, 92.5)

Southern 9.8 (7.6, 12.6) 2.8 (1.4, 5.3) 87.4 (84.1, 90.2)

Eastern 7.2 (4.5, 11.4) 1.2 (0.4, 3.4) 91.6 (87.3, 94.5)

1 Occasional refers to less than daily use.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

148


TABLE 4.3: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older, by detailed smoking status and gender – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Smoking status Overall Male Female

Percentage (95% CI)

Current tobacco smokers 22.8 (21.6, 24.1) 39.7 (37.8, 41.6) 8.8 (7.6, 10.2)

Daily smokers 20.1 (18.9, 21.3) 35.9 (33.9, 37.9) 7.0 (5.9, 8.2)

Occasional smokers 2.7 (2.2, 3.4) 3.8 (3.0, 4.9) 1.8 (1.3, 2.6)

Occasional smokers, former daily 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) 1.9 (1.4, 2.6) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2)

Occasional smokers, never daily 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) 1.9 (1.4, 2.7) 1.1 (0.7, 1.8)

Non-smokers 77.2 (75.9, 78.4) 60.3 (58.4, 62.2) 91.2 (89.8, 92.4)

Former daily smokers 10.2 (9.4, 11.1) 17.2 (15.7, 18.8) 4.4 (3.6, 5.5)

Never daily smokers 67.0 (65.4, 68.5) 43.1 (40.9, 45.4) 86.8 (85.2, 88.2)

Former occasional smokers 5.2 (4.5, 6.0) 6.4 (5.4, 7.6) 4.2 (3.3, 5.3)

Never smokers 61.8 (60.2, 63.4) 36.7 (34.4, 39.1) 82.6 (80.9, 84.2)

Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.

TABLE 4.4: Number of adults aged 15 years or older, by detailed smoking status and gender – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Smoking status Overall Male Female

Number in thousands

Current tobacco smokers 8 230.1 6 496.0 1 734.1

Daily smokers 7 246.8 5 871.4 1 375.4

Occasional smokers 983.3 624.6 358.6

Occasional smokers, former daily 450.9 312.6 138.3

Occasional smokers, never daily 532.4 312.1 220.3

Non-smokers 27 866.5 9 878.1 17 988.4

Former daily smokers 3 687.8 2 815.6 872.1

Never daily smokers 24 178.7 7 062.4 17 116.3

Former occasional smokers 1 869.7 1 050.4 819.3

Never smokers 22 309.0 6 012.0 16 297.0


149

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.5: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older, by detailed smokeless tobacco use status and gender – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Smokeless tobacco use status Overall Male Female

Percentage (95% CI)

Current smokeless tobacco users 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) 0.0 N/A

Daily users 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

Occasional users 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) 0.0 N/A

Occasional users, former daily 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) 0.0 N/A

Occasional users, never daily 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.4 (0.1, 0.9) 0.0 N/A

Non-users of smokeless tobacco 99.8 (99.6, 99.9) 99.6 (99.1, 99.8) 100.0 N/A

Former daily users 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) 0.0 N/A

Never daily users 99.8 (99.6, 99.9) 99.5 (99.1, 99.8) 100.0 N/A

Former occasional users 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8)

Never users 99.1 (98.7, 99.4) 98.5 (97.8, 99.0) 99.6 (99.2, 99.8)

Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use. N/A: Not applicable

TABLE 4.6: Number of adults aged 15 years or older, by detailed smokeless tobacco use status and gender – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Smokeless tobacco use status Overall Male Female

Number in thousands

Current smokeless tobacco users 59.3 59.3 0.0

Daily users 0.0 0.0 0.0

Occasional users 59.3 59.3 0.0

Occasional users, former daily 0.7 0.7 0.0

Occasional users, never daily 58.6 58.6 0.0

Non-users of smokeless tobacco 35 521.3 16 010.2 19 511.0

Former daily users 13.1 13.1 0.0

Never daily users 35 508.2 15 997.1 19 511.0

Former occasional users 243.4 173.0 70.3

Never users 35 264.8 15 824.1 19 440.7


150

GL

OB

AL

AD

UL

T T

OB

AC

CO

SU

RV

EY

TABLE 4.7: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic Any smoked tobacco product Any cigarette1

Type of cigarette

Pipe Cigar or cigarillo

Water pipe with tobacco

Water pipe without

tobacco only

Water pipe with or without tobacco

Other smoked tobaccoManufactured Hand-rolled

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 22.8 (21.6, 24.1) 22.8 (21.5, 24.0) 22.6 (21.3, 23.8) 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) 2.1 (1.6, 2.7) 0.0 N/A

Age (years)

15-24 18.7 (15.2, 22.8) 18.6 (15.1, 22.7) 18.6 (15.1, 22.7) 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) 0.3 (0.0, 2.2) 0.7 (0.2, 2.3) 2.3 (1.3, 4.2) 3.9 (2.2, 6.7) 6.2 (4.2, 9.3) 0.0 N/A

25-44 32.4 (30.0, 34.9) 32.4 (30.0, 34.9) 32.3 (29.9, 34.8) 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) 1.5 (1.0, 2.4) 2.6 (1.9, 3.5) 0.0 N/A

45-64 22.9 (21.0, 24.9) 22.8 (20.9, 24.8) 22.5 (20.6, 24.5) 1.6 (1.2, 2.0) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) 1.0 (0.5, 2.2) 0.0 N/A

65+ 6.0 (5.0, 7.3) 6.0 (5.0, 7.3) 5.8 (4.7, 7.1) 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) 0.0 (0.0, 0.3) 0.0 (0.0, 0.3) 0.0 N/A 0.3 (0.1, 0.8) 0.3 (0.1, 0.8) 0.0 N/A

Residence

Urban 22.7 (21.1, 24.3) 22.6 (21.1, 24.3) 22.6 (21.0, 24.3) 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) 1.7 (1.2, 2.5) 2.7 (2.0, 3.5) 0.0 N/A

Rural 23.1 (21.3, 24.9) 23.0 (21.3, 24.8) 22.4 (20.7, 24.3) 2.3 (1.9, 2.9) 0.1 (0.1, 0.3) 0.1 (0.1, 0.3) 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) 0.0 N/A

Education level2

Less than secondary 9.7 (7.2, 13.0) 9.7 (7.2, 13.0) 9.4 (6.9, 12.6) 1.5 (0.9, 2.7) 0.1 (0.0, 0.8) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.7 (0.3, 1.8) 0.7 (0.3, 1.8) 0.0 N/A

Secondary school 26.5 (23.9, 29.2) 26.5 (23.9, 29.2) 26.1 (23.6, 28.8) 2.1 (1.5, 2.9) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) 0.6 (0.2, 1.6) 0.9 (0.4, 1.8) 0.0 N/A

High school 26.8 (24.6, 29.1) 26.8 (24.6, 29.1) 26.5 (24.3, 28.8) 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) 0.4 (0.3, 0.8) 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) 1.5 (0.9, 2.3) 0.0 N/A

College or above 18.9 (16.7, 21.4) 18.9 (16.6, 21.4) 18.8 (16.5, 21.3) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.6 (0.3, 1.0) 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) 1.5 (0.8, 2.7) 2.3 (1.5, 3.5) 0.0 N/A

Region

Western 20.3 (18.3, 22.6) 20.3 (18.3, 22.6) 20.2 (18.1, 22.4) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 0.1 (0.0, 0.5) 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) 1.6 (1.0, 2.4) 0.0 N/A

Central 22.1 (20.2, 24.2) 22.1 (20.1, 24.1) 21.6 (19.7, 23.7) 2.0 (1.5, 2.6) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) 0.6 (0.3, 1.0) 1.7 (0.9, 3.3) 2.3 (1.3, 3.8) 0.0 N/A

Southern 26.4 (23.9, 29.0) 26.3 (23.9, 28.9) 26.3 (23.8, 28.9) 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) 0.7 (0.3, 1.5) 1.4 (0.8, 2.3) 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) 2.4 (1.6, 3.5) 0.0 N/A

Eastern 22.9 (19.6, 26.4) 22.8 (19.6, 26.3) 22.7 (19.5, 26.3) 0.6 (0.2, 2.0) 0.2 (0.0, 1.2) 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 0.3 (0.1, 1.0) 1.8 (1.0, 3.2) 2.1 (1.2, 3.6) 0.0 N/A

Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.1 Includes manufactured and hand-rolled cigarettes.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

N/A: Not applicable

151

TA

BL

ES

Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.7 (CONT.): Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017


Type of cigarettePipe Cigar or

cigarilloWater pipe

with tobacco

Water pipe without

tobacco only

Water pipe with or without

tobacco


Percentage (95% CI)

Male 39.7 (37.8, 41.6) 39.6 (37.7, 41.6) 39.2 (37.3, 41.1) 2.5 (2.0, 3.2) 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) 1.2 (0.8, 2.0) 2.5 (1.8, 3.4) 0.0 N/A

Age (years)

15-24 27.4 (22.1, 33.4) 27.3 (22.0, 33.3) 27.3 (22.0, 33.3) 0.9 (0.4, 2.3) 0.6 (0.1, 4.0) 0.6 (0.2, 2.0) 3.3 (1.8, 6.1) 2.6 (1.0, 6.3) 5.9 (3.5, 10.0) 0.0 N/A

25-44 50.5 (46.9, 54.2) 50.5 (46.9, 54.2) 50.2 (46.6, 53.9) 2.6 (1.6, 4.0) 0.3 (0.1, 0.8) 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) 1.4 (0.8, 2.6) 3.1 (2.2, 4.5) 0.0 N/A

45-64 41.7 (38.3, 45.2) 41.6 (38.2, 45.1) 40.9 (37.4, 44.4) 3.4 (2.6, 4.5) 0.9 (0.4, 1.7) 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) 0.4 (0.1, 1.1) 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) 1.3 (0.6, 2.4) 0.0 N/A

65+ 15.7 (12.8, 19.2) 15.7 (12.8, 19.2) 14.9 (12.0, 18.4) 2.1 (1.3, 3.2) 0.1 (0.0, 0.8) 0.1 (0.0, 0.8) 0.0 N/A 0.1 (0.0, 0.5) 0.1 (0.0, 0.5) 0.0 N/A

Residence

Urban 37.9 (35.5, 40.4) 37.9 (35.4, 40.3) 37.8 (35.3, 40.2) 1.4 (0.9, 2.3) 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) 1.6 (1.1, 2.4) 1.5 (0.9, 2.6) 3.2 (2.3, 4.4) 0.0 N/A

Rural 43.6 (40.7, 46.5) 43.5 (40.6, 46.5) 42.2 (39.4, 45.2) 5.0 (4.0, 6.3) 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) 0.4 (0.2, 1.1) 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) 0.0 N/A

Education level2

Less than secondary 29.2 (21.6, 38.1) 29.2 (21.6, 38.1) 27.8 (20.3, 36.8) 5.8 (3.3, 10.2) 0.4 (0.1, 3.1) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.7 (0.1, 4.6) 0.7 (0.1, 4.6) 0.0 N/A

Secondary school 48.5 (44.4, 52.6) 48.5 (44.4, 52.6) 47.7 (43.6, 51.9) 4.7 (3.4, 6.3) 0.2 (0.1, 0.8) 0.2 (0.0, 0.7) 0.7 (0.3, 1.5) 1.0 (0.3, 3.6) 1.6 (0.7, 3.8) 0.0 N/A

High school 46.4 (43.2, 49.7) 46.4 (43.2, 49.7) 45.8 (42.5, 49.1) 2.9 (1.9, 4.3) 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) 0.9 (0.4, 1.9) 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) 0.0 N/A

College or above 30.8 (26.7, 35.3) 30.7 (26.6, 35.2) 30.6 (26.5, 35.0) 0.9 (0.4, 1.8) 0.5 (0.2, 1.1) 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) 1.5 (0.8, 2.8) 1.8 (0.8, 4.3) 3.3 (1.9, 5.7) 0.0 N/A

Region

Western 38.4 (34.9, 42.0) 38.4 (34.9, 42.0) 38.0 (34.6, 41.6) 1.8 (1.1, 2.9) 0.2 (0.1, 1.1) 1.1 (0.6, 2.2) 1.5 (0.8, 2.8) 0.7 (0.3, 1.5) 2.2 (1.4, 3.5) 0.0 N/A

Central 37.6 (34.4, 40.9) 37.5 (34.3, 40.8) 36.5 (33.3, 39.8) 4.4 (3.3, 5.7) 0.4 (0.1, 1.1) 0.7 (0.3, 1.6) 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) 1.6 (0.7, 3.7) 2.4 (1.3, 4.3) 0.0 N/A

Southern 43.1 (39.3, 47.0) 43.0 (39.2, 46.9) 42.9 (39.1, 46.8) 2.0 (1.2, 3.2) 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) 1.0 (0.5, 2.3) 2.3 (1.3, 3.9) 0.4 (0.2, 1.0) 2.7 (1.7, 4.4) 0.0 N/A

Eastern 40.6 (35.8, 45.5) 40.6 (35.8, 45.5) 40.4 (35.6, 45.4) 1.4 (0.4, 4.4) 0.4 (0.1, 2.6) 0.0 N/A 0.6 (0.2, 2.2) 2.1 (0.9, 4.9) 2.7 (1.2, 5.9) 0.0 N/A

1 Includes manufactured and hand-rolled cigarettes.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

N/A: Not applicable

152

GL

OB

AL

AD

UL

T T

OB

AC

CO

SU

RV

EY

TABLE 4.7 (CONT.): Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017


Type of cigarettePipe Cigar or

cigarilloWater pipe

with tobacco

Water pipe without

tobacco only

Water pipe with or without

tobacco


Percentage (95% CI)

Female 8.8 (7.6, 10.2) 8.8 (7.6, 10.1) 8.8 (7.6, 10.1) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.0 N/A 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) 1.7 (1.2, 2.5) 0.0 N/A

Age (years)

15-24 8.2 (4.6, 14.2) 8.2 (4.6, 14.2) 8.2 (4.6, 14.2) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.8 (0.1, 5.8) 1.2 (0.2, 5.2) 5.4 (2.7, 10.6) 6.6 (3.6, 11.9) 0.0 N/A

25-44 15.0 (12.5, 17.9) 15.0 (12.5, 17.9) 15.0 (12.5, 17.9) 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 0.0 N/A 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) 0.4 (0.2, 1.0) 1.6 (0.9, 3.0) 2.1 (1.2, 3.5) 0.0 N/A

45-64 7.6 (6.0, 9.6) 7.5 (6.0, 9.5) 7.5 (6.0, 9.5) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.8 (0.3, 2.3) 0.9 (0.3, 2.3) 0.0 N/A

65+ 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.4 (0.2, 1.2) 0.4 (0.2, 1.2) 0.0 N/A

Residence

Urban 10.3 (8.7, 12.2) 10.3 (8.6, 12.1) 10.3 (8.6, 12.1) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) 0.0 N/A 0.2 (0.1, 0.7) 0.3 (0.1, 0.8) 1.9 (1.2, 3.0) 2.2 (1.5, 3.3) 0.0 N/A

Rural 5.3 (4.2, 6.7) 5.3 (4.2, 6.7) 5.3 (4.2, 6.7) 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.1 (0.0, 0.6) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) 0.0 N/A

Education level2

Less than secondary 2.8 (1.4, 5.6) 2.8 (1.4, 5.6) 2.8 (1.4, 5.6) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) 0.0 N/A

Secondary school 8.7 (6.5, 11.6) 8.7 (6.5, 11.6) 8.7 (6.5, 11.6) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.0 N/A 0.1 (0.0, 0.8) 0.0 N/A 0.2 (0.1, 0.7) 0.2 (0.1, 0.7) 0.0 N/A

High school 9.4 (7.3, 12.0) 9.3 (7.2, 11.9) 9.3 (7.2, 11.9) 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 1.5 (0.7, 3.1) 1.6 (0.8, 3.2) 0.0 N/A

College or above 9.7 (7.6, 12.1) 9.7 (7.6, 12.1) 9.7 (7.6, 12.1) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.2 (0.0, 0.7) 0.3 (0.1, 1.0) 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) 1.5 (0.8, 2.8) 0.0 N/A

Region

Western 4.8 (3.3, 6.9) 4.8 (3.3, 6.9) 4.8 (3.3, 6.9) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 1.0 (0.4, 2.5) 1.0 (0.4, 2.5) 0.0 N/A

Central 9.4 (7.5, 11.7) 9.4 (7.5, 11.7) 9.4 (7.5, 11.7) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.0 N/A 0.1 (0.0, 0.6) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) 1.7 (0.9, 3.4) 2.1 (1.2, 3.8) 0.0 N/A

Southern 12.6 (9.8, 15.9) 12.6 (9.8, 15.9) 12.6 (9.8, 15.9) 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) 0.0 N/A 0.5 (0.1, 2.3) 0.6 (0.2, 2.3) 1.4 (0.6, 3.3) 2.1 (1.0, 4.0) 0.0 N/A

Eastern 8.4 (5.5, 12.7) 8.3 (5.4, 12.5) 8.3 (5.4, 12.5) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.1 (0.0, 0.7) 0.0 N/A 1.6 (0.7, 3.7) 1.6 (0.7, 3.7) 0.0 N/A

1 Includes manufactured and hand-rolled cigarettes.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

N/A: Not applicable

153

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.8: Number of adults aged 15 years or older who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic

Any smoked tobacco product

Any cigarette1

Type of Cigarette


Water pipe with

tobacco

Water pipe

without tobacco

only

Water pipe

with or without tobacco

Other smoked tobaccoManufactured Hand-

rolled

Number in thousands

Overall 8 230.1 8 216.0 8 141.1 425.0 79.4 150.4 259.2 488.5 747.7 0.0

Age (years)

15-24 789.0 786.0 786.0 21.8 13.2 30.3 98.2 162.0 260.2 0.0

25-44 4 369.1 4 369.1 4 350.5 172.8 18.3 67.9 140.8 204.5 345.4 0.0

45-64 2 662.8 2 651.7 2 612.5 183.7 45.4 49.7 20.2 100.5 120.6 0.0

65+ 409.2 409.2 392.1 46.8 2.5 2.5 0.0 21.4 21.4 0.0

Residence

Urban 5 683.2 5 672.7 5 663.4 165.6 64.0 134.5 230.1 432.0 662.0 0.0

Rural 2 546.8 2 543.2 2 477.6 259.4 15.4 15.9 29.1 56.5 85.6 0.0

Education level2

Less than secondary 193.0 193.0 185.9 30.4 2.3 0.0 0.0 14.5 14.5 0.0

Secondary school 1 906.2 1 906.2 1 881.8 150.8 7.9 9.8 21.0 40.2 61.2 0.0

High school 3 539.6 3 533.6 3 495.4 185.8 36.6 54.7 58.2 135.2 193.3 0.0

College or above 1 768.2 1 763.1 1 757.9 36.2 19.3 55.6 76.4 136.6 213.0 0.0

Region

Western 1 780.9 1 780.9 1 766.0 72.3 9.9 45.6 60.6 76.1 136.7 0.0

Central 2 484.9 2 479.8 2 429.1 222.2 18.7 42.2 64.1 188.8 252.9 0.0

Southern 2 139.7 2 136.7 2 133.5 79.9 37.6 58.1 112.9 77.1 190.0 0.0

Eastern 1 824.5 1 818.5 1 812.5 50.5 13.2 4.6 21.6 146.4 168.0 0.0


154


TABLE 4.8 (CONT.): Number of adults aged 15 years or older who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic


Any cigarette1

Type of Cigarette


Water pipe with

tobacco

Water pipe

without tobacco

only

Water pipe



rolled

Number in thousands

Male 6 496.0 6 487.9 6 413.0 416.4 79.4 120.0 207.1 199.0 406.2 0.0

Age (years)

15-24 631.1 628.1 628.1 21.8 13.2 14.0 76.1 58.3 134.4 0.0

25-44 3 338.7 3 338.7 3 320.1 169.2 18.3 53.8 111.6 93.2 204.8 0.0

45-64 2 171.8 2 166.7 2 127.5 178.7 45.4 49.7 19.5 46.0 65.5 0.0

65+ 354.4 354.4 337.3 46.8 2.5 2.5 0.0 1.5 1.5 0.0

Residence

Urban 4 262.5 4 258.0 4 248.7 160.1 64.0 104.1 184.5 169.0 353.6 0.0

Rural 2 233.5 2 229.9 2 164.3 256.3 15.4 15.9 22.6 30.0 52.6 0.0

Education level2


Secondary school 1 559.0 1 559.0 1 534.6 150.0 7.9 5.3 21.0 31.8 52.8 0.0

High school 2 883.5 2 883.5 2 845.3 178.0 36.6 54.7 48.4 30.8 79.1 0.0

College or above 1 261.1 1 256.0 1 250.8 36.2 19.3 46.0 61.7 74.7 136.4 0.0

Region

Western 1 557.7 1 557.7 1 542.7 72.3 9.9 45.6 60.6 28.0 88.6 0.0

Central 1 905.0 1 899.9 1 849.2 221.4 18.7 36.7 40.1 81.6 121.7 0.0

Southern 1 579.9 1 576.9 1 573.7 72.1 37.6 37.7 84.9 14.7 99.6 0.0

Eastern 1 453.5 1 453.5 1 447.4 50.5 13.2 0.0 21.6 74.7 96.3 0.0


155

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.8 (CONT.): Number of adults aged 15 years or older who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic


Any cigarette1

Type of Cigarette


Water pipe with

tobacco

Water pipe

without tobacco

only

Water pipe



rolled

Number in thousands

Female 1 734.1 1 728.1 1 728.1 8.6 0.0 30.4 52.1 289.4 341.5 0.0

Age (years)

15-24 157.9 157.9 157.9 0.0 0.0 16.3 22.2 103.7 125.9 0.0

25-44 1 030.4 1 030.4 1 030.4 3.6 0.0 14.1 29.2 111.3 140.5 0.0

45-64 491.0 485.0 485.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 54.5 55.1 0.0

65+ 54.8 54.8 54.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 20.0 0.0

Residence

Urban 1 420.7 1 414.7 1 414.7 5.6 0.0 30.4 45.5 262.9 308.5 0.0

Rural 313.3 313.3 313.3 3.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 26.5 33.0 0.0

Education level2


Secondary school 347.2 347.2 347.2 0.8 0.0 4.6 0.0 8.4 8.4 0.0

High school 656.1 650.1 650.1 7.8 0.0 0.0 9.8 104.4 114.2 0.0

College or above 507.1 507.1 507.1 0.0 0.0 9.5 14.7 61.9 76.7 0.0

Region

Western 223.3 223.3 223.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 48.1 48.1 0.0

Central 580.0 580.0 580.0 0.8 0.0 5.5 24.0 107.2 131.2 0.0

Southern 559.8 559.8 559.8 7.8 0.0 20.4 28.1 62.4 90.5 0.0

Eastern 371.0 365.0 365.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 71.7 71.7 0.0


156


TABLE 4.9: Percentage of current tobacco users aged 15 years or older, by tobacco use pattern and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017


Pattern of current tobacco use

Cigarettes Other smoked tobacco product 2 Smokeless tobacco

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 23.0 (21.8, 24.3) 22.8 (21.5, 24.0) 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4)

Age (years)

15-24 19.1 (15.6, 23.3) 18.6 (15.1, 22.7) 2.6 (1.5, 4.7) 0.7 (0.2, 2.0)

25-44 32.6 (30.2, 35.1) 32.4 (30.0, 34.9) 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) 0.2 (0.1, 0.7)

45-64 23.1 (21.1, 25.1) 22.8 (20.9, 24.8) 0.9 (0.5, 1.4) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1)

65+ 6.1 (5.1, 7.4) 6.0 (5.0, 7.3) 0.0 (0.0, 0.3) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1)

Residence

Urban 22.9 (21.3, 24.6) 22.6 (21.1, 24.3) 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) 0.1 (0.0, 0.5)

Rural 23.3 (21.5, 25.1) 23.0 (21.3, 24.8) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) 0.2 (0.1, 0.8)

Education level3

Less than secondary 9.8 (7.3, 13.1) 9.7 (7.2, 13.0) 0.1 (0.0, 0.8) 0.0 N/A

Secondary school 26.7 (24.2, 29.5) 26.5 (23.9, 29.2) 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1)

High school 27.0 (24.8, 29.4) 26.8 (24.6, 29.1) 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) 0.1 (0.0, 0.7)

College or above 19.0 (16.8, 21.6) 18.9 (16.6, 21.4) 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) 0.1 (0.0, 0.5)

Region

Western 20.7 (18.6, 22.9) 20.3 (18.3, 22.6) 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) 0.2 (0.0, 1.6)

Central 22.2 (20.3, 24.3) 22.1 (20.1, 24.1) 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3)

Southern 26.6 (24.1, 29.2) 26.3 (23.9, 28.9) 2.0 (1.4, 2.9) 0.2 (0.1, 0.7)

Eastern 23.1 (19.9, 26.7) 22.8 (19.6, 26.3) 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) 0.2 (0.0, 1.3)

1 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers or smokeless users.2 Includes all other smoked tobacco products other than manufactured cigarettes and hand-rolled cigarettes. 3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

N/A: Not applicable

157

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.9 (CONT.): Percentage of current tobacco users aged 15 years or older, by tobacco use pattern and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017


Pattern of current tobacco use

Cigarettes Other smoked tobacco product 2 Smokeless tobacco

Percentage (95% CI)

Male 40.1 (38.2, 42.0) 39.6 (37.7, 41.6) 2.1 (1.6, 2.7) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9)

Age (years)

15-24 28.1 (22.8, 34.2) 27.3 (22.0, 33.3) 3.9 (2.1, 7.0) 1.2 (0.4, 3.8)

25-44 50.9 (47.3, 54.5) 50.5 (46.9, 54.2) 2.3 (1.6, 3.4) 0.4 (0.1, 1.5)

45-64 42.0 (38.6, 45.6) 41.6 (38.2, 45.1) 1.9 (1.2, 3.0) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2)

65+ 15.9 (12.9, 19.4) 15.7 (12.8, 19.2) 0.1 (0.0, 0.8) 0.0 (0.0, 0.3)

Residence

Urban 38.3 (35.9, 40.8) 37.9 (35.4, 40.3) 2.6 (2.0, 3.5) 0.3 (0.1, 1.0)

Rural 43.9 (41.0, 46.9) 43.5 (40.6, 46.5) 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) 0.5 (0.2, 1.8)

Education level3

Less than secondary 29.2 (21.6, 38.2) 29.2 (21.6, 38.1) 0.4 (0.1, 3.1) 0.0 N/A


High school 46.7 (43.4, 50.0) 46.4 (43.2, 49.7) 1.9 (1.2, 3.0) 0.3 (0.1, 1.6)

College or above 31.2 (27.0, 35.6) 30.7 (26.6, 35.2) 2.5 (1.6, 3.8) 0.3 (0.1, 1.2)

Region

Western 39.0 (35.5, 42.7) 38.4 (34.9, 42.0) 2.3 (1.5, 3.7) 0.5 (0.1, 3.4)

Central 37.7 (34.5, 41.0) 37.5 (34.3, 40.8) 1.6 (1.0, 2.6) 0.1 (0.0, 0.6)

Southern 43.4 (39.6, 47.3) 43.0 (39.2, 46.9) 3.6 (2.4, 5.4) 0.5 (0.2, 1.5)

Eastern 41.2 (36.5, 46.0) 40.6 (35.8, 45.5) 1.0 (0.3, 2.9) 0.5 (0.1, 2.9)

Female 8.9 (7.6, 10.3) 8.8 (7.6, 10.1) 0.3 (0.2, 0.7) 0.0 N/A

Age (years)

15-24 8.3 (4.6, 14.4) 8.2 (4.6, 14.2) 1.2 (0.2, 5.2) 0.0 N/A

25-44 15.1 (12.6, 18.0) 15.0 (12.5, 17.9) 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) 0.0 N/A

45-64 7.7 (6.1, 9.7) 7.5 (6.0, 9.5) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.0 N/A

65+ 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

Residence

Urban 10.4 (8.7, 12.3) 10.3 (8.6, 12.1) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) 0.0 N/A

Rural 5.3 (4.2, 6.7) 5.3 (4.2, 6.7) 0.1 (0.0, 0.6) 0.0 N/A

Education level3

Less than secondary 2.8 (1.4, 5.7) 2.8 (1.4, 5.6) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

Secondary school 8.8 (6.6, 11.7) 8.7 (6.5, 11.6) 0.1 (0.0, 0.8) 0.0 N/A

High school 9.5 (7.4, 12.1) 9.3 (7.2, 11.9) 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 0.0 N/A

College or above 9.7 (7.6, 12.2) 9.7 (7.6, 12.1) 0.5 (0.2, 1.2) 0.0 N/A

Region

Western 4.8 (3.3, 7.0) 4.8 (3.3, 6.9) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A

Central 9.5 (7.6, 11.7) 9.4 (7.5, 11.7) 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) 0.0 N/A

Southern 12.7 (9.9, 16.1) 12.6 (9.8, 15.9) 0.7 (0.2, 2.3) 0.0 N/A

Eastern 8.5 (5.6, 12.8) 8.3 (5.4, 12.5) 0.1 (0.0, 0.7) 0.0 N/A

1 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers or smokeless users.2 Includes all other smoked tobacco products other than manufactured cigarettes and hand-rolled cigarettes. 3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

N/A: Not applicable

158


TABLE 4.10: Average number of cigarettes smoked per day and percentage distribution of daily cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by number of cigarettes smoked per day, gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

CharacteristicAverage number

of cigarettes smoked per day1

Number of cigarettes smoked per day1

<5 5-9 10-14 15-19 ≥20

Mean (95% CI) Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 17.1 (16.7, 17.6) 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) 7.8 (6.1, 9.9) 23.7 (21.0, 26.6) 11.3 (9.4, 13.4) 55.5 (52.2, 58.9)

Age (years)

15-24 16.3 (14.5, 18.2) 4.1 (1.5, 10.5) 5.2 (2.3, 11.4) 26.8 (17.1, 39.4) 17.9 (9.7, 30.6) 46.0 (34.3, 58.1)

25-44 17.2 (16.5, 17.9) 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) 6.6 (4.7, 9.3) 23.6 (20.0, 27.6) 12.1 (9.5, 15.4) 56.7 (52.0, 61.2)

45-64 17.4 (16.5, 18.2) 2.2 (1.2, 4.3) 9.6 (6.5, 14.0) 21.8 (17.7, 26.6) 8.7 (6.2, 12.0) 57.6 (52.1, 63.0)

65+ 16.0 (14.2, 17.7) 2.2 (0.7, 6.7) 11.8 (6.2, 21.3) 33.1 (24.2, 43.4) 7.9 (4.6, 13.5) 45.0 (35.2, 55.2)

Residence

Urban 16.5 (15.8, 17.1) 1.7 (1.0, 3.1) 9.0 (6.6, 12.0) 25.2 (21.6, 29.2) 11.2 (8.9, 13.9) 52.9 (48.4, 57.4)

Rural 18.5 (17.9, 19.1) 1.7 (1.0, 2.9) 5.2 (3.9, 7.0) 20.5 (17.2, 24.2) 11.5 (8.5, 15.4) 61.1 (56.8, 65.2)

Education level2

Less than secondary 19.0 (16.0, 22.0) 10.0 (2.9, 29.7) 9.6 (4.2, 20.4) 7.4 (3.1, 16.3) 0.7 (0.1, 4.6) 72.3 (56.5, 84.0)

Secondary school 17.2 (16.4, 18.0) 1.1 (0.5, 2.5) 7.6 (4.7, 12.0) 25.4 (19.7, 32.0) 6.4 (4.0, 10.2) 59.5 (52.8, 65.9)

High school 17.6 (17.0, 18.2) 1.2 (0.5, 2.6) 6.2 (4.2, 9.0) 21.5 (17.9, 25.7) 12.0 (9.5, 15.2) 59.0 (54.7, 63.2)

College or above 16.2 (14.9, 17.4) 1.7 (0.7, 3.9) 11.4 (7.1, 17.9) 27.7 (21.3, 35.3) 13.8 (9.0, 20.5) 45.4 (37.9, 53.1)

Region

Western 17.2 (16.4, 18.0) 1.3 (0.6, 2.9) 9.2 (6.1, 13.5) 19.8 (15.9, 24.4) 16.4 (12.6, 20.9) 53.3 (47.7, 58.8)

Central 17.0 (16.2, 17.8) 2.4 (1.1, 5.1) 7.0 (4.6, 10.4) 25.6 (21.5, 30.2) 11.0 (7.6, 15.7) 54.0 (48.4, 59.5)

Southern 17.7 (16.8, 18.5) 2.4 (1.3, 4.5) 7.2 (5.0, 10.4) 20.2 (16.0, 25.1) 12.1 (8.9, 16.2) 58.1 (52.5, 63.6)

Eastern 16.6 (15.3, 17.9) 0.3 (0.0, 2.3) 8.1 (3.8, 16.4) 29.1 (21.0, 38.8) 5.7 (3.0, 10.8) 56.7 (46.7, 66.2)

1 Among daily cigarette smokers. Cigarettes include manufactured and hand-rolled.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

159

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.10 (CONT.): Average number of cigarettes smoked per day and percentage distribution of daily cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by number of cigarettes smoked per day, gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017




<5 5-9 10-14 15-19 ≥20


Male 18.2 (17.7, 18.7) 1.4 (0.8, 2.5) 4.7 (3.4, 6.6) 20.8 (17.9, 24.1) 10.4 (8.6, 12.6) 62.6 (59.0, 66.1)

Age (years)

15-24 17.2 (15.1, 19.3) 4.9 (1.8, 12.6) 4.0 (1.5, 10.4) 22.9 (14.0, 35.1) 13.7 (6.5, 26.5) 54.5 (41.7, 66.8)

25-44 18.3 (17.6, 19.1) 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) 3.0 (1.6, 5.4) 20.5 (16.7, 24.9) 12.0 (9.1, 15.7) 63.7 (58.6, 68.6)

45-64 18.5 (17.6, 19.3) 1.6 (0.7, 3.7) 6.8 (4.1, 11.1) 18.8 (14.5, 24.2) 7.5 (5.3, 10.5) 65.3 (59.4, 70.7)

65+ 16.6 (14.8, 18.4) 1.5 (0.4, 5.7) 9.5 (4.5, 18.9) 32.6 (23.4, 43.3) 8.5 (4.9, 14.3) 48.0 (37.6, 58.6)

Residence

Urban 17.7 (17.0, 18.3) 1.5 (0.7, 3.2) 5.4 (3.4, 8.3) 21.3 (17.3, 25.9) 10.5 (8.1, 13.6) 61.3 (56.1, 66.3)

Rural 19.1 (18.5, 19.8) 1.3 (0.7, 2.3) 3.6 (2.5, 5.1) 19.9 (16.5, 23.9) 10.2 (7.7, 13.4) 65.0 (60.8, 69.0)

Education level2



High school 18.4 (17.7, 19.1) 1.0 (0.4, 2.7) 4.2 (2.4, 7.2) 19.2 (15.2, 24.0) 11.0 (8.5, 14.1) 64.6 (59.5, 69.3)

College or above 17.7 (16.3, 19.0) 1.4 (0.4, 4.6) 7.1 (3.3, 14.4) 23.4 (16.4, 32.3) 13.2 (8.3, 20.3) 54.9 (46.4, 63.2)

Region

Western 17.7 (16.9, 18.5) 1.2 (0.5, 2.9) 6.5 (3.9, 10.5) 19.5 (15.4, 24.5) 15.8 (12.0, 20.6) 56.9 (51.1, 62.5)

Central 18.1 (17.3, 19.0) 2.7 (1.2, 6.2) 3.0 (1.7, 5.3) 23.0 (18.3, 28.4) 10.0 (6.8, 14.6) 61.3 (55.4, 66.9)

Southern 19.2 (18.2, 20.2) 1.3 (0.5, 3.3) 3.4 (1.8, 6.5) 16.8 (12.3, 22.6) 10.1 (7.0, 14.5) 68.3 (61.8, 74.2)

Eastern 17.5 (16.1, 18.8) 0.0 N/A 6.7 (3.0, 14.5) 23.9 (15.4, 35.2) 5.5 (2.6, 11.1) 63.9 (52.4, 74.0)


N/A: Not applicable

160


TABLE 4.10 (CONT.): Average number of cigarettes smoked per day and percentage distribution of daily cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by number of cigarettes smoked per day, gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017




<5 5-9 10-14 15-19 ≥20


Female 12.6 (11.7, 13.5) 3.0 (1.5, 5.9) 20.8 (14.6, 28.6) 36.1 (28.3, 44.7) 14.8 (9.9, 21.6) 25.3 (19.3, 32.4)

Age (years)

15-24 – – – – – – – – – – – –

25-44 12.8 (11.7, 14.0) 1.8 (0.6, 5.6) 20.5 (13.4, 30.0) 35.1 (24.9, 46.9) 12.6 (7.5, 20.5) 29.9 (21.0, 40.8)

45-64 12.5 (10.6, 14.3) 5.3 (2.0, 13.5) 22.4 (12.1, 37.8) 35.5 (23.8, 49.2) 14.1 (6.4, 28.5) 22.6 (14.6, 33.3)

65+ – – – – – – – – – – – –

Residence

Urban 12.4 (11.4, 13.5) 2.5 (1.0, 5.8) 21.1 (14.0, 30.5) 38.6 (29.5, 48.5) 13.2 (8.2, 20.6) 24.7 (18.0, 32.9)

Rural 13.3 (11.5, 15.0) 5.2 (1.5, 16.2) 19.3 (11.2, 31.3) 25.1 (14.6, 39.7) 22.2 (10.7, 40.6) 28.1 (16.8, 43.2)

Education level2

Less than secondary – – – – – – – – – – – –


High school 14.0 (12.4, 15.5) 2.1 (0.6, 6.7) 15.3 (8.7, 25.4) 32.1 (20.4, 46.6) 16.7 (9.4, 27.9) 33.8 (23.2, 46.4)

College or above 11.4 (9.9, 12.9) 2.3 (0.8, 6.9) 25.3 (13.9, 41.5) 41.3 (27.6, 56.5) 15.6 (6.8, 31.8) 15.4 (8.2, 27.1)

Region

Western 11.0 (8.9, 13.1) 2.7 (0.4, 17.1) 40.0 (19.7, 64.5) 23.1 (9.5, 46.2) 22.2 (8.7, 46.1) 12.0 (3.9, 31.3)

Central 13.0 (11.5, 14.5) 1.1 (0.2, 7.8) 20.7 (12.2, 32.9) 34.5 (22.8, 48.5) 14.6 (7.2, 27.3) 29.1 (18.2, 43.2)

Southern 12.3 (10.9, 13.6) 6.0 (2.5, 13.9) 20.4 (12.7, 31.2) 31.5 (21.5, 43.7) 18.9 (10.8, 30.9) 23.1 (15.3, 33.4)

Eastern 12.9 (10.5, 15.4) 1.6 (0.2, 11.4) 13.9 (3.0, 46.1) 50.3 (30.6, 69.9) 6.8 (1.5, 25.5) 27.4 (14.9, 44.8)


«–» Estimates suppressed due to unweighted sample size less than 25.

161

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.11: Average age at daily smoking initiation and percentages of adults aged 18-34 years who initiated daily smoking by certain age, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

CharacteristicAverage age at daily smoking initiation

(years)1

Age at daily smoking initiation (years)1

15 17 19 21


Overall 16.8 (16.5, 17.1) 5.8 (4.6, 7.3) 16.2 (14.1, 18.6) 27.6 (25.1, 30.2) 31.4 (28.7, 34.2)

Gender

Male 16.5 (16.1, 16.8) 10.3 (8.1, 13.1) 25.3 (21.8, 29.2) 42.2 (38.0, 46.5) 46.7 (42.5, 50.9)

Female 17.7 (17.0, 18.4) 1.4 (0.7, 2.8) 7.5 (5.5, 10.2) 13.6 (10.8, 16.9) 16.7 (13.5, 20.6)

Age

18-26 16.3 (15.9, 16.7) 5.7 (3.9, 8.2) 14.7 (11.8, 18.1) 25.9 (22.1, 30.2) 27.7 (23.8, 32.0)

27-34 17.1 (16.7, 17.5) 5.9 (4.4, 7.8) 17.4 (14.7, 20.6) 28.9 (25.7, 32.3) 34.4 (30.7, 38.3)

Residence

Urban 16.9 (16.5, 17.3) 5.4 (4.0, 7.3) 15.9 (13.3, 18.8) 27.6 (24.6, 30.9) 31.0 (27.8, 34.4)

Rural 16.5 (16.1, 17.0) 6.8 (4.9, 9.3) 17.0 (13.6, 21.2) 27.4 (23.3, 31.9) 32.3 (27.9, 37.1)

Region

Western 16.8 (16.3, 17.3) 4.8 (3.2, 7.2) 12.8 (9.8, 16.5) 19.7 (16.1, 23.8) 25.1 (20.8, 30.0)

Central 17.0 (16.5, 17.6) 5.0 (3.4, 7.4) 17.2 (13.6, 21.5) 29.4 (25.2, 34.1) 32.6 (28.1, 37.4)

Southern 16.5 (16.0, 16.9) 7.9 (5.3, 11.8) 21.3 (16.7, 26.8) 34.3 (29.3, 39.7) 37.9 (32.6, 43.4)

Eastern 16.9 (16.0, 17.9) 5.8 (2.9, 11.4) 13.1 (8.3, 20.2) 27.0 (20.5, 34.5) 30.0 (23.1, 38.0)

1 Among respondents 18-34 years of age who are ever daily smokers.

162


TABLE 4.12: Percentage of former smokers aged 15 years or older, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

CharacteristicFormer daily smokers1 Former smokers among

ever smokers3Among all adults Among ever daily smokers2

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 10.2 (9.4, 11.1) 32.4 (30.3, 34.5) 40.3 (38.1, 42.5)

Age (years)

15-24 3.8 (2.3, 6.1) 20.2 (12.9, 30.1) 35.7 (27.3, 45.0)

25-44 9.5 (8.0, 11.2) 23.7 (20.4, 27.4) 33.4 (30.0, 37.0)

45-64 11.4 (10.0, 13.0) 34.3 (30.6, 38.1) 41.2 (37.5, 45.0)

65+ 13.5 (11.6, 15.7) 70.7 (64.7, 76.1) 72.2 (66.8, 77.0)

Residence

Urban 11.1 (10.0, 12.2) 34.5 (31.8, 37.4) 42.7 (39.9, 45.5)

Rural 8.3 (7.4, 9.4) 27.3 (24.7, 30.0) 34.2 (31.2, 37.3)

Education level4



High school 10.8 (9.4, 12.3) 29.4 (26.0, 33.0) 37.0 (33.5, 40.6)

College or above 12.4 (10.6, 14.5) 42.0 (37.1, 47.0) 49.8 (45.0, 54.6)

Region

Western 8.3 (7.0, 9.7) 30.8 (27.0, 35.0) 38.9 (34.8, 43.2)

Central 12.6 (11.1, 14.3) 37.6 (34.0, 41.4) 46.0 (42.3, 49.7)

Southern 10.4 (8.7, 12.3) 29.5 (25.5, 33.8) 36.4 (31.9, 41.1)

Eastern 8.8 (6.9, 11.0) 29.2 (24.4, 34.5) 37.2 (32.2, 42.5)

1 Current non-smokers.2 Also known as the quit ratio for daily smoking.3 Also known as the quit ratio for smoking.4 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

163

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.12 (CONT.): Percentage of former smokers aged 15 years or older, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017



Percentage (95% CI)

Male 17.2 (15.7, 18.8) 31.3 (29.0, 33.7) 37.3 (35.0, 39.7)

Age (years)

15-24 4.2 (2.3, 7.7) 15.6 (8.9, 25.9) 28.8 (20.7, 38.4)

25-44 12.0 (9.9, 14.4) 19.7 (16.4, 23.5) 27.0 (23.3, 31.1)

45-64 20.6 (17.8, 23.6) 33.9 (29.9, 38.1) 39.1 (35.2, 43.2)

65+ 37.9 (33.2, 42.8) 71.7 (65.5, 77.1) 73.4 (67.8, 78.3)

Residence

Urban 17.5 (15.5, 19.6) 32.8 (29.8, 36.1) 39.2 (36.2, 42.4)

Rural 16.6 (14.7, 18.7) 28.2 (25.4, 31.2) 33.3 (30.1, 36.5)

Education level4



High school 18.7 (16.4, 21.2) 29.3 (25.9, 32.9) 35.1 (31.7, 38.8)

College or above 18.9 (15.7, 22.7) 39.7 (33.6, 46.3) 46.8 (40.6, 53.1)

Region

Western 15.4 (13.2, 17.9) 30.1 (26.4, 34.1) 36.0 (32.1, 40.0)

Central 20.6 (17.8, 23.7) 36.5 (32.3, 41.0) 41.7 (37.4, 46.1)

Southern 16.1 (13.7, 18.9) 27.5 (23.6, 31.8) 33.8 (29.4, 38.4)

Eastern 15.5 (11.8, 20.1) 28.9 (23.0, 35.7) 36.2 (30.4, 42.4)

Female 4.4 (3.6, 5.5) 36.6 (30.3, 43.3) 49.4 (43.4, 55.3)

Age (years)

15-24 3.3 (1.4, 7.3) – – 53.7 (33.3, 72.9)

25-44 7.2 (5.3, 9.7) 35.1 (27.0, 44.2) 48.1 (41.0, 55.3)

45-64 4.0 (2.8, 5.7) 35.9 (26.4, 46.7) 48.9 (39.2, 58.6)

65+ 1.3 (0.6, 2.8) 59.6 (35.2, 80.0) 60.6 (40.4, 77.7)

Residence

Urban 5.8 (4.6, 7.3) 39.5 (32.3, 47.2) 51.1 (44.2, 57.9)

Rural 1.1 (0.7, 1.9) 19.4 (12.3, 29.2) 40.0 (31.8, 48.9)

Education level4

Less than secondary 0.5 (0.1, 2.3) – – – –


High school 3.7 (2.3, 5.8) 29.7 (19.6, 42.3) 44.0 (34.0, 54.4)

College or above 7.3 (5.4, 9.7) 47.4 (37.8, 57.3) 56.0 (47.6, 64.1)

Region

Western 2.2 (1.4, 3.3) 35.9 (24.1, 49.7) 53.8 (41.8, 65.4)

Central 6.1 (4.4, 8.5) 41.1 (31.1, 51.8) 56.5 (47.7, 64.9)

Southern 5.6 (4.0, 7.9) 35.3 (26.7, 45.0) 42.8 (33.4, 52.8)

Eastern 3.3 (1.6, 6.5) 30.1 (14.4, 52.5) 41.1 (23.9, 60.8)

1 Current non-smokers.2 Also known as the quit ratio for daily smoking.3 Also known as the quit ratio for smoking.4 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.


164


TABLE 4.13: Percentage of former smokers aged 15 years or older who stopped smoking for more than 6 months, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

CharacteristicFormer daily smokers1

Former smokers among ever smokers3Among all adults Among ever daily smokers2

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 9.2 (8.5, 10.1) 29.3 (27.3, 31.4) 36.0 (33.9, 38.0)

Age (years)

15-24 2.3 (1.2, 4.3) 12.2 (6.8, 20.9) 24.2 (17.1, 33.0)

25-44 8.1 (6.8, 9.8) 20.3 (17.1, 23.8) 28.6 (25.4, 32.1)

45-64 11.0 (9.6, 12.6) 32.9 (29.4, 36.7) 39.7 (36.0, 43.4)

65+ 12.8 (11.0, 14.7) 66.7 (60.5, 72.3) 67.2 (61.5, 72.3)

Residence

Urban 9.9 (8.9, 11.0) 31.0 (28.5, 33.7) 37.9 (35.3, 40.5)

Rural 7.7 (6.8, 8.7) 25.2 (22.6, 27.9) 31.0 (28.2, 34.0)

Education level4



High school 9.6 (8.3, 11.1) 26.3 (23.1, 29.9) 33.1 (29.7, 36.6)

College or above 11.4 (9.7, 13.3) 38.5 (33.8, 43.5) 45.1 (40.7, 49.6)

Region

Western 7.3 (6.1, 8.6) 27.0 (23.4, 30.9) 33.8 (30.0, 37.8)

Central 12.1 (10.6, 13.7) 36.1 (32.4, 39.9) 42.7 (39.2, 46.4)

Southern 9.0 (7.6, 10.7) 25.7 (22.1, 29.6) 31.7 (27.8, 35.9)

Eastern 7.6 (5.9, 9.7) 25.2 (20.7, 30.3) 32.3 (27.7, 37.3)

1 Current non-smokers who stopped smoking for more than 6 months.2 Also known as the quit ratio for daily smoking.3 Also known as the quit ratio for smoking.4 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

165

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.13 (CONT.): Percentage of former smokers aged 15 years or older who stopped smoking for more than 6 months, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017



Percentage (95% CI)

Male 15.6 (14.2, 17.0) 28.3 (26.2, 30.5) 33.0 (31.0, 35.1)

Age (years)

15-24 2.6 (1.2, 5.8) 9.6 (4.5, 19.3) 18.8 (12.4, 27.3)

25-44 10.0 (8.1, 12.2) 16.4 (13.5, 19.9) 22.4 (19.1, 25.9)

45-64 19.7 (17.0, 22.7) 32.4 (28.5, 36.5) 37.3 (33.4, 41.3)

65+ 35.6 (31.3, 40.1) 67.3 (61.0, 73.0) 67.8 (61.9, 73.3)

Residence

Urban 15.6 (13.8, 17.6) 29.3 (26.5, 32.3) 34.3 (31.7, 37.1)

Rural 15.5 (13.6, 17.5) 26.3 (23.5, 29.3) 30.3 (27.5, 33.4)

Education level4



High school 16.7 (14.5, 19.1) 26.1 (22.9, 29.6) 31.2 (28.0, 34.7)

College or above 17.2 (14.1, 20.8) 36.0 (30.0, 42.4) 41.0 (35.5, 46.7)

Region

Western 13.6 (11.5, 16.0) 26.6 (23.1, 30.3) 31.2 (27.7, 35.0)

Central 19.8 (17.1, 22.9) 35.2 (31.1, 39.6) 38.5 (34.8, 42.3)

Southern 14.2 (11.9, 16.8) 24.2 (20.8, 28.1) 29.1 (25.4, 33.0)

Eastern 13.2 (9.9, 17.2) 24.5 (19.3, 30.5) 31.3 (26.4, 36.8)

Female 4.0 (3.2, 5.0) 33.0 (26.8, 39.8) 44.8 (38.8, 50.8)

Age (years)

15-24 1.9 (0.7, 5.4) – – 38.3 (20.5, 59.9)

25-44 6.4 (4.5, 8.8) 31.2 (23.3, 40.3) 43.0 (36.0, 50.3)

45-64 3.9 (2.7, 5.7) 35.3 (25.8, 46.2) 48.4 (38.7, 58.3)

65+ 1.3 (0.6, 2.8) 59.6 (35.2, 80.0) 60.6 (40.4, 77.7)Residence

Urban 5.3 (4.2, 6.7) 35.9 (28.9, 43.7) 46.4 (39.6, 53.4)

Rural 0.9 (0.6, 1.6) 15.8 (9.9, 24.2) 35.4 (27.5, 44.2)Education level4

Less than secondary 0.5 (0.1, 2.3) – – – –


High school 3.4 (2.1, 5.3) 27.2 (17.8, 39.2) 40.2 (30.5, 50.8)

College or above 6.9 (5.0, 9.3) 44.7 (35.0, 54.9) 53.6 (45.1, 61.8)Region

Western 1.8 (1.1, 3.0) 30.1 (19.1, 44.0) 46.5 (34.4, 59.1)

Central 5.8 (4.1, 8.0) 38.8 (29.0, 49.5) 53.1 (44.5, 61.6)

Southern 4.8 (3.3, 6.9) 30.0 (21.9, 39.5) 38.2 (28.9, 48.4)

Eastern 3.0 (1.4, 6.4) 28.0 (12.6, 51.2) 35.9 (19.3, 56.9)

1 Current non-smokers who stopped smoking for more than 6 months.2 Also known as the quit ratio for daily smoking.3 Also known as the quit ratio for smoking.4 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.


166


TABLE 4.14: Percentage distribution of former daily smokers aged 15 years or older, by time since quitting smoking and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

CharacteristicTime since quitting smoking (years)1

<1 1 to <5 5 to <10 ≥10

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 9.6 (7.0, 12.9) 23.2 (19.3, 27.6) 18.9 (15.8, 22.5) 48.3 (43.9, 52.8)

Gender

Male 8.8 (6.0, 12.8) 20.5 (16.8, 24.6) 18.7 (15.4, 22.5) 52.0 (47.3, 56.6)

Female 11.9 (6.9, 19.9) 31.9 (22.1, 43.7) 19.6 (12.8, 28.8) 36.6 (27.1, 47.2)

Age (years)

15-24 – – – – – – – –

25-44 15.2 (10.2, 22.1) 35.9 (27.5, 45.2) 19.7 (13.8, 27.4) 29.2 (21.3, 38.4)

45-64 3.8 (2.1, 6.8) 18.4 (13.3, 24.8) 21.6 (16.8, 27.4) 56.2 (49.2, 63.0)

65+ 5.6 (1.9, 15.5) 6.9 (4.1, 11.5) 16.0 (10.6, 23.3) 71.5 (63.9, 78.0)

Residence

Urban 9.7 (6.6, 14.0) 23.7 (18.7, 29.4) 19.0 (15.2, 23.5) 47.6 (42.0, 53.2)

Rural 9.1 (5.6, 14.4) 21.7 (17.4, 26.9) 18.7 (14.5, 23.7) 50.5 (44.5, 56.5)

Education level2

Less than secondary 1.8 (0.3, 12.0) 7.4 (1.8, 25.5) 16.2 (6.6, 34.5) 74.6 (56.8, 86.8)


High school 9.7 (5.9, 15.6) 19.5 (14.8, 25.2) 20.7 (16.2, 26.0) 50.1 (43.7, 56.5)

College or above 9.5 (5.1, 17.2) 24.8 (18.2, 32.7) 20.2 (14.3, 27.6) 45.5 (37.5, 53.9)

Region

Western 10.5 (5.4, 19.5) 25.5 (18.8, 33.8) 22.7 (17.1, 29.5) 41.3 (34.8, 48.1)

Central 5.3 (2.9, 9.4) 23.5 (17.4, 31.0) 21.4 (16.2, 27.7) 49.8 (43.4, 56.2)

Southern 14.3 (8.8, 22.3) 26.2 (18.4, 35.8) 15.5 (10.9, 21.6) 44.0 (35.0, 53.4)

Eastern 11.8 (5.4, 24.0) 16.3 (8.2, 29.8) 14.1 (7.4, 25.2) 57.8 (43.7, 70.8)

1 Among former daily smokers (current non-smokers).2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.


167

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.15: Percentage distribution of daily smokers aged 15 years or older, by time to first smoke upon waking and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

CharacteristicTime to first smoke after waking-up

≤5 minutes 6-30 minutes 31-60 minutes >60 minutes

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 21.3 (18.8, 23.9) 47.9 (44.7, 51.2) 18.7 (16.4, 21.2) 12.1 (9.8, 14.9)

Gender

Male 23.3 (20.6, 26.2) 49.5 (46.0, 53.1) 18.1 (15.7, 20.8) 9.0 (7.1, 11.5)

Female 12.4 (8.4, 17.9) 41.1 (33.4, 49.2) 21.1 (15.9, 27.5) 25.4 (18.5, 33.9)

Age (years)

15-24 7.3 (3.4, 14.7) 47.0 (34.9, 59.4) 28.4 (18.6, 40.8) 17.4 (9.8, 29.0)

25-44 21.8 (18.4, 25.7) 47.8 (43.2, 52.4) 17.1 (14.1, 20.6) 13.3 (9.8, 17.9)

45-64 23.0 (19.0, 27.5) 49.5 (44.0, 55.0) 18.9 (14.9, 23.8) 8.5 (6.4, 11.4)

65+ 27.3 (18.8, 37.7) 39.6 (29.7, 50.4) 18.4 (12.1, 27.0) 14.8 (8.1, 25.3)

Residence

Urban 18.8 (15.9, 22.1) 48.0 (43.9, 52.3) 18.7 (15.8, 22.0) 14.4 (11.3, 18.3)

Rural 26.4 (22.5, 30.7) 47.7 (42.7, 52.6) 18.7 (15.5, 22.4) 7.3 (5.3, 9.9)

Education level1



High school 23.9 (20.2, 28.0) 46.5 (41.7, 51.4) 17.6 (14.2, 21.7) 12.0 (8.3, 17.2)

College or above 14.0 (9.7, 19.7) 52.5 (45.9, 59.0) 19.6 (14.8, 25.5) 13.9 (9.6, 19.8)

Region

Western 23.9 (19.2, 29.4) 43.2 (38.2, 48.4) 20.8 (16.5, 25.7) 12.1 (8.6, 16.7)

Central 23.5 (19.4, 28.1) 50.7 (44.8, 56.7) 16.1 (12.4, 20.7) 9.7 (7.0, 13.3)

Southern 24.2 (19.8, 29.2) 38.4 (32.7, 44.5) 22.7 (18.4, 27.8) 14.7 (11.0, 19.3)

Eastern 12.0 (7.6, 18.5) 60.2 (51.4, 68.4) 15.4 (10.7, 21.6) 12.4 (6.0, 23.8)


168


TABLE 4.16: Electronic cigarette awareness and use among adults aged 15 years or older, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic Ever heard of electronic cigarettes1

Ever used an electronic cigarette1

Current user of electronic cigarettes1,2

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 50.9 (48.5, 53.3) 6.4 (5.6, 7.2) 1.7 (1.3, 2.1)

Gender

Male 58.0 (55.1, 60.9) 10.2 (8.8, 11.8) 2.5 (1.8, 3.4)

Female 45.0 (42.3, 47.7) 3.1 (2.5, 4.0) 1.0 (0.6, 1.5)

Age (years)

15-24 62.6 (57.5, 67.5) 14.3 (11.2, 18.0) 4.2 (2.7, 6.5)

25-44 61.5 (58.1, 64.9) 9.8 (8.3, 11.6) 2.4 (1.7, 3.3)

45-64 50.5 (47.2, 53.7) 2.9 (2.2, 3.8) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2)

65+ 23.0 (20.3, 26.1) 0.5 (0.2, 1.2) 0.3 (0.1, 0.8)

Residence

Urban 55.9 (52.8, 59.0) 7.3 (6.2, 8.5) 1.9 (1.4, 2.5)

Rural 39.6 (36.5, 42.7) 4.3 (3.5, 5.3) 1.2 (0.8, 1.8)

Education level3



High school 52.0 (48.8, 55.1) 5.2 (4.3, 6.3) 1.3 (0.8, 1.9)

College or above 61.6 (57.1, 65.8) 7.3 (5.8, 9.2) 2.1 (1.3, 3.4)

Region

Western 34.0 (29.4, 38.9) 3.6 (2.6, 5.0) 1.0 (0.5, 1.8)

Central 52.4 (48.5, 56.2) 8.1 (6.7, 9.8) 2.0 (1.4, 2.8)

Southern 58.3 (53.1, 63.3) 7.5 (5.9, 9.6) 1.9 (1.2, 3.0)

Eastern 59.9 (54.5, 65.0) 5.7 (4.1, 7.8) 1.8 (1.0, 3.2)

1 Among all adults.2 Current use includes daily or less than daily use.3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

169

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.16 (CONT.): Electronic cigarette awareness and use among adults aged 15 years or older, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic Ever heard of electronic cigarettes

Ever used an electronic cigarette

Current user of electronic cigarettes1

Percentage (95% CI)

Current smokers 65.0 (61.5, 68.4) 18.0 (15.5, 20.9) 4.3 (3.2, 5.8)Gender

Male 62.4 (58.6, 66.1) 17.7 (15.0, 20.7) 4.3 (3.1, 6.1)Female 74.7 (67.5, 80.8) 19.4 (14.1, 26.1) 4.1 (2.4, 6.9)

Age (years)15-24 74.7 (64.0, 83.1) 40.3 (30.1, 51.3) 14.5 (8.7, 23.2)25-44 67.1 (62.2, 71.7) 20.4 (16.5, 25.0) 4.2 (2.7, 6.6)45-64 62.4 (57.2, 67.3) 9.5 (7.0, 12.9) 1.8 (1.0, 3.5)65+ 41.0 (31.2, 51.6) 4.9 (1.7, 13.4) 1.2 (0.2, 5.6)

ResidenceUrban 69.7 (65.2, 73.9) 20.6 (17.2, 24.5) 4.9 (3.4, 6.9)Rural 54.5 (49.4, 59.5) 12.4 (9.8, 15.6) 2.9 (1.7, 5.0)

Education level2

Less than secondary 46.6 (32.2, 61.5) 4.2 (1.5, 11.4) 0.6 (0.1, 4.3)Secondary school 56.0 (50.0, 61.9) 14.8 (10.3, 20.8) 2.2 (1.0, 4.4)High school 65.7 (61.0, 70.1) 13.6 (10.8, 16.9) 2.5 (1.6, 3.9)College or above 71.0 (64.0, 77.1) 22.2 (16.5, 29.1) 6.1 (3.1, 11.6)

RegionWestern 45.2 (37.8, 52.8) 10.3 (7.4, 14.1) 2.5 (1.4, 4.6)Central 67.8 (61.9, 73.1) 22.4 (17.7, 28.0) 5.4 (3.4, 8.4)Southern 72.2 (65.7, 78.0) 19.8 (15.2, 25.2) 5.2 (3.3, 8.2)Eastern 72.2 (64.0, 79.1) 17.6 (11.6, 25.8) 3.4 (1.2, 9.1)

Non-smokers 46.7 (44.2, 49.3) 2.9 (2.3, 3.6) 0.9 (0.6, 1.3)Gender

Male 55.2 (51.7, 58.6) 5.3 (4.1, 6.9) 1.3 (0.7, 2.2)Female 42.1 (39.4, 44.8) 1.6 (1.1, 2.2) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2)

Age (years)15-24 59.8 (54.1, 65.3) 8.3 (5.6, 12.1) 1.9 (0.9, 4.0)25-44 58.9 (54.9, 62.8) 4.7 (3.6, 6.1) 1.5 (0.9, 2.5)45-64 47.0 (43.5, 50.4) 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) 0.4 (0.2, 1.0)65+ 21.9 (19.0, 25.0) 0.3 (0.1, 0.9) 0.2 (0.1, 0.9)

ResidenceUrban 51.8 (48.5, 55.1) 3.4 (2.6, 4.3) 1.0 (0.6, 1.6)Rural 35.1 (32.0, 38.4) 1.9 (1.2, 2.9) 0.7 (0.3, 1.3)

Education level2

Less than secondary 6.9 (4.7, 10.1) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/ASecondary school 32.6 (28.9, 36.6) 0.5 (0.2, 1.2) 0.4 (0.1, 1.1)High school 46.9 (43.4, 50.5) 2.2 (1.5, 3.0) 0.8 (0.4, 1.6)College or above 59.4 (54.7, 63.9) 3.8 (2.7, 5.5) 1.2 (0.6, 2.3)

RegionWestern 31.1 (26.4, 36.3) 2.0 (1.1, 3.4) 0.6 (0.2, 1.7)Central 48.0 (44.0, 52.1) 4.0 (3.0, 5.3) 1.0 (0.6, 1.7)Southern 53.3 (47.6, 58.9) 3.1 (1.9, 5.0) 0.7 (0.3, 1.7)Eastern 56.2 (50.5, 61.8) 2.2 (1.2, 3.8) 1.3 (0.6, 2.7)

1 Current use includes daily or less than daily use.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

N/A: Not applicable

170


TABLE 4.17: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older, by detailed smoking status and gender – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Smoking status 2010 2017 Relative changes

Percentage (95% CI) Percentage

Overall

Current smokers 28.3 (27.0, 29.5) 22.8 (21.6, 24.1) − 19.3*

Daily smokers 25.0 (23.8, 26.3) 20.1 (18.9, 21.3) − 19.8*

Occasional smokers 3.2 (2.7, 3.8) 2.7 (2.2, 3.4) − 15.1

Male

Current smokers 49.6 (47.6, 51.7) 39.7 (37.8, 41.6) − 20.0*

Daily smokers 45.1 (43.0, 47.2) 35.9 (33.9, 37.9) − 20.5*


Female

Current smokers 10.5 (9.2, 12.0) 8.8 (7.6, 10.2) − 16.2

Daily smokers 8.4 (7.1, 9.8) 7.0 (5.9, 8.2) − 16.6


Note: Current smoking includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) smoking.* p<0.05NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1). The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.

171

TA

BL

ES

Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.18: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic2010 2017 Relative changes

Any smoked tobacco product Any cigarette1 Other smoked

tobacco2Any smoked

tobacco product Any cigarette1 Other smoked tobacco2

Any smoked tobacco product Any cigarette1 Other smoked

tobacco2


Overall 28.3 (27.0, 29.5) 28.0 (26.8, 29.2) 2.4 (1.9, 3.0) 22.8 (21.6, 24.1) 22.8 (21.5, 24.0) 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) − 19.3* − 18.7* − 53.4*

Gender

Male 49.6 (47.6, 51.7) 49.3 (47.2, 51.4) 3.8 (2.9, 4.9) 39.7 (37.8, 41.6) 39.6 (37.7, 41.6) 2.1 (1.6, 2.7) − 20.0* − 19.6* − 44.9*

Female 10.5 (9.2, 12.0) 10.3 (9.0, 11.7) 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) 8.8 (7.6, 10.2) 8.8 (7.6, 10.1) 0.3 (0.2, 0.7) − 16.2 − 14.8 − 74.1*

Age (years)

15-24 29.7 (26.0, 33.8) 29.0 (25.2, 33.0) 6.3 (4.4, 8.9) 18.7 (15.2, 22.8) 18.6 (15.1, 22.7) 2.6 (1.5, 4.7) − 37.2* − 35.8* − 57.9*

25-44 38.9 (36.5, 41.3) 38.7 (36.3, 41.1) 3.2 (2.4, 4.2) 32.4 (30.0, 34.9) 32.4 (30.0, 34.9) 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) − 16.6* − 16.2* − 54.9*

45-64 26.6 (24.5, 28.9) 26.5 (24.3, 28.7) 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) 22.9 (21.0, 24.9) 22.8 (20.9, 24.8) 0.9 (0.5, 1.4) − 14.1* − 13.8* 43.1

65+ 8.8 (7.5, 10.3) 8.8 (7.5, 10.3) 0.1 (0.0, 0.6) 6.0 (5.0, 7.3) 6.0 (5.0, 7.3) 0.0 (0.0, 0.3) − 31.3* − 31.3* − 59.1

Residence

Urban 29.9 (28.2, 31.7) 29.5 (27.8, 31.3) 3.0 (2.3, 3.9) 22.7 (21.1, 24.3) 22.6 (21.1, 24.3) 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) − 24.2* − 23.3* − 53.2*

Rural 25.1 (23.6, 26.6) 25.1 (23.6, 26.6) 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) 23.1 (21.3, 24.9) 23.0 (21.3, 24.8) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) − 8.2 − 8.3 − 62.7*

Education level3

Less than secondary 11.6 (9.4, 14.2) 11.6 (9.4, 14.2) 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 9.7 (7.2, 13.0) 9.7 (7.2, 13.0) 0.1 (0.0, 0.8) − 15.8 − 15.8 126.0

Secondary school 31.2 (28.8, 33.6) 31.2 (28.8, 33.6) 0.5 (0.3, 1.1) 26.5 (23.9, 29.2) 26.5 (23.9, 29.2) 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) − 15.1* − 15.1* − 12.4

High school 32.5 (30.2, 34.8) 32.5 (30.2, 34.8) 1.9 (1.3, 2.8) 26.8 (24.6, 29.1) 26.8 (24.6, 29.1) 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) − 17.5* − 17.5* − 49.1*

College or above 24.9 (21.9, 28.1) 24.3 (21.4, 27.6) 2.9 (2.0, 4.3) 18.9 (16.7, 21.4) 18.9 (16.6, 21.4) 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) − 24.0* − 22.5* − 54.6*

Region

Western 25.3 (23.2, 27.5) 25.2 (23.1, 27.4) 1.6 (1.0, 2.6) 20.3 (18.3, 22.6) 20.3 (18.3, 22.6) 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) − 19.6* − 19.2* − 34.9

Central 27.0 (24.7, 29.4) 26.6 (24.4, 29.0) 2.3 (1.5, 3.4) 22.1 (20.2, 24.2) 22.1 (20.1, 24.1) 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) − 18.1* − 17.2* − 56.6*

Southern 32.5 (30.1, 35.1) 32.1 (29.7, 34.7) 3.6 (2.4, 5.3) 26.4 (23.9, 29.0) 26.3 (23.9, 28.9) 2.0 (1.4, 2.9) − 18.9* − 18.1* − 43.7*

Eastern 29.5 (26.8, 32.2) 29.5 (26.8, 32.2) 2.2 (1.2, 4.0) 22.9 (19.6, 26.4) 22.8 (19.6, 26.3) 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) − 22.4* − 22.7* − 77.6*

Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.1 Includes manufactured cigarettes and hand-rolled cigarettes. 2 Includes pipes, cigars / cigarillos, water pipe and others.3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1). The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.

172


TABLE 4.18 (CONT.): Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who are current smokers of various smoked tobacco products, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic

2010 2017 Relative changes

Type of cigarette Type of cigarette Type of cigarette

Manufactured Hand-rolled Manufactured Hand-rolled Manufactured Hand-rolled


Overall 27.9 (26.6, 29.1) 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) 22.6 (21.3, 23.8) 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) − 19.1* − 3.9

Gender

Male 49.0 (47.0, 51.1) 2.5 (2.0, 3.2) 39.2 (37.3, 41.1) 2.5 (2.0, 3.2) − 20.1* 0.7

Female 10.3 (9.0, 11.7) 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 8.8 (7.6, 10.1) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) − 14.8 − 69.7*

Age (years)

15-24 29.0 (25.2, 33.0) 0.2 (0.0, 1.2) 18.6 (15.1, 22.7) 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) − 35.8* 141.6

25-44 38.7 (36.3, 41.1) 1.1 (0.8, 1.7) 32.3 (29.9, 34.8) 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) − 16.5* 12.4

45-64 26.3 (24.2, 28.5) 2.0 (1.4, 2.7) 22.5 (20.6, 24.5) 1.6 (1.2, 2.0) − 14.5* − 19.5

65+ 8.4 (7.1, 9.9) 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) 5.8 (4.7, 7.1) 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) − 31.1* − 40.7*

Residence

Urban 29.5 (27.8, 31.2) 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) 22.6 (21.0, 24.3) 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) − 23.3* − 15.1

Rural 24.8 (23.3, 26.3) 2.1 (1.6, 2.7) 22.4 (20.7, 24.3) 2.3 (1.9, 2.9) − 9.6* 13.7

Education level1

Less than secondary 10.8 (8.6, 13.4) 2.2 (1.4, 3.6) 9.4 (6.9, 12.6) 1.5 (0.9, 2.7) − 13.1 − 31.6

Secondary school 31.0 (28.6, 33.5) 2.2 (1.6, 3.0) 26.1 (23.6, 28.8) 2.1 (1.5, 2.9) − 15.8* − 5.5

High school 32.4 (30.1, 34.7) 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) 26.5 (24.3, 28.8) 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) − 18.2* 19.1

College or above 24.3 (21.4, 27.6) 0.6 (0.3, 1.4) 18.8 (16.5, 2 1.3) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) − 22.7* − 38.9

Region

Western 25.1 (23.0, 27.4) 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) 20.2 (18.1, 22.4) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) − 19.8* − 10.2

Central 26.3 (24.0, 28.7) 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) 21.6 (19.7, 23.7) 2.0 (1.5, 2.6) − 17.9* 5.5

Southern 32.1 (29.7, 34.7) 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) 26.3 (23.8, 28.9) 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) − 18.2* − 16.6

Eastern 29.5 (26.8, 32.2) 0.2 (0.0, 0.6) 22.7 (19.5, 26.3) 0.6 (0.2, 2.0) − 22.9* 260.2

Note: Current use includes both daily and occasional (less than daily) use.1 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1). The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.

173

TA

BL

ES

Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.19: Average number of cigarettes smoked per day and percentage distribution of daily cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by number of cigarettes smoked per day, gender and other selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic

Average number of cigarettes smoked per day1

Overall Male Female

2010 2017 Relative changes 2010 2017 Relative

changes 2010 2017 Relative changes

Mean (95% CI) Mean Mean (95% CI) Mean Mean (95% CI) Mean

Overall 16.9 (16.5, 17.4) 17.1 (16.7, 17.6) 1.0 18.1 (17.6, 18.6) 18.2 (17.7, 18.7) 0.5 11.8 (10.9, 12.8) 12.6 (11.7, 13.5) 6.5

Age (years)

15-24 13.7 (12.7, 14.7) 16.3 (14.5, 18.2) 19.1* 14.5 (13.4, 15.6) 17.2 (15.1, 19.3) 18.7* 11.4 (8.9, 13.8) – – –

25-44 17.1 (16.4, 17.9) 17.2 (16.5, 17.9) 0.2 18.5 (17.7, 19.3) 18.3 (17.6, 19.1) − 1.1 11.7 (10.7, 12.8) 12.8 (11.7, 14.0) 9.5

45-64 18.5 (17.6, 19.4) 17.4 (16.5, 18.2) − 6.1 19.5 (18.6, 20.4) 18.5 (17.6, 19.3) − 5.5 12.5 (10.6, 14.4) 12.5 (10.6, 14.3) − 0.2

65+ 17.1 (15.5, 18.8) 16.0 (14.2, 17.7) − 6.8 17.1 (15.5, 18.8) 16.6 (14.8, 18.4) − 3.3 – – – – –

Residence

Urban 16.4 (15.8, 17.1) 16.5 (15.8, 17.1) 0.1 17.8 (17.0, 18.5) 17.7 (17.0, 18.3) − 0.7 11.9 (10.9, 13.0) 12.4 (11.4, 13.5) 4.2

Rural 18.0 (17.4, 18.7) 18.5 (17.9, 19.1) 2.7 18.6 (18.0, 19.3) 19.1 (18.5, 19.8) 2.6 11.1 (9.4, 12.8) 13.3 (11.5, 15.0) 19.3

Education level2

Less than secondary 20.9 (18.2, 23.7) 19.0 (16.0, 22.0) − 9.4 21.1 (18.3, 23.8) 21.6 (19.2, 23.9) 2.4 – – – – –

Secondary school 18.8 (17.9, 19.7) 17.2 (16.4, 18.0) − 8.4* 19.6 (18.7, 20.5) 18.1 (17.3, 19.0) − 7.6* 12.5 (10.0, 14.9) 12.3 (10.3, 14.2) − 1.5

High school 17.7 (16.8, 18.5) 17.6 (17.0, 18.2) − 0.4 18.6 (17.7, 19.5) 18.4 (17.7, 19.1) − 1.1 13.3 (11.9, 14.7) 14.0 (12.4, 15.5) 4.9

College or above 14.9 (13.8, 16.1) 16.2 (14.9, 17.4) 8.1 16.9 (15.6, 18.2) 17.7 (16.3, 19.0) 4.8 9.8 (8.3, 11.2) 11.4 (9.9, 12.9) 16.7

Region

Western 17.1 (16.2, 18.0) 17.2 (16.4, 18.0) 0.5 17.6 (16.7, 18.5) 17.7 (16.9, 18.5) 0.8 12.2 (9.5, 14.8) 11.0 (8.9, 13.1) − 9.5

Central 16.9 (16.1, 17.7) 17.0 (16.2, 17.8) 0.8 17.8 (17.0, 18.7) 18.1 (17.3, 19.0) 1.7 11.7 (9.5, 13.8) 13.0 (11.5, 14.5) 11.4

Southern 16.8 (15.7, 17.8) 17.7 (16.8, 18.5) 5.3 18.5 (17.2, 19.7) 19.2 (18.2, 20.2) 4.0 11.8 (10.6, 13.0) 12.3 (10.9, 13.6) 4.0

Eastern 17.3 (16.0, 18.6) 16.6 (15.3, 17.9) − 4.0 19.0 (17.7, 20.3) 17.5 (16.1, 18.8) − 8.0 11.9 (9.5, 14.2) 12.9 (10.5, 15.4) 9.0

1 Among daily cigarette smokers. Cigarettes include manufactured and hand-rolled.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1). The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.

174

GL

OB

AL

AD

UL

T T

OB

AC

CO

SU

RV

EY

TABLE 4.19 (CONT.): Average number of cigarettes smoked per day and percentage distribution of daily cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by number of cigarettes smoked per day, gender and other selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic

Number of cigarettes smoked on average per day1


<10 10-19 20+ <10 10-19 20+ <10 10-19 20+

Percentage (95% CI) Percentage (95% CI) Percentage

Overall 11.8 (9.9, 13.9) 37.6 (34.6, 40.7) 50.6 (47.7, 53.6) 9.5 (7.7, 11.6) 35.0 (32.0, 38.0) 55.5 (52.2, 58.9) − 19.4 − 7.0 9.7*

Age (years)

15-24 14.9 (9.6, 22.3) 54.3 (44.8, 63.4) 30.9 (23.6, 39.1) 9.3 (5.0, 16.8) 44.7 (32.8, 57.2) 46.0 (34.3, 58.1) − 37.5 − 17.6 49.1

25-44 11.2 (8.9, 14.0) 36.4 (32.5, 40.5) 52.4 (48.3, 56.5) 7.6 (5.6, 10.3) 35.7 (31.7, 40.0) 56.7 (52.0, 61.2) − 31.8* − 1.8 8.0

45-64 9.4 (6.9, 12.7) 31.7 (27.2, 36.5) 59.0 (53.9, 63.9) 11.9 (8.5, 16.4) 30.5 (25.7, 35.7) 57.6 (52.1, 63.0) 26.3 − 3.6 − 2.2

65+ 19.4 (12.8, 28.3) 26.7 (19.6, 35.2) 53.9 (44.5, 63.1) 14.0 (8.0, 23.4) 41.0 (31.4, 51.3) 45.0 (35.2, 55.2) − 27.8 53.9 − 16.6

Residence

Urban 12.7 (10.3, 15.6) 39.7 (35.8, 43.8) 47.5 (43.7, 51.3) 10.7 (8.2, 13.8) 36.4 (32.5, 40.5) 52.9 (48.4, 57.4) − 16.2 − 8.5 11.4

Rural 9.7 (7.6, 12.2) 32.9 (28.8, 37.4) 57.4 (53.1, 61.6) 6.9 (5.4, 9.0) 32.0 (28.0, 36.3) 61.1 (56.8, 65.2) − 28.0* − 2.9 6.4

Education level2

Less than secondary 9.3 (4.9, 16.9) 24.2 (16.1, 34.7) 66.5 (55.2, 76.1) 19.7 (9.6, 36.2) 8.0 (3.6, 17.0) 72.3 (56.5, 84.0) 111.2 − 66.8* 8.7

Secondary school 11.6 (8.8, 15.2) 27.4 (23.2, 32.0) 61.0 (56.2, 65.6) 8.7 (5.7, 13.1) 31.8 (25.6, 38.7) 59.5 (52.8, 65.9) − 25.2 16.2 − 2.4

High school 8.6 (6.1, 12.0) 36.7 (32.3, 41.3) 54.8 (50.0, 59.5) 7.4 (5.2, 10.3) 33.6 (29.5, 37.9) 59.0 (54.7, 63.2) − 13.9 − 8.4 7.8

College or above 16.5 (12.0, 22.3) 40.4 (32.9, 48.4) 43.1 (35.6, 51.0) 13.1 (8.6, 19.5) 41.5 (33.8, 49.7) 45.4 (37.9, 53.1) − 20.7 2.8 5.3

Region

Western 9.4 (6.6, 13.3) 39.6 (34.0, 45.5) 51.0 (45.1, 56.7) 10.5 (7.4, 14.8) 36.2 (30.8, 41.9) 53.3 (47.7, 58.8) 12.0 − 8.7 4.6

Central 12.5 (9.5, 16.1) 37.3 (32.3, 42.5) 50.3 (45.4, 55.2) 9.4 (6.6, 13.1) 36.6 (31.8, 41.7) 54.0 (48.4, 59.5) − 24.8 − 1.7 7.4

Southern 13.7 (10.1, 18.5) 35.6 (29.4, 42.3) 50.7 (44.6, 56.7) 9.6 (7.1, 12.9) 32.2 (27.8, 37.1) 58.1 (52.5, 63.6) − 29.9 − 9.3 14.7

Eastern 10.0 (6.0, 16.1) 39.2 (32.1, 46.7) 50.9 (43.5, 58.2) 8.5 (4.1, 16.7) 34.8 (26.4, 44.3) 56.7 (46.7, 66.2) − 15.0 − 11.1 11.5


175

TA

BL

ES

Ukraine2017


Characteristic



<10 10-19 20+ <10 10-19 20+ <10 10-19 20+


Male 7.9 (6.4, 9.8) 35.8 (32.9, 38.9) 56.3 (53.1, 59.3) 6.2 (4.6, 8.1) 31.2 (27.9, 34.7) 62.6 (59.0, 66.1) − 22.6 − 12.8* 11.3*

Age (years)

15-24 11.2 (6.4, 18.9) 55.2 (46.0, 64.0) 33.6 (25.8, 42.4) 9.0 (4.4, 17.3) 36.5 (25.0, 49.8) 54.5 (41.7, 66.8) − 20.0 − 33.8* 62.2*

25-44 6.7 (4.9, 9.1) 34.1 (30.1, 38.3) 59.2 (54.8, 63.4) 3.7 (2.2, 6.2) 32.5 (27.9, 37.6) 63.7 (58.6, 68.6) − 44.3* − 4.6 7.7

45-64 5.5 (3.7, 8.2) 30.2 (25.7, 35.1) 64.2 (59.2, 69.0) 8.4 (5.4, 12.8) 26.3 (21.5, 31.8) 65.3 (59.4, 70.7) 51.5 − 12.8 1.6

65+ 19.4 (12.8, 28.3) 26.7 (19.6, 35.2) 53.9 (44.5, 63.1) 11.0 (5.6, 20.3) 41.0 (31.2, 51.6) 48.0 (37.6, 58.6) − 43.5* 53.9 − 11.0

Residence

Urban 8.5 (6.5, 11.1) 37.5 (33.6, 41.5) 54.0 (49.8, 58.1) 6.9 (4.7, 9.9) 31.8 (27.2, 36.8) 61.3 (56.1, 66.3) − 19.6 − 15.2 13.6*

Rural 6.9 (5.1, 9.2) 32.7 (28.4, 37.3) 60.4 (55.8, 64.8) 4.9 (3.6, 6.6) 30.2 (26.3, 34.4) 65.0 (60.8, 69.0) − 29.4 − 7.8 7.6

Education level2

Less than secondary 8.8 (4.5, 16.4) 23.8 (15.7, 34.4) 67.4 (56.0, 77.0) 6.2 (2.4, 15.3) 9.8 (4.4, 20.3) 84.0 (71.9, 91.5) − 29.0 − 59.1* 24.7*

Secondary school 8.4 (6.0, 11.7) 26.0 (22.0, 30.5) 65.5 (60.7, 70.1) 5.2 (3.3, 8.0) 29.5 (23.0, 36.8) 65.4 (58.3, 71.8) − 38.6* 13.1 − 0.2

High school 6.6 (4.5, 9.6) 34.1 (29.7, 38.9) 59.3 (54.2, 64.1) 5.2 (3.2, 8.3) 30.2 (25.6, 35.2) 64.6 (59.5, 69.3) − 21.0 − 11.5 8.9

College or above 6.8 (3.9, 11.5) 40.2 (32.0, 48.9) 53.1 (44.2, 61.7) 8.5 (4.4, 15.6) 36.6 (28.3, 45.9) 54.9 (46.4, 63.2) 25.1 − 8.8 3.4

Region

Western 8.2 (5.7, 11.7) 37.8 (32.6, 43.4) 53.9 (48.4, 59.3) 7.7 (5.0, 11.8) 35.4 (29.9, 41.3) 56.9 (51.1, 62.5) − 6.5 − 6.4 5.5

Central 8.5 (6.1, 11.8) 37.3 (32.3, 42.6) 54.2 (49.1, 59.2) 5.7 (3.5, 9.2) 33.0 (27.6, 38.9) 61.3 (55.4, 66.9) − 32.6 − 11.6 13.1

Southern 8.3 (5.2, 12.9) 32.3 (26.3, 38.9) 59.4 (52.3, 66.2) 4.7 (2.8, 7.9) 27.0 (21.6, 33.2) 68.3 (61.8, 74.2) − 42.9* − 16.5 14.9

Eastern 5.1 (2.7, 9.3) 35.1 (28.0, 42.9) 59.8 (51.8, 67.3) 6.7 (3.0, 14.5) 29.4 (20.4, 40.2) 63.9 (52.4, 74.0) 32.6 − 16.4 6.8


176

GL

OB

AL

AD

UL

T T

OB

AC

CO

SU

RV

EY


Characteristic



<10 10-19 20+ <10 10-19 20+ <10 10-19 20+


Female 28.9 (22.5, 36.2) 45.6 (37.3, 54.1) 25.6 (18.9, 33.6) 23.7 (17.4, 31.5) 51.0 (43.3, 58.6) 25.3 (19.3, 32.4) − 17.8 11.8 − 1.0

Age (years)

15-24 26.0 (12.2, 46.9) 51.4 (28.9, 73.3) 22.6 (8.0, 49.4) – – – – – – – – –

25-44 28.6 (20.5, 38.3) 45.2 (35.1, 55.8) 26.2 (19.0, 34.9) 22.3 (14.9, 31.9) 47.8 (37.5, 58.2) 29.9 (21.0, 40.8) − 22.1 5.6 14.5

45-64 32.4 (21.6, 45.5) 40.2 (27.5, 54.4) 27.3 (16.3, 42.1) 27.8 (16.6, 42.6) 49.6 (36.6, 62.7) 22.6 (14.6, 33.3) − 14.4 23.3 − 17.3

65+ – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Residence

Urban 27.0 (20.1, 35.2) 47.3 (37.9, 56.9) 25.7 (18.2, 34.9) 23.5 (16.3, 32.8) 51.8 (43.0, 60.5) 24.7 (18.0, 32.9) − 12.7 9.4 − 4.0

Rural 39.9 (26.2, 55.5) 35.4 (22.7, 50.5) 24.7 (14.1, 39.4) 24.5 (15.1, 37.4) 47.3 (33.3, 61.8) 28.1 (16.8, 43.2) − 38.6* 33.7 14.1

Education level2

Less than secondary – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Secondary school 35.2 (22.5, 50.4) 37.2 (23.7, 53.1) 27.6 (15.1, 45.0) 27.2 (13.3, 47.6) 44.1 (26.4, 63.4) 28.7 (16.5, 45.0) − 22.6 18.4 3.9

High school 18.0 (9.5, 31.7) 48.6 (36.2, 61.3) 33.3 (23.1, 45.4) 17.4 (10.3, 27.7) 48.8 (36.7, 61.1) 33.8 (23.2, 46.4) − 3.7 0.4 1.4

College or above 42.7 (29.4, 57.2) 41.0 (26.2, 57.6) 16.3 (8.4, 29.4) 27.6 (16.1, 43.2) 56.9 (41.6, 71.0) 15.4 (8.2, 27.1) − 35.3 38.9 − 5.3

Region

Western 21.1 (10.0, 39.1) 58.2 (36.4, 77.1) 20.8 (7.7, 45.3) 42.7 (22.1, 66.2) 45.2 (24.0, 68.4) 12.0 (3.9, 31.3) 102.7 − 22.2 − 42.1

Central 33.3 (22.0, 46.9) 37.0 (24.1, 52.1) 29.7 (15.5, 49.4) 21.8 (13.1, 34.0) 49.1 (36.5, 61.7) 29.1 (18.2, 43.2) − 34.4 32.5 − 2.0

Southern 29.6 (19.8, 41.8) 45.1 (31.2, 59.9) 25.3 (16.3, 36.9) 26.5 (17.8, 37.4) 50.4 (40.1, 60.7) 23.1 (15.3, 33.4) − 10.6 11.7 − 8.4

Eastern 25.2 (11.6, 46.5) 51.9 (35.3, 68.0) 22.9 (12.6, 38.0) 15.6 (3.8, 45.9) 57.1 (37.3, 74.9) 27.4 (14.9, 44.8) − 38.4 10.0 19.6


177

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.20: Average age at daily smoking initiation and percentage distribution of ever daily smokers 18-34 years old, by age at daily smoking initiation, gender and residence – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

CharacteristicAverage age at smoking initiation (years)1


Mean (95% CI) Percentage

Overall 17.1 (16.9, 17.4) 16.8 (16.5, 17.1) − 1.9

Gender

Male 16.8 (16.5, 17.1) 16.5 (16.1, 16.8) − 2.1

Female 18.1 (17.5, 18.6) 17.7 (17.0, 18.4) − 1.8

Residence

Urban 17.3 (16.9, 17.6) 16.9 (16.5, 17.3) − 1.9

Rural 16.8 (16.4, 17.2) 16.5 (16.1, 17.0) − 1.7

Region

Western 17.3 (16.7, 17.9) 16.8 (16.3, 17.3) − 2.8

Central 17.1 (16.7, 17.4) 17.0 (16.5, 17.6) − 0.4

Southern 16.6 (16.2, 17.0) 16.5 (16.0, 16.9) − 0.8

Eastern 18.2 (17.2, 19.2) 16.9 (16.0, 17.9) − 6.9

TABLE 4.20 (CONT.): Average age at daily smoking initiation and percentage distribution of ever daily smokers 18-34 years old, by age at daily smoking initiation, gender and residence – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic

Age at smoking initiation (years)1


<15 15-17 <15 15-17 <15 15-17


Overall 14.4 (11.7, 17.5) 39.8 (35.5, 44.3) 17.1 (13.8, 21.0) 43.3 (38.5, 48.2) 18.8 8.8

Gender

Male 16.0 (12.7, 19.9) 41.0 (36.3, 45.9) 20.8 (16.7, 25.5) 44.9 (39.5, 50.4) 29.9 9.4

Female 9.9 (5.8, 16.5) 36.4 (27.5, 46.4) 7.7 (3.9, 14.5) 39.3 (28.9, 50.8) − 22.6 8.0

Residence

Urban 14.1 (10.8, 18.1) 40.2 (34.7, 45.9) 16.0 (12.0, 21.1) 43.3 (37.3, 49.5) 13.8 7.7

Rural 15.2 (11.4, 20.1) 38.8 (33.1, 44.7) 19.9 (15.0, 25.9) 43.4 (36.4, 50.6) 30.6 11.8

Region

Western 10.6 (6.5, 16.7) 37.2 (30.6, 44.2) 17.7 (12.1, 25.2) 40.7 (32.5, 49.5) 67.3 9.4

Central 11.6 (7.6, 17.2) 42.3 (34.1, 50.8) 13.9 (9.7, 19.6) 48.8 (41.4, 56.2) 20.3 15.5

Southern 21.5 (16.3, 27.8) 40.5 (32.7, 48.8) 20.1 (13.8, 28.2) 45.5 (36.3, 55.1) − 6.7 12.4

Eastern 12.6 (6.8, 22.3) 36.6 (25.5, 49.3) 18.0 (9.1, 32.5) 33.0 (20.9, 47.9) 42.9 − 9.8

1 Among respondents 18-34 years of age who are ever daily smokers.* p<0.05NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1). The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.

178


TABLE 4.20 (CONT.): Average age at daily smoking initiation and percentage distribution of ever daily smokers 18-34 years old, by age at daily smoking initiation, gender and residence – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic

Age at smoking initiation (years)1


18-19 20+ 18-19 20+ 18-19 20+


Overall 27.5 (23.8, 31.6) 18.3 (15.3, 21.8) 24.7 (20.5, 29.4) 14.9 (11.5, 19.1) − 10.3 − 18.5

Gender

Male 28.1 (24.0, 32.6) 14.9 (11.8, 18.6) 21.5 (17.0, 26.8) 12.9 (9.6, 17.1) − 23.6* − 13.5

Female 25.9 (18.8, 34.6) 27.7 (20.5, 36.4) 32.9 (24.0, 43.3) 20.1 (11.9, 31.8) 26.9 − 27.5

Residence

Urban 25.3 (20.7, 30.4) 20.5 (16.5, 25.1) 25.8 (20.5, 31.8) 14.9 (10.7, 20.5) 1.9 − 27.0

Rural 33.5 (28.0, 39.5) 12.5 (9.5, 16.3) 21.9 (16.1, 29.2) 14.8 (10.4, 20.7) − 34.5* 18.7

Region

Western 33.4 (26.4, 41.2) 18.8 (13.2, 26.0) 25.8 (18.8, 34.5) 15.7 (10.5, 22.9) − 22.6 − 16.4

Central 31.5 (25.0, 38.9) 14.7 (10.6, 19.9) 20.4 (14.7, 27.6) 16.9 (12.1, 23.1) − 35.3* 15.2

Southern 23.2 (16.8, 31.2) 14.8 (10.1, 21.1) 24.0 (16.1, 34.2) 10.5 (6.5, 16.3) 3.1 − 29.2

Eastern 15.9 (8.1, 28.6) 34.9 (23.1, 48.8) 32.3 (20.5, 46.9) 16.6 (6.5, 36.2) 103.8 − 52.5*

1 Among respondents 18-34 years of age who are ever daily smokers.* p<0.05NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1). The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.

179

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.21: Percentage of former smokers aged 15 years or older, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

CharacteristicFormer daily smokers (among all adults)1



Overall 9.4 (8.7, 10.1) 10.2 (9.4, 11.1) 9.0

Gender

Male 16.7 (15.3, 18.1) 17.2 (15.7, 18.8) 3.2

Female 3.3 (2.7, 4.1) 4.4 (3.6, 5.5) 33.4

Age (years)

15-24 5.3 (3.8, 7.3) 3.8 (2.3, 6.1) − 28.0

25-44 9.5 (8.2, 10.9) 9.5 (8.0, 11.2) 0.5

45-64 10.0 (8.8, 11.4) 11.4 (10.0, 13.0) 13.9

65+ 12.3 (10.5, 14.5) 13.5 (11.6, 15.7) 9.8

Residence

Urban 9.2 (8.3, 10.2) 11.1 (10.0, 12.2) 20.2*

Rural 9.7 (8.7, 10.9) 8.3 (7.4, 9.4) − 14.3*

Education level2

Less than secondary 10.5 (8.7, 12.8) 7.7 (5.7, 10.2) − 27.3*

Secondary school 10.1 (8.7, 11.7) 11.1 (9.2, 13.2) 9.2

High school 10.7 (9.3, 12.2) 10.8 (9.4, 12.3) 0.9

College or above 9.8 (8.2, 11.8) 12.4 (10.6, 14.5) 26.3

Region

Western 8.0 (6.9, 9.3) 8.3 (7.0, 9.7) 3.3

Central 9.4 (8.3, 10.7) 12.6 (11.1, 14.3) 34.5*

Southern 10.5 (9.2, 12.0) 10.4 (8.7, 12.3) − 1.3

Eastern 10.0 (7.7, 12.9) 8.8 (6.9, 11.0) − 12.1

1 Current non-smokers.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1). The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.

180


TABLE 4.21 (CONT.): Percentage of former smokers aged 15 years or older, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

CharacteristicFormer daily smokers (among ever daily smokers)1,2



Overall 26.2 (24.3, 28.1) 32.4 (30.3, 34.5) 23.7*

Gender

Male 26.0 (24.1, 28.1) 31.3 (29.0, 33.7) 20.1*

Female 26.8 (22.1, 32.0) 36.6 (30.3, 43.3) 36.4*

Age (years)

15-24 17.1 (12.4, 23.0) 20.2 (12.9, 30.1) 18.3

25-44 20.6 (18.1, 23.4) 23.7 (20.4, 27.4) 14.8

45-64 27.8 (24.6, 31.3) 34.3 (30.6, 38.1) 23.0*

65+ 59.4 (53.4, 65.2) 70.7 (64.7, 76.1) 19.0*

Residence

Urban 24.9 (22.5, 27.4) 34.5 (31.8, 37.4) 38.8*

Rural 28.9 (26.1, 31.8) 27.3 (24.7, 30.0) − 5.6

Education level3

Less than secondary 48.2 (40.9, 55.7) 45.0 (34.5, 55.9) − 6.8


High school 25.8 (22.6, 29.2) 29.4 (26.0, 33.0) 14.0

College or above 29.4 (24.7, 34.7) 42.0 (37.1, 47.0) 42.6*

Region

Western 25.4 (22.0, 29.0) 30.8 (27.0, 35.0) 21.5

Central 27.1 (23.7, 30.8) 37.6 (34.0, 41.4) 38.9*

Southern 25.7 (22.5, 29.2) 29.5 (25.5, 33.8) 14.7

Eastern 26.5 (21.1, 32.6) 29.2 (24.4, 34.5) 10.3

1 Current non-smokers.2 Also known as the quit ratio for daily smoking.3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1). The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.

181

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.21 (CONT.): Percentage of former smokers aged 15 years or older, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

CharacteristicFormer smokers1 (among ever smokers)2



Overall 34.7 (32.6, 36.8) 40.3 (38.1, 42.5) 16.3*

Gender

Male 31.7 (29.5, 33.8) 37.3 (35.0, 39.7) 17.9*

Female 44.3 (39.2, 49.5) 49.4 (43.4, 55.3) 11.5

Age (years)

15-24 32.6 (26.6, 39.1) 35.7 (27.3, 45.0) 9.6

25-44 29.5 (26.6, 32.6) 33.4 (30.0, 37.0) 13.4

45-64 34.2 (30.8, 37.8) 41.2 (37.5, 45.0) 20.4*

65+ 63.2 (57.8, 68.3) 72.2 (66.8, 77.0) 14.1*

Residence

Urban 34.7 (32.1, 37.5) 42.7 (39.9, 45.5) 23.0*

Rural 34.5 (31.8, 37.3) 34.2 (31.2, 37.3) − 1.0

Education level3



High school 33.1 (29.9, 36.4) 37.0 (33.5, 40.6) 11.8

College or above 40.1 (35.0, 45.4) 49.8 (45.0, 54.6) 24.3*

Region

Western 32.8 (29.4, 36.5) 38.9 (34.8, 43.2) 18.5*

Central 39.1 (35.2, 43.2) 46.0 (42.3, 49.7) 17.5*

Southern 31.7 (28.3, 35.2) 36.4 (31.9, 41.1) 15.0

Eastern 32.1 (26.4, 38.5) 37.2 (32.2, 42.5) 15.9

1 Current non-smokers.2 Also known as the quit ratio for smoking.3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1). The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.

182


TABLE 4.22: Percentage distribution of daily smokers aged 15 years or older, by time to first smoke upon waking and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic

Time to first smoke after waking-up


≤5 minutes 6-30 minutes ≤5 minutes 6-30 minutes ≤5 minutes

6-30 minutes


Overall 22.3 (19.9, 24.9) 37.6 (35.0, 40.4) 21.3 (18.8, 23.9) 47.9 (44.7, 51.2) − 4.7 27.3*

Gender

Male 23.5 (20.9, 26.2) 38.8 (35.8, 41.9) 23.3 (20.6, 26.2) 49.5 (46.0, 53.1) − 0.7 27.5*

Female 17.1 (10.9, 25.7) 32.3 (25.7, 39.7) 12.4 (8.4, 17.9) 41.1 (33.4, 49.2) − 27.2 27.1

Age (years)

15-24 19.6 (12.7, 28.8) 28.9 (21.7, 37.3) 7.3 (3.4, 14.7) 47.0 (34.9, 59.4) − 62.8* 62.6*

25-44 20.0 (16.9, 23.5) 40.4 (36.4, 44.4) 21.8 (18.4, 25.7) 47.8 (43.2, 52.4) 8.9 18.3*

45-64 25.8 (21.4, 30.9) 39.4 (34.8, 44.2) 23.0 (19.0, 27.5) 49.5 (44.0, 55.0) − 11.0 25.8*

65+ 31.1 (22.3, 41.5) 32.8 (24.9, 41.8) 27.3 (18.8, 37.7) 39.6 (29.7, 50.4) − 12.4 20.8

Residence

Urban 20.7 (17.6, 24.2) 36.6 (33.1, 40.2) 18.8 (15.9, 22.1) 48.0 (43.9, 52.3) − 9.2 31.4*

Rural 25.6 (22.4, 29.2) 39.9 (36.1, 43.9) 26.4 (22.5, 30.7) 47.7 (42.7, 52.6) 2.9 19.4*

Education level1

Less than secondary 42.9 (31.1, 55.5) 30.8 (21.1, 42.5) 28.9 (17.7, 43.3) 48.1 (32.2, 64.3) − 32.7 56.3

Secondary school 29.3 (24.7, 34.3) 38.9 (33.7, 44.2) 26.6 (21.5, 32.4) 47.7 (41.2, 54.2) − 9.0 22.7

High school 20.4 (16.8, 24.6) 41.8 (37.4, 46.2) 23.9 (20.2, 28.0) 46.5 (41.7, 51.4) 16.9 11.3

College or above 13.2 (8.6, 19.8) 37.9 (31.1, 45.2) 14.0 (9.7, 19.7) 52.5 (45.9, 59.0) 5.8 38.5*

Region

Western 27.7 (22.6, 33.4) 32.2 (26.8, 38.0) 23.9 (19.2, 29.4) 43.2 (38.2, 48.4) − 13.6 34.4*

Central 22.3 (18.4, 26.7) 36.4 (32.0, 41.0) 23.5 (19.4, 28.1) 50.7 (44.8, 56.7) 5.4 39.4*

Southern 22.5 (18.2, 27.6) 38.8 (34.1, 43.7) 24.2 (19.8, 29.2) 38.4 (32.7, 44.5) 7.2 − 0.9

Eastern 11.8 (7.2, 18.7) 48.1 (40.6, 55.6) 12.0 (7.6, 18.5) 60.2 (51.4, 68.4) 1.7 25.3

1 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1). The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.

183

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 4.22 (CONT.): Percentage distribution of daily smokers aged 15 years or older, by time to first smoke upon waking and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic

Time to first smoke after waking-up


31-60 minutes >60 minutes 31-60 minutes >60 minutes 31-60 minutes

>60 minutes


Overall 23.9 (21.4, 26.6) 16.2 (13.9, 18.7) 18.7 (16.4, 21.2) 12.1 (9.8, 14.9) − 21.8* − 25.0*

Gender

Male 23.4 (20.8, 26.3) 14.3 (12.3, 16.7) 18.1 (15.7, 20.8) 9.0 (7.1, 11.5) − 22.5* − 36.8*

Female 26.3 (19.7, 34.1) 24.4 (18.3, 31.7) 21.1 (15.9, 27.5) 25.4 (18.5, 33.9) − 19.6 4.2

Age (years)

15-24 29.0 (21.3, 38.1) 22.6 (15.9, 31.1) 28.4 (18.6, 40.8) 17.4 (9.8, 29.0) − 2.0 − 23.1

25-44 22.6 (19.3, 26.2) 17.0 (13.9, 20.7) 17.1 (14.1, 20.6) 13.3 (9.8, 17.9) − 24.4* − 21.7

45-64 23.3 (19.1, 28.1) 11.5 (8.9, 14.9) 18.9 (14.9, 23.8) 8.5 (6.4, 11.4) − 18.7 − 25.9

65+ 22.8 (16.1, 31.3) 13.3 (7.8, 21.6) 18.4 (12.1, 27.0) 14.8 (8.1, 25.3) − 19.4 11.2

Residence

Urban 25.7 (22.4, 29.2) 17.0 (14.1, 20.5) 18.7 (15.8, 22.0) 14.4 (11.3, 18.3) − 27.1* − 15.3

Rural 20.2 (17.0, 23.8) 14.3 (11.4, 17.8) 18.7 (15.5, 22.4) 7.3 (5.3, 9.9) − 7.3 − 49.2*

Education level1

Less than secondary 20.2 (12.9, 30.2) 6.2 (2.4, 15.1) 14.0 (5.6, 30.9) 9.0 (3.7, 20.3) − 30.6 46.8

Secondary school 17.6 (14.0, 21.8) 14.3 (11.2, 18.2) 16.3 (12.5, 21.1) 9.3 (6.1, 14.1) − 7.0 − 34.8*

High school 23.5 (19.8, 27.6) 14.4 (11.3, 18.1) 17.6 (14.2, 21.7) 12.0 (8.3, 17.2) − 24.9* − 16.2

College or above 30.6 (24.3, 37.8) 18.3 (12.9, 25.2) 19.6 (14.8, 25.5) 13.9 (9.6, 19.8) − 36.0* − 23.8

Region

Western 22.5 (17.9, 27.8) 17.7 (13.5, 22.8) 20.8 (16.5, 25.7) 12.1 (8.6, 16.7) − 7.7 − 31.6*

Central 26.6 (22.2, 31.6) 14.7 (11.4, 18.8) 16.1 (12.4, 20.7) 9.7 (7.0, 13.3) − 39.4* − 34.1*

Southern 22.5 (18.0, 27.7) 16.2 (12.0, 21.5) 22.7 (18.4, 27.8) 14.7 (11.0, 19.3) 1.1 − 9.3

Eastern 23.3 (17.6, 30.1) 16.9 (10.5, 26.0) 15.4 (10.7, 21.6) 12.4 (6.0, 23.8) − 34.0* − 26.4

1 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1). The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.

184


TABLE 5.1: Percentage and number of adults aged 15 years or older who were exposed to tobacco smoke at work1, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic Overall Non-smokers

Percentage (95% CI) Number in thousands Percentage (95% CI) Number in

thousands

Overall 14.3 (12.5, 16.4) 2 058.7 10.5 (8.8, 12.6) 1 109.5

Gender

Male 20.8 (18.1, 23.8) 1 537.7 15.8 (12.8, 19.4) 677.6

Female 7.4 (5.8, 9.5) 520.9 6.9 (5.2, 9.1) 431.9

Age (years)

15-24 17.6 (12.1, 24.9) 221.7 11.1 (6.6, 18.0) 102.1

25-44 14.0 (11.6, 16.7) 1 117.9 10.1 (7.7, 13.1) 568.8

45-64 14.3 (11.7, 17.3) 696.8 11.4 (8.9, 14.4) 428.4

65+ 9.7 (3.9, 22.0) 22.3 4.9 (1.1, 19.5) 10.2

Residence

Urban 13.8 (11.7, 16.2) 1 551.5 10.2 (8.2, 12.7) 839.7

Rural 16.3 (13.0, 20.1) 507.2 11.7 (8.5, 15.9) 269.8

Education level2

Less than secondary – – – –

Secondary school 18.2 (13.9, 23.5) 358.7 11.9 (7.9, 17.6) 148.5

High school 14.6 (11.9, 17.9) 774.5 11.2 (8.2, 15.0) 418.4

College or above 11.7 (9.2, 14.7) 670.4 9.5 (7.0, 12.7) 428.1

Region

Western 16.9 (13.5, 21.0) 516.7 14.4 (10.6, 19.2) 350.0

Central 15.1 (11.8, 19.2) 696.6 12.3 (9.2, 16.2) 414.2

Southern 14.0 (10.5, 18.4) 479.5 8.7 (5.8, 13.0) 204.9

Eastern 11.1 (7.6, 15.8) 365.9 5.9 (3.1, 11.1) 140.4

1 In the past 30 days. Among those respondents who work outside of the home who usually work indoors or both indoors and outdoors.

2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.«–» Estimates suppressed due to unweighted sample size less than 25.

185

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 5.2: Percentage distribution of adults aged 15 years or older1 by the smoking policy they have at work and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic


Allowed anywhere


Allowed anywhere


Allowed anywhere



Overall 6.9 (5.8, 8.3) 41.4 (38.7, 44.1) 3.3 (2.6, 4.2) 31.3 (28.6, 34.1) − 52.6* − 24.4*

Smoking status

Current smokers 12.1 (9.7, 15.0) 45.5 (41.4, 49.6) 7.9 (5.9, 10.5) 38.5 (34.2, 42.9) − 34.7* − 15.5*

Non-smokers 4.1 (3.0, 5.4) 39.1 (36.0, 42.3) 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) 28.5 (25.5, 31.7) − 63.3* − 27.1*

Gender

Male 11.1 (9.2, 13.3) 45.8 (42.6, 49.1) 5.0 (3.9, 6.3) 36.4 (33.0, 39.9) − 55.1* − 20.6*

Female 2.3 (1.5, 3.6) 36.4 (32.8, 40.2) 1.3 (0.6, 2.7) 25.3 (22.0, 28.9) − 43.0 − 30.5*

Age (years)

15-24 11.9 (7.7, 17.8) 37.6 (30.8, 44.9) 3.8 (1.7, 8.3) 35.7 (28.1, 44.0) − 67.7* − 5.1

25-44 6.5 (5.1, 8.3) 42.4 (39.1, 45.7) 3.7 (2.7, 5.0) 30.2 (26.9, 33.7) − 43.7* − 28.7*

45-64 5.9 (4.3, 8.0) 41.1 (37.1, 45.3) 2.5 (1.7, 3.8) 32.1 (28.4, 36.0) − 57.2* − 21.9*

65+ 2.0 (0.3, 13.4) 46.6 (30.1, 63.8) 3.8 (1.1, 12.2) 25.1 (13.4, 42.2) 90.2 − 46.1*

Residence

Urban 6.4 (5.1, 8.0) 44.4 (41.2, 47.7) 2.5 (1.8, 3.4) 31.4 (28.2, 34.7) − 61.3* − 29.4*

Rural 8.7 (6.8, 11.1) 31.5 (27.5, 35.9) 6.1 (4.3, 8.6) 31.0 (26.5, 35.9) − 30.0* − 1.6

Education level2

Less than secondary – – – – – – – – – –

Secondary school 8.7 (6.4, 11.7) 41.2 (35.8, 46.7) 7.1 (4.6, 10.8) 33.6 (27.4, 40.4) − 17.7 − 18.4

High school 7.6 (5.9, 9.8) 42.4 (38.7, 46.3) 3.5 (2.4, 5.1) 32.3 (28.3, 36.6) − 54.0* − 23.9*

College or above 2.8 (1.7, 4.4) 41.5 (36.8, 46.4) 1.3 (0.7, 2.3) 28.8 (24.9, 33.0) − 53.5* − 30.7*

Region

Western 7.4 (5.1, 10.6) 39.9 (34.5, 45.5) 4.2 (2.7, 6.5) 26.6 (22.2, 31.6) − 42.3* − 33.2*

Central 6.4 (4.7, 8.5) 39.0 (34.9, 43.3) 2.7 (1.8, 4.1) 31.0 (26.2, 36.3) − 57.6* − 20.5*

Southern 7.2 (5.3, 9.9) 43.2 (37.6, 48.9) 3.5 (2.4, 5.3) 36.3 (30.3, 42.7) − 51.0* − 16.0

Eastern 7.2 (4.2, 12.2) 46.9 (40.3, 53.5) 2.9 (1.4, 6.0) 30.9 (25.4, 36.9) − 59.5* − 34.2*

1 Among those respondents who work outside of the home who usually work indoors or both indoors and outdoors. 2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

«–» Estimates suppressed due to unweighted sample size less than 25.NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).

186


TABLE 5.2 (CONT.): Percentage distribution of adults aged 15 years or older1 by the smoking policy they have at work and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic


Not allowed in any indoor areas There is no policy Not allowed in any

indoor areas There is no policy

Not allowed in any indoor

areas

There is no policy


Overall 44.9 (42.3, 47.6) 6.7 (5.7, 8.0) 62.0 (59.0, 64.9) 3.4 (2.6, 4.5) 38.0* − 49.1*

Smoking status

Current smokers 33.4 (29.7, 37.4) 8.9 (7.1, 11.2) 49.4 (44.6, 54.2) 4.2 (2.7, 6.6) 47.7* − 52.7*

Non-smokers 51.3 (48.1, 54.5) 5.5 (4.4, 7.0) 66.9 (63.6, 70.0) 3.1 (2.3, 4.3) 30.4* − 43.4*

Gender

Male 33.1 (29.9, 36.5) 9.9 (8.4, 11.8) 53.6 (50.1, 57.1) 5.0 (3.7, 6.8) 61.9* − 49.6*

Female 58.1 (54.4, 61.8) 3.2 (2.2, 4.5) 71.8 (68.1, 75.3) 1.6 (1.0, 2.6) 23.6* − 49.8*

Age (years)

15-24 42.7 (35.4, 50.3) 7.9 (4.7, 12.9) 56.6 (48.4, 64.5) 3.9 (1.5, 9.8) 32.8* − 50.9

25-44 43.8 (40.4, 47.2) 7.3 (5.9, 9.2) 62.6 (59.0, 66.1) 3.5 (2.5, 4.9) 43.1* − 52.3*

45-64 47.3 (43.4, 51.4) 5.7 (4.4, 7.3) 62.0 (57.8, 66.1) 3.4 (2.3, 4.9) 31.0* − 40.7*

65+ 51.4 (34.4, 68.1) 0.0 N/A 71.0 (54.1, 83.6) 0.0 N/A 38.3 N/A

Residence

Urban 43.1 (40.0, 46.3) 6.1 (4.9, 7.5) 62.9 (59.3, 66.3) 3.3 (2.3, 4.5) 45.9* − 46.0*

Rural 50.8 (46.2, 55.3) 8.9 (6.9, 11.5) 58.9 (54.3, 63.3) 4.0 (2.8, 5.7) 15.9* − 55.3*

Education level2


Secondary school 40.7 (35.6, 46.0) 9.4 (6.9, 12.8) 54.7 (47.9, 61.4) 4.6 (2.7, 7.5) 34.3* − 51.7*

High school 43.7 (40.0, 47.6) 6.2 (4.9, 8.0) 59.7 (55.2, 64.1) 4.5 (3.1, 6.4) 36.5* − 28.0

College or above 50.6 (46.0, 55.1) 5.1 (3.6, 7.3) 68.2 (63.9, 72.1) 1.8 (1.1, 2.9) 34.8* − 65.6*

Region

Western 45.5 (39.8, 51.3) 7.2 (5.4, 9.7) 65.3 (59.9, 70.4) 3.8 (2.3, 6.3) 43.5* − 47.3*

Central 48.2 (44.1, 52.4) 6.4 (4.7, 8.6) 64.2 (58.8, 69.1) 2.1 (1.3, 3.4) 33.1* − 66.8*

Southern 44.2 (38.8, 49.7) 5.4 (3.8, 7.7) 56.1 (49.5, 62.5) 4.1 (2.5, 6.5) 27.1* − 25.3

Eastern 36.6 (30.2, 43.5) 9.3 (6.3, 13.7) 61.9 (55.4, 68.1) 4.3 (2.4, 7.5) 69.3* − 54.0*

1 Among those respondents who work outside of the home who usually work indoors or both indoors and outdoors. 2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

«–» Estimates suppressed due to unweighted sample size less than 25.NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1).

N/A: Not applicable

187

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 5.3: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who were exposed to tobacco smoke at work1, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017


Overall Non-smokers Overall Non-smokers Overall Non-smokersPercentage (95% CI) Percentage

Overall 31.9 24.6 14.3 10.5 − 55.2* − 57.2*(29.4, 34.6) (21.8, 27.7) (12.5, 16.4) (8.8, 12.6)

GenderMale 41.9 32.7 20.8 15.8 − 50.3* − 51.7*

(38.5, 45.4) (27.9, 37.9) (18.1, 23.8) (12.8, 19.4)Female 22.0 20.3 7.4 6.9 − 66.2* − 65.9*

(18.8, 25.6) (17.1, 23.8) (5.8, 9.5) (5.2, 9.1)Age (years)

15-24 36.7 28.2 17.6 11.1 − 52.1* − 60.7*(29.4, 44.6) (19.7, 38.7) (12.1, 24.9) (6.6, 18.0)

25-44 32.2 24.2 14.0 10.1 − 56.7* − 58.3*(28.8, 35.8) (20.5, 28.4) (11.6, 16.7) (7.7, 13.1)

45-64 29.9 24.0 14.3 11.4 − 52.2* − 52.6*(26.1, 33.9) (20.2, 28.3) (11.7, 17.3) (8.9, 14.4)

65+ 27.8 24.6 9.7 4.9 − 65.1* − 80.1*(16.4, 42.9) (13.0, 41.5) (3.9, 22.0) (1.1, 19.5)

ResidenceUrban 31.9 25.0 13.8 10.2 − 56.8* − 59.1*

(28.9, 35.1) (21.6, 28.8) (11.7, 16.2) (8.2, 12.7)Rural 32.0 23.5 16.3 11.7 − 49.2* − 50.2*

(28.1, 36.2) (19.2, 28.4) (13.0, 20.1) (8.5, 15.9)Education level2

Less than secondary – – – – – –– – – –

Secondary school 35.4 29.0 18.2 11.9 − 48.7* − 58.9*(30.2, 41.0) (22.8, 36.2) (13.9, 23.5) (7.9, 17.6)

High school 33.2 24.4 14.6 11.2 − 55.9* − 54.4*(29.6, 37.0) (20.8, 28.5) (11.9, 17.9) (8.2, 15.0)

College or above 25.9 20.8 11.7 9.5 − 55.0* − 54.5*(21.9, 30.4) (16.6, 25.7) (9.2, 14.7) (7.0, 12.7)

RegionWestern 28.2 18.9 16.9 14.4 − 40.0* − 23.9

(23.0, 34.1) (13.9, 25.2) (13.5, 21.0) (10.6, 19.2)Central 31.4 25.6 15.1 12.3 − 51.7* − 52.2*

(27.3, 35.8) (21.1, 30.8) (11.8, 19.2) (9.2, 16.2)Southern 28.6 19.8 14.0 8.7 − 51.2* − 55.9*

(24.6, 33.0) (15.5, 24.8) (10.5, 18.4) (5.8, 13.0)Eastern 45.8 40.4 11.1 5.9 − 75.7* − 85.3*

(37.8, 54.0) (30.8, 50.8) (7.6, 15.8) (3.1, 11.1)

1 In the past 30 days. Among those respondents who work outside of the home who usually work indoors or both indoors and outdoors.

2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old. * p<0.05

«–» Estimates suppressed due to unweighted sample size less than 25.NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1). The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.

188


TABLE 5.4: Percentage distribution of adults aged 15 years or older, by the smoking policy at home and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic


Allowed Not allowed, but with exceptions Allowed Not allowed, but

with exceptions Allowed

Not allowed, but with

exceptions


Overall 7.7 (6.9, 8.7) 22.0 (20.5, 23.4) 6.2 (5.4, 7.0) 11.7 (10.6, 12.9) − 20.5* − 46.7*

Smoking status

Current smokers 17.5 (15.3, 19.9) 33.6 (30.7, 36.5) 18.2 (15.8, 20.9) 19.9 (17.5, 22.6) 4.2 − 40.6*

Non-smokers 3.9 (3.3, 4.7) 17.4 (15.9, 19.0) 2.6 (2.1, 3.2) 9.3 (8.2, 10.5) − 33.7* − 46.7*

Gender

Male 8.9 (7.8, 10.1) 23.8 (21.9, 25.8) 7.7 (6.5, 9.1) 13.3 (11.7, 15.0) − 13.2 − 44.3*

Female 6.8 (5.7, 8.1) 20.4 (18.7, 22.3) 4.9 (4.0, 5.9) 10.4 (9.1, 11.9) − 28.4* − 49.0*

Age (years)

15-24 8.3 (6.2, 11.1) 24.8 (21.3, 28.6) 5.2 (3.5, 7.8) 11.0 (8.1, 14.7) − 36.9* − 55.7*

25-44 8.9 (7.5, 10.5) 23.9 (21.7, 26.2) 7.0 (5.7, 8.6) 12.8 (11.1, 14.7) − 21.3* − 46.5*

45-64 7.6 (6.4, 9.0) 22.2 (20.1, 24.5) 6.8 (5.6, 8.2) 12.8 (11.1, 14.8) − 11.3 − 42.3*

65+ 5.1 (4.1, 6.5) 14.8 (12.6, 17.2) 4.0 (3.0, 5.3) 8.1 (6.7, 9.7) − 22.2 − 45.3*

Residence

Urban 7.9 (6.8, 9.2) 23.5 (21.6, 25.6) 6.5 (5.5, 7.6) 12.0 (10.6, 13.6) − 18.6* − 49.1*

Rural 7.4 (6.3, 8.7) 19.0 (17.1, 21.0) 5.5 (4.5, 6.6) 11.1 (9.7, 12.6) − 26.0* − 41.6*

Education level1

Less than secondary 6.4 (4.9, 8.5) 15.2 (12.5, 18.3) 5.2 (3.5, 7.8) 7.4 (5.3, 10.3) − 18.8 − 51.1*

Secondary school 9.8 (8.2, 11.7) 20.4 (18.2, 22.8) 7.5 (6.0, 9.4) 12.5 (10.6, 14.8) − 23.6* − 38.7*

High school 7.7 (6.4, 9.4) 23.9 (21.7, 26.3) 6.3 (5.2, 7.7) 13.1 (11.3, 15.1) − 17.9 − 45.2*

College or above 5.5 (4.1, 7.3) 21.3 (18.5, 24.4) 5.4 (4.2, 7.1) 10.5 (8.5, 12.8) − 0.1 − 50.8*

Region

Western 7.6 (6.1, 9.3) 26.2 (23.5, 29.1) 4.5 (3.5, 5.8) 14.0 (11.9, 16.4) − 40.1* − 46.5*

Central 8.5 (6.9, 10.4) 17.0 (15.0, 19.1) 6.1 (4.8, 7.6) 10.5 (8.9, 12.4) − 29.1* − 38.0*

Southern 5.5 (4.2, 7.2) 24.6 (21.3, 28.1) 8.0 (6.3, 10.0) 12.3 (10.7, 14.2) 45.3 − 49.7*

Eastern 10.5 (8.2, 13.5) 21.3 (17.6, 25.6) 6.2 (4.5, 8.6) 10.2 (7.4, 14.0) − 40.9* − 52.2*

1 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05

NOTE: Results for prevalence estimates / averages and 95% CIs are rounded to the nearest tenth (0.1). The relative changes are calculated using un-rounded prevalence estimates and might be different if calculated using rounded prevalence estimates shown in this table.

189

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 5.4 (CONT.): Percentage distribution of adults aged 15 years or older, by the smoking policy at home and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017


Never allowed No rules Never allowed No rules Never allowed

No rules


Overall 65.8 (64.1, 67.5) 4.5 (3.8, 5.3) 78.2 (76.5, 79.7) 4.0 (3.3, 4.8) 18.8* − 11.5

Smoking status

Current smokers 45.6 (42.8, 48.4) 3.4 (2.4, 4.7) 55.9 (52.4, 59.4) 5.9 (4.5, 7.9) 22.7* 75.3

Non-smokers 73.8 (71.9, 75.6) 4.9 (4.1, 5.9) 84.8 (83.2, 86.2) 3.4 (2.7, 4.2) 14.9* − 31.1*

Gender

Male 62.9 (60.7, 65.0) 4.5 (3.6, 5.6) 74.0 (71.7, 76.1) 5.1 (4.1, 6.3) 17.6* 14.1

Female 68.3 (66.0, 70.4) 4.5 (3.6, 5.6) 81.7 (79.7, 83.5) 3.0 (2.3, 3.9) 19.7* − 32.7*

Age (years)

15-24 61.8 (57.4, 66.1) 5.1 (3.3, 7.9) 79.5 (75.0, 83.3) 4.3 (2.7, 6.8) 28.6* − 15.9

25-44 63.8 (61.3, 66.2) 3.5 (2.6, 4.7) 76.4 (73.9, 78.8) 3.8 (2.9, 5.1) 19.8* 9.6

45-64 66.0 (63.5, 68.5) 4.1 (3.1, 5.4) 76.4 (74.0, 78.7) 4.0 (3.0, 5.2) 15.7* − 2.8

65+ 73.7 (70.8, 76.4) 6.4 (5.1, 8.1) 83.9 (81.8, 85.8) 4.0 (3.1, 5.1) 13.9* − 37.6*

Residence

Urban 64.5 (62.1, 66.7) 4.1 (3.2, 5.2) 77.6 (75.4, 79.6) 4.0 (3.1, 5.1) 20.4* − 2.2

Rural 68.4 (66.1, 70.6) 5.3 (4.2, 6.5) 79.5 (77.3, 81.6) 3.9 (3.0, 5.1) 16.3* − 25.0

Education level1

Less than secondary 71.3 (67.6, 74.8) 7.0 (5.1, 9.6) 81.7 (77.5, 85.2) 5.7 (3.9, 8.1) 14.5* − 19.1

Secondary school 65.8 (63.2, 68.4) 3.9 (2.9, 5.1) 76.1 (72.9, 79.0) 3.9 (2.7, 5.6) 15.6* − 0.7

High school 64.7 (62.0, 67.3) 3.7 (2.9, 4.7) 76.5 (73.8, 79.0) 4.0 (3.1, 5.2) 18.3* 9.5

College or above 68.7 (65.4, 71.7) 4.6 (3.1, 6.6) 80.6 (77.8, 83.1) 3.5 (2.4, 5.2) 17.3* − 23.2

Region

Western 60.1 (57.1, 63.0) 6.2 (4.8, 7.9) 78.8 (76.0, 81.4) 2.6 (1.8, 3.8) 31.2* − 57.7*

Central 69.8 (67.1, 72.4) 4.7 (3.4, 6.3) 79.8 (76.9, 82.5) 3.6 (2.5, 5.1) 14.3* − 22.6

Southern 67.2 (63.2, 71.0) 2.7 (1.9, 4.0) 74.8 (71.4, 77.9) 4.9 (3.6, 6.6) 11.3* 78.2

Eastern 64.3 (59.0, 69.3) 3.8 (2.0, 7.1) 78.6 (74.2, 82.4) 5.0 (3.3, 7.6) 22.1* 31.1

1 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05


190


TABLE 5.5: Percentage and number of adults aged 15 years or older who were exposed to tobacco smoke at home1, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic Overall Current smokers Non-smokers

Percentage (95% CI) Number in thousands Percentage (95% CI) Number in

thousands Percentage (95% CI) Number in thousands

Overall 13.0 (11.7, 14.4) 4 664.9 32.7 (29.3, 36.2) 2 643.1 7.3 (6.2, 8.5) 2 021.8

Gender

Male 15.9 (14.1, 18.0) 2 580.3 30.8 (27.1, 34.8) 1 961.0 6.3 (4.9, 8.0) 619.3

Female 10.6 (9.2, 12.2) 2 084.5 39.7 (32.9, 47.0) 682.1 7.8 (6.6, 9.3) 1 402.4

Age (years)

15-24 13.2 (10.0, 17.3) 554.2 27.5 (18.8, 38.2) 214.3 9.9 (6.8, 14.4) 339.9

25-44 14.7 (12.7, 16.9) 1 963.1 31.0 (26.5, 35.9) 1 335.1 6.9 (5.3, 8.9) 628.0

45-64 14.3 (12.4, 16.4) 1 648.9 36.4 (31.5, 41.6) 941.6 7.9 (6.2, 10.0) 707.3

65+ 7.4 (5.9, 9.2) 498.7 37.5 (28.1, 47.8) 152.1 5.5 (4.1, 7.2) 346.6

Residence

Urban 13.6 (12.0, 15.5) 3 396.7 35.0 (30.6, 39.7) 1 957.1 7.5 (6.1, 9.1) 1 439.6

Rural 11.6 (10.1, 13.3) 1 268.2 27.5 (23.3, 32.2) 686.0 6.9 (5.7, 8.3) 582.2

Education level2

Less than secondary 8.6 (6.2, 11.8) 170.0 39.2 (25.8, 54.4) 74.4 5.4 (3.4, 8.3) 95.6

Secondary school 14.6 (12.3, 17.2) 1 044.1 32.9 (27.1, 39.2) 619.4 8.1 (6.2, 10.4) 424.7

High school 14.0 (11.8, 16.5) 1 829.1 33.9 (28.9, 39.2) 1 170.0 6.9 (5.2, 9.0) 659.1

College or above 11.4 (9.5, 13.7) 1 060.1 32.1 (25.8, 39.1) 557.6 6.6 (5.1, 8.7) 502.4

Region

Western 10.8 (9.1, 12.8) 936.9 24.8 (20.3, 29.9) 430.4 7.3 (5.7, 9.3) 506.5

Central 13.0 (11.0, 15.2) 1 451.2 32.1 (26.6, 38.0) 789.1 7.6 (5.9, 9.7) 662.1

Southern 15.3 (12.8, 18.1) 1 228.8 36.3 (30.2, 42.9) 766.8 7.8 (5.9, 10.2) 462.0

Eastern 13.2 (9.7, 17.7) 1 047.9 37.0 (27.7, 47.4) 656.7 6.4 (3.9, 10.2) 391.2

1 Adults reporting that smoking inside their home occurs at least monthly.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

191

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 5.6: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who were exposed to tobacco smoke at home1, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017


Overall Non-smokers Overall Non-smokers Overall Non-smokers


Overall 22.9 (21.5, 24.4) 14.2 (13.0, 15.5) 13.0 (11.7, 14.4) 7.3 (6.2, 8.5) − 43.2* − 48.8*

Gender

Male 24.7 (22.9, 26.7) 8.3 (6.7, 10.3) 15.9 (14.1, 18.0) 6.3 (4.9, 8.0) − 35.5* − 24.4

Female 21.4 (19.6, 23.4) 17.0 (15.4, 18.6) 10.6 (9.2, 12.2) 7.8 (6.6, 9.3) − 50.5* − 53.9*

Age (years)

15-24 26.2 (22.2, 30.6) 16.0 (12.5, 20.2) 13.2 (10.0, 17.3) 9.9 (6.8, 14.4) − 49.6* − 37.9*

25-44 26.0 (23.6, 28.5) 15.2 (13.0, 17.6) 14.7 (12.7, 16.9) 6.9 (5.3, 8.9) − 43.5* − 54.4*

45-64 23.0 (20.9, 25.2) 14.9 (13.1, 17.0) 14.3 (12.4, 16.4) 7.9 (6.2, 10.0) − 37.8* − 47.1*

65+ 13.4 (11.4, 15.6) 10.5 (8.7, 12.7) 7.4 (5.9, 9.2) 5.5 (4.1, 7.2) − 44.7* − 48.0*

Residence

Urban 23.5 (21.6, 25.5) 13.0 (11.4, 14.7) 13.6 (12.0, 15.5) 7.5 (6.1, 9.1) − 41.9* − 42.5*

Rural 21.8 (19.9, 23.8) 16.4 (14.5, 18.6) 11.6 (10.1, 13.3) 6.9 (5.7, 8.3) − 47.0* − 58.1*

Education level2

Less than secondary 15.6 (12.9, 18.8) 13.1 (10.4, 16.4) 8.6 (6.2, 11.8) 5.4 (3.4, 8.3) − 44.9* − 59.1*

Secondary school 24.2 (21.9, 26.7) 15.0 (12.8, 17.5) 14.6 (12.3, 17.2) 8.1 (6.2, 10.4) − 39.7* − 46.3*

High school 24.6 (22.3, 27.1) 15.0 (12.9, 17.3) 14.0 (11.8, 16.5) 6.9 (5.2, 9.0) − 43.2* − 54.3*

College or above 19.1 (16.6, 22.0) 11.4 (9.2, 14.1) 11.4 (9.5, 13.7) 6.6 (5.1, 8.7) − 40.4* − 41.6*

Region

Western 25.8 (23.4, 28.4) 17.8 (15.4, 20.4) 10.8 (9.1, 12.8) 7.3 (5.7, 9.3) − 58.2* − 58.9*

Central 19.8 (17.4, 22.4) 12.5 (10.5, 14.8) 13.0 (11.0, 15.2) 7.6 (5.9, 9.7) − 34.5* − 39.4*

Southern 22.5 (19.6, 25.8) 12.5 (10.4, 14.9) 15.3 (12.8, 18.1) 7.8 (5.9, 10.2) − 32.2* − 37.6*

Eastern 26.0 (22.4, 30.0) 14.4 (10.8, 18.9) 13.2 (9.7, 17.7) 6.4 (3.9, 10.2) − 49.2* − 55.8*

1 Adults reporting that smoking inside their home occurs at least monthly.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05


192


TABLE 5.7: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who were exposed to tobacco smoke at various public places, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

CharacteristicAdults exposed to tobacco smoke1 in:



Public transportation Universities Restaurants /

cafés Bars / night clubs

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 3.7 (2.7, 4.9) 4.9 (3.8, 6.2) 8.5 (7.1, 10.2) 18.3 (14.4, 22.9) 24.0 (20.5, 27.9) 43.4 (37.9, 48.9)

Gender

Male 5.7 (3.7, 8.8) 6.0 (4.2, 8.3) 9.4 (7.6, 11.7) 21.5 (15.8, 28.5) 26.2 (21.7, 31.2) 47.7 (41.4, 54.0)

Female 2.7 (1.8, 4.0) 4.1 (2.9, 5.8) 7.8 (6.2, 9.6) 15.5 (11.2, 21.0) 21.5 (17.1, 26.7) 35.8 (26.8, 45.9)

Age (years)

15-24 4.8 (2.4, 9.6) 6.5 (3.8, 10.7) 7.0 (4.7, 10.3) 15.3 (10.2, 22.1) 27.1 (20.5, 34.9) 41.8 (32.6, 51.6)

25-44 4.6 (2.8, 7.3) 5.3 (3.6, 7.8) 9.9 (7.9, 12.2) 19.3 (12.7, 28.3) 23.9 (19.3, 29.3) 48.0 (40.3, 55.9)

45-64 2.7 (1.6, 4.5) 3.6 (2.2, 5.8) 8.6 (6.7, 11.0) 19.9 (12.7, 29.9) 20.4 (15.5, 26.4) 21.6 (11.9, 36.2)

65+ 2.4 (1.4, 4.1) 4.4 (2.7, 7.0) 5.9 (4.2, 8.4) 33.0 (19.1, 50.8) 17.6 (8.4, 33.1) – –

Residence

Urban 3.9 (2.8, 5.6) 5.6 (4.2, 7.5) 8.8 (7.1, 11.0) 17.0 (12.5, 22.6) 24.9 (20.8, 29.6) 43.7 (37.2, 50.5)

Rural 2.9 (1.9, 4.2) 3.1 (2.2, 4.4) 7.5 (6.3, 9.1) 22.6 (15.7, 31.4) 20.6 (15.9, 26.4) 42.2 (33.1, 51.9)

Education level2

Less than secondary 1.3 (0.3, 5.8) 1.9 (0.7, 5.3) 3.1 (1.2, 8.2) – – – – – –


High school 3.3 (2.0, 5.2) 2.1 (1.3, 3.4) 9.0 (6.8, 11.9) 20.7 (11.4, 34.6) 25.2 (18.8, 32.8) 40.6 (30.2, 51.9)

College or above 4.3 (2.4, 7.3) 5.8 (3.9, 8.6) 9.4 (7.1, 12.4) 20.3 (14.0, 28.6) 19.8 (15.8, 24.5) 40.8 (30.9, 51.4)

Region

Western 4.5 (2.9, 6.8) 5.2 (3.7, 7.3) 9.4 (7.4, 11.8) 25.3 (16.8, 36.1) 24.7 (19.6, 30.7) 39.9 (33.0, 47.4)

Central 5.1 (3.3, 7.7) 4.5 (2.9, 6.8) 8.4 (6.3, 11.1) 13.7 (8.8, 20.9) 20.2 (15.7, 25.5) 38.2 (29.1, 48.3)

Southern 1.1 (0.5, 2.4) 4.1 (2.3, 7.4) 5.9 (3.9, 8.9) 17.9 (11.0, 27.7) 22.4 (16.4, 29.8) 42.7 (32.0, 54.3)

Eastern 3.3 (1.3, 8.0) 6.0 (3.0, 11.5) 10.4 (6.4, 16.5) 15.5 (8.5, 26.8) 32.0 (19.9, 47.2) 65.2 (44.1, 81.7)

1 Among those who visited the place in the past 30 days.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.


193

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 5.7 (CONT.): Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who were exposed to tobacco smoke at various public places, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine 2017

CharacteristicAdults exposed to tobacco smoke1 in:



Public transportation Universities Restaurants /

cafés Bars / night clubs

Percentage (95% CI)

Non-smokers 3.5 (2.5, 4.8) 5.0 (3.8, 6.6) 8.7 (7.2, 10.4) 17.8 (14.1, 22.2) 21.2 (17.6, 25.3) 40.4 (33.7, 47.6)

Gender

Male 6.2 (3.6, 10.3) 7.6 (5.1, 11.1) 9.4 (7.3, 12.1) 21.0 (15.4, 27.9) 23.4 (18.3, 29.3) 44.3 (35.5, 53.5)

Female 2.5 (1.7, 3.7) 3.7 (2.6, 5.4) 8.2 (6.5, 10.3) 15.5 (11.1, 21.3) 19.3 (15.0, 24.6) 35.9 (26.1, 47.0)

Age (years)

15-24 3.9 (1.6, 9.1) 6.2 (3.4, 11.1) 6.7 (4.2, 10.4) 16.3 (10.9, 23.7) 24.6 (17.6, 33.3) 38.8 (28.2, 50.5)

25-44 4.9 (2.8, 8.2) 5.9 (3.8, 9.2) 10.4 (8.1, 13.4) 16.3 (10.0, 25.4) 20.4 (15.7, 26.0) 46.8 (37.1, 56.7)

45-64 2.4 (1.4, 4.1) 3.5 (2.2, 5.5) 8.9 (6.7, 11.7) 19.1 (11.9, 29.2) 18.7 (13.5, 25.2) 16.3 (7.0, 33.5)

65+ 2.4 (1.3, 4.2) 4.5 (2.8, 7.3) 6.1 (4.3, 8.8) 35.0 (19.9, 53.7) 18.4 (8.5, 35.5) – –

Residence

Urban 3.8 (2.6, 5.6) 6.0 (4.4, 8.2) 9.2 (7.3, 11.5) 16.0 (12.0, 21.0) 21.6 (17.3, 26.5) 40.3 (32.3, 48.9)

Rural 2.5 (1.6, 3.9) 2.9 (1.9, 4.3) 7.1 (5.7, 8.8) 23.5 (16.0, 33.1) 19.7 (14.2, 26.7) 40.8 (29.5, 53.2)

Education level2

Less than secondary 1.4 (0.3, 6.2) 2.2 (0.8, 6.1) 2.3 (0.8, 6.5) – – – – – –


High school 3.4 (2.0, 5.6) 1.8 (1.0, 2.9) 9.7 (7.3, 12.7) 19.3 (10.4, 33.0) 20.7 (14.7, 28.2) 39.1 (26.7, 53.0)

College or above 4.0 (2.1, 7.4) 6.3 (4.1, 9.5) 9.8 (7.2, 13.1) 17.9 (12.0, 25.8) 17.7 (13.5, 23.0) 41.4 (29.5, 54.4)

Region

Western 3.4 (2.0, 5.6) 4.8 (3.3, 6.8) 8.4 (6.5, 10.7) 23.6 (16.1, 33.2) 23.6 (18.1, 30.2) 39.5 (30.9, 48.9)

Central 4.9 (3.1, 7.7) 4.7 (2.9, 7.5) 8.5 (6.1, 11.6) 13.6 (8.4, 21.3) 18.6 (13.2, 25.4) 35.2 (25.0, 47.0)

Southern 1.3 (0.6, 3.0) 4.6 (2.4, 8.6) 7.1 (4.6, 10.7) 20.5 (12.5, 31.8) 19.0 (12.2, 28.2) 37.1 (21.5, 56.0)

Eastern 3.6 (1.4, 8.7) 6.6 (3.1, 13.4) 10.9 (6.6, 17.4) 12.3 (7.1, 20.4) 23.8 (13.3, 39.0) – –

1 Among those who visited the place in the past 30 days.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.


194

GL

OB

AL

AD

UL

T T

OB

AC

CO

SU

RV

EY

TABLE 5.8: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who were exposed to tobacco smoke at various public places, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic

Adults exposed to tobacco smoke1 in…2010 2017 Relative changes










Percentage (95% CI ) PercentageOverall 6.3 (5.1, 7.8) 10.1 (8.6, 11.8) 16.5 (14.9, 18.3) 3.7 (2.7, 4.9) 4.9 (3.8, 6.2) 8.5 (7.1, 10.2) − 41.7* − 51.5* − 48.4*Smoking status

Current smokers2 10.6 (6.9, 15.9) 12.3 (9.4, 16.0) 18.2 (15.3, 21.6) 4.7 (2.6, 8.4) 4.3 (2.7, 6.8) 8.1 (5.9, 10.9) − 55.3* − 65.3* − 55.8*

Non-smokers3 5.3 (4.1, 6.9) 9.3 (7.7, 11.2) 15.8 (14.1, 17.7) 3.5 (2.5, 4.8) 5.0 (3.8, 6.6) 8.7 (7.2, 10.4) − 34.6* − 45.9* − 45.2*Gender

Male 7.9 (5.7, 10.8) 12.9 (10.7, 15.5) 17.6 (15.3, 20.1) 5.7 (3.7, 8.8) 6.0 (4.2, 8.3) 9.4 (7.6, 11.7) − 27.5 − 53.9* − 46.3*

Female 5.5 (4.1, 7.4) 8.0 (6.2, 10.2) 15.7 (13.8, 17.7) 2.7 (1.8, 4.0) 4.1 (2.9, 5.8) 7.8 (6.2, 9.6) − 50.9* − 48.1* − 50.4*Age (years)

15-24 6.1 (3.4, 10.9) 16.5 (12.4, 21.8) 18.9 (15.4, 23.0) 4.8 (2.4, 9.6) 6.5 (3.8, 10.7) 7.0 (4.7, 10.3) − 21.1 − 61.0* − 62.9*

25-44 6.3 (4.2, 9.2) 9.1 (6.9, 11.9) 17.6 (15.3, 20.2) 4.6 (2.8, 7.3) 5.3 (3.6, 7.8) 9.9 (7.9, 12.2) − 26.9 − 41.3* − 44.1*

45-64 6.8 (4.8, 9.6) 8.1 (6.1, 10.6) 15.9 (13.5, 18.5) 2.7 (1.6, 4.5) 3.6 (2.2, 5.8) 8.6 (6.7, 11.0) − 60.4* − 55.5* − 45.9*

65+ 5.5 (3.2, 9.6) 7.0 (4.6, 10.4) 9.1 (6.7, 12.3) 2.4 (1.4, 4.1) 4.4 (2.7, 7.0) 5.9 (4.2, 8.4) − 57.0* − 37.1 − 35.0*Residence

Urban 7.3 (5.7, 9.4) 11.7 (9.7, 14.1) 17.8 (15.8, 20.0) 3.9 (2.8, 5.6) 5.6 (4.2, 7.5) 8.8 (7.1, 11.0) − 46.1* − 51.8* − 50.3*

Rural 4.0 (2.6, 6.1) 6.5 (5.0, 8.5) 13.3 (10.9, 16.1) 2.9 (1.9, 4.2) 3.1 (2.2, 4.4) 7.5 (6.3, 9.1) − 29.0 − 52.6* − 43.2*Education level4

Less than secondary 4.3 (1.9, 9.4) 3.1 (1.2, 7.9) 9.7 (6.2, 14.8) 1.3 (0.3, 5.8) 1.9 (0.7, 5.3) 3.1 (1.2, 8.2) − 69.7* − 37.9 − 67.6*

Secondary school 4.6 (2.7, 7.8) 5.6 (4.0, 8.0) 13.5 (10.9, 16.6) 3.0 (1.6, 5.4) 7.8 (4.5, 13.0) 7.9 (5.8, 10.7) − 34.7 37.8 − 41.5*

High school 7.3 (5.3, 10.0) 8.5 (6.5, 11.0) 16.4 (14.3, 18.8) 3.3 (2.0, 5.2) 2.1 (1.3, 3.4) 9.0 (6.8, 11.9) − 55.6* − 75.3* − 44.9*

College or above 6.3 (4.0, 9.8) 11.1 (8.4, 14.5) 17.9 (15.2, 21.0) 4.3 (2.4, 7.3) 5.8 (3.9, 8.6) 9.4 (7.1, 12.4) − 32.1 − 47.7* − 47.3*Region

Western 5.4 (3.6, 8.0) 8.2 (5.8, 11.5) 13.4 (10.8, 16.5) 4.5 (2.9, 6.8) 5.2 (3.7, 7.3) 9.4 (7.4, 11.8) − 17.9 − 36.5* − 30.0*

Central 4.7 (3.0, 7.2) 8.6 (6.2, 11.7) 17.5 (15.0, 20.2) 5.1 (3.3, 7.7) 4.5 (2.9, 6.8) 8.4 (6.3, 11.1) 9.2 − 47.9* − 52.0*

Southern 7.9 (5.3, 11.8) 10.5 (8.2, 13.3) 13.8 (10.8, 17.4) 1.1 (0.5, 2.4) 4.1 (2.3, 7.4) 5.9 (3.9, 8.9) − 86.6* − 60.6* − 56.9*

Eastern 10.3 (6.4, 16.2) 18.2 (12.9, 25.0) 26.1 (20.2, 33.0) 3.3 (1.3, 8.0) 6.0 (3.0, 11.5) 10.4 (6.4, 16.5) − 68.3* − 67.0* − 60.0*

1 Among those who visited the place in the past 30 days.2 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.3 Includes former and never smokers.4 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05


195

TA

BL

ES

Ukraine2017

TABLE 5.8 (CONT.): Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who were exposed to tobacco smoke at various public places, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

CharacteristicAdults exposed to tobacco smoke1 in…

2010 2017 Relative changesUniversities Restaurants / cafés Universities Restaurants / cafés Universities Restaurants / cafés

Percentage (95% CI ) PercentageOverall 24.2 (19.1, 30.2) 62.1 (58.9, 65.3) 18.3 (14.4, 22.9) 24.0 (20.5, 27.9) − 24.4 − 61.3*Smoking status

Current smokers2 29.8 (20.6, 41.2) 67.0 (62.1, 71.5) 21.1 (11.4, 35.7) 30.9 (24.9, 37.6) − 29.3 − 53.9*

Non-smokers3 22.4 (17.1, 28.7) 59.1 (54.9, 63.2) 17.8 (14.1, 22.2) 21.2 (17.6, 25.3) − 20.7 − 64.2*Gender

Male 24.9 (18.7, 32.3) 64.3 (60.1, 68.2) 21.5 (15.8, 28.5) 26.2 (21.7, 31.2) − 13.6 − 59.2*Female 23.6 (16.8, 32.2) 59.5 (53.9, 64.8) 15.5 (11.2, 21.0) 21.5 (17.1, 26.7) − 34.5* − 63.9*

Age (years)15-24 29.0 (21.2, 38.2) 67.3 (61.9, 72.3) 15.3 (10.2, 22.1) 27.1 (20.5, 34.9) − 47.3* − 59.7*

25-44 16.3 (10.6, 24.2) 61.4 (57.0, 65.5) 19.3 (12.7, 28.3) 23.9 (19.3, 29.3) 18.5 − 61.0*

45-64 17.6 (10.3, 28.5) 52.4 (44.9, 59.9) 19.9 (12.7, 29.9) 20.4 (15.5, 26.4) 13.2 − 61.0*

65+ – – 44.3 (25.1, 65.4) 33.0 (19.1, 50.8) 17.6 (8.4, 33.1) – − 60.3*Residence

Urban 25.8 (19.9, 32.8) 66.6 (62.6, 70.4) 17.0 (12.5, 22.6) 24.9 (20.8, 29.6) − 34.4* − 62.6*

Rural 17.3 (9.8, 28.6) 48.6 (43.2, 54.1) 22.6 (15.7, 31.4) 20.6 (15.9, 26.4) 31.0 − 57.6*Education level4


Secondary school 7.9 (2.8, 20.3) 56.3 (47.6, 64.6) 16.1 (8.0, 29.6) 31.7 (22.0, 43.3) 103.0 − 43.7*

High school 16.1 (7.7, 30.6) 55.6 (50.1, 61.0) 20.7 (11.4, 34.6) 25.2 (18.8, 32.8) 28.8 − 54.8*

College or above 19.1 (13.2, 26.9) 63.0 (57.5, 68.3) 20.3 (14.0, 28.6) 19.8 (15.8, 24.5) 6.3 − 68.6*Region

Western 22.5 (14.8, 32.6) 58.7 (53.0, 64.2) 25.3 (16.8, 36.1) 24.7 (19.6, 30.7) 12.2 − 57.9*

Central 15.0 (9.4, 23.2) 61.6 (56.3, 66.6) 13.7 (8.8, 20.9) 20.2 (15.7, 25.5) − 8.5 − 67.3*

Southern 28.8 (18.9, 41.2) 63.3 (55.3, 70.6) 17.9 (11.0, 27.7) 22.4 (16.4, 29.8) − 37.8* − 64.6*

Eastern 52.1 (32.8, 70.8) 69.7 (59.2, 78.6) 15.5 (8.5, 26.8) 32.0 (19.9, 47.2) − 70.2* − 54.1*

1 Among those who visited the place in the past 30 days.2 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.3 Includes former and never smokers.4 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05


196


TABLE 6.1: Percentage distribution of current smokers aged 15 years or older by interest in quitting smoking and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic

Interest in quitting smoking1

Planning to quit within next

month

Thinking about quitting within next 12 months

Will quit someday, but not in the next

12 months

Not interested in quitting Don’t know

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 6.7 (5.2, 8.6) 19.8 (17.4, 22.4) 36.0 (32.9, 39.2) 26.0 (23.5, 28.7) 11.5 (9.6, 13.8)

Gender

Male 5.7 (4.4, 7.4) 19.1 (16.5, 21.9) 35.2 (32.0, 38.5) 27.8 (25.0, 30.9) 12.2 (10.0, 14.9)

Female 10.5 (6.2, 17.2) 22.4 (17.0, 28.9) 39.1 (32.0, 46.7) 19.0 (14.1, 25.2) 9.0 (6.1, 12.9)

Age (years)

15-24 9.7 (4.9, 18.4) 16.4 (10.0, 25.8) 42.5 (31.8, 53.8) 16.7 (9.7, 27.2) 14.7 (8.7, 23.8)

25-44 6.8 (4.8, 9.5) 20.0 (16.8, 23.7) 38.2 (33.9, 42.6) 23.6 (20.2, 27.4) 11.4 (8.7, 14.7)

45-64 5.4 (3.6, 7.8) 20.8 (16.9, 25.3) 32.7 (28.3, 37.3) 29.9 (25.9, 34.4) 11.3 (8.4, 14.9)

65+ 8.5 (4.2, 16.4) 16.8 (10.6, 25.7) 22.0 (15.6, 30.1) 43.8 (33.9, 54.1) 8.9 (4.9, 15.8)

Residence

Urban 7.3 (5.4, 9.9) 20.8 (17.6, 24.4) 35.7 (31.7, 39.9) 25.4 (22.1, 29.0) 10.8 (8.3, 13.9)

Rural 5.3 (3.5, 7.8) 17.4 (14.5, 20.8) 36.6 (32.4, 41.1) 27.4 (24.1, 31.0) 13.3 (10.5, 16.6)

Education level2

Less than secondary 4.7 (1.4, 14.5) 12.9 (6.5, 24.0) 29.4 (18.4, 43.3) 46.9 (32.7, 61.7) 6.1 (2.0, 17.2)

Secondary school 6.2 (3.7, 10.4) 18.4 (14.1, 23.7) 36.5 (30.7, 42.7) 29.0 (23.9, 34.7) 9.8 (6.7, 14.1)

High school 5.6 (3.8, 8.2) 18.9 (15.4, 22.8) 36.1 (31.7, 40.8) 26.8 (23.2, 30.7) 12.7 (9.8, 16.3)

College or above 7.6 (4.7, 12.2) 25.6 (19.9, 32.3) 33.4 (27.4, 40.0) 23.1 (17.7, 29.5) 10.3 (6.9, 15.1)

Region

Western 8.8 (5.8, 13.2) 20.6 (16.6, 25.3) 33.0 (27.8, 38.6) 25.3 (20.7, 30.4) 12.3 (8.6, 17.3)

Central 6.6 (4.2, 10.1) 18.2 (14.7, 22.4) 35.3 (30.3, 40.6) 26.7 (22.7, 31.1) 13.2 (9.9, 17.4)

Southern 6.7 (4.2, 10.4) 18.1 (14.3, 22.5) 40.3 (35.0, 45.8) 26.9 (21.8, 32.8) 8.0 (5.7, 11.1)

Eastern 4.8 (2.2, 10.1) 23.1 (16.2, 31.8) 34.8 (26.2, 44.5) 24.6 (18.6, 31.7) 12.7 (7.6, 20.4)

1 Among current daily or less than daily smokers.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

197

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 6.2: Percentage of smokers aged 15 years or older who made a quit attempt and received health care provider advice in the past 12 months, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic Made quit attempt1 Successful quit2 Visited a HCP1,3 Asked by HCP

if a smoker1,3,4Advised to quit

by HCP1,3,4

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 39.2 (36.3, 42.2) 1.2 (0.6, 2.6) 22.5 (19.9, 25.3) 49.2 (42.6, 55.9) 39.4 (33.3, 45.8)

Gender

Male 37.2 (34.0, 40.6) 0.7 (0.3, 1.7) 20.0 (17.3, 23.0) 49.1 (41.1, 57.0) 40.9 (33.8, 48.4)

Female 46.5 (38.9, 54.1) 2.8 (1.0, 8.0) 31.6 (25.6, 38.3) 49.6 (38.1, 61.2) 36.0 (25.0, 48.6)

Age (years)

15-24 42.0 (32.3, 52.4) 0.0 N/A 27.1 (18.4, 38.1) 35.8 (19.7, 55.9) 21.0 (10.0, 38.8)

25-44 41.5 (37.4, 45.7) 1.5 (0.6, 3.9) 21.9 (18.1, 26.2) 47.7 (37.9, 57.7) 38.0 (29.1, 47.9)

45-64 34.3 (29.5, 39.5) 1.2 (0.3, 3.9) 21.0 (17.7, 24.8) 54.2 (44.0, 64.1) 44.1 (35.3, 53.4)

65+ 39.8 (29.2, 51.6) 1.5 (0.2, 10.3) 28.5 (18.4, 41.2) 64.2 (39.5, 83.1) 63.6 (39.0, 82.7)

Residence

Urban 39.5 (35.7, 43.4) 1.0 (0.3, 2.9) 24.9 (21.6, 28.6) 48.5 (40.5, 56.5) 39.2 (31.9, 47.1)

Rural 38.7 (34.7, 42.8) 1.8 (0.7, 4.4) 17.0 (13.5, 21.3) 51.7 (40.7, 62.5) 39.9 (30.7, 49.9)

Education level5

Less than secondary 24.6 (15.5, 36.6) – – 10.2 (4.4, 21.8) – – – –


High school 37.6 (33.2, 42.2) 0.9 (0.2, 3.5) 22.6 (18.9, 26.7) 48.0 (38.9, 57.2) 38.1 (29.4, 47.6)

College or above 39.8 (33.1, 46.8) 2.9 (0.9, 8.4) 26.3 (20.7, 32.8) 57.2 (42.6, 70.6) 48.7 (34.9, 62.8)

Region

Western 40.1 (34.7, 45.9) 0.4 (0.1, 2.6) 22.1 (17.7, 27.3) 71.1 (61.2, 79.3) 63.1 (52.1, 72.9)

Central 36.5 (31.8, 41.5) 2.0 (0.8, 5.0) 29.5 (24.2, 35.5) 50.7 (40.1, 61.1) 39.3 (30.5, 49.0)

Southern 42.4 (37.3, 47.6) 1.5 (0.3, 6.6) 18.6 (14.1, 24.1) 39.2 (28.0, 51.6) 30.1 (20.5, 41.8)

Eastern 38.1 (30.3, 46.6) 0.8 (0.1, 5.3) 18.2 (13.3, 24.5) 32.2 (16.0, 54.4) 22.5 (9.0, 46.0)

1 Among current smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months.2 Among smokers who made quit attempts in the past 12 months. A successful quit attempt is defined as being abstinent for more

than 6 months.3 HCP – health care provider. 4 Among those who visited a HCP during the past 12 months.5 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

«–» Estimates suppressed due to unweighted sample size less than 25. N/A: Not applicable

198


TABLE 6.3: Percentage of smokers aged 15 years or older who made a quit attempt in the past 12 months, by cessation method used and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

CharacteristicUse of cessation method1

Nicotine replacement therapy2

Internet and mailing

Non-medication therapy

Non-nicotine medications Counseling

Percentage (95% CI)Overall 6.2 5.3 3.2 2.3 2.1

(4.2, 9.1) (3.3, 8.3) (2.0, 5.3) (1.2, 4.2) (1.2, 3.5)Gender

Male 5.4 5.6 3.1 1.8 2.7(3.5, 8.2) (3.6, 8.7) (1.7, 5.7) (0.8, 4.2) (1.5, 4.7)

Female 8.6 4.2 3.6 3.6 0.2(4.0, 17.5) (1.3, 12.9) (1.5, 8.4) (1.4, 8.9) (0.0, 1.5)

Age (years)15-24 1.2 3.3 1.5 4.3 0.0

(0.2, 8.1) (0.8, 13.0) (0.2, 9.9) (0.6, 25.0) N/A25-44 8.0 7.0 3.8 2.2 1.5

(4.9, 12.8) (4.0, 12.1) (2.0, 7.3) (1.0, 4.4) (0.6, 3.6)45-64 5.8 2.8 3.0 2.1 2.6

(3.3, 10.2) (1.1, 6.7) (1.4, 6.5) (0.7, 5.8) (1.1, 6.3)65+ 0.0 3.3 2.2 0.0 9.8

N/A (0.7, 13.4) (0.3, 14.4) N/A (3.2, 26.1)Residence

Urban 6.3 5.9 3.7 2.3 2.2(3.9, 10.1) (3.4, 10.2) (2.0, 6.6) (1.1, 5.1) (1.1, 4.4)

Rural 5.9 3.8 2.3 2.1 1.7(3.2, 10.7) (1.9, 7.4) (1.1, 4.7) (0.8, 5.3) (0.8, 3.5)

Education level3

Less than secondary – – – – –– – – – –

Secondary school 8.4 3.1 1.2 1.9 3.5(3.9, 17.2) (1.3, 7.2) (0.4, 3.9) (0.6, 6.2) (1.8, 6.8)

High school 5.1 4.3 3.8 2.0 1.8(2.8, 9.4) (2.0, 8.8) (1.7, 8.5) (0.8, 4.9) (0.7, 4.9)

College or above 9.0 10.9 5.4 2.1 2.0(4.7, 16.4) (4.8, 22.7) (2.7, 10.6) (0.7, 6.5) (0.5, 7.4)

RegionWestern 3.2 5.7 3.6 1.9 2.2

(1.4, 7.2) (1.6, 18.5) (1.6, 7.9) (0.6, 5.9) (0.8, 6.1)Central 9.8 7.3 3.3 3.9 1.6

(6.0, 15.6) (4.3, 12.2) (1.7, 6.6) (1.4, 10.3) (0.6, 4.3)Southern 4.5 5.1 3.1 1.5 1.6

(2.0, 9.6) (2.4, 10.5) (1.2, 7.5) (0.4, 5.3) (0.6, 4.2)Eastern 7.1 2.5 3.0 1.7 3.1

(2.4, 19.3) (0.4, 15.5) (0.6, 14.2) (0.4, 7.1) (0.9, 9.5)

1 Among current smokers who made a quit attempt in the past 12 months and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months.

2 Nicotine replacement therapy such as nicotine patch and nicotine gum.3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.


199

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 6.3 (CONT.): Percentage of smokers aged 15 years or older who made a quit attempt in the past 12 months, by cessation method used and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

CharacteristicUse of cessation method1

Psychotherapeutic method Acupuncture Tried to quit without

assistanceTried to quit without

assistance only2 Others

Percentage (95% CI)Overall 0.9 0.3 85.1 72.2 3.5

(0.4, 2.3) (0.1, 1.1) (80.7, 88.7) (67.5, 76.5) (2.2, 5.5)Gender

Male 0.6 0.2 85.7 73.2 3.3(0.3, 1.5) (0.0, 1.7) (81.4, 89.1) (68.3, 77.6) (1.9, 5.7)

Female 1.8 0.3 83.5 69.3 3.9(0.4, 8.2) (0.0, 2.0) (73.7, 90.2) (59.2, 77.9) (1.6, 9.0)

Age (years)15-24 0.0 0.0 86.5 75.5 1.9

N/A N/A (74.2, 93.5) (60.8, 86.0) (0.5, 7.6)25-44 1.2 0.0 85.3 69.7 3.8

(0.3, 3.9) N/A (78.7, 90.2) (62.7, 75.8) (2.0, 7.0)45-64 1.1 0.9 84.2 76.3 3.2

(0.4, 2.6) (0.2, 4.1) (77.5, 89.3) (69.2, 82.2) (1.4, 6.9)65+ 0.0 0.0 84.7 71.6 4.3

N/A N/A (71.5, 92.4) (54.4, 84.3) (1.0, 16.2)Residence

Urban 0.6 0.3 85.9 71.8 3.5(0.1, 3.3) (0.0, 1.8) (79.8, 90.4) (65.5, 77.4) (2.0, 6.2)

Rural 1.7 0.2 83.3 73.2 3.4(0.8, 3.8) (0.0, 1.7) (77.7, 87.7) (67.0, 78.6) (1.6, 7.1)

Education level3

Less than secondary – – – – –– – – – –

Secondary school 1.2 0.0 82.7 73.1 1.8(0.4, 4.0) N/A (74.2, 88.8) (64.6, 80.2) (0.6, 5.2)

High school 1.2 0.4 84.4 72.2 3.3(0.2, 5.3) (0.1, 3.1) (78.5, 88.9) (65.2, 78.2) (1.6, 6.6)

College or above 0.2 0.3 87.9 68.3 6.6(0.0, 1.4) (0.0, 2.3) (77.0, 94.1) (57.3, 77.6) (3.2, 13.2)

RegionWestern 1.0 0.0 73.3 65.6 3.9

(0.2, 4.1) N/A (59.7, 83.5) (53.8, 75.8) (1.6, 9.1)Central 2.0 0.0 88.1 69.0 3.1

(0.5, 7.4) N/A (82.6, 92.1) (61.4, 75.7) (1.3, 7.0)Southern 0.7 0.9 88.9 75.4 3.7

(0.2, 2.1) (0.2, 3.9) (83.2, 92.8) (67.7, 81.7) (1.8, 7.6)Eastern 0.0 0.0 88.7 79.0 3.2

N/A N/A (77.7, 94.6) (66.8, 87.6) (0.8, 11.7)

1 Among current smokers who made a quit attempt in the past 12 months and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months.

2 Respondents who did not report using any other cessation method.3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.


200


TABLE 6.4: Percentage of smokers aged 15 years or older who made a quit attempt in the past 12 months, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

CharacteristicMade quit attempt1 Successfully quit smoking2


changes

Percentage (95% CI) Percentage Percentage (95% CI) Percentage

Overall 41.0 (38.3, 43.8) 39.2 (36.3, 42.2) − 4.3 2.9 (1.8, 4.7) 1.2 (0.6, 2.6) − 57.1*

Gender

Male 40.0 (37.1, 43.0) 37.2 (34.0, 40.6) − 7.0 2.1 (1.1, 3.9) 0.7 (0.3, 1.7) − 67.2*

Female 44.6 (37.9, 51.5) 46.5 (38.9, 54.1) 4.2 5.4 (2.4, 11.8) 2.8 (1.0, 8.0) − 48.2

Age (years)

15-24 54.7 (46.7, 62.5) 42.0 (32.3, 52.4) − 23.2* 2.3 (0.6, 8.8) 0.0 N/A N/A

25-44 40.7 (36.9, 44.6) 41.5 (37.4, 45.7) 2.0 3.7 (2.1, 6.6) 1.5 (0.6, 3.9) − 60.3*

45-64 32.2 (28.1, 36.6) 34.3 (29.5, 39.5) 6.4 2.3 (0.9, 5.3) 1.2 (0.3, 3.9) − 48.3

65+ 36.5 (28.2, 45.6) 39.8 (29.2, 51.6) 9.3 0.6 (0.1, 4.3) 1.5 (0.2, 10.3) 139.4

Residence

Urban 39.2 (35.6, 42.8) 39.5 (35.7, 43.4) 0.8 3.3 (1.8, 6.0) 1.0 (0.3, 2.9) − 70.2*

Rural 45.0 (41.3, 48.8) 38.7 (34.7, 42.8) − 14.2* 2.0 (1.0, 3.9) 1.8 (0.7, 4.4) − 11.2

Education level3

Less than secondary 31.3 (21.7, 42.8) 24.6 (15.5, 36.6) − 21.5 1.0 (0.1, 7.0) – – –

Secondary school 38.0 (33.5, 42.7) 41.5 (36.3, 46.9) 9.3 1.9 (0.6, 5.7) 0.6 (0.2, 2.6) − 66.3*

High school 38.3 (34.1, 42.6) 37.6 (33.2, 42.2) − 1.8 3.9 (2.1, 7.2) 0.9 (0.2, 3.5) − 77.2*

College or above 36.3 (29.9, 43.2) 39.8 (33.1, 46.8) 9.5 3.5 (1.0, 11.2) 2.9 (0.9, 8.4) − 17.1

Region

Western 48.6 (42.8, 54.5) 40.1 (34.7, 45.9) − 17.5* 3.3 (1.6, 6.7) 0.4 (0.1, 2.6) − 88.8*

Central 39.5 (35.1, 44.0) 36.5 (31.8, 41.5) − 7.6 4.0 (1.7, 9.0) 2.0 (0.8, 5.0) − 50.2

Southern 39.1 (34.0, 44.5) 42.4 (37.3, 47.6) 8.4 1.7 (0.6, 5.0) 1.5 (0.3, 6.6) − 11.1

Eastern 34.5 (27.9, 41.8) 38.1 (30.3, 46.6) 10.4 1.4 (0.3, 7.3) 0.8 (0.1, 5.3) − 46.4

1 Among current smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months. 2 Among current smokers who made a quit attempt in past 12 months and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than

12 months. A successful quit attempt is defined as being abstinent for more than 6 months.3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05


201

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 6.5: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who received advice to quit smoking from HCP, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

CharacteristicAsked by HCP if a smoker1,2 Advised to quit by HCP1,2

2010 2017 Relative changes 2010 2017 Relative changes

Percentage (95% CI) Percentage Percentage (95% CI) PercentageOverall 43.4 49.2 13.3 33.0 39.4 19.4

(37.9, 49.1) (42.6, 55.9) (28.3, 38.1) (33.3, 45.8)Gender

Male 44.3 49.1 10.6 33.9 40.9 20.5(38.3, 50.6) (41.1, 57.0) (28.8, 39.5) (33.8, 48.4)

Female 40.9 49.6 21.3 30.4 36.0 18.4(30.2, 52.5) (38.1, 61.2) (20.8, 42.0) (25.0, 48.6)

Age (years) 15-24 35.3 35.8 1.4 25.2 21.0 − 17.0

(25.6, 46.4) (19.7, 55.9) (17.5, 35.0) (10.0, 38.8)25-44 42.2 47.7 13.1 29.6 38.0 28.6

(34.8, 49.9) (37.9, 57.7) (23.5, 36.5) (29.1, 47.9)45-64 52.0 54.2 4.3 44.0 44.1 0.2

(41.8, 62.0) (44.0, 64.1) (34.8, 53.6) (35.3, 53.4)65+ 63.3 64.2 1.3 56.8 63.6 11.9

(45.9, 77.9) (39.5, 83.1) (38.9, 73.1) (39.0, 82.7)Residence

Urban 41.0 48.5 18.2 29.9 39.2 31.3(34.2, 48.2) (40.5, 56.5) (24.2, 36.2) (31.9, 47.1)

Rural 50.5 51.7 2.3 42.1 39.9 − 5.1(42.6, 58.4) (40.7, 62.5) (34.4, 50.2) (30.7, 49.9)

Education level3 Less than secondary 48.4 – – 41.0 – –

(27.9, 69.3) – (22.3, 62.8) –Secondary school 54.5 49.2 − 9.7 42.5 41.4 − 2.5

(44.1, 64.6) (35.7, 62.9) (32.8, 52.8) (29.2, 54.8)High school 45.6 48.0 5.1 35.8 38.1 6.4

(37.2, 54.4) (38.9, 57.2) (28.1, 44.3) (29.4, 47.6)College or above 41.6 57.2 37.2 30.6 48.7 59.4

(29.9, 54.4) (42.6, 70.6) (20.7, 42.6) (34.9, 62.8)Region

Western 57.0 71.1 24.6 46.7 63.1 35.1(46.7, 66.8) (61.2, 79.3) (37.4, 56.2) (52.1, 72.9)

Central 39.5 50.7 28.3 30.2 39.3 30.4(31.0, 48.6) (40.1, 61.1) (23.0, 38.5) (30.5, 49.0)

Southern 39.3 39.2 − 0.3 25.9 30.1 16.3(28.2, 51.5) (28.0, 51.6) (18.0, 35.6) (20.5, 41.8)

Eastern 34.5 32.2 − 6.4 26.7 22.5 − 15.7(21.6, 50.0) (16.0, 54.4) (15.6, 41.7) (9.0, 46.0)

1 Among current smokers and former smokers who have been abstinent for less than 12 months, and who visited a HCP during the past 12 months.

2 HCP – health care provider.3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05


202


TABLE 7.1: Amount paid for 20 manufactured cigarettes1 by manufactured cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic 2010 2017Relative changes

of average

Relative changes

of median

Average (95% CI) Median (95% CI) Average (95% CI) Median (95% CI) Percentage Percentage

Overall 11.6 (11.2, 11.9) 10.4 (10.4, 11.0) 19.1 (17.3, 20.8) 17.5 (17.3, 17.9) 64.8* 68.4*

Gender

Male 11.3 (10.9, 11.7) 10.3 (10.3, 10.5) 18.1 (17.7, 18.5) 17.4 (17.2, 17.9) 60.2* 68.3*

Female 13.2 (12.7, 13.8) 12.5 (11.4, 12.9) 24.7 (12.8, 36.7) 17.8 (17.0, 18.0) 87.1 42.7*

Age (years)

15-24 14.5 (12.7, 16.3) 13.2 (12.7, 13.4) 18.8 (17.9, 19.8) 17.9 (17.0, 18.0) 29.6* 35.6*

25-44 12.1 (11.8, 12.3) 11.3 (10.9, 11.4) 18.9 (18.4, 19.3) 17.9 (17.8, 18.0) 56.3* 57.7*

45-64 9.9 (9.7, 10.2) 9.9 (9.9, 10.2) 19.8 (14.7, 24.9) 16.8 (16.4, 16.9) 99.2* 70.1*

65+ 8.3 (7.9, 8.8) 8.5 (7.5, 9.3) 15.8 (15.1, 16.5) 15.6 (14.5, 16.6) 89.0* 82.6*

Residence

Urban 12.2 (11.7, 12.7) 11.4 (10.9, 11.4) 18.4 (18.0, 18.9) 17.8 (17.2, 18.1) 50.7* 56.5*

Rural 10.2 (10.0, 10.4) 10.1 (9.9, 10.3) 20.3 (15.1, 25.5) 17.0 (16.9, 17.4) 99.1* 67.4*

Education level2

Less than secondary 9.1 (8.4, 9.9) 9.4 (9.0, 9.8) 16.5 (15.8, 17.2) 16.6 (14.9, 17.1) 80.8* 76.6*

Secondary school 10.1 (9.8, 10.4) 9.9 (9.8, 10.2) 16.9 (16.5, 17.3) 16.9 (16.8, 16.9) 67.2* 71.5*

High school 11.0 (10.7, 11.3) 10.3 (10.3, 10.4) 20.0 (16.2, 23.7) 17.4 (17.2, 18.0) 81.1* 68.6*

College or above 13.4 (12.7, 14.0) 13.0 (11.4, 13.1) 20.0 (19.2, 20.7) 18.4 (17.9, 19.0) 49.5* 41.9*

Region

Western 11.4 (11.0, 11.7) 10.3 (10.3, 11.0) 18.3 (17.4, 19.3) 17.5 (16.9, 17.9) 61.3* 69.5*

Central 11.9 (11.0, 12.9) 10.4 (10.3, 11.4) 21.1 (15.4, 26.8) 17.5 (17.0, 17.9) 76.7* 68.3*

Southern 11.5 (11.1, 11.9) 10.8 (10.3, 11.3) 18.2 (17.7, 18.6) 17.7 (17.0, 17.9) 58.1* 63.4*

Eastern 11.1 (10.7, 11.6) 10.3 (9.9, 10.6) 18.0 (17.0, 19.0) 17.0 (16.9, 17.9) 61.7* 65.4*

1 In adjusted constant 2016 Ukrainian Hryvnia (UAH).2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05


203

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 7.2: Cigarette expenditure per month1 among current manufactured cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic 2010 2017Relative changes

of average

Relative changes

of median

Average (95% CI) Median (95% CI) Average (95% CI) Median (95% CI) Percentage Percentage

Overall 270.9 (259.8, 282.0) 259.2 (247.2, 276.9) 451.4 (408.5, 494.4) 450.9 (428.0, 456.2) 66.6* 74.0*

Gender

Male 287.2 (274.1, 300.4) 280.4 (269.0, 297.7) 461.7 (442.6, 480.9) 485.7 (461.6, 501.3) 60.7* 73.2*

Female 206.0 (184.9, 227.1) 183.0 (157.4, 205.3) 410.9 (211.2, 610.7) 272.4 (258.6, 302.1) 99.5* 48.9*

Age (years)

15-24 264.1 (224.7, 303.5) 219.8 (203.0, 254.6) 372.5 (310.0, 435.0) 365.6 (272.6, 455.6) 41.1* 66.3*

25-44 287.6 (272.4, 302.9) 282.1 (269.5, 300.8) 453.2 (428.8, 477.6) 484.9 (450.6, 501.2) 57.6* 71.9*

45-64 261.0 (245.8, 276.1) 247.5 (233.4, 284.5) 488.3 (362.9, 613.7) 434.0 (410.6, 470.5) 87.1* 75.4*

65+ 198.7 (173.7, 223.8) 170.1 (146.7, 235.4) 329.7 (285.3, 374.1) 272.6 (241.6, 362.2) 65.9* 60.3*

Residence

Urban 277.9 (262.6, 293.2) 259.5 (245.9, 287.3) 422.7 (400.2, 445.3) 428.5 (399.4, 461.2) 52.1* 65.1*

Rural 255.4 (244.5, 266.4) 255.3 (230.4, 283.2) 516.0 (385.7, 646.4) 456.2 (451.3, 490.8) 102.0* 78.7*

Education level2

Less than secondary 271.1 (216.9, 325.3) 257.4 (187.4, 289.6) 429.5 (356.8, 502.2) 459.9 (386.9, 512.0) 58.4* 78.7*

Secondary school 267.1 (252.7, 281.6) 276.8 (252.9, 295.0) 414.2 (393.5, 435.0) 450.6 (413.2, 487.9) 55.1* 62.8*

High school 272.2 (254.5, 289.8) 269.0 (239.3, 285.4) 494.5 (400.8, 588.3) 460.5 (443.3, 490.7) 81.7* 71.2*

College or above 281.5 (258.9, 304.2) 264.6 (236.1, 303.5) 441.9 (390.6, 493.1) 407.6 (370.1, 485.5) 57.0* 54.0*

Region

Western 265.7 (249.6, 281.7) 252.3 (230.1, 297.2) 430.8 (394.8, 466.7) 436.4 (408.9, 463.7) 62.1* 73.0*

Central 272.2 (246.1, 298.3) 251.4 (223.2, 284.5) 492.5 (361.0, 624.0) 447.7 (402.9, 483.2) 80.9* 78.1*

Southern 273.7 (257.2, 290.3) 259.9 (234.0, 285.3) 444.9 (417.9, 472.0) 453.8 (423.1, 492.3) 62.5* 74.6*

Eastern 271.0 (249.0, 293.0) 278.3 (251.8, 299.9) 422.1 (369.8, 474.4) 447.9 (362.6, 510.9) 55.7* 60.9*

1 In adjusted constant 2016 Ukrainian Hryvnia (UAH).2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05


204


TABLE 7.3: Percentage of current manufactured cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by last brand purchased and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic Pryluky Pryma Rothmans Bond Winston

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 12.3 (10.4, 14.5) 10.8 (9.2, 12.6) 10.6 (8.8, 12.7) 10.6 (8.8, 12.8) 6.6 (5.2, 8.2)

Gender

Male 13.7 (11.5, 16.2) 12.9 (11.0, 15.0) 10.4 (8.4, 12.9) 10.7 (8.8, 12.8) 5.6 (4.2, 7.5)

Female 6.9 (3.9, 12.0) 2.4 (1.2, 4.7) 11.1 (7.2, 16.9) 10.3 (5.4, 18.7) 10.2 (6.8, 15.0)

Age (years)

15-24 9.5 (4.7, 18.6) 3.7 (1.0, 12.6) 19.5 (12.0, 30.0) 13.0 (6.8, 23.6) 9.6 (4.7, 18.6)

25-44 11.4 (9.0, 14.4) 7.0 (5.3, 9.2) 12.9 (10.3, 16.0) 12.7 (9.9, 16.1) 7.4 (5.5, 9.9)

45-64 14.6 (11.6, 18.3) 16.8 (13.5, 20.7) 5.2 (3.0, 8.7) 7.5 (5.6, 10.2) 4.7 (2.7, 7.9)

65+ 12.4 (7.3, 20.4) 26.6 (18.9, 36.1) 2.9 (0.8, 10.5) 2.9 (1.2, 6.9) 3.7 (1.1, 12.0)

Residence

Urban 10.1 (7.8, 13.0) 8.7 (6.9, 11.0) 11.1 (8.8, 13.9) 9.4 (7.1, 12.3) 8.3 (6.5, 10.7)

Rural 17.3 (14.3, 20.8) 15.4 (12.7, 18.6) 9.3 (6.8, 12.5) 13.4 (10.6, 16.7) 2.5 (1.6, 4.0)

Education level1



High school 12.5 (9.8, 15.8) 12.6 (9.9, 15.9) 9.3 (6.7, 12.9) 11.7 (8.8, 15.4) 5.4 (3.6, 8.0)

College or above 6.0 (3.6, 9.9) 4.6 (3.0, 7.2) 9.9 (6.5, 14.9) 11.1 (7.5, 16.2) 10.3 (6.9, 15.1)

Region

Western 14.8 (11.2, 19.3) 18.2 (14.5, 22.7) 7.3 (4.7, 11.1) 15.7 (12.2, 19.9) 5.8 (3.5, 9.6)

Central 11.6 (8.7, 15.5) 13.2 (10.2, 17.0) 12.8 (9.6, 16.9) 11.5 (8.1, 16.0) 7.5 (5.0, 11.0)

Southern 12.8 (9.4, 17.2) 7.2 (4.8, 10.4) 11.7 (8.6, 15.7) 6.5 (4.2, 9.8) 7.2 (5.0, 10.2)

Eastern 10.3 (6.1, 17.0) 4.6 (2.2, 9.3) 9.3 (5.3, 15.8) 9.5 (5.3, 16.4) 5.3 (2.8, 9.9)

Note: Current manufactured cigarette smoking includes daily and occasional (less than daily) use. The top five reported brands last purchased among all smokers of manufactured cigarette are shown here.


205

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 7.4: Percentage distribution of manufactured cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by the source of last purchase of cigarettes and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic Store Kiosk Street vendor Others1

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 73.3 (69.3, 76.9) 22.2 (18.9, 25.9) 2.8 (1.8, 4.3) 1.7 (1.1, 2.7)

Gender

Male 75.2 (71.5, 78.6) 19.9 (16.9, 23.3) 2.9 (1.9, 4.6) 1.9 (1.2, 3.1)

Female 65.8 (56.8, 73.7) 31.0 (23.1, 40.1) 2.2 (0.7, 7.2) 1.0 (0.4, 3.1)

Age (years)

15-24 77.5 (65.9, 86.0) 14.5 (7.7, 25.8) 4.9 (1.7, 13.3) 3.0 (0.9, 9.2)

25-44 74.0 (68.6, 78.7) 21.9 (17.5, 27.1) 2.6 (1.3, 5.2) 1.5 (0.8, 2.9)

45-64 71.6 (65.6, 76.9) 24.7 (19.7, 30.4) 2.2 (0.9, 5.3) 1.5 (0.8, 2.6)

65+ 68.1 (57.3, 77.2) 23.4 (15.5, 33.7) 5.0 (1.9, 12.8) 3.5 (1.3, 9.0)

Residence

Urban 66.3 (61.0, 71.2) 29.3 (24.7, 34.3) 3.6 (2.2, 5.9) 0.8 (0.4, 1.7)

Rural 88.8 (85.5, 91.5) 6.4 (4.5, 8.9) 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) 3.9 (2.3, 6.5)

Education level2



High school 70.1 (63.8, 75.7) 24.7 (19.5, 30.6) 3.6 (2.0, 6.2) 1.7 (0.9, 3.0)

College or above 69.4 (61.7, 76.1) 28.1 (21.6, 35.6) 1.8 (0.5, 6.7) 0.7 (0.3, 1.9)

Region

Western 81.3 (74.3, 86.8) 12.2 (8.4, 17.4) 2.6 (0.7, 9.0) 3.9 (2.0, 7.4)

Central 75.6 (69.3, 80.9) 20.0 (15.2, 25.9) 3.3 (1.7, 6.5) 1.1 (0.4, 2.8)

Southern 73.6 (67.4, 79.0) 22.8 (17.8, 28.8) 2.2 (1.0, 4.6) 1.4 (0.7, 2.9)

Eastern 61.9 (49.6, 72.9) 34.1 (23.8, 46.1) 3.0 (1.2, 7.5) 1.0 (0.2, 4.0)

1 It includes abroad, Internet, from another person, restaurants or bars and other non-specified venues.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

206


TABLE 7.5: Percentage distribution of current manufactured cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by type of cigarette purchased, gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic Non-filter Regular filter Slim filter

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 4.5 (3.6, 5.6) 83.4 (81.0, 85.7) 12.1 (10.0, 14.5)

Age (years)

15-24 0.6 (0.1, 4.1) 84.4 (72.7, 91.7) 15.0 (7.9, 26.8)

25-44 2.3 (1.5, 3.6) 84.7 (81.5, 87.5) 12.9 (10.2, 16.2)

45-64 7.6 (5.7, 10.0) 81.9 (77.8, 85.4) 10.5 (7.7, 14.3)

65+ 15.8 (9.9, 24.3) 77.1 (66.6, 85.1) 7.1 (2.9, 16.4)

Residence

Urban 2.6 (1.8, 3.7) 82.9 (79.6, 85.8) 14.5 (11.7, 17.8)

Rural 8.8 (6.8, 11.3) 84.6 (81.3, 87.4) 6.6 (4.5, 9.5)

Education level1

Less than secondary 14.4 (7.2, 26.7) 85.6 (73.3, 92.8) 0.0 N/A


High school 4.0 (2.8, 5.6) 84.8 (81.5, 87.6) 11.2 (8.6, 14.6)

College or above 1.1 (0.5, 2.9) 81.0 (74.6, 86.2) 17.8 (12.8, 24.2)

Region

Western 5.2 (3.4, 7.9) 89.8 (85.4, 93.0) 5.0 (2.8, 8.8)

Central 6.1 (4.2, 8.6) 83.6 (79.3, 87.2) 10.3 (7.2, 14.5)

Southern 5.0 (3.5, 7.1) 76.9 (72.2, 81.1) 18.0 (13.9, 23.1)

Eastern 1.1 (0.4, 2.8) 84.7 (77.2, 90.1) 14.2 (9.0, 21.6)


207

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 7.5 (CONT.): Percentage distribution of current manufactured cigarette smokers aged 15 years or older, by type of cigarette purchased, gender and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic Non-filter Regular filter Slim filter

Percentage (95% CI)

Male 5.4 (4.4, 6.8) 88.5 (86.3, 90.4) 6.1 (4.5, 8.2)

Age (years)

15-24 0.7 (0.1, 5.2) 90.1 (79.8, 95.5) 9.1 (4.0, 19.6)

25-44 2.8 (1.8, 4.3) 90.7 (87.4, 93.2) 6.5 (4.2, 9.8)

45-64 9.0 (6.7, 12.0) 86.3 (82.6, 89.2) 4.7 (2.9, 7.6)

65+ 17.7 (11.1, 27.2) 77.3 (66.6, 85.4) 4.9 (1.4, 15.5)

Residence

Urban 3.3 (2.2, 4.7) 89.9 (86.9, 92.3) 6.8 (4.7, 9.8)

Rural 9.7 (7.5, 12.6) 85.7 (82.4, 88.5) 4.6 (2.9, 7.2)

Education level1

Less than secondary 18.1 (9.1, 32.8) 81.9 (67.2, 90.9) 0.0 N/A


High school 4.6 (3.2, 6.6) 89.3 (85.9, 91.9) 6.1 (3.9, 9.4)

College or above 1.6 (0.6, 3.9) 90.8 (84.1, 94.8) 7.7 (3.9, 14.4)

Region

Western 5.9 (3.9, 8.9) 91.5 (88.0, 94.1) 2.6 (1.4, 4.7)

Central 7.7 (5.4, 10.9) 89.3 (85.5, 92.1) 3.0 (1.4, 6.3)

Southern 6.1 (4.2, 8.8) 82.9 (78.1, 86.8) 11.0 (7.5, 16.0)

Eastern 1.4 (0.5, 3.5) 90.4 (83.0, 94.8) 8.2 (4.1, 15.8)

Female 0.8 (0.3, 2.1) 64.1 (56.6, 70.9) 35.1 (28.3, 42.6)

Age (years)

15-24 – – – – – –

25-44 0.8 (0.2, 2.7) 64.5 (55.2, 72.8) 34.7 (26.4, 44.0)

45-64 1.2 (0.3, 4.9) 62.7 (50.0, 73.8) 36.1 (25.0, 48.9)

65+ – – – – – –

Residence

Urban 0.5 (0.1, 2.1) 61.0 (52.4, 69.0) 38.4 (30.5, 47.1)

Rural 2.2 (0.7, 6.8) 77.3 (62.7, 87.3) 20.5 (10.8, 35.6)

Education level1

Less than secondary – – – – – –


High school 1.1 (0.3, 4.5) 64.7 (53.9, 74.1) 34.2 (24.8, 45.1)

College or above 0.0 N/A 55.3 (41.4, 68.4) 44.7 (31.6, 58.6)

Region

Western 0.0 N/A 76.5 (51.2, 91.0) 23.5 (9.0, 48.8)

Central 0.6 (0.1, 4.0) 64.9 (52.1, 75.9) 34.5 (23.5, 47.5)

Southern 2.0 (0.7, 5.5) 59.8 (48.5, 70.2) 38.2 (27.9, 49.7)

Eastern 0.0 N/A 62.3 (43.3, 78.2) 37.7 (21.8, 56.7)

1 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.«–» Estimates suppressed due to unweighted sample size less than 25.N/A: Not applicable.

208

GL

OB

AL

AD

UL

T T

OB

AC

CO

SU

RV

EY

TABLE 7.6: Percentage distribution of warning label languages found on cigarette packages among current manufactured cigarette smokers1, by demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Language OverallGender Age (years) Residence

Male Female 18–24 25+ Urban Rural

Percentage (95% CI)

Ukrainian 97.3 (96.0, 98.2) 97.2 (95.6, 98.2) 97.7 (93.8, 99.2) 100.0 N/A 97.1 (95.7, 98.0) 97.3 (95.4, 98.4) 97.2 (95.3, 98.4)

Russian 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) 1.0 (0.1, 6.9) 0.0 N/A 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) 0.9 (0.3, 2.6) 1.0 (0.4, 2.6)

Romanian (Moldovan) 0.8 (0.4, 1.7) 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) 0.3 (0.0, 2.0) 0.0 N/A 0.9 (0.5, 1.8) 0.7 (0.2, 2.1) 1.2 (0.6, 2.3)

Other language 0.2 (0.1, 0.8) 0.3 (0.1, 1.0) 0.0 N/A 0.0 N/A 0.3 (0.1, 0.9) 0.1 (0.0, 1.0) 0.4 (0.1, 2.0)

No health warning 0.7 (0.3, 1.5) 0.6 (0.2, 1.6) 1.0 (0.3, 3.0) 0.0 N/A 0.7 (0.3, 1.6) 1.0 (0.4, 2.2) 0.1 (0.0, 0.8)

1 Among those who demonstrated a cigarette package to the interviewerN/A: Not applicable

209

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 8.1: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who noticed anti-cigarette smoking information during the last 30 days in various places, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Places OverallGender

Male Female

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall

Television or radio 38.3 (36.2, 40.5) 37.1 (34.6, 39.7) 39.3 (36.7, 42.0)

television 37.3 (35.2, 39.4) 35.9 (33.4, 38.5) 38.5 (35.9, 41.1)

radio 8.1 (7.1, 9.4) 8.8 (7.4, 10.4) 7.6 (6.4, 9.0)

Posters in health care facilities 19.7 (18.1, 21.4) 16.3 (14.5, 18.2) 22.6 (20.5, 24.7)

Billboards 16.3 (14.7, 18.0) 16.8 (14.9, 19.0) 15.8 (14.0, 17.9)

Internet 15.9 (14.4, 17.5) 17.4 (15.5, 19.4) 14.6 (13.0, 16.5)

Newspapers or magazines 15.8 (14.4, 17.4) 14.5 (12.8, 16.3) 16.9 (15.1, 18.8)

Public transportation 14.0 (12.5, 15.5) 14.6 (12.8, 16.6) 13.5 (11.8, 15.3)

Posters in educational facilities 10.0 (8.7, 11.4) 9.6 (8.2, 11.2) 10.3 (8.8, 12.1)

Somewhere else 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) 0.4 (0.2, 1.0) 0.8 (0.5, 1.4)

Any location 52.7 (50.4, 54.9) 51.9 (49.2, 54.5) 53.3 (50.6, 56.0)

Current smokers1


television 35.5 (32.3, 38.8) 35.0 (31.5, 38.7) 37.5 (30.6, 45.0)

radio 8.5 (6.9, 10.5) 8.5 (6.9, 10.4) 8.6 (5.4, 13.3)


Billboards 17.9 (15.3, 20.7) 17.0 (14.5, 19.7) 21.1 (15.8, 27.7)

Internet 15.7 (13.5, 18.1) 15.3 (13.0, 17.9) 17.1 (12.4, 23.1)




Somewhere else 0.9 (0.4, 2.3) 0.7 (0.2, 2.4) 1.8 (0.6, 5.3)

Any location 50.3 (46.6, 53.9) 48.9 (45.1, 52.7) 55.3 (46.9, 63.3)

Non-smokers2


television 37.8 (35.5, 40.3) 36.5 (33.3, 39.8) 38.6 (35.9, 41.3)

radio 8.0 (6.9, 9.4) 9.0 (7.1, 11.3) 7.5 (6.3, 8.9)


Billboards 15.8 (14.1, 17.7) 16.8 (14.4, 19.4) 15.3 (13.4, 17.4)

Internet 15.9 (14.3, 17.8) 18.7 (16.1, 21.6) 14.4 (12.7, 16.3)




Somewhere else 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) 0.8 (0.4, 1.3)

Any location 53.4 (50.9, 55.8) 53.8 (50.6, 57.1) 53.1 (50.3, 56.0)

1 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.2 Includes former and never smokers.

210


TABLE 8.1 (CONT.): Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who noticed anti-cigarette smoking information during the last 30 days in various places, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

PlacesAge (years) Residence

15-24 25+ Urban Rural

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall

Television or radio 41.1 (35.9, 46.5) 37.9 (35.8, 40.1) 37.2 (34.5, 40.0) 40.7 (37.7, 43.9)

television 40.6 (35.4, 46.0) 36.9 (34.7, 39.1) 36.3 (33.6, 39.0) 39.6 (36.5, 42.8)

radio 8.0 (5.2, 12.0) 8.2 (7.1, 9.4) 7.8 (6.4, 9.4) 9.0 (7.4, 11.0)

Posters in health care facilities 25.5 (20.7, 31.0) 18.9 (17.4, 20.6) 19.7 (17.7, 21.8) 19.8 (17.2, 22.6)

Billboards 25.2 (20.9, 30.0) 15.1 (13.5, 16.8) 17.8 (15.8, 20.1) 12.8 (10.6, 15.3)

Internet 38.3 (33.0, 43.9) 12.9 (11.6, 14.4) 16.7 (14.8, 18.8) 14.0 (11.9, 16.5)

Newspapers or magazines 17.7 (14.0, 22.1) 15.6 (14.1, 17.1) 15.0 (13.2, 17.0) 17.6 (15.3, 20.3)

Public transportation 21.0 (17.1, 25.6) 13.0 (11.6, 14.6) 14.5 (12.6, 16.5) 12.9 (10.8, 15.2)

Posters in educational facilities 24.7 (20.1, 30.0) 8.0 (6.9, 9.4) 9.3 (7.8, 11.0) 11.6 (9.4, 14.2)

Somewhere else 0.3 (0.1, 1.1) 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 0.3 (0.2, 0.5)

Any location 63.0 (57.6, 68.1) 51.3 (49.0, 53.6) 53.0 (50.1, 55.9) 51.8 (48.8, 54.8)

Current smokers1


television 40.3 (29.9, 51.6) 35.0 (31.7, 38.4) 34.0 (29.8, 38.4) 38.9 (34.7, 43.3)

radio 11.1 (5.5, 21.1) 8.2 (6.6, 10.2) 8.1 (6.0, 10.8) 9.4 (7.3, 12.1)


Billboards 26.4 (17.4, 38.0) 16.9 (14.5, 19.7) 19.9 (16.6, 23.7) 13.3 (10.4, 16.8)

Internet 31.0 (21.5, 42.5) 14.1 (12.0, 16.4) 17.2 (14.4, 20.5) 12.2 (9.5, 15.6)




Somewhere else 0.0 N/A 1.0 (0.4, 2.5) 1.2 (0.4, 3.2) 0.2 (0.1, 1.1)

Any location 54.8 (43.6, 65.5) 49.8 (46.0, 53.5) 51.0 (46.1, 55.8) 48.7 (44.0, 53.3)

Non-smokers2


television 40.6 (35.1, 46.4) 37.4 (35.0, 40.0) 37.0 (33.9, 40.1) 39.8 (36.3, 43.4)

radio 7.3 (4.3, 12.0) 8.2 (7.0, 9.5) 7.7 (6.2, 9.4) 8.9 (7.0, 11.3)


Billboards 24.9 (20.2, 30.3) 14.6 (12.9, 16.4) 17.2 (15.1, 19.6) 12.7 (10.3, 15.5)

Internet 39.9 (34.1, 46.1) 12.5 (11.0, 14.3) 16.6 (14.4, 18.9) 14.5 (12.1, 17.3)




Somewhere else 0.4 (0.1, 1.4) 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) 0.3 (0.2, 0.5)

Any location 64.9 (58.9, 70.4) 51.8 (49.2, 54.3) 53.6 (50.4, 56.8) 52.8 (49.4, 56.1)

1 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.2 Includes former and never smokers.

N/A: Not applicable.

211

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 8.2: Percentage of current smokers aged 15 years or older who noticed health warnings on cigarette packages and considered quitting because of the warning labels, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

CharacteristicCurrent smokers1 who…

Noticed health warnings on cigarette package2 Thought about quitting because of warning labels2

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 92.2 (89.9, 94.1) 54.0 (50.6, 57.5)

Gender

Male 92.3 (89.9, 94.1) 52.8 (49.2, 56.3)

Female 92.2 (87.4, 95.2) 58.7 (50.3, 66.5)

Age (years)

15-24 94.2 (86.0, 97.7) 56.0 (44.6, 66.8)

25-44 94.0 (90.8, 96.2) 54.8 (49.5, 59.9)

45-64 90.9 (87.5, 93.5) 54.1 (48.9, 59.2)

65+ 77.9 (68.6, 85.0) 41.9 (33.2, 51.2)

Residence

Urban 91.8 (88.6, 94.2) 52.1 (47.6, 56.7)

Rural 93.1 (90.5, 95.1) 58.2 (53.7, 62.6)

Education level3

Less than secondary 84.3 (73.2, 91.3) 54.3 (39.5, 68.4)

Secondary school 93.0 (89.8, 95.3) 56.8 (50.7, 62.8)

High school 92.3 (89.4, 94.4) 50.5 (44.9, 56.0)

College or above 91.5 (85.4, 95.2) 56.8 (50.0, 63.4)

Region

Western 91.2 (81.6, 96.0) 55.2 (48.3, 61.9)

Central 93.6 (90.9, 95.6) 43.9 (38.4, 49.5)

Southern 92.2 (88.3, 94.8) 67.1 (60.6, 73.1)

Eastern 91.4 (86.3, 94.8) 51.4 (42.4, 60.4)

1 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.2 During the last 30 days.3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

212


TABLE 8.3: Percentage distribution of warning labels in Ukrainian found on cigarette packages among current manufactured cigarette smokers1 – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Warning label Overall

Percentage (95% CI)

Smoking diminishes the ability of women to give birth to children! 6.0 (4.5, 8.0)

Smokers die younger 7.2 (5.4, 9.4)

Smoking damages sperm and may lead to impotence 7.8 (5.9, 10.2)

Smoking may cause slow and painful death 8.7 (6.4, 11.8)

Smoking in pregnancy harms your baby 9.3 (6.9, 12.4)

Smoking causes skin aging 10.6 (7.9, 14.2)

Smoking destroys arteries, causes heart attacks and strokes 10.7 (8.2, 13.9)

Stopping smoking reduces the risk of fatal heart and lung diseases 12.0 (9.6, 14.9)

Smoking causes lung cancer 12.5 (10.0, 15.5)

Smoking causes dependence on tobacco – don’t start smoking! 15.2 (12.3, 18.7)

1 Among those who demonstrated a cigarette package to the interviewer

213

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 8.4: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days in various places, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017


Male Female

Percentage (95% CI)

Noticed advertisements 22.3 (20.6, 24.0) 23.4 (21.3, 25.7) 21.3 (19.3, 23.4)

In stores where cigarettes are sold 13.7 (12.4, 15.1) 14.3 (12.5, 16.3) 13.2 (11.7, 14.8)

On television 6.2 (5.4, 7.2) 5.4 (4.4, 6.6) 7.0 (5.8, 8.3)

On cigarette pack inserts 5.8 (4.9, 6.7) 7.5 (6.3, 8.9) 4.3 (3.5, 5.4)

On billboards 4.2 (3.4, 5.1) 4.4 (3.5, 5.4) 4.0 (3.1, 5.3)

On the Internet 4.0 (3.3, 4.9) 4.4 (3.5, 5.5) 3.7 (2.8, 4.8)

On posters 3.7 (3.0, 4.6) 4.2 (3.3, 5.4) 3.2 (2.5, 4.2)

In newspapers or magazines 2.8 (2.2, 3.6) 2.5 (1.7, 3.6) 3.1 (2.4, 4.1)

On / inside public transportation vehicles / stations 2.8 (2.2, 3.5) 2.8 (2.1, 3.8) 2.8 (2.0, 3.7)

On the radio 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) 1.5 (0.9, 2.4) 1.5 (1.0, 2.1)

In cinemas 0.6 (0.3, 0.9) 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) 0.7 (0.4, 1.3)

Anywhere else 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3)

Noticed at sports or sporting event associated with cigarettes brands or companies 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) 0.3 (0.2, 0.5)

Noticed cigarette promotions 4.9 (4.1, 5.8) 5.5 (4.5, 6.8) 4.4 (3.6, 5.5)

Clothing / item with brand name or logo 1.9 (1.5, 2.4) 2.1 (1.6, 2.8) 1.7 (1.2, 2.4)

Free gifts / discounts on other products 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) 1.6 (1.1, 2.5) 1.3 (0.9, 1.8)

Free samples of cigarettes 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) 1.1 (0.7, 1.8)

Prize competition for cigarette purchase 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) 1.1 (0.7, 1.7)

Promotions in mail or email 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) 0.8 (0.5, 1.2)

Coupons for cigarettes 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4)

Noticed any advertisement, sponsorship, or promotion 25.0 (23.3, 26.8) 26.4 (24.1, 28.7) 23.9 (21.8, 26.1)

214


TABLE 8.4 (CONT.): Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days in various places, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017



Percentage (95% CI)

Noticed advertisements 30.5 (25.6, 35.9) 21.2 (19.5, 23.0) 23.0 (20.9, 25.2) 20.6 (18.0, 23.6)

In stores where cigarettes are sold 20.6 (16.4, 25.5) 12.8 (11.5, 14.2) 14.6 (13.0, 16.2) 11.8 (9.7, 14.2)

On television 9.4 (6.7, 13.0) 5.8 (5.0, 6.7) 6.2 (5.2, 7.5) 6.3 (5.1, 7.7)

On cigarette pack inserts 9.0 (6.5, 12.3) 5.3 (4.6, 6.2) 5.1 (4.0, 6.3) 7.4 (6.1, 8.8)

On billboards 7.6 (5.2, 10.8) 3.7 (3.0, 4.7) 4.4 (3.5, 5.6) 3.6 (2.2, 5.6)

On the Internet 9.8 (7.2, 13.4) 3.2 (2.6, 4.0) 4.6 (3.6, 5.7) 2.8 (2.0, 3.9)

On posters 7.5 (5.1, 11.1) 3.2 (2.5, 4.0) 3.9 (3.1, 4.9) 3.2 (2.1, 5.1)

In newspapers or magazines 5.8 (3.6, 9.0) 2.4 (1.9, 3.2) 2.9 (2.2, 4.0) 2.6 (1.8, 3.6)

On / inside public transportation vehicles / stations 6.2 (4.1, 9.3) 2.3 (1.8, 3.0) 3.0 (2.3, 4.0) 2.2 (1.4, 3.6)

On the radio 2.8 (1.4, 5.8) 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) 1.4 (0.9, 2.3) 1.5 (0.9, 2.5)

In cinemas 0.8 (0.3, 1.9) 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) 0.3 (0.2, 0.7)

Anywhere else 0.0 N/A 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1)

Noticed at sports or sporting event associ-ated with cigarettes brands or companies 1.6 (0.7, 3.6) 0.5 (0.3, 0.7) 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8)

Noticed cigarette promotions 7.9 (5.7, 10.8) 4.5 (3.8, 5.5) 5.4 (4.4, 6.6) 3.8 (2.9, 5.0)

Clothing / item with brand name or logo 3.9 (2.5, 6.2) 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) 2.0 (1.4, 2.7) 1.7 (1.2, 2.4)

Free gifts / discounts on other products 2.1 (0.9, 4.5) 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) 1.7 (1.2, 2.3) 0.9 (0.5, 1.6)

Free samples of cigarettes 1.9 (1.0, 3.7) 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) 1.5 (1.1, 2.2) 0.6 (0.4, 0.9)

Prize competition for cigarette purchase 1.4 (0.6, 3.1) 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2)

Promotions in mail or email 0.2 (0.0, 1.1) 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8)

Coupons for cigarettes 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) 0.3 (0.1, 0.8)

Noticed any advertisement, sponsorship, or promotion 35.4 (30.2, 40.9) 23.6 (21.9, 25.5) 25.9 (23.8, 28.2) 22.9 (20.1, 25.9)

N/A: Not applicable

215

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 8.5: Percentage of current smokers aged 15 years or older who noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days in various places, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017


Male Female

Percentage (95% CI)




On television 5.1 (3.9, 6.5) 4.8 (3.6, 6.3) 6.2 (3.9, 9.8)

On billboards 3.7 (2.7, 5.1) 4.0 (2.8, 5.5) 2.7 (1.2, 5.9)

On posters 3.7 (2.7, 5.0) 3.7 (2.6, 5.2) 3.5 (1.7, 6.8)

On the internet 3.4 (2.5, 4.7) 3.4 (2.5, 4.8) 3.2 (1.6, 6.5)



On the radio 1.4 (0.7, 2.6) 1.3 (0.6, 2.6) 1.7 (0.6, 4.9)

In cinemas 0.5 (0.3, 1.1) 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) 0.3 (0.0, 1.9)

Anywhere else 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) 0.3 (0.0, 1.9)










Note: Current smokers include daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.

216


TABLE 8.5 (CONT.): Percentage of current smokers aged 15 years or older who noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days in various places, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017



Percentage (95% CI)




On television 7.9 (3.3, 17.7) 4.8 (3.7, 6.1) 5.0 (3.6, 6.8) 5.2 (3.6, 7.6)

On billboards 12.0 (5.9, 23.0) 2.8 (2.0, 4.0) 3.8 (2.5, 5.7) 3.5 (2.2, 5.5)

On posters 10.8 (4.9, 22.1) 2.9 (2.1, 4.0) 4.2 (2.9, 6.0) 2.4 (1.2, 4.7)

On the Internet 6.9 (2.6, 17.5) 3.0 (2.2, 4.1) 4.0 (2.8, 5.8) 2.0 (1.1, 3.5)



On the radio 2.8 (0.4, 17.0) 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) 1.4 (0.6, 3.3) 1.3 (0.7, 2.7)

In cinemas 1.9 (0.5, 7.3) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) 0.4 (0.1, 1.4)

Anywhere else 0.0 N/A 0.1 (0.0, 0.4) 0.1 (0.0, 0.6) 0.0 (0.0, 0.3)

Noticed at sports or sporting event associated with cigarettes brands or companies 3.7 (1.1, 11.7) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) 0.7 (0.3, 1.9) 0.7 (0.2, 2.1)









Note: Current smokers include daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.N/A: Not applicable

217

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 8.6: Percentage of current non-smokers aged 15 years or older who noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days in various places, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017


Male Female

Percentage (95% CI)



On television 6.6 (5.6, 7.7) 5.8 (4.6, 7.3) 7.0 (5.8, 8.5)

On billboards 4.3 (3.4, 5.4) 4.6 (3.5, 6.0) 4.1 (3.1, 5.5)

On the Internet 4.2 (3.4, 5.2) 5.1 (3.8, 6.7) 3.7 (2.8, 4.9)


On posters 3.7 (2.9, 4.7) 4.6 (3.3, 6.2) 3.2 (2.4, 4.2)



On the radio 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) 1.7 (0.9, 3.0) 1.4 (1.0, 2.1)

In cinemas 0.6 (0.3, 1.0) 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) 0.7 (0.4, 1.4)

Anywhere else 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) 0.1 (0.0, 0.5) 0.0 (0.0, 0.3)










Note: Current non-smokers include former and never smokers.

218


TABLE 8.6 (CONT.): Percentage of current non-smokers aged 15 years or older who noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days in various places, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017



Percentage (95% CI)



On television 9.7 (6.7, 13.9) 6.1 (5.2, 7.3) 6.6 (5.4, 8.1) 6.6 (5.4, 8.1)

On billboards 6.5 (4.1, 10.3) 4.0 (3.1, 5.1) 4.6 (3.6, 5.9) 3.6 (2.1, 6.1)

On the Internet 10.5 (7.4, 14.7) 3.3 (2.6, 4.2) 4.7 (3.7, 6.0) 3.0 (2.1, 4.4)


On posters 6.8 (4.1, 10.9) 3.3 (2.5, 4.3) 3.8 (2.9, 4.9) 3.5 (2.1, 5.8)



On the radio 2.9 (1.3, 6.3) 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) 1.5 (0.9, 2.3) 1.6 (0.9, 2.9)

In cinemas 0.6 (0.2, 1.8) 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) 0.7 (0.3, 1.3) 0.3 (0.1, 0.7)

Anywhere else 0.0 N/A 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) 0.0 (0.0, 0.2)

Noticed at sports or sporting event associated with cigarettes brands or companies 1.1 (0.4, 3.2) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) 0.3 (0.1, 0.8)









Note: Current non-smokers include former and never smokers. N/A: Not applicable

219

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 8.7: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who noticed anti-cigarette smoking information during the last 30 days in various places, by smoking status – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Places2010 2017 Relative changes


Overall

Television or radio 48.6 (46.4, 50.7) 38.3 (36.2, 40.5) − 21.1*

television 46.3 (44.2, 48.5) 37.3 (35.2, 39.4) − 19.5*

radio 14.3 (13.2, 15.6) 8.1 (7.1, 9.4) − 43.2*

Posters in health care facilities 21.0 (19.5, 22.6) 19.7 (18.1, 21.4) − 6.0

Billboards 24.9 (23.1, 26.8) 16.3 (14.7, 18.0) − 34.5*

Newspapers or magazines 27.9 (26.3, 29.6) 15.8 (14.4, 17.4) − 43.4*

Public transportation 15.7 (14.2, 17.3) 14.0 (12.5, 15.5) − 10.9

Posters in educational facilities 9.3 (8.2, 10.4) 10.0 (8.7, 11.4) 7.7

Any Location 66.8 (64.8, 68.7) 52.7 (50.4, 54.9) − 21.1*

Current smokers1


television 44.6 (41.2, 48.0) 35.5 (32.3, 38.8) − 20.3*

radio 10.4 (8.9, 12.1) 8.5 (6.9, 10.5) − 18.2

Posters in health care facilities 15.7 (13.4, 18.4) 18.0 (15.5, 20.9) 14.8

Billboards 27.4 (24.2, 30.8) 17.9 (15.3, 20.7) − 34.7*



Posters in educational facilities 5.8 (4.4, 7.7) 8.9 (7.0, 11.2) 52.1

Any Location 63.8 (60.5, 67.0) 50.3 (46.6, 53.9) − 21.2*

Non-smokers2


television 47.0 (44.6, 49.4) 37.8 (35.5, 40.3) − 19.5*

radio 15.9 (14.5, 17.4) 8.0 (6.9, 9.4) − 49.4*

Posters in health care facilities 23.0 (21.3, 24.8) 20.2 (18.5, 22.1) − 12.3*

Billboards 23.9 (22.1, 25.9) 15.8 (14.1, 17.7) − 33.8*



Posters in educational facilities 10.6 (9.4, 12.0) 10.3 (8.9, 11.9) − 2.9

Any Location 67.9 (65.8, 70.0) 53.4 (50.9, 55.8) − 21.4*

1 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.2 Includes former and never smokers.* p<0.05


220


TABLE 8.8: Percentage of current smokers aged 15 years or older who noticed health warnings on cigarette packages and considered quitting because of the warning labels, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic

Current smokers1 who noticed health warnings on cigarette package2

Current smokers1 who thought about quitting because of warning labels2


changes


Overall 96.4 (95.1, 97.4) 92.2 (89.9, 94.1) − 4.3* 59.7 (56.1, 63.2) 54.0 (50.6, 57.5) − 9.5*

Gender

Male 96.6 (95.4, 97.5) 92.3 (89.9, 94.1) − 4.5* 58.5 (54.7, 62.3) 52.8 (49.2, 56.3) − 9.8*

Female 95.8 (89.4, 98.4) 92.2 (87.4, 95.2) − 3.7 64.2 (56.6, 71.1) 58.7 (50.3, 66.5) − 8.6

Age (years)

15-24 96.4 (89.4, 98.9) 94.2 (86.0, 97.7) − 2.3 53.4 (44.4, 62.3) 56.0 (44.6, 66.8) 4.9

25-44 97.5 (96.1, 98.4) 94.0 (90.8, 96.2) − 3.6* 63.3 (59.1, 67.3) 54.8 (49.5, 59.9) − 13.5*

45-64 96.1 (93.8, 97.6) 90.9 (87.5, 93.5) − 5.4* 59.3 (54.0, 64.4) 54.1 (48.9, 59.2) − 8.8

65+ 88.5 (82.0, 92.8) 77.9 (68.6, 85.0) − 12.0* 52.5 (43.4, 61.5) 41.9 (33.2, 51.2) − 20.1

Residence

Urban 96.9 (95.1, 98.1) 91.8 (88.6, 94.2) − 5.2* 58.0 (53.2, 62.6) 52.1 (47.6, 56.7) − 10.1

Rural 95.3 (93.2, 96.8) 93.1 (90.5, 95.1) − 2.3 63.5 (59.1, 67.7) 58.2 (53.7, 62.6) − 8.3

Education level3

Less than secondary 83.9 (74.4, 90.3) 84.3 (73.2, 91.3) 0.5 53.4 (41.5, 64.9) 54.3 (39.5, 68.4) 1.8

Secondary school 96.7 (94.6, 98.0) 93.0 (89.8, 95.3) − 3.8* 58.7 (53.6, 63.6) 56.8 (50.7, 62.8) − 3.2

High school 96.8 (94.9, 98.0) 92.3 (89.4, 94.4) − 4.6* 62.1 (57.7, 66.4) 50.5 (44.9, 56.0) − 18.8*

College or above 98.2 (95.3, 99.3) 91.5 (85.4, 95.2) − 6.8* 64.2 (56.6, 71.2) 56.8 (50.0, 63.4) − 11.5

Region

Western 94.9 (91.9, 96.8) 91.2 (81.6, 96.0) − 3.9 63.2 (55.8, 70.0) 55.2 (48.3, 61.9) − 12.7

Central 96.8 (95.0, 98.0) 93.6 (90.9, 95.6) − 3.2* 61.3 (55.2, 67.0) 43.9 (38.4, 49.5) − 28.4*

Southern 96.2 (92.0, 98.3) 92.2 (88.3, 94.8) − 4.2 54.9 (48.1, 61.5) 67.1 (60.6, 73.1) 22.3*

Eastern 98.8 (96.4, 99.6) 91.4 (86.3, 94.8) − 7.5* 59.8 (49.4, 69.4) 51.4 (42.4, 60.4) − 14.0

1 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.2 During the last 30 days.3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05


221

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 8.9: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who noticed cigarette marketing during the last 30 days, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic

Noticed advertisements in stores where cigarettes are sold

Noticed any advertisement, sponsorship, or promotion


changes


Overall 20.9 (19.2, 22.7) 13.7 (12.4, 15.1) − 34.5* 46.3 (44.2, 48.4) 25.0 (23.3, 26.8) − 46.0*

Smoking status

Current smokers1 27.7 (24.7, 30.8) 15.2 (13.1, 17.6) − 45.1* 60.3 (57.1, 63.5) 30.3 (27.3, 33.5) − 49.7*

Non-smokers2 18.3 (16.5, 20.2) 13.3 (11.9, 14.8) − 27.3* 40.8 (38.5, 43.1) 23.4 (21.5, 25.5) − 42.6*

Gender

Male 23.8 (21.7, 26.2) 14.3 (12.5, 16.3) − 40.0* 53.3 (50.7, 55.8) 26.4 (24.1, 28.7) − 50.5*

Female 18.5 (16.4, 20.7) 13.2 (11.7, 14.8) − 28.5* 40.5 (38.1, 43.0) 23.9 (21.8, 26.1) − 41.1*

Age (years)

15-24 35.6 (31.1, 40.3) 20.6 (16.4, 25.5) − 42.2* 68.9 (64.1, 73.3) 35.4 (30.2, 40.9) − 48.7*

25-44 25.1 (22.7, 27.8) 16.7 (14.6, 19.1) − 33.4* 55.6 (52.9, 58.3) 30.8 (28.0, 33.7) − 44.6*

45-64 16.1 (13.9, 18.5) 11.9 (10.3, 13.9) − 25.7* 39.6 (36.7, 42.5) 22.0 (19.8, 24.4) − 44.3*

65+ 5.8 (4.4, 7.6) 6.4 (5.1, 7.8) 9.4 16.2 (14.0, 18.7) 12.0 (10.3, 13.8) − 26.2*

Residence

Urban 24.9 (22.4, 27.4) 14.6 (13.0, 16.2) − 41.4* 51.5 (48.7, 54.4) 25.9 (23.8, 28.2) − 49.7*

Rural 13.5 (11.7, 15.5) 11.8 (9.7, 14.2) − 13.1 36.5 (33.7, 39.3) 22.9 (20.1, 25.9) − 37.3*

Education level3

Less than secondary 4.6 (3.0, 6.9) 4.0 (2.4, 6.5) − 13.4 13.7 (11.0, 16.8) 8.9 (6.6, 11.9) − 34.8*

Secondary school 15.5 (13.4, 17.9) 9.0 (7.2, 11.3) − 41.6* 37.8 (34.8, 40.8) 18.9 (16.2, 21.9) − 50.0*

High school 19.4 (17.1, 21.8) 12.7 (11.0, 14.7) − 34.2* 45.5 (42.6, 48.3) 24.1 (21.5, 26.9) − 47.1*

College or above 23.9 (20.7, 27.3) 17.4 (14.9, 20.3) − 26.9* 52.4 (48.7, 56.0) 29.8 (26.5, 33.3) − 43.2*

Region

Western 19.3 (16.3, 22.7) 21.4 (18.3, 24.9) 11.1 45.8 (42.5, 49.1) 34.7 (30.6, 39.1) − 24.2*

Central 20.9 (18.1, 24.0) 14.9 (12.8, 17.3) − 28.7* 44.2 (40.5, 48.0) 26.3 (23.3, 29.4) − 40.6*

Southern 21.4 (18.0, 25.3) 10.3 (8.0, 13.1) − 52.0* 48.8 (44.5, 53.1) 21.8 (18.5, 25.4) − 55.4*

Eastern 23.6 (18.5, 29.5) 7.0 (5.2, 9.5) − 70.2* 48.2 (41.8, 54.6) 15.8 (12.8, 19.5) − 67.1*

1 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.

2 Includes former and never smokers.3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05.


222


TABLE 9.1: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who believe that smoking causes serious illness and various diseases, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic

Believe that smoking causes

Serious illness Stroke Heart attack Lung cancerStroke, heart

attack and lung cancer

Bladder cancer

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 92.7 (91.4, 93.8) 86.1 (84.6, 87.4) 86.7 (85.1, 88.2) 94.5 (93.5, 95.4) 82.6 (80.8, 84.2) 52.8 (50.4, 55.2)

Gender

Male 91.1 (89.5, 92.5) 83.6 (81.5, 85.4) 84.4 (82.3, 86.2) 92.8 (91.5, 93.9) 80.3 (78.1, 82.2) 50.3 (47.6, 53.1)

Female 94.0 (92.6, 95.1) 88.2 (86.5, 89.6) 88.7 (86.9, 90.3) 96.0 (94.9, 96.9) 84.6 (82.6, 86.4) 54.9 (52.0, 57.8)

Age (years)

15-24 94.1 (91.4, 96.1) 82.3 (77.8, 86.1) 81.6 (77.0, 85.4) 95.1 (92.5, 96.9) 77.0 (72.1, 81.2) 46.1 (40.7, 51.7)

25-44 91.8 (89.5, 93.6) 85.1 (82.7, 87.1) 85.2 (82.7, 87.5) 93.6 (91.7, 95.1) 81.1 (78.4, 83.6) 50.4 (47.2, 53.6)

45-64 93.0 (91.4, 94.3) 87.9 (86.0, 89.6) 89.1 (87.2, 90.8) 95.1 (93.9, 96.0) 85.1 (83.0, 87.0) 56.0 (52.8, 59.1)

65+ 92.9 (91.2, 94.4) 87.3 (85.2, 89.1) 88.8 (86.9, 90.4) 95.0 (93.6, 96.1) 84.8 (82.6, 86.8) 56.5 (53.2, 59.7)

Residence

Urban 92.5 (90.8, 94.0) 85.6 (83.6, 87.4) 86.5 (84.3, 88.4) 94.6 (93.3, 95.7) 82.1 (79.7, 84.3) 51.3 (48.0, 54.5)

Rural 92.9 (91.9, 93.9) 87.2 (85.4, 88.8) 87.2 (85.4, 88.9) 94.3 (93.0, 95.4) 83.8 (81.8, 85.7) 56.4 (53.6, 59.2)

Education level1



High school 92.2 (90.1, 93.9) 87.7 (85.7, 89.4) 88.0 (85.8, 90.0) 94.9 (93.1, 96.3) 84.6 (82.3, 86.6) 57.1 (54.2, 59.9)

College or above 94.5 (92.8, 95.9) 87.3 (84.9, 89.3) 88.5 (85.8, 90.7) 95.3 (93.8, 96.4) 83.5 (80.5, 86.1) 53.9 (49.5, 58.2)

Region

Western 93.4 (90.3, 95.6) 88.9 (86.9, 90.6) 88.4 (86.2, 90.3) 95.3 (93.8, 96.5) 85.1 (82.5, 87.3) 64.8 (60.9, 68.6)

Central 92.0 (90.1, 93.6) 82.1 (79.0, 84.8) 83.1 (79.7, 86.0) 92.9 (91.1, 94.4) 78.5 (74.9, 81.6) 46.5 (42.8, 50.3)

Southern 93.9 (92.2, 95.3) 83.0 (79.9, 85.7) 84.0 (79.8, 87.5) 94.7 (92.8, 96.1) 78.1 (73.8, 81.9) 46.7 (41.7, 51.7)

Eastern 91.4 (87.5, 94.2) 91.7 (87.6, 94.5) 92.8 (89.6, 95.1) 95.7 (92.3, 97.6) 90.4 (86.3, 93.3) 54.9 (48.4, 61.3)


223

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 9.1 (CONT.): Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who believe that smoking causes serious illness and various diseases, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic


Acute respiratory

disease

Parkinson’s disease Impotence Tuberculosis Bronchitis Gastric ulcer

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 51.7 (49.4, 54.0) 36.5 (34.2, 38.9) 59.9 (57.6, 62.0) 80.3 (78.4, 81.9) 83.9 (82.1, 85.5) 70.9 (68.9, 72.8)

Gender

Male 48.2 (45.5, 50.9) 33.4 (30.8, 36.1) 58.2 (55.4, 61.0) 77.0 (74.6, 79.1) 81.9 (79.8, 83.7) 68.5 (65.9, 71.0)

Female 54.7 (51.7, 57.6) 39.1 (36.3, 42.0) 61.2 (58.7, 63.7) 83.0 (80.9, 84.9) 85.6 (83.5, 87.4) 72.8 (70.4, 75.1)

Age (years)

15-24 47.0 (41.5, 52.7) 33.3 (28.4, 38.6) 63.0 (57.5, 68.1) 81.3 (76.7, 85.2) 79.0 (74.0, 83.3) 63.3 (58.0, 68.3)

25-44 51.6 (48.5, 54.8) 35.4 (32.5, 38.5) 60.7 (57.4, 63.8) 77.7 (74.8, 80.3) 82.8 (80.3, 85.1) 70.3 (67.5, 72.9)

45-64 52.3 (49.1, 55.4) 37.5 (34.4, 40.8) 60.9 (58.0, 63.8) 80.9 (78.6, 83.0) 84.9 (82.4, 87.2) 71.9 (69.0, 74.6)

65+ 53.9 (50.8, 56.9) 38.8 (35.6, 42.2) 54.4 (51.4, 57.5) 83.6 (81.3, 85.8) 87.2 (85.0, 89.0) 74.9 (72.3, 77.5)

Residence

Urban 51.3 (48.2, 54.4) 35.8 (32.8, 38.9) 58.8 (55.8, 61.7) 79.0 (76.7, 81.2) 83.3 (81.0, 85.4) 68.9 (66.2, 71.4)

Rural 52.7 (49.9, 55.5) 38.1 (35.1, 41.2) 62.3 (59.6, 64.9) 83.0 (80.5, 85.2) 85.2 (82.7, 87.4) 75.3 (72.8, 77.6)

Education level1



High school 52.6 (49.6, 55.6) 38.8 (35.9, 41.8) 62.0 (58.9, 65.1) 81.6 (79.3, 83.7) 85.3 (82.8, 87.4) 71.8 (69.1, 74.4)

College or above 56.7 (52.8, 60.5) 39.6 (35.9, 43.6) 62.7 (58.8, 66.3) 79.0 (75.8, 81.9) 84.7 (82.0, 87.1) 75.1 (72.0, 78.1)

Region

Western 53.3 (50.1, 56.5) 45.2 (41.5, 48.9) 71.4 (68.7, 74.0) 84.6 (81.7, 87.0) 85.1 (82.3, 87.4) 79.9 (76.8, 82.6)

Central 47.2 (43.6, 50.8) 30.1 (27.0, 33.5) 51.5 (48.5, 54.6) 76.8 (73.6, 79.7) 78.7 (75.2, 81.8) 63.8 (59.8, 67.7)

Southern 54.9 (49.4, 60.4) 32.1 (27.0, 37.8) 56.1 (50.9, 61.1) 76.8 (71.5, 81.3) 83.9 (79.4, 87.5) 70.4 (66.0, 74.4)

Eastern 53.1 (46.8, 59.4) 40.3 (34.3, 46.7) 62.7 (56.0, 68.9) 83.9 (80.4, 86.9) 89.9 (86.0, 92.8) 71.3 (66.9, 75.3)


224


TABLE 9.2: Percentage of current smokers1 aged 15 years or older who believe that smoking causes serious illness and various diseases, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic




Bladder cancer

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 86.2 (82.9, 89.0) 76.2 (73.0, 79.1) 77.1 (73.8, 80.1) 87.0 (83.9, 89.5) 72.1 (68.7, 75.3) 41.7 (38.2, 45.3)

Gender

Male 86.5 (83.5, 89.0) 76.5 (73.4, 79.4) 76.7 (73.4, 79.7) 87.3 (84.5, 89.6) 72.8 (69.4, 75.9) 42.3 (38.6, 46.0)

Female 85.4 (76.2, 91.4) 74.9 (66.1, 82.0) 78.5 (69.6, 85.3) 85.9 (77.0, 91.7) 69.7 (61.1, 77.2) 39.6 (32.2, 47.6)

Age (years)

15-24 86.6 (77.2, 92.4) 73.8 (62.5, 82.6) 76.5 (66.1, 84.4) 87.9 (78.9, 93.4) 71.4 (60.2, 80.4) 45.4 (34.5, 56.7)

25-44 85.1 (79.8, 89.2) 76.7 (71.9, 80.8) 76.3 (71.5, 80.6) 86.5 (81.6, 90.3) 72.1 (67.0, 76.7) 41.4 (36.9, 46.0)

45-64 88.2 (84.7, 91.0) 75.9 (71.5, 79.8) 78.2 (73.7, 82.1) 87.3 (83.1, 90.5) 72.2 (67.4, 76.6) 41.4 (36.2, 46.9)

65+ 85.0 (76.7, 90.8) 77.4 (68.9, 84.2) 79.3 (70.8, 85.8) 87.9 (79.8, 93.1) 73.0 (63.9, 80.5) 40.1 (31.3, 49.7)

Residence

Urban 85.7 (80.9, 89.5) 75.3 (70.9, 79.2) 76.2 (71.6, 80.2) 86.4 (82.2, 89.7) 70.9 (66.2, 75.1) 39.9 (35.3, 44.6)

Rural 87.4 (84.4, 89.9) 78.1 (74.4, 81.4) 79.1 (75.4, 82.3) 88.3 (84.8, 91.1) 74.9 (70.9, 78.5) 45.8 (40.9, 50.8)

Education level2



High school 84.8 (79.0, 89.1) 76.2 (70.9, 80.9) 77.6 (72.2, 82.2) 86.6 (80.8, 90.8) 73.0 (67.6, 77.8) 42.8 (38.0, 47.8)

College or above 87.7 (81.5, 92.0) 78.1 (71.5, 83.5) 78.8 (71.9, 84.4) 88.4 (83.4, 92.1) 71.0 (63.3, 77.6) 40.4 (33.4, 47.8)

Region

Western 85.6 (77.8, 91.0) 81.0 (76.1, 85.2) 80.7 (75.7, 84.9) 86.6 (81.0, 90.8) 75.5 (69.2, 80.9) 54.3 (47.8, 60.7)

Central 85.1 (80.9, 88.5) 72.4 (67.2, 77.0) 72.8 (67.6, 77.4) 85.2 (80.7, 88.8) 69.1 (63.8, 73.9) 37.4 (32.2, 42.9)

Southern 91.4 (87.7, 94.0) 74.4 (69.1, 79.0) 75.9 (70.0, 81.0) 89.8 (85.5, 93.0) 68.8 (62.4, 74.5) 38.5 (32.2, 45.2)

Eastern 82.5 (69.9, 90.5) 78.7 (67.3, 86.9) 80.8 (68.7, 88.9) 86.3 (74.3, 93.3) 76.8 (65.6, 85.2) 39.1 (29.5, 49.5)

1 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

225

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 9.2 (CONT.): Percentage of current smokers1 aged 15 years or older who believe that smoking causes serious illness and various diseases, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic


Acute respiratory

disease


Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 42.9 (39.4, 46.4) 27.8 (24.8, 31.0) 51.4 (47.9, 55.0) 70.4 (66.9, 73.7) 75.1 (71.6, 78.3) 61.5 (58.1, 64.8)

Gender

Male 42.0 (38.4, 45.7) 27.6 (24.5, 31.0) 51.2 (47.4, 54.9) 70.2 (66.7, 73.5) 76.3 (73.3, 79.1) 61.8 (58.1, 65.4)

Female 46.2 (38.4, 54.2) 28.4 (22.2, 35.6) 52.3 (44.1, 60.5) 71.1 (62.2, 78.6) 70.6 (61.5, 78.3) 60.6 (51.8, 68.7)

Age (years)

15-24 43.6 (32.8, 55.0) 33.4 (23.5, 44.9) 63.6 (52.6, 73.4) 80.8 (71.6, 87.5) 70.5 (58.9, 79.9) 63.7 (52.5, 73.5)

25-44 44.1 (39.6, 48.8) 27.1 (23.4, 31.2) 51.7 (46.9, 56.5) 70.2 (65.3, 74.8) 76.3 (71.3, 80.6) 62.6 (58.1, 66.9)

45-64 41.2 (35.9, 46.7) 27.4 (22.5, 32.9) 48.8 (43.7, 53.9) 68.1 (62.7, 73.1) 75.7 (70.5, 80.3) 59.9 (54.4, 65.2)

65+ 39.6 (30.8, 49.1) 26.6 (19.1, 35.7) 41.7 (32.5, 51.5) 67.2 (57.5, 75.6) 68.1 (57.6, 77.0) 56.4 (46.0, 66.4)

Residence

Urban 42.0 (37.5, 46.7) 27.6 (23.8, 31.9) 50.2 (45.5, 54.8) 68.3 (63.6, 72.6) 74.7 (70.0, 79.0) 60.4 (56.0, 64.7)

Rural 44.9 (40.4, 49.4) 28.1 (24.2, 32.5) 54.2 (49.2, 59.1) 75.1 (70.3, 79.4) 75.9 (71.7, 79.7) 64.1 (59.2, 68.7)

Education level2



High school 42.4 (37.6, 47.3) 28.0 (24.0, 32.4) 49.6 (44.6, 54.6) 68.6 (63.3, 73.4) 76.2 (70.7, 80.9) 62.0 (57.2, 66.5)

College or above 44.7 (37.4, 52.3) 28.2 (22.1, 35.1) 50.3 (43.1, 57.4) 64.0 (57.2, 70.2) 73.8 (67.7, 79.1) 64.8 (58.5, 70.6)

Region

Western 47.5 (42.6, 52.4) 33.9 (29.2, 38.9) 61.0 (54.9, 66.8) 75.3 (69.3, 80.5) 74.1 (68.3, 79.1) 69.5 (63.3, 75.0)

Central 41.2 (36.1, 46.5) 21.7 (17.5, 26.6) 46.6 (41.3, 51.8) 66.4 (61.3, 71.2) 67.7 (61.9, 72.9) 55.2 (49.1, 61.1)

Southern 44.6 (38.0, 51.5) 28.7 (23.0, 35.2) 50.7 (43.4, 57.9) 71.3 (64.0, 77.7) 81.3 (74.7, 86.5) 62.5 (56.3, 68.3)

Eastern 38.6 (29.0, 49.2) 29.1 (21.1, 38.5) 49.4 (39.7, 59.2) 70.0 (59.3, 78.8) 79.0 (67.6, 87.2) 61.3 (52.2, 69.7)


226


TABLE 9.3: Percentage of non-smokers1 aged 15 years or older who believe that smoking causes serious illness and various diseases, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic




Bladder cancer

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 94.6 (93.5, 95.5) 89.0 (87.6, 90.2) 89.6 (88.0, 90.9) 96.7 (96.0, 97.3) 85.7 (84.0, 87.3) 56.1 (53.5, 58.7)

Gender

Male 94.1 (92.6, 95.4) 88.1 (86.0, 90.0) 89.4 (87.4, 91.1) 96.4 (95.3, 97.2) 85.2 (82.9, 87.2) 55.6 (52.3, 58.9)

Female 94.8 (93.7, 95.7) 89.4 (87.9, 90.8) 89.7 (88.0, 91.2) 96.9 (96.1, 97.6) 86.0 (84.1, 87.7) 56.4 (53.3, 59.4)

Age (years)

15-24 95.9 (93.0, 97.6) 84.3 (79.2, 88.3) 82.8 (77.6, 87.0) 96.8 (94.3, 98.2) 78.3 (72.8, 83.0) 46.3 (40.1, 52.6)

25-44 95.0 (93.3, 96.3) 89.1 (86.8, 91.0) 89.5 (87.2, 91.5) 97.0 (95.8, 97.9) 85.5 (82.9, 87.7) 54.7 (51.0, 58.4)

45-64 94.4 (92.7, 95.7) 91.4 (89.6, 93.0) 92.4 (90.5, 93.9) 97.4 (96.5, 98.0) 88.9 (86.7, 90.8) 60.3 (56.9, 63.6)

65+ 93.4 (91.7, 94.8) 87.9 (85.9, 89.7) 89.4 (87.5, 91.1) 95.4 (94.1, 96.5) 85.6 (83.4, 87.5) 57.5 (54.1, 60.9)

Residence

Urban 94.6 (93.0, 95.8) 88.6 (86.8, 90.2) 89.5 (87.4, 91.3) 97.0 (96.1, 97.7) 85.4 (83.0, 87.4) 54.6 (51.0, 58.1)

Rural 94.6 (93.6, 95.5) 89.9 (88.1, 91.4) 89.7 (87.8, 91.3) 96.1 (95.0, 97.0) 86.5 (84.5, 88.3) 59.6 (56.8, 62.3)

Education level2



High school 95.0 (93.3, 96.2) 91.9 (90.3, 93.2) 91.9 (90.0, 93.4) 97.9 (96.9, 98.6) 88.8 (86.7, 90.6) 62.2 (58.9, 65.4)

College or above 96.1 (94.6, 97.2) 89.4 (86.9, 91.5) 90.8 (88.2, 92.8) 96.9 (95.5, 97.8) 86.4 (83.5, 88.9) 57.0 (52.3, 61.6)

Region

Western 95.4 (93.3, 96.9) 90.9 (89.0, 92.5) 90.3 (88.0, 92.3) 97.6 (96.6, 98.3) 87.5 (85.1, 89.5) 67.5 (63.4, 71.3)

Central 94.0 (92.2, 95.4) 84.9 (81.7, 87.5) 86.0 (82.6, 88.8) 95.1 (93.4, 96.4) 81.1 (77.5, 84.3) 49.1 (44.8, 53.3)

Southern 94.8 (93.1, 96.2) 86.0 (82.7, 88.8) 86.9 (82.4, 90.4) 96.4 (94.7, 97.6) 81.4 (76.6, 85.4) 49.5 (44.2, 54.9)

Eastern 94.1 (90.2, 96.5) 95.5 (93.0, 97.2) 96.4 (94.5, 97.7) 98.4 (96.6, 99.3) 94.4 (91.6, 96.2) 59.6 (52.1, 66.6)

1 Includes former and never smokers.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

227

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 9.3 (CONT.): Percentage of non-smokers1 aged 15 years or older who believe that smoking causes serious illness and various diseases, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic


Acute respiratory

disease


Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 54.3 (51.8, 56.9) 39.1 (36.5, 41.7) 62.3 (59.9, 64.7) 83.2 (81.2, 84.9) 86.5 (84.6, 88.1) 73.6 (71.5, 75.6)

Gender

Male 52.3 (49.1, 55.4) 37.2 (34.0, 40.6) 62.8 (59.5, 66.0) 81.4 (78.7, 83.8) 85.5 (83.1, 87.6) 72.9 (69.8, 75.7)

Female 55.5 (52.4, 58.5) 40.1 (37.1, 43.2) 62.1 (59.4, 64.7) 84.1 (81.9, 86.1) 87.0 (84.9, 88.8) 74.0 (71.5, 76.3)

Age (years)

15-24 47.8 (41.7, 54.0) 33.3 (27.9, 39.1) 62.8 (56.7, 68.5) 81.4 (76.2, 85.8) 81.0 (75.4, 85.6) 63.2 (57.2, 68.9)

25-44 55.3 (51.5, 59.0) 39.4 (35.8, 43.2) 64.9 (61.2, 68.5) 81.2 (77.9, 84.1) 86.0 (83.4, 88.2) 73.9 (70.9, 76.8)

45-64 55.6 (52.1, 59.0) 40.5 (36.9, 44.3) 64.5 (61.2, 67.7) 84.7 (82.3, 86.8) 87.7 (85.1, 89.9) 75.5 (72.4, 78.3)

65+ 54.8 (51.5, 58.1) 39.6 (36.2, 43.2) 55.3 (52.1, 58.4) 84.7 (82.3, 86.9) 88.4 (86.2, 90.3) 76.1 (73.4, 78.7)

Residence

Urban 54.0 (50.6, 57.4) 38.2 (34.8, 41.8) 61.3 (58.1, 64.4) 82.2 (79.6, 84.5) 85.8 (83.4, 87.9) 71.4 (68.5, 74.1)

Rural 55.1 (52.0, 58.1) 41.0 (37.8, 44.4) 64.7 (62.0, 67.4) 85.4 (82.9, 87.5) 88.0 (85.3, 90.2) 78.7 (76.1, 81.0)

Education level2



High school 56.4 (53.0, 59.7) 42.7 (39.2, 46.4) 66.6 (63.0, 70.0) 86.4 (84.2, 88.3) 88.6 (86.2, 90.6) 75.4 (72.3, 78.2)

College or above 59.5 (55.4, 63.4) 42.3 (38.2, 46.5) 65.6 (61.6, 69.3) 82.5 (79.0, 85.5) 87.3 (84.3, 89.8) 77.5 (74.2, 80.6)

Region

Western 54.8 (51.3, 58.3) 48.1 (44.0, 52.2) 74.1 (71.4, 76.6) 86.9 (84.0, 89.3) 87.9 (84.7, 90.5) 82.5 (79.4, 85.2)

Central 48.9 (45.0, 52.8) 32.5 (29.0, 36.3) 52.9 (49.4, 56.5) 79.7 (76.0, 83.0) 81.8 (77.9, 85.1) 66.3 (62.0, 70.3)

Southern 58.6 (52.7, 64.3) 33.4 (27.7, 39.6) 58.0 (52.6, 63.2) 78.8 (73.2, 83.4) 84.8 (80.4, 88.4) 73.2 (68.5, 77.5)

Eastern 57.5 (50.2, 64.4) 43.7 (36.6, 51.0) 66.6 (59.2, 73.2) 88.1 (84.4, 91.0) 93.1 (89.4, 95.6) 74.3 (69.3, 78.7)

1 Includes former and never smokers.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

228


TABLE 9.4: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who believe that smoking water pipe with tobacco causes serious illness and comparison of smoking water pipe with tobacco to cigarettes, by selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

CharacteristicBelieve that smoking

water pipe with tobacco causes serious illness

Compared to smoking cigarettes, smoking water pipe with tobacco is...

Less harmful Not different More harmful Don’t know

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 53.7 (51.6, 55.8) 8.7 (7.8, 9.8) 52.3 (50.1, 54.5) 4.8 (4.0, 5.7) 34.1 (32.2, 36.1)

Gender

Male 52.5 (50.0, 55.0) 10.6 (9.2, 12.3) 51.2 (48.7, 53.8) 5.1 (4.3, 6.1) 33.0 (30.8, 35.3)

Female 54.7 (52.2, 57.2) 7.2 (6.1, 8.4) 53.2 (50.6, 55.9) 4.5 (3.5, 5.8) 35.1 (32.7, 37.5)

Age (years)

15-24 55.5 (50.2, 60.7) 19.4 (15.6, 24.0) 49.3 (44.1, 54.5) 7.0 (4.7, 10.3) 24.3 (20.2, 29.0)

25-44 57.1 (54.0, 60.2) 11.3 (9.6, 13.3) 55.1 (51.8, 58.3) 4.8 (3.8, 6.0) 28.8 (26.0, 31.8)

45-64 54.2 (51.1, 57.1) 5.1 (4.0, 6.4) 53.3 (50.3, 56.2) 4.6 (3.6, 5.9) 37.0 (34.2, 39.9)

65+ 45.0 (41.9, 48.1) 3.2 (2.3, 4.5) 47.2 (43.9, 50.5) 3.8 (2.2, 6.4) 45.8 (42.6, 49.1)

Residence

Urban 56.1 (53.4, 58.8) 9.7 (8.4, 11.1) 52.8 (49.9, 55.7) 5.0 (4.1, 6.3) 32.5 (30.0, 35.1)

Rural 48.2 (45.4, 51.1) 6.6 (5.6, 7.9) 51.3 (48.6, 54.1) 4.2 (3.4, 5.3) 37.8 (35.2, 40.4)

Education level1



High school 54.1 (51.0, 57.3) 7.1 (5.8, 8.7) 54.5 (51.4, 57.6) 4.6 (3.7, 5.7) 33.8 (31.0, 36.7)

College or above 61.4 (57.9, 64.7) 10.1 (8.4, 12.1) 55.4 (51.3, 59.5) 5.5 (4.2, 7.1) 29.0 (25.6, 32.6)

Region

Western 53.9 (50.0, 57.7) 8.6 (7.0, 10.4) 54.6 (50.8, 58.4) 4.8 (3.6, 6.5) 32.0 (28.7, 35.5)

Central 47.0 (43.4, 50.6) 10.1 (8.4, 12.1) 43.8 (40.6, 47.1) 6.5 (5.1, 8.3) 39.6 (36.7, 42.5)

Southern 57.5 (53.4, 61.4) 9.4 (7.3, 12.2) 57.7 (53.1, 62.2) 3.2 (2.3, 4.3) 29.7 (25.8, 33.8)

Eastern 59.1 (53.6, 64.3) 6.3 (4.4, 8.9) 56.3 (50.2, 62.3) 4.0 (2.3, 7.0) 33.4 (28.3, 38.9)


229

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 9.5: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who believe that certain types of cigarettes can be less harmful than others, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

Characteristic Overall Current smokers1 Non-smokers2

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 11.5 (10.4, 12.6) 18.7 (16.5, 21.1) 9.3 (8.3, 10.5)

Gender

Male 13.8 (12.2, 15.6) 18.9 (16.5, 21.5) 10.5 (8.9, 12.5)

Female 9.5 (8.2, 11.0) 18.1 (13.8, 23.4) 8.7 (7.4, 10.2)

Age (years)

15-24 14.2 (11.1, 18.0) 17.7 (11.1, 27.2) 13.4 (10.0, 17.7)

25-44 13.0 (11.2, 15.0) 17.9 (15.1, 21.2) 10.7 (8.7, 13.0)

45-64 10.7 (9.4, 12.3) 19.6 (16.0, 23.9) 8.1 (6.8, 9.6)

65+ 8.0 (6.7, 9.5) 22.9 (16.0, 31.8) 7.0 (5.8, 8.5)

Residence

Urban 11.5 (10.2, 13.0) 19.5 (16.7, 22.7) 9.2 (7.9, 10.8)

Rural 11.3 (10.0, 12.8) 17.0 (13.9, 20.6) 9.6 (8.3, 11.2)

Education level3



High school 10.6 (9.3, 12.1) 17.4 (14.3, 20.9) 8.2 (6.9, 9.6)

College or above 13.6 (11.4, 16.1) 21.5 (16.5, 27.5) 11.7 (9.4, 14.5)

Region

Western 13.5 (11.9, 15.2) 20.1 (16.1, 24.9) 11.8 (10.2, 13.5)

Central 11.5 (9.5, 13.8) 16.2 (12.9, 20.1) 10.1 (8.0, 12.7)

Southern 11.1 (8.9, 13.7) 21.0 (16.4, 26.4) 7.5 (5.7, 9.9)

Eastern 9.7 (7.6, 12.3) 18.1 (13.1, 24.6) 7.2 (5.1, 10.2)

1 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.2 Includes former and never smokers.3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.

230


TABLE 9.6: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who believe that inhaling tobacco smoke from somebody else is harmful, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017


Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 85.5 (84.1, 86.9) 73.4 (70.2, 76.4) 89.1 (87.7, 90.4)

Gender

Male 81.9 (80.0, 83.7) 73.5 (70.2, 76.6) 87.5 (85.4, 89.3)

Female 88.5 (86.9, 90.0) 73.1 (65.1, 79.9) 90.0 (88.4, 91.4)

Age (years)

15-24 82.8 (78.3, 86.6) 70.1 (58.1, 79.9) 85.7 (81.1, 89.4)

25-44 85.6 (83.5, 87.5) 74.3 (69.7, 78.5) 91.0 (89.1, 92.7)

45-64 86.4 (84.4, 88.2) 73.2 (68.4, 77.5) 90.3 (88.3, 92.1)

65+ 85.6 (83.4, 87.5) 71.6 (62.2, 79.5) 86.5 (84.3, 88.4)

Residence

Urban 85.1 (83.2, 86.9) 71.7 (67.4, 75.6) 89.1 (87.2, 90.7)

Rural 86.5 (84.8, 88.1) 77.4 (73.2, 81.0) 89.3 (87.7, 90.7)

Education level3



High school 85.9 (83.7, 87.8) 71.4 (66.0, 76.2) 91.2 (89.3, 92.8)

College or above 87.6 (85.3, 89.6) 74.8 (68.6, 80.1) 90.6 (88.2, 92.5)

Region

Western 88.1 (85.5, 90.4) 76.8 (70.7, 82.0) 91.0 (88.7, 92.9)

Central 82.6 (79.6, 85.2) 68.4 (62.7, 73.6) 86.6 (83.5, 89.2)

Southern 82.9 (80.0, 85.6) 69.2 (63.5, 74.3) 87.9 (85.0, 90.3)

Eastern 89.5 (86.1, 92.2) 82.0 (71.5, 89.1) 91.8 (88.8, 94.0)


231

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 9.7: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who favor increasing taxes on tobacco products, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017


Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 47.2 (45.4, 49.0) 14.7 (12.6, 17.2) 56.8 (54.6, 59.0)

Gender

Male 39.7 (37.4, 42.0) 13.9 (11.7, 16.5) 56.8 (53.9, 59.8)

Female 53.4 (50.7, 56.0) 17.9 (12.8, 24.5) 56.8 (54.0, 59.5)

Age (years)

15-24 52.0 (46.6, 57.4) 21.0 (13.5, 31.2) 59.2 (53.0, 65.1)

25-44 42.7 (40.1, 45.3) 14.0 (11.2, 17.4) 56.5 (53.1, 59.9)

45-64 47.7 (44.9, 50.5) 14.3 (11.0, 18.3) 57.6 (54.4, 60.8)

65+ 52.2 (49.1, 55.3) 13.2 (7.9, 21.4) 54.7 (51.4, 57.9)

Residence

Urban 46.9 (44.5, 49.3) 15.0 (12.2, 18.3) 56.4 (53.4, 59.2)

Rural 47.7 (45.3, 50.2) 14.3 (11.4, 17.7) 57.8 (55.1, 60.4)

Education level3



High school 44.9 (42.5, 47.4) 12.7 (9.9, 16.1) 56.7 (53.6, 59.7)

College or above 50.9 (47.5, 54.3) 16.3 (12.0, 21.8) 59.0 (55.3, 62.6)

Region

Western 55.2 (52.2, 58.2) 19.1 (14.3, 24.9) 64.5 (61.1, 67.7)

Central 47.8 (44.7, 50.8) 15.5 (11.8, 20.1) 57.0 (53.1, 60.8)

Southern 44.0 (40.2, 47.9) 14.3 (10.2, 19.7) 54.7 (50.1, 59.2)

Eastern 40.7 (35.9, 45.6) 10.0 (6.3, 15.6) 49.8 (44.0, 55.7)


232


TABLE 9.8: Percentage distribution of current manufactured cigarette smokers1 aged 15 years or older, by possible responses to significant rise of tobacco product price and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017

CharacteristicIf prices of tobacco products rise significantly, they will:

Smoke as before Switch to cheaper products Smoke less Quit smoking Don’t know/

hard to say

Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 19.8 (17.3, 22.6) 14.1 (12.0, 16.6) 25.8 (22.8, 29.0) 21.0 (18.3, 24.0) 19.2 (16.6, 22.1)

Gender

Male 20.7 (18.0, 23.7) 15.6 (13.2, 18.3) 24.7 (21.7, 28.0) 19.3 (16.5, 22.4) 19.7 (16.8, 22.9)

Female 16.4 (11.5, 22.9) 8.4 (5.2, 13.3) 30.0 (23.4, 37.6) 27.8 (20.8, 35.9) 17.3 (11.8, 24.8)

Age (years)

15-24 26.4 (17.0, 38.5) 11.7 (6.5, 20.2) 24.2 (16.5, 34.0) 21.4 (13.4, 32.5) 16.3 (9.8, 25.9)

25-44 18.3 (15.1, 22.0) 13.4 (10.5, 16.8) 24.6 (20.8, 28.8) 21.4 (17.7, 25.7) 22.3 (18.5, 26.6)

45-64 19.6 (15.5, 24.4) 16.2 (12.6, 20.4) 28.6 (23.7, 34.0) 20.2 (16.2, 24.8) 15.5 (12.3, 19.3)

65+ 25.9 (17.7, 36.2) 13.5 (8.0, 21.8) 23.9 (16.2, 33.8) 21.3 (13.8, 31.5) 15.4 (8.9, 25.1)

Residence

Urban 22.0 (18.7, 25.8) 12.8 (10.1, 16.0) 26.3 (22.4, 30.7) 20.1 (16.5, 24.1) 18.8 (15.5, 22.7)

Rural 14.8 (12.2, 17.9) 17.1 (14.0, 20.8) 24.7 (21.1, 28.6) 23.2 (19.7, 27.1) 20.2 (16.8, 24.0)

Education level2



High school 19.9 (16.4, 24.0) 14.1 (11.1, 17.7) 25.7 (21.2, 30.9) 19.3 (15.5, 23.6) 21.0 (17.2, 25.4)

College or above 19.5 (14.5, 25.8) 9.7 (6.5, 14.1) 29.4 (23.9, 35.7) 20.1 (15.2, 26.1) 21.3 (15.9, 28.0)

Region

Western 19.5 (13.9, 26.7) 12.6 (8.9, 17.4) 27.8 (22.5, 33.9) 21.8 (17.3, 27.2) 18.2 (14.2, 23.1)

Central 21.1 (17.3, 25.4) 16.1 (12.3, 20.9) 25.0 (20.6, 30.0) 21.1 (16.9, 26.1) 16.7 (12.8, 21.5)

Southern 17.6 (13.3, 22.9) 16.2 (12.3, 21.1) 29.4 (24.1, 35.2) 18.3 (14.1, 23.4) 18.5 (14.3, 23.6)

Eastern 21.1 (15.6, 27.9) 10.5 (6.1, 17.5) 20.8 (13.3, 31.0) 23.3 (15.8, 32.8) 24.3 (17.2, 33.2)


233

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 9.9: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who consider highlighted, enlarged or specially decorated cigarette packs at point of sales as advertising, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017


Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 72.0 (69.9, 74.0) 65.8 (62.0, 69.4) 73.8 (71.6, 75.9)

Gender

Male 71.4 (68.9, 73.8) 65.5 (61.6, 69.2) 75.3 (72.2, 78.2)

Female 72.4 (70.0, 74.7) 67.1 (58.9, 74.3) 73.0 (70.5, 75.2)

Age (years)

15-24 77.7 (72.7, 82.0) 76.9 (66.3, 84.9) 77.9 (72.2, 82.7)

25-44 75.7 (72.5, 78.7) 66.3 (60.9, 71.3) 80.3 (77.1, 83.1)

45-64 73.1 (70.1, 75.9) 62.7 (57.1, 68.0) 76.2 (72.9, 79.2)

65+ 58.9 (55.8, 61.9) 59.8 (50.1, 68.8) 58.8 (55.7, 61.9)

Residence

Urban 72.8 (70.0, 75.5) 65.4 (60.3, 70.2) 75.0 (72.0, 77.8)

Rural 70.0 (67.5, 72.5) 66.7 (62.2, 71.0) 71.0 (68.3, 73.6)

Education level3



High school 72.4 (69.5, 75.2) 61.6 (55.8, 67.2) 76.4 (73.5, 79.1)

College or above 80.5 (77.5, 83.1) 75.7 (68.1, 81.9) 81.6 (78.5, 84.3)

Region

Western 80.7 (77.6, 83.4) 75.2 (68.8, 80.6) 82.1 (79.2, 84.7)

Central 66.7 (63.5, 69.7) 64.2 (58.7, 69.3) 67.4 (63.6, 71.0)

Southern 75.7 (71.1, 79.7) 69.3 (62.0, 75.7) 78.0 (73.3, 82.0)

Eastern 66.1 (59.8, 71.9) 54.9 (43.9, 65.4) 69.4 (63.1, 75.2)


234


TABLE 9.10: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who favor ban of smoking in indoor public and workplaces, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017


Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 83.2 (81.4, 84.8) 65.8 (62.2, 69.3) 88.3 (86.7, 89.8)

Gender

Male 78.4 (75.9, 80.7) 65.3 (61.2, 69.2) 87.0 (84.6, 89.0)

Female 87.2 (85.4, 88.8) 67.6 (60.0, 74.3) 89.1 (87.3, 90.6)

Age (years)

15-24 80.5 (75.9, 84.4) 65.3 (53.9, 75.2) 84.0 (79.0, 88.0)

25-44 79.9 (77.1, 82.4) 63.7 (58.8, 68.3) 87.6 (84.9, 89.9)

45-64 85.0 (82.8, 87.0) 69.1 (64.0, 73.7) 89.7 (87.5, 91.6)

65+ 88.4 (86.1, 90.3) 68.4 (58.2, 77.2) 89.7 (87.6, 91.4)

Residence

Urban 82.5 (80.1, 84.7) 64.8 (60.0, 69.3) 87.7 (85.4, 89.7)

Rural 84.7 (82.6, 86.6) 68.0 (62.9, 72.7) 89.7 (88.0, 91.2)

Education level3



High school 81.2 (78.5, 83.6) 63.4 (58.1, 68.4) 87.7 (85.1, 89.9)

College or above 88.1 (85.4, 90.3) 70.6 (63.0, 77.1) 92.1 (89.8, 93.9)

Region

Western 84.6 (81.2, 87.4) 67.5 (60.1, 74.1) 88.9 (86.1, 91.2)

Central 82.5 (79.6, 85.1) 60.5 (54.6, 66.2) 88.8 (85.9, 91.1)

Southern 84.3 (81.1, 87.0) 69.6 (63.3, 75.2) 89.5 (86.3, 92.1)

Eastern 81.5 (76.2, 85.9) 66.9 (56.5, 76.0) 85.9 (80.7, 89.8)


235

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 9.11: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who think smoking should not be allowed in indoor areas of restaurants or cafés, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2017


Percentage (95% CI)

Overall 81.3 (79.6, 82.9) 66.2 (62.6, 69.5) 85.8 (84.1, 87.2)

Gender

Male 77.2 (74.8, 79.5) 67.1 (63.2, 70.8) 83.9 (81.2, 86.3)

Female 84.7 (82.8, 86.3) 62.6 (55.2, 69.5) 86.8 (84.9, 88.4)

Age (years)

15-24 79.9 (75.1, 84.0) 66.1 (54.1, 76.3) 83.1 (77.9, 87.2)

25-44 79.0 (76.5, 81.3) 66.0 (61.4, 70.4) 85.2 (82.6, 87.5)

45-64 81.9 (79.4, 84.1) 67.1 (61.9, 71.9) 86.3 (83.6, 88.5)

65+ 85.7 (83.4, 87.7) 61.7 (51.7, 70.9) 87.3 (85.0, 89.2)

Residence

Urban 80.9 (78.6, 83.0) 64.0 (59.4, 68.5) 85.8 (83.6, 87.8)

Rural 82.2 (80.2, 84.0) 70.8 (66.5, 74.8) 85.6 (83.7, 87.3)

Education level3



High school 79.9 (77.2, 82.4) 64.5 (59.5, 69.2) 85.6 (82.8, 88.0)

College or above 84.8 (82.2, 87.2) 68.2 (60.6, 75.1) 88.7 (86.1, 90.9)

Region

Western 83.3 (80.8, 85.6) 70.5 (64.8, 75.5) 86.6 (84.2, 88.8)

Central 80.4 (77.8, 82.8) 62.1 (56.3, 67.6) 85.6 (82.8, 88.1)

Southern 82.1 (78.8, 85.1) 68.4 (61.7, 74.5) 87.1 (83.9, 89.7)

Eastern 79.3 (73.8, 83.9) 64.7 (54.4, 73.9) 83.7 (78.5, 87.8)


236


TABLE 9.12: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who believe that smoking causes illness, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic 2010 2017 Relative changes


Overall 74.3 (72.5, 76.0) 82.6 (80.8, 84.2) 11.2*

Smoking status

Current smokers1 65.5 (62.3, 68.5) 72.1 (68.7, 75.3) 10.2*

Non-smokers2 77.8 (75.9, 79.6) 85.7 (84.0, 87.3) 10.2*

Gender

Male 70.4 (68.0, 72.8) 80.3 (78.1, 82.2) 13.9*

Female 77.5 (75.5, 79.5) 84.6 (82.6, 86.4) 9.1*

Age (years)

15-24 68.6 (64.0, 72.9) 77.0 (72.1, 81.2) 12.2*

25-44 74.4 (72.0, 76.7) 81.1 (78.4, 83.6) 9.1*

45-64 77.6 (75.2, 79.8) 85.1 (83.0, 87.0) 9.7*

65+ 74.5 (71.5, 77.2) 84.8 (82.6, 86.8) 13.9*

Residence

Urban 75.9 (73.5, 78.2) 82.1 (79.7, 84.3) 8.1*

Rural 71.3 (68.8, 73.6) 83.8 (81.8, 85.7) 17.7*

Education level3

Less than secondary 68.7 (64.9, 72.3) 82.6 (78.5, 86.1) 20.3*

Secondary school 72.2 (69.2, 75.0) 81.3 (78.1, 84.0) 12.5*

High school 77.0 (74.5, 79.3) 84.6 (82.3, 86.6) 9.8*

College or above 80.9 (78.2, 83.3) 83.5 (80.5, 86.1) 3.2

Region

Western 69.5 (65.9, 72.9) 85.1 (82.5, 87.3) 22.4*

Central 74.7 (71.8, 77.4) 78.5 (74.9, 81.6) 5.0

Southern 76.5 (73.2, 79.5) 78.1 (73.8, 81.9) 2.1

Eastern 79.3 (72.3, 84.9) 90.4 (86.3, 93.3) 13.9*

1 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.2 Includes former and never smokers.3 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05


237

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 9.13: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who believe that exposure to secondhand smoke causes illness, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017



Overall 86.2 (85.0, 87.3) 85.5 (84.1, 86.9) − 0.8

Smoking status

Current smokers1 77.3 (74.6, 79.8) 73.4 (70.2, 76.4) − 5.0

Non-smokers2 89.7 (88.6, 90.8) 89.1 (87.7, 90.4) − 0.7

Gender

Male 82.3 (80.6, 84.0) 81.9 (80.0, 83.7) − 0.5

Female 89.4 (88.0, 90.7) 88.5 (86.9, 90.0) − 1.0

Age (years)

15-24 87.9 (84.4, 90.6) 82.8 (78.3, 86.6) − 5.8*

25-44 87.6 (85.8, 89.2) 85.6 (83.5, 87.5) − 2.3

45-64 85.5 (83.5, 87.3) 86.4 (84.4, 88.2) 1.1

65+ 83.0 (80.8, 84.9) 85.6 (83.4, 87.5) 3.2

Residence

Urban 86.8 (85.1, 88.3) 85.1 (83.2, 86.9) − 1.9

Rural 85.2 (83.6, 86.7) 86.5 (84.8, 88.1) 1.6

Education level3



High school 87.0 (85.1, 88.7) 85.9 (83.7, 87.8) − 1.3

College or above 90.9 (88.8, 92.6) 87.6 (85.3, 89.6) − 3.6*

Region

Western 87.5 (85.7, 89.1) 88.1 (85.5, 90.4) 0.7

Central 85.6 (83.6, 87.4) 82.6 (79.6, 85.2) − 3.5

Southern 85.5 (82.4, 88.2) 82.9 (80.0, 85.6) − 3.0

Eastern 86.5 (82.7, 89.5) 89.5 (86.1, 92.2) 3.5



238


TABLE 9.14: Percentage of adults aged 15 years or older who believe certain types of cigarettes can be less harmful than others, by smoking status and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017



Overall 16.2 (14.9, 17.6) 11.5 (10.4, 12.6) − 29.2*

Smoking status

Current smokers1 15.8 (13.4, 18.5) 18.7 (16.5, 21.1) 18.5

Non-smokers2 16.3 (14.9, 17.9) 9.3 (8.3, 10.5) − 42.7*

Gender

Male 18.0 (16.2, 19.9) 13.8 (12.2, 15.6) − 23.1*

Female 14.9 (13.4, 16.6) 9.5 (8.2, 11.0) − 36.1*

Age (years)

15-24 19.8 (16.2, 24.1) 14.2 (11.1, 18.0) − 28.3*

25-44 15.6 (13.8, 17.7) 13.0 (11.2, 15.0) − 16.8*

45-64 17.0 (15.0, 19.3) 10.7 (9.4, 12.3) − 37.1*

65+ 12.2 (10.4, 14.3) 8.0 (6.7, 9.5) − 34.8*

Residence

Urban 15.1 (13.5, 17.0) 11.5 (10.2, 13.0) − 23.8*

Rural 18.2 (16.4, 20.2) 11.3 (10.0, 12.8) − 37.8*

Education level3

Less than secondary 9.2 (7.2, 11.7) 5.4 (3.6, 8.0) − 41.5*

Secondary school 14.8 (12.8, 17.1) 10.2 (8.6, 12.1) − 31.2*

High school 16.7 (14.6, 19.0) 10.6 (9.3, 12.1) − 36.4*

College or above 17.2 (14.6, 20.1) 13.6 (11.4, 16.1) − 20.9*

Region

Western 21.9 (19.2, 24.8) 13.5 (11.9, 15.2) − 38.5*

Central 15.2 (13.1, 17.6) 11.5 (9.5, 13.8) − 24.6*

Southern 12.9 (10.6, 15.6) 11.1 (8.9, 13.7) − 14.1

Eastern 13.4 (10.7, 16.7) 9.7 (7.6, 12.3) − 27.7*



239

TABLES Ukraine2017

TABLE 9.15: Percentage distribution of current manufactured cigarette smokers1 aged 15 years or older, by possible responses to significant rise of tobacco product price and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic

If price of tobacco products rises significantly, they will:


Smoke as before Switch to cheaper products Smoke as before Switch to

cheaper productsSmoke

as before

Switch to cheaper products


Overall 22.1 (19.7, 24.8) 10.4 (8.7, 12.3) 19.8 (17.3, 22.6) 14.1 (12.0, 16.6) − 10.4 36.1*

Gender

Male 21.6 (19.1, 24.4) 11.9 (10.0, 14.1) 20.7 (18.0, 23.7) 15.6 (13.2, 18.3) − 4.3 30.9

Female 24.0 (17.9, 31.5) 4.2 (2.4, 7.5) 16.4 (11.5, 22.9) 8.4 (5.2, 13.3) − 31.6* 98.3

Age (years)

15-24 17.4 (11.7, 25.0) 6.0 (3.5, 10.0) 26.4 (17.0, 38.5) 11.7 (6.5, 20.2) 51.9 96.1

25-44 23.5 (20.2, 27.3) 9.1 (7.2, 11.6) 18.3 (15.1, 22.0) 13.4 (10.5, 16.8) − 22.2* 46.5

45-64 22.2 (18.1, 26.8) 15.2 (12.0, 19.0) 19.6 (15.5, 24.4) 16.2 (12.6, 20.4) − 11.7 6.6

65+ 26.4 (19.0, 35.5) 11.5 (7.1, 18.2) 25.9 (17.7, 36.2) 13.5 (8.0, 21.8) − 2.0 17.1

Residence

Urban 23.0 (19.8, 26.6) 9.1 (7.1, 11.5) 22.0 (18.7, 25.8) 12.8 (10.1, 16.0) − 4.2 40.5

Rural 20.1 (17.0, 23.7) 13.2 (10.3, 16.8) 14.8 (12.2, 17.9) 17.1 (14.0, 20.8) − 26.4* 29.7

Education level2

Less than secondary 27.7 (17.7, 40.6) 16.4 (9.4, 27.1) 23.1 (12.2, 39.4) 16.4 (8.5, 29.3) − 16.5 − 0.6

Secondary school 19.5 (15.6, 24.1) 14.8 (11.5, 18.9) 16.6 (12.8, 21.2) 19.3 (14.4, 25.4) − 14.8 30.4

High school 23.1 (19.3, 27.4) 10.9 (8.6, 13.9) 19.9 (16.4, 24.0) 14.1 (11.1, 17.7) − 13.6 28.6

College or above 28.0 (22.0, 34.8) 6.5 (3.4, 12.2) 19.5 (14.5, 25.8) 9.7 (6.5, 14.1) − 30.2* 48.4

Region

Western 27.6 (23.2, 32.4) 9.2 (6.2, 13.5) 19.5 (13.9, 26.7) 12.6 (8.9, 17.4) − 29.1* 36.2

Central 19.4 (15.4, 24.1) 12.1 (9.7, 15.0) 21.1 (17.3, 25.4) 16.1 (12.3, 20.9) 8.6 33.4

Southern 20.4 (15.9, 25.8) 7.2 (4.9, 10.3) 17.6 (13.3, 22.9) 16.2 (12.3, 21.1) − 13.7 126.5*

Eastern 22.6 (16.0, 30.9) 15.3 (9.0, 24.9) 21.1 (15.6, 27.9) 10.5 (6.1, 17.5) − 6.4 − 31.5

1 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05


240

GL

OB

AL

AD

UL

T T

OB

AC

CO

SU

RV

EY

TABLE 9.15 (CONT.): Percentage distribution of current manufactured cigarette smokers1 aged 15 years or older, by possible responses to significant rise of tobacco product price and selected demographic characteristics – GATS Ukraine, 2010 and 2017

Characteristic

If price of tobacco products rises significantly, they will:


Smoke less Quit smoking Hard to say Smoke less Quit smoking Hard to say Smoke less Quit smoking Hard to say

Overall 28.4 (25.8, 31.2) 25.2 (22.5, 28.1) 13.9 (11.7, 16.3) 25.8 (22.8, 29.0) 21.0 (18.3, 24.0) 19.2 (16.6, 22.1) − 9.3 − 16.6* 38.7*

Gender

Male 27.3 (24.7, 30.0) 25.3 (22.5, 28.3) 13.9 (11.7, 16.5) 24.7 (21.7, 28.0) 19.3 (16.5, 22.4) 19.7 (16.8, 22.9) − 9.3 − 23.7* 41.7*

Female 33.2 (26.2, 41.0) 24.9 (19.0, 31.9) 13.7 (9.1, 20.1) 30.0 (23.4, 37.6) 27.8 (20.8, 35.9) 17.3 (11.8, 24.8) − 9.5 11.7 26.9

Age (years)

15-24 31.5 (24.0, 40.1) 34.3 (26.0, 43.7) 10.9 (7.0, 16.4) 24.2 (16.5, 34.0) 21.4 (13.4, 32.5) 16.3 (9.8, 25.9) − 23.2 − 37.6* 50.2

25-44 28.7 (25.2, 32.4) 23.4 (20.1, 27.0) 15.3 (12.3, 18.9) 24.6 (20.8, 28.8) 21.4 (17.7, 25.7) 22.3 (18.5, 26.6) − 14.2 − 8.2 45.5*

45-64 27.3 (23.4, 31.6) 21.3 (18.1, 25.1) 14.1 (11.1, 17.7) 28.6 (23.7, 34.0) 20.2 (16.2, 24.8) 15.5 (12.3, 19.3) 4.8 − 5.5 10.4

65+ 21.8 (14.2, 31.8) 29.8 (22.2, 38.8) 10.5 (6.3, 16.9) 23.9 (16.2, 33.8) 21.3 (13.8, 31.5) 15.4 (8.9, 25.1) 9.8 − 28.4 46.8

Residence

Urban 28.9 (25.6, 32.6) 24.0 (20.5, 27.9) 14.9 (12.2, 18.2) 26.3 (22.4, 30.7) 20.1 (16.5, 24.1) 18.8 (15.5, 22.7) − 9.0 − 16.5 25.9

Rural 27.3 (23.8, 31.2) 27.9 (24.5, 31.5) 11.5 (8.8, 14.7) 24.7 (21.1, 28.6) 23.2 (19.7, 27.1) 20.2 (16.8, 24.0) − 9.8 − 16.7 76.0*

Education level2

Less than secondary 25.3 (15.3, 38.7) 22.4 (14.5, 33.1) 8.2 (4.0, 15.9) 26.5 (13.6, 45.4) 21.1 (10.8, 37.3) 12.8 (6.4, 24.0) 5.1 − 5.7 56.8

Secondary school 23.2 (19.3, 27.7) 26.3 (22.1, 30.9) 16.3 (12.5, 20.8) 23.5 (19.0, 28.7) 24.5 (19.3, 30.6) 16.1 (12.0, 21.3) 1.2 − 6.6 − 0.9

High school 29.9 (26.3, 33.8) 22.7 (19.0, 26.9) 13.3 (10.6, 16.6) 25.7 (21.2, 30.9) 19.3 (15.5, 23.6) 21.0 (17.2, 25.4) − 14.1 − 15.3 58.0*

College or above 29.4 (23.6, 36.1) 19.6 (14.9, 25.3) 16.5 (12.0, 22.3) 29.4 (23.9, 35.7) 20.1 (15.2, 26.1) 21.3 (15.9, 28.0) − 0.1 2.7 29.0

Region

Western 23.0 (18.7, 27.9) 25.4 (20.1, 31.5) 14.9 (11.5, 19.0) 27.8 (22.5, 33.9) 21.8 (17.3, 27.2) 18.2 (14.2, 23.1) 21.1 − 13.9 22.7

Central 31.0 (25.9, 36.5) 28.3 (23.4, 33.7) 9.2 (6.7, 12.5) 25.0 (20.6, 30.0) 21.1 (16.9, 26.1) 16.7 (12.8, 21.5) − 19.4 − 25.3* 80.7*

Southern 31.5 (27.0, 36.3) 26.3 (21.7, 31.6) 14.6 (10.4, 20.1) 29.4 (24.1, 35.2) 18.3 (14.1, 23.4) 18.5 (14.3, 23.6) − 6.8 − 30.4* 26.6

Eastern 25.6 (19.2, 33.1) 14.8 (9.3, 22.7) 21.8 (14.2, 32.0) 20.8 (13.3, 31.0) 23.3 (15.8, 32.8) 24.3 (17.2, 33.2) − 18.5 57.6 11.5

1 Includes daily and occasional (less than daily) smokers.2 Education level is reported only among respondents 25+ years old.* p<0.05


World Health Organization Regional Office for EuropeUN City, Marmorvej 51, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark

Tel.: +45 45 33 70 00 Fax: +45 45 33 70 01 E-mail: [email protected]

The WHO RegionalOffice for Europe

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specializedagency of the United Nations created in 1948 with theprimary responsibility for international health mattersand public health. The WHO Regional Office for Europeis one of six regional offices throughout the world,each with its own programme geared to the particularhealth conditions of the countries it serves.

Member StatesAlbaniaAndorraArmeniaAustriaAzerbaijanBelarusBelgiumBosnia and HerzegovinaBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzechiaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGeorgiaGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyKazakhstanKyrgyzstanLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaMonacoMontenegroNetherlandsNorwayPolandPortugalRepublic of MoldovaRomaniaRussian FederationSan MarinoSerbiaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTajikistanThe former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaTurkeyTurkmenistanUkraineUnited KingdomUzbekistan

Documents

GLOBAL ADULT TOBACCO SURVEY...2018/02/14 · Г54 Глобальне опитування дорослих щодо вживання тютюну (Global Adult Tobacco Survey –