Global Education and Research Center for Earth and ... · Global COE program, we will focus on research targets in Earth and planetary dynamics and Earth environmental change through

Tohoku University Global COE Program

“Global Education and Research Center for Earth and Planetary Dynamics”


Global Education and Research Center for Earth and Planetary Dynamics

東北大学グローバル COE プログラム

『変動地球惑星学の統合教育研究拠点』

Activity Report for 2009

March 2010

Tohoku University





Contents Message from the Leader ...................................................................................................................... Mission of Our GCOE Program ....................................................................................................... Members ........................................................................................................................................................ Activity Report for 2009

I. Educational Programs and Support Activities 1 . Achievements of Educational Activities ........................................................................................... 2. Earth and Planetary Dynamics Special Training Course .................................................................. 3. Super Doctoral Course students (SDCs) ........................................................................................ 4. Research Assistants (RAs) ..............................................................................................................

II. Research Support Activities 1. Research Program and Supporting Activity ...................................................................................... 2. Formulations of International Exchange and Network of Education and Research .........................

III. Research Activity Report 1. Research Groups

・ Solid Earth Research Group - Dynamics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Research Subgroup ............................................. - Dynamics of Earthquakes and Volcanism Research Subgroup .....................................................

・ Earth Environmental Change Research Group - Climate Change Research Subgroup ............................................................................................. - Origin and Extinction of Life Research Subgroup .....................................................................

・ Planetary Evolution Research Group ............................................................................................ 2. Focus Research Groups ..................................................................................................................... 3. COE Researcher Reports ..................................................................................................................

IV．Website ................................................................................................................................. V．List of Activities

1. GCOE Symposiums / GCOE Seasonal Schools ................................................................................. 2. Visiting Scientists from Abroad ..................................................................................................... 3. Domestic Visiting Scientists ........................................................................................................... 4. GCOE Frontier Seminars / GCOE Special Lectures ..................................................................... 5. Travel Support to Our Members .................................................................................................... 6. Student Support for Overseas Studies ........................................................................................... 7. Student Support for Attending International Conferences .......................................................... 8. Lists of Published Journal Papers................................................................................................... 9. Newspaper, Press Lists ....................................................................................................................

10. Internship Student Reports ............................................................................................................





Message from the Leader Tohoku University Global COE Program "Global Education and Research Center for Earth and Planetary Dynamics" Program Leader: Eiji Ohtani

Tohoku University has conducted globally recognized research related to Earth and Planetary Sciences. Our many faculty members pursue research interests covering a broad variety of topics within these fields. In our Global COE program, we will specifically examine research targets in Earth and planetary dynamics and Earth’s environmental changes through a combination of multi-disciplinary approaches such as the following to mitigate against natural hazards: solid geophysics and Earth materials science; space and planetary science; ocean, atmosphere, and climate sciences; biogeoscience; and engineering. We completed world-class research during the 21st Century COE program (2003.2007). The Global COE program is intended to build on the achievements of that program, and to advance our knowledge of critical areas of Earth and planetary dynamics and of Earth’s environmental changes.

The objective of this Global COE program is to achieve the highest level of research and education by further strengthening these key laboratories and by networking them to undertake pioneering work that transcends the respective boundaries of scientific disciplines.

This program can contribute successfully and strongly to creation of new vantages of the Earth and planets and new perspectives on earth and planetary science.



Mission of Our GCOE Program

Purpose of Our Global COE Program

Tohoku University has conducted globally recognized research into the Earth and planetary science. It has many faculty members whose research interests cover a great variety of topics within these fields. In our Global COE program, we will focus on research targets in Earth and planetary dynamics and Earth environmental change through a combination of multiple disciplines such as solid geophysics, Earth materials science, space and planetary science, ocean, atmosphere, climate sciences, biogeoscience, and engineering for the mitigation of natural hazards. We have already undertaken world-class research during the 21st Century COE program (2003-2007). The Global COE program aims to build upon the achievements of this previous program, and to advance further our knowledge in the critical areas of Earth and planetary dynamics and Earth environmental change.

Characteristics of Our Global COE Program

Our COE program can be characterized by the following three significant activities.

1) We will reorganize the faculty members in the Earth and Planetary Science group, together with those scientists in engineering related to geosciences and environmental sciences, into five research-oriented groups to advance multidisciplinary collaboration. 2) A world class environment for research and education will be created by hiring active foreign scientists, inviting researchers from abroad, and by attracting outstanding international students. 3) Collaboration networks will also be developed with various key institutions in Japan and overseas such as SPring8-JASRI (Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute), Photon Factory-KEK (High Energy Accelerator Research Organization), Yale University, and University of California for the study of mineral physics and geodynamics.

We will collaborate with researchers in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), MIT, University of Alaska, and

Peking University in the fields of seismology, volcanology, and geodynamics (see Figure 1 in detail). We plan to develop exchange programs for young scientists and graduate students with many leading universities and institutions in USA, Europe, and Asia.

Objective of Our COE Program

In this GCOE, in order to support sustainable research, we try to understand, basing on integration and fusion studies,the origin and future of the changing Earth,and we support the education of the internationally recognized, with advanced ability to conduct leading-edge studies, young researchers.



This Center 1) develops the high-accuracy measurement techniques, high-resolution analytic methods, experiments beyond unexplored limits in order to advance planet and space-integrated research, 2) while integrating the multiple research topics of different departments within Tohoku University, supports the joint work with the leading edge research institutes outside Tohoku University, 3) be an integrated center of Earth and Planetary Science and Education which develops the relationship and network with the research organizations of different countries in order to advance Earth and Planetary Science.

Plan for Research Activities

In this COE, while advancing the leading edge research, top level young researchers are educated according to Tohoku University principle "Research is the first priority". Realising this research tradition, we advance the multi-discipline studies, unexplored leading-edge methods of measurement, experiments, field work as well as research based on synthetic analyis and modeling of Earth-Space system.

In this integrative research center we are devoted to formation of the skills in conducting measurements, experiments, field research as well as their technical development. We contribute to the education of creative research leaders with strong problem-solving skills by advancement and technical development of measurements, experiments, field research.

By integrated and joint research in multi-disciplinary fields, creation of the network of the educational and research institutions throughout Asia (Peking University, Jilin University, Novosibirsk University, etc.), America and Pacific Rim (University of Alaska, University of California, Yale University, USGS, Carnegie Geophysical Laboratory, University of Sydney, etc.) and Europe (University of Copenhagen, Leiden University,Bayreuth University, etc.) as well as interaction and exchange of doctoral students, we educate international level specialists.

In order to understand the complicated Earth and Planetary Dynamics while advancing international collaborative research by cooperation of science and engineering, developments are made in high degree precision,high resolution mapping and unreached limits. We construct new synthetic Science of Earth and Planetary Dynamics by developing the leading edge measurement methods, experiments, field work as well as modeling of the earth-planetary and earth-environmental dynamics.

By establishing some fixed-term positions and inviting excellent researchers from Japan and abroad, using the network in each field of interest of this COE, we form the organisation, which can contribute to the solutions of unsolved and unreached problems in Earth and Planetary Dynamics.



Members (**Sub-Group Leader)

Dynamics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Research Subgroup Project Members:

Department of Earth Sciences Eiji Ohtani (**, Prof., Earth Material Sci., D.Sc., Project Leader) Michihiko Nakamura (Assoc. Prof., Petrology, D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Education Com.) Akio Suzuki (Assoc. Prof., Earth Material Sci., D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.) Katsuo Tsukamoto (Prof., Mineralogy, D.Sc., Chair of Research Com.)

Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, and Department Geophysics Depeng Zhao (Prof., Seismology, D.Sc., Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.) Haruo Sato (Prof., Seismology, D.Sc.) Toru Matsuzawa (Prof., Seismology, D.Sc., Chair of Education Com.)

Graduate School of Environmental Studies Noriyoshi Tsuchiya (Prof., Geo-Engineering, D.E., Vice-Chair of Education Com.)

Associate Members: Yasuhiro Kudoh, Motohiko Murakami, Takahiro Kuribayashi, Hidenori Terasaki, Hirokazu Fujimaki, Kenichi Ishikawa, Satoshi Osozawa (Department of Earth Sciences), Akira Ishiwatari (Center for Northeast Asian Studies), Nagase Toshirou (The Tohoku University Museum), Takeshi Sakai (International Advanced Research and Education Organization), Akira Hasegawa, Junichi Nakajima (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, and Department of Geophysics), Hiroshi Asanuma, Nobuo Hirano, Atsushi Okamoto (Graduate School of Environmental Studies)

Dynamics of Earthquakes and Volcanism Research Subgroup Project Members:

Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, and Department Geophysics Haruo Sato (**, Prof., Seismology, D.Sc.) Takeshi Nishimura (Assoc. Prof., Phys. Volcanology, D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Public Information Com.) Toru Matsuzawa (Prof., Seismology, D.Sc., Chair of Education Steering Com.) Depeng Zhao (Prof., Seismology, D.Sc., Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.) Hiromi Fujimoto (Prof., Geophysics, D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Research Steering Com.)

Department of Earth Sciences Eiji Ohtani (Prof., Earth Material Sci., D.Sc.) Hiroyuki Nagahama (Prof., Geodynamics, D.Sc., Chair of Public Information Com.) Toshifumi Imaizumi (Prof., Geology, D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Education Steering Com.) Takeyoshi Yoshida (Prof., Petrology, D.Sc.)



Michihiko Nakamura (Assoc. Prof., Petrology, D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Education Steering Com.) Akio Suzuki (Assoc. Prof., Earth Material Sci., D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.)

Center for Northeast Asian Studies Motoyuki Sato (Prof., Geo-Engineering, D.E., Vice-Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.)

Graduate School of Environmental Studies Noriyoshi Tsuchiya (Prof., Geo-Engineering, D.E., Vice-Chair of Education Steering Com.)

Disaster Control Research Center, Graduate School of Engineering Fumihiko Imamura (Prof., Tsunami Eng., D.E., Vice-Chair of Research Steering Com.)

Associate Members: Hisashi Nakahara, Mare Yamamoto (Department of Geophysics), Akira Hasegawa, Tadahiro Sato, Masaaki Mishina, Norihito Umino, Satoshi Miura, Tomomi Okada, Yasuo Yabe, Junichi Nakajima, Naoki Uchida, Sadato Ueki, Yusaku Ohta, Ryota Hino, Motoyuki Kido, Yoshihiro Ito (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions), Kenshiro Otsuki, Soichi Osozawa, Norihiro Nakamura, Tatsuya Ishiyama, Takeshi Kuritani, Kenichi Ishikawa (Department of Earth Sciences), Akira Ishiwatari, Akio Gotoh, Tsuyoshi Miyamoto, Manabu Watanabe (Center for Northeast Asian Studies), Koji Matsuki, Kiyotoshi Sakaguchi, Akihisa Kizaki, Yuko Suto, Noriaki Watanabe, Hiroshi Asanuma (Graduate School of Environmental Studies), Masato Motosaka, Shunichi Koshimura, Susumu Ohno, Takeshi Sato, Kazuhisa Goto (Disaster Control Research Center, Graduate School of Engineering)

Climate Change Research Subgroup Project Members:

Department of Geophysics Kimio Hanawa (**, Prof., Phys., Oceanography, D.Sc.) Toshio Suga (Assoc. Prof., Phys. Oceanography, D.Sc.)

Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies Takakiyo Nakazawa (Prof., Climatology, D.Sc.) Hiroshi Kawamura (Prof., Climate Phys., D.Sc. Vice-Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.)

Department of Earth Sciences Koji Minoura (Prof., Sedimentology, D.Sc.) Kunio Kaiho (Prof., Paleontology, D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.)

Associate Members: Toshiki Iwasaki, Weiming Sha, Takeshi Yamazaki, Shoichi Kizu (Department of Geophysics), Tadahiro Sato, Satoshi Miura, Toru Nakamori, Masateru Hino, Shinichi Hirano, Yoshinori Otsuki, Noritoshi Suzuki, Tsutomu Yamada （Department of Earth Sciences）, Shuji Aoki, Tadahiro Hayasaka, Hajime Okamoto, Futoki Sakaida, Teruhisa Shimada (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions), Osamu Sasaki (The Tohoku Univerisity Museum), Kiyotaka Sakaida, Gen Ueda, Ryohei Sekine (Graduate School of Environmental Studies), Akira Mano, Keiko Udo (Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies)



Origin and Extinction of Life Research Subgroup Project Members:

Department of Earth Sciences Takeshi Kakegawa (**, Prof., Geochemistry, Ph.D, Chair of Budget and Finance Com.) Kunio Kaiho (Prof., Paleontology, D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Intl. Exchange Com.)

Associate Members: Masayuki Ehiro, Shinichi Sato (The Tohoku University Museum), Atsushi Kishita, Yasumasa Ogawa, Koichi Suto, Koji Ioku, Masanobu Kamitakahara, Chihiro Inoue, Masayoshi Hatayama, Ken Hosoya, Takuya Kubo (Graduate School of Environmental Studies)

Planetary Evolution Research Group Project Members:

Department Geophysics Takayuki Ono (**, Prof., Planetary Phys., D.Sc.) Yasumasa Kasaba (Prof., Planetary Phys., D.Sc., Vice-Chair of Research Steering Com.)

Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center Hiroaki Misawa (Assoc. Prof., Planetary Phys., D.Sc.)

Department of Earth Sciences Katsuo Tsukamoto (Prof., Mineralogy, D.Sc., Chair of Research Steering Com.)

Associate Members: Naoki Terada, Yuto Kato, Hitoshi Fujiwara (Department of Geophysics), Shoichi Okano, Atsushi Kumamoto, Fuminori Tsuchiya, Takeshi Sakanoi (Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center), Hirokazu Fujimaki, Norihiro Nakamura, Hidenori Terasaki, Takeshi Kuritani (Department of Earth Sciences), Isao Murata (Graduate School of Environmental Studies)



Committees (* Chairperson; ** Vice Chairperson)

Steering Committee Eiji Ohtani (*), Haruo Sato, Motoyuki Sato, Toru Matsuzawa, Hiromi Fujimoto, Fumihiko Imamura, Yasumasa Kasaba, Horoshi Kawamura, Akio Suzuki, Hiroyuki Nagahama, Michihiko Nakamura, Dapeng Zhao, Noriyoshi Tsuchiya, Toshifumi Imaizumi, Shoichi Okano, Katsuo Tsukamoto, Kimio Hanawa, Kunio Kaiho, Takeshi Kakegawa, Masateru Hino

Budget and Finance Committee Takeshi Kakegawa (*), Hiroshi Kawamura, Tatsuya Ishiyama, Norihiro Nakamura

Education Steering Committee Toru Matsuzawa (*), Noriyoshi Tsuchiya (**), Michihiko Nakamura (**), Toshifumi Imaizumi (**), Haruo Sato, Toru Nakamori, Motohiko Murakami

Research Steering Committee Katsuo Tsukamoto (*), Hiromi Fujimoto (**), Fumihiko Imamura (**), Yasumasa Kasaba (**), Dapeng Zhao, Koji Minoura, Eiji Ohtani, Haruo Sato, Takayuki Ono, Kimio Hanawa, Takeshi Kakegawa

International Exchange Committee

Dapeng Zhao (*), Kunio Kaiho (**), Horoshi Kawamura (**), Motoyuki Sato (**), Akio Suzuki (**), Toru Matsuzawa, Katsuo Tsukamoto, Akira Ishiwatari, Motohiko Murakami

Public Information Committee Hiroyuki Nagahama (*), Takeshi Nishimura (**), Noriyoshi Tsuchiya (**), Horoshi Kawamura, Hiroyuki Kawanobe, Jun Nemoto, Yu Tomabechi

Secretaries Fusako Kusaka, Ikue Anzai, Hiromi Sato, Yu Tomabechi, Naoko Mizuta, Yoko Takahashi (Ohtani lab.)



COE Researchers [2008～2009]

Name Position Title Academic Advisor (Group)

Litasov Konstantin D. COE Associate Professor Eiji Ohtani (Earth and Planetary)

Masaaki Miyahara COE Assistant Professor Eiji Ohtani (Earth and Planetary)

Satoshi Okumura COE Assistant Professor Michihiko Nakamura (Earthquakes and Volcanism)

Masahiro Oba COE Assistant Professor Kunio Kaiho (Origin and Extinction)

Koutarou Hosoda COE Assistant Professor Hiroshi Kawamura (Climate Change)

Yuki Kimura COE Assistant Professor Katsuo Tsukamoto (Planetary Evolution)

Yoshihiro Furukawa COE Assistant Professor Takeshi Kakegawa (Origin and Extinction)

Tsubasa Otake COE Assistant Professor Takeshi Kakegawa (Origin and Extinction)

Anton Shatskiy COE Assistant Professor Eiji Ohtani (Earth and Planetary)

Shun Chiyonobu COE Assistant Professor Kouji Minoura (Climate Change)

Eduardo Carcole Carrube COE Fellow Haruo Sato

(Earthquakes and Volcanism)

Daisuke Sugawara COE Fellow Fumihiko Imamura

Kouji Minoura (Earthquakes and Volcanism)

Guoming Jiang COE Fellow Dapeng Zhao (Earthquakes and Volcanism)

Hitoshi Miura COE Assistant Professor Katsuo Tsukamoto (Planetary Evolution)

Jun Muto COE Assistant Professor Hiroyuki Nagahama (Earthquakes and Volcanism)

Akihiko Yokoh COE Assistant Professor Takeshi Nishimura (Earthquakes and Volcanism)

Hiromu Nakagawa COE Fellow Yasumasa Kasaba (Planetary Evolution)

Saeko Kita COE Fellow Toru Matsuzawa

(Earthquakes and Volcanism)



Special Researcher of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Doctoral Course)


Mako Ohzono Special Researcher Hiromi Fujimoto (Earthquakes and Volcanism)

Special Researcher of Tohoku University International Advanced Research and Education Organization


Shusaku Sugimoto Special Researcher Hanawa Kimio (Climate Change)

Visiting Professors (Adjunct Professor)

Name Affiliation Period

Syunichiro Karato Yale University 2008/4/1-

Hiroo Kanamori California Institute of Technology 2009/9/30-2009/11/5

Fumiko Tajima Ludwing-Maximilians-Universitat (LMU) 2009/6-2010/3

Ho-Kwang Mao Carnegie Institution of Washington 2009/4-2010/3

Ahmed El Goresy University of Bayreuth 2009/4-2010/3

Hu Jianyu Xiamen University 2009/4-2010/3



Visiting Reserchers

Name Affiliation Period

Wlodek Walter Kofman Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2009/10/1-11/30

Jonathan M. Lees North Carolina University 2009/4/1-9/30

Tetsuya Ozawa Miyagi National College of Technology 2009/4-2010/3

Taku Ozawa National research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention 2009/4/1-8/30

Tomoji Takasu Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology 2009/4-2010/3

Takao Kobayashi Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources 2009/10/1-11/30

Toru Sugiyama JAMSTEC 2009/10/1-11/30


Educational Programs and Support Activities I

Research Support Activities II

Research Activity Report IIIDynamics of the Earth and

Planetary Interiors Research Subgroup Dynamics of Earthquakes and Volcanism Research Subgroup

Climate Change Research Subgroup

Origin and Extinction of Life Research Subgroup

Planetary Evolution Research Group

Focus Research Groups

COE Researcher Reports

Website IV

List of Activities V




I. Educational Programs and Support Activities

1. Achievements of Educational Activities

One of the most important objectives of our GCOE program is to foster the graduate students’ development into international leaders of integrated studies by training their technological development capabilities, their various skills for use in their respective fields, and their faculties to identify and pursue new research themes independently. For this purpose, it is important to provide an environment in which the students can explore interdisciplinary fields easily. It is also crucial for them to cultivate their capabilities to function professionally in an international context. From these viewpoints, we established the Education Steering Committee. We have organized the following educational programs to support the students in various ways. (1) Reorganization of Curricula and Educational Guidance Systems

In our previous 21st Century COE program, the "Graduate Course for Advanced Earth and Planetary Science" was established. Our GCOE program continues that course so that students can earn credits in the specialized subjects offered by the Department of Earth Sciences, Department of Geophysics, and Department of Environmental Studies as their related subjects. Moreover, the following programs were established as course extensions. (a) Programs for Developing Research Methods

To help students master practical techniques in different fields and to foster the ability to generate new earth sciences related to the dynamic earth, we offer the "Earth and Planetary Dynamics Special Training Course" comprising three schools: Earth and Planetary Materials Analyses, Geophysical Observations, and Earth and Planetary Physical Modeling. These schools are aimed at helping the students acquire practical skills such as chemical analyses, measurements in the fields, and numerical modeling. Each school comprises several classes. Students can choose any of them. Ten classes offered in fiscal year 2009. Details of the three schools are given in chapter 2. (b) Programs for Fostering Integrative Ability

We offer the GCOE Special School, composed of the GCOE Special Lectures and GCOE Frontier Seminars, given by researchers from Japan and abroad to bring up students to be researchers involved in integrated studies. The main purpose of the GCOE Special Lectures is to promote interdisciplinary studies by giving introductory lectures to help students acquire knowledge of different fields. The GCOE Frontier



Seminars are mainly aimed at giving stimulations and suggestions to the students to open up a new field by learning leading-edge studies. In fiscal 2009, 5 Special Lectures and 46 Frontier Seminars were given by 11 domestic and 28 foreign lecturers. Moreover, we encourage the students to attend lectures and seminars given by Tohoku University’s Institute for International Advanced Research and Education and Career Center for Developing Human Resources with Advanced Technology and Management Skills. (c) Programs for Cultivating the Iinternationalities

Another objective of the GCOE Special Lectures and GCOE Frontier Seminars by leading scientists invited from abroad is to help students improve their English debating skills. Moreover, we invite guest professors as members of advisory boards for every doctoral student. We send students to universities and institutes in Japan and abroad and award them course credit for achievements made during internships. During fiscal 2008, seven master course students and six doctoral students earned internship credits.

We offered the following classes at which lectures were given in English, collaborating with the International Graduate Program for Advanced Science (IGPAS) provided by the Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University.

Origin of the Earth and Life I Origin of the Earth and Life II Origin of the Earth and Life III Advanced Lecture on Solid Earth Physics I

(two credits) (two credits) (twe credits) (two credits)

(d) Programs for Interdisciplinary and Integrated Studies

We offered integrated science classes (two credits) given by leading scientists including the GCOE leaders and Dr. Koichi Tanaka, a winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, by collaborating with Institute for International Advanced Research and Education (IIARE) of Tohoku University. One of our GCOE doctoral students was accepted as a Student of Doctoral Research and Education at IIARE. Cooperating with IGPAS, we conducted an interdisciplinary class "Frontiers of Science II" (two credits) for master’s students. (e) Career Path Programs

We invited researchers working for private companies related to the earth sciences to give seminars. Cooperating with the Graduate School GP, we also offer the students a series of lectures "Frontiers at the Workplaces" (2 credits) at which invited researchers from private companies gave lectures every week. These seminars / lectures showed that the studies in the doctoral course were useful even for the general public. They provided students opportunities to become acquainted with the researchers at private companies. These activities would also be useful to encourage students wishing to proceed to studies in the doctoral courses.



(f) Publicity Activities We set up booths at several international and domestic meetings to present our GCOE program. We

produced brochures on the program and distributed them to people of various groups including high-school students. We also created a new website to convey information related to our GCOE program and tried to offer new information by updating the website as frequently as possible.

(2) Support for Research Activities of the Graduate Students and Young Scientists

We have employed many doctoral students as Research Assistants (RAs) and have particularly encouraged excellent students as Super Doctoral Course Students (SDCs) to promote their studies. We urge the graduate students to give their presentations at international meetings and support their travel expenses to attend those meetings. We also encourage the graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, and young researchers to host workshops/symposia by themselves and support those expenses. Moreover, we have provided financial support for young researchers' studies. (a) Research Assistants (RAs) and Super Doctoral Course Students (SDCs)

We have employed most of the doctoral students as Research Assistants (RAs) to provide financial support (around 50,000 yen per month) for their studies. Moreover, we selected particularly excellent students as Super Doctoral Course Students (SDCs) and employed at a salary of 150,000 yen per month, which is 1.5 times the rate awarded in our previous 21st Century COE program. While screening applicants for the SDC, we mainly took account of the quality and number of peer-review papers written in English (first-author papers in particular), the number of the presentations at international conferences, contributions to the studies in our GCOE, and their potential as future research leaders. We accepted 31 RAs and 5 SDCs in fiscal 2009. (b) Travel Expense Support for Participation in Meetings and Promotion of Joint Studies

We supported the travel expenses for PDs, graduate students, and young researchers for participation in meetings in Japan and abroad and for the promotion of joint studies. During fiscal 2009, travel expenses abroad were supported 12 times for the researchers. Travel expense support for the doctoral students to participate in international meetings and to visit foreign institutes was provided 23times in fiscal 2009. (c) Financial Support for Young Researchers to Plan and Manage Workshops and Symposia and Support for their Studies

We encouraged the doctoral students, PDs and young researchers to promote workshops and symposia to bring them up as international research leaders. We supported them financially 16 times in fiscal 2009 in their efforts to plan and manage workshops and symposia. (d) Invitation of Graduate Students from abroad as Interns

We invited nine graduate students in 2009 as interns from China, France, Russia, the USA, and other countries to foster young foreign researchers.



2. Earth and Planetary Dynamics Special Training Course GCOE Special Lab Course I in FY 2009 (School of Earth and Planetary Materials Analyses) Petrography of Enstatite Chondrite with Reflected Light Optical Microscope

High-pressure Experiments Piston-cylinder experiments

Contents: Prof. A.El Goresy taught how to use a reflected light optical microscope in this course first. Then, the attendants learnt how they can identify minerals under the optical microscope. They used enstatite chondrite meteorites for this lecture. They ensured that some minerals can be identified only by the optical microscope, and that minerals in the enstatite chondrite are variable.

Date: October 26-29, 2009 Instructor: Prof. A. El Goresy (Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth) Attendance: 15 (Students from outside 6, Students from Tohoku University 5, Internship

student 1, Researchers from Tohoku University 3)

Contents: In-situ observation of phase transition under high-pressure by using Diamond anvil cell; Melt density measurement with a falling (floating) sphere method using multi-anvil apparatus. Intended for the students who are studying physical properties of Earth materials and doing lower-pressure experiments.

Date: March 23-24, 2010 Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Motohiko Murakami, Research Assoc. Prof. Takeshi Sakai,

Teaching Assistant Keisuke Nishida Attendance: 4 (Students from outside 1, Students from Tohoku University 3)

Contents: Lectures on basic principles of high-pressure experiments with solid- and gas-media apparatus and their differences, and some lab practices. Intended for the students who have not experienced high-pressure experiments.

Date: March 11-12, 2010 Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Michihiko Nakamura Attendance: 3 (Students from outside 2, Researchers from Tohoku University 1)



Spectroscopy TEM data analyses GCOE Special Lab Course II in FY 2009 (School of Geophysical Observations) (A) Measurement School (SAR)

Contents: Lectures and Lab practices on basic principles of FT-IR measurement of water in minerals and glasses, with some bulk analyses methods such as Karl-fisher titration.

Date: March 9-10, 2010 Instructor: Research Assoc. Prof. Satoshi Okumura Attendance: 5 (Students from outside 2, Students from Tohoku University 1 Researchers

from Tohoku University 2)

Contents: Lectures and Lab practices on the principles and basic methods to analyze transmitted electron microscope images and diffraction patterns. Intended for the students who have not experienced TEM observation of crystals.

Date: February 17-19, 2010 Instructor: Research Assoc. Prof. Yuki Kimura Attendance: 8 (Students from Tohoku University 8)

Instructor: Taku Ozawa (National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention) and Motoyuki Sato (Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University)

Attendance: Two master course students from Graduate school of science and technology; one was from Kumamoto University and the other was from Graduate school of environmental studies, Nagoya University.

Contents: The lectures covered a wide range of topics on SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) such as basic theories necessary for InSAR analysis and polarimetric SAR analysis, error causes and measures against them, and current development occurring in InSAR community.

7/28 9:00-12:00 Basic principles and applications of SAR 7/28 13:00-17:00 Practice : creating SAR image by using GAMMA 7/29 9:00-12:00 Practice: creating InSAR image by using GAMMA (1) 7/29 13:00-17:00 Practice: creating InSAR image by using GAMMA (2) 8/3 9:00-12:00 Basics and theories of polarimetric SAR 8/3 13:00-17:00 Practice: analyzing polarimetric SAR using PolSARpro

Date: July 28- August 3, 2009



(B) Measurement School (GPS) (C) Measurement School

Contents: The lectures on basic theories, error sources and their mitigation, recent developments on GPS data analysis, and so on were given with the following Schedule:

8/20 9:00-12:00 Basic principles and applications of GPS/GNSS 8/20 13:00-15:00 Basic theory of GPS/GNSS positioning 8/20 15:15-17:00 Exercise on GPS/GNSS positioning (1) 8/21 9:00-12:00 Basic theory on precise positioning (1) 8/21 13:00-15:00 Basic theory on precise positioning (2) 8/21 15:15-17:00 Exercise on GPS/GNSS positioning (2)

Date: August 20-21, 2009 Instructor: Mr. Tomoji Takasu (Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology) Attendance: A master course student from Kyoto University attended.

Contents: The lectures on basis of LabView, how to use LabView, how to construct data acquisition system using LabView, and so on were given with the following Schedule:

8/26 10:00-12:00 Basis of LabView 8/26 13:00-17:00 How to use LabView (1) 8/26 10:00-12:00 How to use LabView (2) 8/26 13:00-17:00 How to construct data acquisition system using LabView

Date: August 26-27, 2009 Instructor: Associate Professor. Tetsuya Ozawa (Miyagi National College of Technology)



GCOE Special Lab Course III in FY 2009 (School of Earth and Planetary Physical Modeling)

The aim of the lecture and practice of GCOE Special Lab Course III, titled Earth and Planetary Physical Modeling, is to learn the methods and techniques on numerical calculations using computers to model physical phenomena of the earth and other planets. Graduate students learn some concrete skills that are necessary to create physical models on the earth science by themselves by attending the classes teaching basics and applications on the numerical calculation methods and practicing the computer programming. Graduate students also learn state of the art modeling of phenomena observed in the solid earth, the fluid earth, and planets and space.

Attendance: Not only graduate students but also faculty members and technicians attended the lecture. LabView software package with 10 user-licenses and 10 USB-A/D converter modules were kindly donated to this program by National Instruments Inc.

Date: October 21-23 and 26-27, 2009 Instructor: Dr. Takao Kobayashi (Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral

Resources/Researcher), Dr. Toru Sugiyama (JAMSTEC)



3. Super Doctoral Course Students (SDCs)

Unquestionably, SDC is a prestigious student status. Each SDC will receive 150,000 yen/month as an assistantship stipend.

We invited applications for the SDC positions in our Global COE. Screening was performed based on the following principles:

■ Significance and importance of the student’s research, and correspondence of the research objectives to the purpose of our GCOE. ■ Publications (especially in English). ■ Presentations (especially at international conferences). ■ Potential for becoming a research leader in the future.

After the screening, we recruited the SDCs in the autumn also. From among 4 applicants, 1student was

accepted as an SDC; the result was announced on October 1, 2009. # SDCs who resigned or were recruited in autumn are shown in parentheses.

[2009] Taku Umezawa

(until September 30th) Geophysics D3 Climate Change Prof. Shuji Aoki

Tomonori Suzuki Geophysics D2 Planetary Evolution Prof. Takayuki Ono

Naritoshi Kitamura Geophysics D1 Planetary Evolution Associate Prof. Naoki Terada

Kenkichi Sasaki Geoenviromental Science D2 Origin and Extinction

Prof. Koji Ioku Katsuya Toyama

(from October 1st) Geophysics D3

Planetary Evolution Associate Prof. Toshio Suga



4. Research Assistants (RAs)

Our COE Program holds specific funds to employ RAs. We made a public offering for RA positions in this Global COE. As a result, for assistance to the project members, we employed the following students as Research Assistants (RAs). The RAs receive 50,000 yen/month as a stipend. [2009] The decision was announced on June 1, 2009. We recruited the RAs in the autumn also.

* Department of Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science Tomoko Uchida, Yoko Ohtomo, Kentaro Kudo, Tomohiro Komagino, Akimichi Sasaki, Toru Sasaki, Sockho JEONG, Hiroaki Suzuki, Yutaka Taketani, Takahito Niwa (until June 30, 2009)

* Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science Ryosuke Azuma, Hiroto Abe, Kentaro Emoto, Kalaee Mohammad Javad (until September 30, 2009), Daisuke Goto, Tadahisa Kobuna, Kouhei Shimamura, Titi Anggono, Katsuya Toyama(SDC from October 1, 2009), Asuka Nishizaka, Yukio Nishimura, Naoya Hoshino (until June 30, 2009), Midori Matsumoto, Ryuhei Yoshida

* Department of Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Environmental Studies Ouki (from October 1, 2009), Takashi Oda, Koji Sakashita, Tadayoshi Tada, Woonkyoung Park, Yong Mei, Masayoshi Matsumoto (from October 1, 2009)

# RAs who resigned or were recruited in autumn are noted in the parentheses.





II. Research Support Activities

1. Research Program and Supporting Activity

We established new research systems and supported various research activities for collaboration in several interdisciplinary research fields (Sciences, Engineering, and so forth) and integrated diverse discipline research fields. We elucidated the origin and future of Earth and Planetary Dynamics. We organized three research groups - including five sub-groups (SGs) - which promise strong possibilities of new developments in the previous 21st Century COE Program. We expand our research activity towards two major goals, i.e., to clarify the Dynamics of the Earth and Planets, and Earth Eenvironmental Change by combining multiple disciplines. We have organized the members of our Global COE program into five research groups; three groups on the Dynamics of the Earth and Planets, i.e., 1) Earthquake and Volcano Dynamics, 2) Dynamics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 3) Planetary Evolution, and two groups on Earth Environmental Change, 4) Climate Change, 5) Origin and Extinction of Life.

Additionally we identify several focused research targets, and members for these researches are selected from the members of the above two or more research groups and organize Focus Research Groups. (1) Five Major Research Groups in our Global COE Program

We organized three research groups including five subgroups (1, Solid Earth Research Group composed of two subcroups, Dynamics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Research SG and Dynamics of Earthquakes and Volcanism Research SG: 2, Earth environmental change Research Group composed of Climate Change Research SG and Origin and extinction of life Research SG: 3, Planetary Evolution Research Group). We supported 20 research subjects financially in 2008 (total 45.7 million yen). These research subjects include new developments of our advanced cutting-edge methodologies for making observations and undertaking data analyses that are the most advanced in the world. (2) Newly Organized “Integrated” Program: Focus Group

We adopted the following programs as integrated research efforts and financially supported them with 12.3 million yen: 1) Melting by planetary collision and crystallization of high pressure minerals, 2) Big mantle wedge and deep dehydration, 3) Tectonics of the fault zones and dynamics of the eco-system of the ocean floor, 4) Deep volatile cycle (carbon, hydrogen, and water dynamics), 5) Gas solid interaction on the planets, 6) Grain formation about 4.6 Ga ago. We are planning to develop these programs into new main streams of our GCOE program. These programs require not only the collaboration within Tohoku University but also cooperation with other research institutions such as JAXA, ESA, and NASA. We now promote research agreements with University of Alaska, University of Granada, University of California, Davis, Geophysical Llaboratory, CIW and so forth.



(3) Workshops and Symposia

We organized 11 symposia including four international ones, an inter-disciplinary symposium, and a Joint and Integrated symposium (see list). The interdisciplinary symposia are those of each research field and focus group; the Joint and Integrated symposium covers wider research subjects. We financially supported these symposia with 9.83 million yen. These symposia opened our research activities to the public and promoted development of studies and reinforcements of our GCOE organization. (4) Other Research Activities and Symposia

Spring school hosted by graduate students (cosponsored with Graduate School GP grogram). We supported graduate students by organizing a spring school. The spring school was held on February 12–13, 2009. The graduate students planned and managed the spring school themselves. Such an activity is important for their transformation into future leaders of research fields. This school was cosponsored with other graduate-school supporting program for “Promotion and application of science and high-level education for young advanced scientists” of the Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University. We supported travel expenses of graduate students who participated from other universities.

2. Formulations of International Exchange and Network of Education and Research

Formulations of international exchange and networks of education and research are important objectives of the Global COE program. To further those goals, we conducted international academic exchange programs with several research institutes around the world. Additionally, we have been actively pursuing exchange programs based on existing agreements. (1) We have concluded a New International Academic Exchange Program with oversears institutions:

• Agreement on academic exchange with Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan (December 4, 2008).

• Agreement on academic exchange with Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C, U.S.A. (December 1, 2008).

• Agreement on academic exchange with V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and mineralogy SB RAS, Russia（November 7, 2008).

• Agreement on academic exchange and exchange of graduate students with U.C. Davis (February 16, 2010)



(2) Overseas Institutions Planning to Organize an International Academic Exchange:

• We made an agreement with University of California, Davis for exchange of graduate students, from which we invited a graduate student for internship for a period of one month.

• We are collaborating with the SIS program in Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany.

• We invited graduate student(s) for internship for a period of one month to assume an agreement on academic exchange with foreign institutions.

• We invited professor(s) on a short-term basis for future agreements on an academic exchange with foreign institutions with University of Granada, Spain.

(3) Lists of Institutions based on already-existing International Academic Exchange Programs:

• The Pennsylvania State University：Research for early earth environments and life’s evolution. • ENS Lyon：Invitation of graduate student(s) for internship programs (Study of impact textures in

meteorites), invitation of researcher(s) (Study of Earth core）. • The Australian National University：A Student was invited for an internship program. In addition,

a student was sent for an internship (Dating of meteorites). • University of Copenhagen：Exchange of researcher(s) (Study of evidence of the earliest life) . • Nanjing University：We invited a professor for an international symposium and had fruitful

discussions on sponsorship of The Fourteenth International Summer School on Crystal Growth to be held in Dalian, China, 1st-7th August 2010.





III. Research Activity Report

1. Research Groups Solid Earth Research Group

Dynamics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Research Subgroup Members

Project Members: (**Sub-Group Leader, Leader of the GCOE Program)

Eiji Ohtani (**), Michihiko Nakamura, Akio Suzuki, Katsuo Tsukamoto (Department of Earth Science), Depeng Zhao, Haruo Sato, Toru Matsuzawa (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, and Department of Geophysics), Noriyoshi Tsuchiya (Graduate School of Environmental Studies)

Associate Members: Yasuhiro Kudoh, Motohiko Murakami, Takahiro Kuribayashi, Hidenori Terasaki, Hirokazu Fujimaki, Kenichi Ishikawa, Satoshi Osozawa (Department of Earth Sciences), Akira Ishiwatari (Center for Northeast Asian Studies), Nagase Toshirou (The Tohoku University Museum), Takeshi Sakai (International Advanced Research and Education Organization), Akira Hasegawa, Junichi Nakajima (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, and Department of Geophysics), Hiroshi Asanuma, Nobuo Hirano, Atsushi Okamoto (Graduate School of Environmental Studies)

COE Researchers: Masaaki Miyahara, Litasov Konstantin, Anton Shatskiy (Department of Earth Sciences)

Research and Education Activities We will continue to create new views of evolving Earth through a combination of advanced mineral

physics information related to Earth materials and global seismic tomography of the Earth’s interior. The research target of this group is clarification of the structure and materials of the earth’s interior, dynamics of the mantle and core including material and thermal transport in the Earth’s interior, and formation and evolution of the Earth. We also aim to clarify planet Earth’s early evolution through collaboration with the “origin and distinction of life” subgroup, the Earth’s global tectonics by collaboration with earthquake and volcanology research subgroup, and formation and evolution of planets and their satellites including the Moon and Mars. The deep volatile cycle is also an important target of this group. This group conducted the following activities related to research, education, and international exchange during April 2008-October 2009:



① We invited seven active scientists including Prof. Ahmed El Goresy (Bayerisches Geoinsitut), Prof. Shun-ichiro Karato (Yale Univ.), Dr. Bjorn Mysen (Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington), Prof. Renata Wenzcovich (Univ. of Minnesota), and Prof. Stephane Labrosse (Univ. Lyon) and promoted research collaboration with members of our research group. They offered the GCOE Frontier Seminarｓ , the GCOE Special Lectures, and stimulated our graduate students with their world-level outstanding lectures.

② Dr. Miyahara (GCOE Research Associate) organized a one-day workshop on planetary collision for discussing the role of collision of planetesimals in the early solar system and early stage of the earth’s formation. We invited Prof. Ahmed El Goresy from Bayreuth, Prof. Makoto Kimura of Ibaraki University, and Dr. Toshimori Sekine from NIMS, and made stimulating discussion related to this topic. We are proposing the topic as a research subject of the focus group research.

③ We organized the sixth workshop on water dynamics during March 4-7, 2009 collaborating with the research group of origin and extinction of life. In all, 13 active scientists participated in this workshop. We advanced active multidisciplinary discussion related to water in geosciences, environmental sciences, and materials science.

④ Deep dehydration and intra-plate magmatism: The study of a working hypothesis of deep dehydration and big mantle wedge was accepted as a topic of focus group research in our GCOE program. Collaborative study was started by Kuritani and Nakamura (Geochemistry and Petrology), Zhao (Seismology), and Ohtani (Mineral physics).

⑤ Internship: To promote the education and research of the graduate course of GCOE program, we invited the following five graduate students from abroad to enhance the communication skills of the graduate students of our GCOE program. The internship students stayed during April 2008 - Oct. 2009 are as follows: 1) Tristan Ferroir (CNS Lyon, France): Study of the high pressure and temperature transitions of the shocked meteorites 2008/10/01-10/30 2）Lara O'Dwyer Brown (UC Davis, USA): Voscosity of komatiite magmas at high pressure and tempearture 2009/01/20-02/20 3) Igor Sharygin (V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Russian Academy of Science): Experimental study on origin of Kimberlite, 2009/03/15-2009/06/15 4) Anna M. Dymshits (Moscow State University, Russia): Stability of Na-majorite and its application to



geobatometry, 2009/06/10-2009/08/31 5) Kate Kiseeva (Australian National University, Canberra): The role of carbonated eclogite in kimberlite and carbonatite petrogenesis. 2009/08/10-2009/11/09 6) Lu Feng (Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing): Study of phase transformation textures of shocked meteorites. 2009/06/1-2009/11/30 7) Maria Polovinka (V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Nobosibirsk): Hydrogen solubility in nominally anhydrous mantle minerals coexisting with H2O-undersaturated COH-bearing fluid/melt. 2009/09/20-12/19

⑥ Following parsonells were employed as G-COE fellows: Dr. Konsantin D. Litasov, GCOE Associate Professor Dr. Masaaki Miyahara, GCOE Research Associate Dr. Anton Shatsky, GCOE Research Assoicate

Summary of Our Research The main members of this group have conducted following important contributions as summarized

below. Suzuki and Co-Workers measured the viscosity of NaAlSi2O6 melt and lunar high Ti basalt at high pressure. The experiments were conducted mainly at the Photon Factory, KEK, Tsukuba. Then they observed a viscosity minimum caused by the structural change in the Ti basalt melt at high pressure. Noriyoshi Tsuchiya and Co-Workers developed the in situ Raman and Infrared microscope to make in situ observations of supercritical fluids in the crust. They clarified the nature of water trapped at the grain boundary of minerals in widely various conditions from the ambient condition to 40 MPa and 400°C. Dapeng Zhao and Co-Workers made a tomographic study of the lunar interior using APOLLO seismic data. They discussed the possibility of heterogeneity in the lunar interior. They produced the “Tohoku model” of global tomography. They also conducted a tomographic study beneath the active Changbai volcano, and presented a model of deep dehydration from the stagnant slab and big mantle wedge. Testing this hypothesis will be an important topic to be addressed specifically by this GCOE program. Michihiko Nakamura and Co-Workers clarified the elemental processes of volcanic eruption. They clarified the relation between vesiculity and permeability in explosive eruptions, and showed that coagulation and connection of vesicles occur during shear deformation of the vesiculated magmas. They also showed that the grain boundary sweeping mechanism is important as a transport process of the water-rock system. Eiji Ohtani and Co-Workers generated 274 GPa and 2400 K conditions and showed that hcp-Fe3.4wt. %Si alloy has an hcp structure under the condition. They also generated conditions of 374 GPa and 700 K, and



showed that the hcp phase is stable up to pressures existing at the Earth’s core. They determined the EOS of hcp phase of FeNiSi alloy and estimated the Si content in the inner core. Hidenori Terasaki determined the physical properties of the core forming liquid metals, such as density and interfacial energy of the molten metals at high pressure. Motohiko Murakami measured the sound velocities of lower mantle minerals and argued the origin of the seismic anomaly observed at the base of the lower mantle.



Eiji Ohtani The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: We have achieved significant progress in following research topics on 1) Heterogenity of the mantle transition zone and dynamics of the slab subduction, 2) Phase transition and element partitioning between lower mantle minerals, 3) Structure and properties of the Earth’s core.

1) Heterogenity of the mantle transition zone and dynamics of the slab subduction Mantle transition zone is a place of accumulation of the subducting plates, and various type of heterogeneities are expected to exist. We have conducted deformation experiments of akimotoite and reported the change of the preferred orientation patterns of this mineral with temperature. The transition may be caused by the change of the slip system of akimotoite with temperature. The change of the preferred orientation patter of akimotoite can explain the seismic anisotropy observed in the transition zone beneath Tonga subduction zone (Shiraishi et al., Ｎature). We clarified the phase and melting relation of peridotite-CO2 system at high pressure, the density of the CO2 bearing magmas at high pressure (Sujoy et al., 2008, 2009). We can expect existence of a dense magma containing volatiles such as CO2 and H2O at the base of the transition zone. Based on these mineral physics data and tomographic studies of the mantle transition zone, we proposed the Big Mantle Wedge Model (Zhao et al., 2004) and the deep dehydration model. (Ohtani and Zhao, 2009 in press; Zhao and Ohtani, 2009, Gondwana research). This topic was accepted to study one of the focused research topics of this GCOE program. 2) Phase transformation of the lower mantle minerals, element partitioning between lower mantle minerals, and heterogeneity at the CMB We have conducted Fe-Mg partitioning between Mg-perovskite, post-perovskite, and magnesiowusitite under the lower mantle conditions, and clarified concentration of Fe in magnesiowustite. The concentration of Fe into magnesiowustite might be related to the spin-crossover occrrred in magnesiowusitute (Ohtani and Sakai, 2008; Sakai et al., 2009). We clarified the reactions between metallic iron and some hydrous minerals such as d-AlOOH and hydrous ringwoodite, and found that hydrogen is strongely partitioned to metallic iron to form iron hydride. This reaction may be important to transport hydrogen into the planetary cores such as Earth and Mars (Terasaki et al., 2009 in revision; Shibazaki et al., 2009 in revision). 3) Structure and physical propereteis of the core We have generated pressures exceeding 250 GPa and T>3500 K, and clarified the stable phase of Fe-Si

Title/Affiliation Professor / Department of Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Specialized Field Mineral Physics, High Pressure Geochemistry

Research Subject Dynamics of the earth and planetary interior, High pressure research



alloy is hcp phase. We also determined the eqution of state of FeNiSi alloys to the pressures exceeding the center of the Earth, 374 GPa, and confirmed that we have generated high temperature, about 700 K at the pressure.

Publications: Journals: 1. E Ohtani, D. Andrault, P. D. Asimow, L. Stixrude, Y.Wang, Advances in high-pressure mineral physics:

From the deep mantle to the core, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 174, Issues 1-4, 2009, 1-2.

2. E Ohtani, Melting relations and the equation of state of magmas at high pressure:application to geodynamics, Chemical Geology, 265, No. 3-4, 279-288, 2009.

3. Ohtani E, D. Zhao, The role of water in the deep upper mantle and transition zone: dehydration of

stagnant slabs and its effects on the big mantle wedge, Russ Geol Geophys., No 11-12, 2009, Russian Geology and Geophysics, 50, 12, 1073-1078, 2009.

4. Tsuno K., Ohtani E., Eutectic temperatures and melting relations in the Fe-O-S system at high pressures and temperatures. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 36, 1, 9-17, 2009.

5. H. Terasaki, S. Urakawa, K. Funakoshi, N. Nishiyama, Y. Wang, K. Nishida, T. Sakamaki, A. Suzuki, E Ohtani, In situ measurement of interfacial tension of Fe–S and Fe–P liquids under high pressure using X-ray radiography and tomography techniques, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 174, Issues 1-4, 2009, 220-226.

6. D. Zhao, E Ohtani, Deep slab subduction and dehydration and their geodynamic consequences: Evidence from seismology and mineral physics, Gondwana Research Volume 16, Issues 3-4, Pages 365-367, 2009.

7. Sean R. Shieh, Thomas S. Duffy, Zhenxian Liu, Eiji Ohtani, High-pressure infrared spectroscopy of the dense hydrous magnesium silicates phase D and phase E. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Volume 175, Issues 3-4, July 2009, Pages 106-114

8. H. Hayashi, E Ohtani, H. Terasaki, Y. Ito, The partitioning of Pt–Re–Os between solid and liquid metal in the Fe–Ni–S system at high pressure: Implications for inner core fractionation, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 2009, 4836–4842.

9. T. Sakai, E Ohtani, H. Terasaki, N. Sawada, Y. Kobayashi, M. Miyahara, M.Nishijima, N. Hirao, Y.Ohishi, T. Kikegawa, Fe-Mg partitioning between perovskite and ferropericlase in the lower mantle. American Mineralogist, 94, 921–925, 2009

10. K. D. Litasov, E Ohtani, Solidus and phase relations of carbonated peridotite in the system CaO–Al2O3–MgO–SiO2–Na2O–CO2 to the lower mantle depths, 2009 DOI:10.1016/j.pepi.2009.07.008

11. S. R. Shieh, T. S. Duffy, Z. Liu, E Ohtani, High-pressure infrared spectroscopy of the dense hydrous magnesium silicates phase D and phase E, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Volume 175, Issues 3-4, 2009, 106-114.

12. A. Shimojuku, .T. Kubo, E Ohtani, T. Nakamura, R. Okazaki, R. Dohmen, S. Chakraborty, Si and O diffusion in (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 wadsleyite and ringwoodite and its implications for the rheology of the mantle transition zone, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 284, Issues 1-2, 2009, 103-112

13. M. Miyahara, A. El Goresy, Ohtani E, M. Kimura, S. Ozawa, T. Nagase, M. Nishijima, Fractional crystallization of olivine melt inclusion in shock-induced chondritic melt vein, Physics of the Earth and



Planetary Interiors, 177, 3-4, 116-121, 2009. 14. Y. Shibazaki, Ohtani, E, H. Terasaki, A. Suzuki, K. Funakoshi, Hydrogen partitioning between Iron and

Ringwoodite: Implications for water transport into the Martian core, Earth Planet. Science Lett. 287, 3-4, 463-470, 2009.

15. Y. Shibazaki, E Ohtani, H. Terasaki, A. Suzuki, K. Funakoshi, Hydrogen partitioning between Iron and Ringwoodite: Implications for water transport into the Martian core, Earth Planet. Science Lett, 287, 3-4, 463-470, 2009.

16. T. Sakamaki, E Ohtani, Satoru Urakawa, A. Suzuki, Y. Katayama,, Density of dry peridotite magma at high pressure using an X-ray absorption method, Am. Mineral, 95, 144-147, 2010.

17. Kasai H., Kawauchi T., Fukai Y., Zhang XW., Kishimoto S., Kikegawa T., Ohtani E., Okano T., Measurement of diffusion process of iron atoms under high pressure of hydrogen by time-domain analysis of nuclear resonant scattering of X-rays. Applied Surface Science, 256, 4, 984-986, Nov 2009.

18. Ghosh, S., Ohtani, E, K. Litasov, H. Terasaki, Solidus of Carbonated Peridotite and petrogenesis of Magnesio-carbonatite in the Earth’s Upper Mantle and Transition Zone, Chemical Geology, 2009. (in press)

19. T. Sakamaki, Ohtani, E,, S. Urakawa, A. Suzuki and Y. Katayama, Measurement of hydrous peridotite magma density at high pressure using the X-ray absorption method, Earth Planet. Science Lett. 287, 3-4, 293-297, 2009.

20. Kimura.M., Mikouchi T., Suzuki A., Miyahara M., Ohtani E., El Goresy A., Kushiroite, CaAlAlSiO6: A new mineral of the pyroxene group from the ALH 85085 CH chondrite, and its genetic significance in refractory inclusions. American Mineralogist, 94, 10, 1479-1482, 2009.

21. Litasov KD., Shatskiy A., Pal’yanov YN., Sokol AG., Katsura T., Ohtani E., Hydrogen incorporation into forsterite in Mg2SiO4-K2Mg(CO3)(2)-H2O and Mg2SiO4-H2O-C at 7.5-14.0 GPa. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 50, 12, 112-1138, 2009.

22. Sano-Furukawa A., Kagi H., Nagai T., Nakano S., Fukura S., Ushijima D., Iizuka R., Ohtani E., Yagi T., Change in compressibility of delta-AlOOH and delta-AlOOD at high pressure: A study of isotope effect and hydrogen-bond symmetrization., American Mineralogist, 94, 8-9, 1255-1261, 2009.

23. Ferroir T., Miyahara M., Ohtani E., Beck O., Simionovici A., Gillet P., El Goresy A., P-T conditions and mechanisms of enstatite to akimotoite transformations in the shocked L6 chondrite tenham. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 44, A69-A69, Suppl. S, 2009.

24. Litasov KD., Shatskiy A., Katsura T., Ohtani E., Water solubility in forsterite at 8-14 GPa. Doklady Earth Sciences, 425, 2, 432-435, 2009.

25. Litasov KD., Ohtani E., Phase relations in the peridotite-carbonate-chloride system at 7.0-16.5 GPa and the role of chlorides in the origin of kimberlite and diamond. Chemical Geology, 262, 1-2, Ap. Iss. SI, 29-41, 2009.

26. Ozawa H., Ohtani E., Miyahara M., Suzuki A., Kimura M., Ito Y., Transformation textures, mechanisms of formation of high-pressure minerals in shock melt veins of L6 chondrites, and pressure-temperature conditions of the shock events. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. (in press)



Dapeng Zhao The Purpose of Research and Outline of Accomplishments: Using multiscale seismic tomography to study the 3-D structure of the crust and mantle in local, regional and global scales, and investigate the relationship between the structural heterogeneity and seismic and volcanic activity as well as deep Earth dynamics. Main Results: (1) A metastable olivine wedge is revealed at depths > 400 km in the subducting Pacific slab under the Japan

Sea. The result suggests that the occurrence of deep earthquakes may be related to the metastable olivine wedge in the subducting slab [Jiang & Zhao, 2008, EPSL].

(2) Detailed 3-D P-wave anisotropy tomography under NE Japan is determined. Strong seismic anisotropy in the subducting Pacific slab and the upper-mantle wedge is revealed, which may reflect the slab dehydration and corner flow in the mantle wedge [Wang & Zhao, 2008, PEPI]. A similar result under the Hokkaido region is also obtained [Wang & Zhao, 2009, Tectonophysics].

(3) A high-resolution upper-mantle tomography under the Changbai intraplate volcano in NE Asia is determined by using arrival-time data from local earthquakes and teleseismic events. The result suggests that the origin of the Changbai volcano is related to a hot and wet upwelling in the big mantle wedge (BMW) above the stagnant Pacific slab in the mantle transition zone under NE Asia. Deep slab dehydration may also contribute to the intraplate volcanoes in NE Asia [Zhao et al., 2009, PEPI].

(4) Detailed 3-D P and S wave velocity and Poisson’s ratio images under the entire NE Japan arc from the Japan trench to the Japan Sea coast are determined by using a large number of P, S and sP wave data. The results provide new insight into arc magmatism and the relationship between asperities and large earthquakes along the interplate thrust zone [Zhao et al., 2009, Tectonophysics].

(5) The first tomographic image of the Moon is determined by using P and S wave data from moonquakes recorded by 4 seismometers installed on the Moon during the US Apollo project. The result suggests that strong lateral heterogeneities may exist in the lunar mantle down to 1000 km depth, which may affect the generation of the deep moonquakes [Zhao et al., 2008, Chinese Sci. Bull.].

Publications: Journals: 1. Zhao, D. (2009) Multiscale seismic tomography and mantle dynamics. Gondwana Res. 15, 297-323. 2. Zhao, D., Y. Tian, J. Lei, L. Liu, S. Zheng (2009) Seismic image and origin of the Changbai intraplate

volcano in East Asia: Role of big mantle wedge above the stagnant Pacific slab. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 173, 197-206.

Title/Affiliation Professor / Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Specialized Field Global Seismology, Physical Volcanology

Research Subject 3-D Earth structure, dynamics, seismic and volcanic activity



3. Zhao, D., Z. Wang, N. Umino, A. Hasegawa (2009) Mapping the mantle wedge and interplate thrust zone of the northeast Japan arc. Tectonophysics 467, 89-106.

4. Zhao, D., M. Santosh, A. Yamada (2010) Dissecting large earthquakes in Japan: Role of arc magma and fluids. Island Arc. (in press)

5. Zhao, D., E. Ohtani (2009) Deep slab subduction and dehydration and their geodynamic consequences: Evidence from seismology and mineral physics. Gondwana Res. 16, 401-413.

6. Lei, J., D. Zhao (2009) Structural heterogeneity of the Longmenshan fault zone and the mechanism of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Ms 8.0). Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 10, 2009GC002590.

7. Chou, H., B. Kuo, L. Chiao, D. Zhao, S. Hung (2009) Tomography of the westernmost Ryukyu subduction zone and the serpentinization of the forearc mantle. J. Geophys. Res. 114, B12301.

8. Maruyama, S., A. Hasegawa, M. Santosh, T. Kogiso, S. Omori, H. Nakamura, K. Kawai, D. Zhao (2009) The dynamics of big mantle wedge, magma factory, and metamorphic-metasomatic factory in subduction zones. Gondwana Res. 16, 414-430.

9. Wang, Z., Y. Fukao, D. Zhao, S. Kodaira, O.P. Mishra, A. Yamada (2009) Structural heterogeneities in the crust and upper mantle beneath Taiwan. Tectonophysics 476, 460-477.

10. Lei, J., D. Zhao, Y. Su (2009) Insight into the origin of the Tengchong intraplate volcano and seismotectonics in southwest China from local and teleseismic data. J. Geophys. Res. 114, B05302.

11. Wang, J., D. Zhao (2009) P-wave anisotropic tomography of the crust and upper mantle under Hokkaido, Japan. Tectonophysics 469, 137-149.

12. Huang, J., D. Zhao (2009) Seismic imaging of the crust and upper mantle under Beijing and surrounding regions. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 173, 330-348.

13. Yamada, A., D. Zhao, T. Inoue, D. Suetsugu, M. Obayashi (2009) Seismological evidence for compositional variations at the base of the mantle transition zone under Japan Islands. Gondwana Res. 16, 482-490.

14. Xu, P., D. Zhao (2009) Upper-mantle velocity structure beneath the North China Craton: Implications for lithospheric thinning. Geophys. J. Int. 177, 1279-1283.

15. Gupta, S., D. Zhao, S. Rai (2009) Seismic imaging of the upper mantle under the Erebus hotspot in Antarctica. Gondwana Res. 16, 109-118.

16. Lei, J., D. Zhao, J. Su, G. Zhang, F. Li (2009) Fine seismic structure under the Longmenshan fault zone and the mechanism of the large Wenchuan earthquake. Chinese J. Geophys. 52, 339-345.

17. Jiang, G., D. Zhao, G. Zhang (2009) Crustal correction in teleseismic tomography and its application. Chinese J. Geophys. 52, 1508-1514.

18. Duan, Y., D. Zhao, X. Zhang et al. (2009) Seismic structure and origin of active intraplate volcanoes in Northeast Asia. Tectonophysics 470, 257-266.

19. Gupta, S., D. Zhao, M. Ikeda, S. Ueki, S. Rai (2009) Crustal tomography under the Median Tectonic Line in Southwest Japan using P and PmP data. J. Asian Earth Sci. 35, 377-390.

20. Jiang, G., D. Zhao, G. Zhang (2009) Seismic tomography of the Pacific slab edge under Kamchatka. Tectonophysics 465, 190-203.

21. Lei, J., D. Zhao, B. Steinberger, B. Wu, F. Shen, Z. Li (2009) New seismic constraints on the upper mantle structure of the Hainan plume. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 173, 33-50.

22. Tian, Y., D. Zhao, R. Sun, J. Teng (2009) Seismic imaging of the crust and upper mantle beneath the



North China Craton. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 172, 169-182. 23. Mishra, O.P., D. Zhao, Z. Wang (2009) The genesis of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.6): A puzzle for

Peninsula India. Indian Minerals 61, 149-170. 24. Tian, Y., D. Zhao, C. Liu, J. Teng (2009) A review of body-wave tomography and its applications to

studying the crust and mantle structure in China. Earth Sci. Frontiers 16, 347-360. 25. Hasegawa, A., J. Nakajima, N. Uchida, T. Okada, D. Zhao, T. Matsuzawa, N. Umino (2009) Plate

subduction, and generation of earthquakes and magmas in Japan as inferred from seismic observation: An overview. Gondwana Res. 16, 370-400.

26. Wang, Z., D. Zhao, R. Huang, X. Tang, O. Mishra (2009) Structural heterogeneity in Northeast Japan and its implications for the genesis of the 2004 and 2007 Niigata earthquakes. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 99, 3355-3373.

27. Ohtani, E., D. Zhao (2009) The role of water in the deep upper mantle and transition zone: dehydration of stagnant slabs and its effects on the big mantle wedge. Russ. Geol. Geophys. 50, 1073-1078.

28. Santosh, M., D. Zhao, T. Kusky (2010) Mantle dynamics of the Paleoproterozoic North China Craton; A perspective based on seismic tomography. J. Geodyn. 49, 39-53.

29. Kiyosugi, K., C. Connor, D. Zhao, L. Connor, K. Tanaka (2010) Relationships between volcano distribution, crustal structure, and P-wave tomography: An example from the Abu monogenetic volocano group. Bull. Volcanol. (in press)



Noriyoshi Tsuchiya

Publications: Journals: 1. J. HARA and N. Tsuchiya, Chemical modiocation of pyroclastic rock by hot water: an experimental

investigation of mass transport at the fluid solid interface. [Geofuids, 9, (2009), 24-38] 2. Noriaki Watanabe, Nobuo Hirano, and Noriyoshi Tsuchiya, Diversity of channeling flow in

heterogeneous aperture distribution inferred from integrated experimental-numerical analysis on flow through shear fracture in granite. [Journal of Geophysical Research, 114 (B04208), (2009), 1-17]

3. Katsumi Nemoto, Noriaki Watanabe, Nobuo Hirano and Noriyoshi Tsuchiya, Direct measurement of contact area and stress dependence of anisotopic flow through rock fracture with heterogeneous aperture distribution. [Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 281, (2009), 81-87]

4. Hideki Mukoyoshi, Tetsuro Hirono, Hidetoshi Hara, Kotaro Sekine, Noriyoshi Tsuchiya, Arito Sakaguchi and Wonn Soh, Style of fluid flow and deformation in and around an ancient out-of- sequence thrust: An example from the Nobeoka Tectonic Line in the Shimanto accretionary complex, Southwest Japan. [Island Arc, 18, (2009), 333-351]

5. Atsushi Okamoto and Noriyoshi Tsuchiya, Velocity and vertical fluid ascent within vein-forming fractures. [Geology, 37 (6), (2009), 563-566]

Title/Affiliation Professor / Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University

Specialized Field Geofluid Science

Research Subject Water - Rock Interaction



Michihiko Nakamura The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: (1) Since bubble growth and expansion in magmas are the driving forces of violent volcanic eruptions, the mechanism of degassing (outgassing) has been a central topic in volcanology. In the last two decades, the permeable gas-flow hypothesis has been widely accepted as an explanation of the degassing of viscous silicic magmas, in which bubbles scarcely rise in the time scale of eruptions. As magma ascends, the solubility of volatiles decreases and the bubbles expand due to decompression, resulting in an increase in magma vesicularity and the formation of foam. This foam should be highly permeable for effective degassing. However, mechanisms of the permeable flow degassing have been poorly understood. To address this issue, Nakamura has been carried out integrated study of experimental volcanology, petrography and permeability measurement. (2) Knowledge of the fundamental mechanism of fluid-rock interaction is indispensable to understand geochemical dynamics. The mechanisms generally assumed to be rate-limiting during chemical exchange are lattice diffusion and dissolution-reprecipitation. This assumption is, however, often difficult to test in natural rock samples because grain-scale chemical traces of fluids can be easily blurred by annealing and late stage geologic events. Previous studies have pointed out that the two conventional processes fail to explain some geochemical observations such as enhanced chemical exchange in rock recrystallization through coarsening, exsolution and stress deformation, but the fundamental processes leading to enhanced exchange remain uncertain. In order to investigate the mechanism of fluid-rock interaction, we have carried out hydrothermal experiments at 1200ºC and 1.2 GPa, where Ni infiltrated into synthesized dunites. Results: (1) Mechanisms of permeable flow degassing of magmas In this period, four international papers were published and one paper has been submitted. * We presented a relation between permeability and vesicularity of pumices in a pyroclastic flow, which revealed the processes of fragmentation, degassing and compaction of the magmatic foam. The newly obtained relation is different from the conventional power law curve, suggesting the necessity to review the conventional interpretation of permeability development in magmas (Nakamura et al., 2008, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.) * To investigate the behavior of bubbles in a hypothetical open-system condition, we performed a series of vesiculation experiments on natural rhyolitic obsidian using a newly designed semipermeable cell. We found that diffusive dehydration occurred from the sample surface, and the bubbles were resorbed into the melt. The numerical calculation shows that the bubble-free obsidian layers with a width of a few millimeters, which are often observed in natural lava flows, requires the degassing paths open for at least a few hundred

Title/Affiliation Associate Professor / Department of Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Specialized Field Petrology, Volcanology

Research Subject Mechanism of Volcanic Eruptions; Microstructure of fluid-bearing rocks



hours. (Yoshimura and Nakamura, 2008, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.; S. Yoshimura is a Ph.D. student awarded SDC by GCOE in 2008, and DC by JSPS from 2009.) * To investigate the shear-induced evolution of bubble microstructures, we performed for the first time a series of deformation experiments on vesiculated rhyolitic melts by twisting columnar obsidians with an originally-developed torsional deformation high-temperature apparatus. The experimental results demonstrate that shear strain and strain rate control the degree of bubble deformation and coalescence. The bubble connectivity starts to increase for a vesicularity of 20–30 vol%. A connectivity of >80% was achieved for a vesicularity of approximately 40 vol% and 10 rotations at 0.5 rpm, corresponding to a maximum strain of 30 at a strain rate of 0.025 s-1. We infer that the bubbles form large interconnecting channelized networks near the conduit wall before the magma reaches to this depth (Okumura, Nakamura et al., 2008, J, Geophys. Res.; S. Okumura is a GCOE-PD). * We experimentally demonstrated that shear deformation dramatically increases the magma permeability parallel to the shear direction via the enhancement of bubble coalescence and the networking of tube-like bubbles. When shear strain is large, the permeability sharply increases at a vesicularity of 30 vol.%. The gas velocity along the direction of magma flow is inferred to be large enough for gas escape to be significant during magma ascent of effusive eruption. A simple model of the magma flow along volcanic conduits indicates that magma deformation results in degassing at greater depths than in the case where the magma is isotropically vesiculated. The ratio of the radius of the volcanic conduit to its length may control the degree of magma deformation and consequently the eruption explosivity (Okumura, Nakamura et al., 2009, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.). * Another companion paper entitled "Shear deformation experiments of vesicular rhyolite: brittle fracturing, degassing, and compaction of magmas" by Okumura, Nakamura et al. has been submitted to J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. (2) Role of grain growth on chemical transport in fluid-bearing rocks * We evaluated experimentally the effect of grain growth on the cation exchange between synthesized forsterite aggregates (i.e., dunite) and Ni-rich aqueous fluid at 1.2 GPa and 1200 ˚C. The grain boundary (GB) migration caused Ni-enrichment in the area swept by the GBs, in a fashion similar to that reported for stable isotope exchange in the quartz aggregates. The progress of the grain growth resulted in an increase in the average nickel concentration in the dunites of up to 8.15 times that calculated for a system having stationary GBs. The overall diffusivity of the nickel along the wet GBs and interconnected fluid networks was found to be 7.72·10-19–6.71·10-18 m3/s, which is 4–5 orders of magnitude higher than the grain boundary diffusivity in the dry dunite. These results show that the grain growth rate is a fundamental factor in the evaluation of the time-scale of chemical homogenization in the upper mantle (Ohuchi, Nakamura et al., submitted to Contrib. Mineral. Petrol.; this experimental study was carried out when Ohuchi was a 21COE-PD).



Publications: Journals: 1. Okumura, S., Nakamura, M., Takeuchi, S. , Tsuchiyama, A., Nakano, T., Uesugi, K., Magma deformation

may induce non-explosive volcanism via degassing through bubble networks, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 281, 267-274, DOI:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.036, 2009.

Books: Contribution to books: 1. Nakamura, M., An Approach to Volcanic Explosions: Towards a better understanding of eruption

mechanisms with application to volcanic hazard mtigation, (Eds., Y. Ida and H. Taniguchi), University of Tokyo Press, 53-62, 77-87, 2009. (in Japanese)



Akio Suzuki The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: Knowledge about viscosity of silicate melt is valuable for understanding the activity of magma in the Earth’s interior. We have carried out series of experiments using an X-ray radiography system and a high pressure apparatus installed at the synchrotron radiation facilities. The viscosity was determined by the falling sphere method. Results: The Apollo 14 black glass is a volcanic glass, which contains the highest amount of TiO2 among the lunar pristine glasses. Titanium in silicate melt is regarded as a tetrahedrally-coordinated cation at ambient pressure. Because the viscosity change at high pressure is affected by the structural change of TO4-network, it is very interesting to know the influence of Ti on the pressure dependence of viscosity. We performed viscosity measurement of lunar high-Ti magma and K2TiSi4O11 melt. To understand the influence of titanium in the simple system, we also investigated the K2TiSi4O11 melt, because the XANES spectra of K2TiSi4O11 glasses quenched at high pressure was reported by Paris et al. (1994). Using falling sphere method, we demonstrated that both titanosilicate melts have a viscosity minimum under high pressure. In K2TiSi4O11 melt, the coordination number of titanium increases with increasing pressure. Our results suggest that the viscosity minimum of lunar high-Ti magma and K2TiSi4O11 is strongly related to the coordination change of titanium. In addition to the viscosity measurement, we carried out 1) the density measurement of silicate and metallic liquid by X-ray absorption method and in situ sink/float method, 2) the development of the diamond/SiC composite as an X-ray transparent anvil material, and 3) the deformation experiment using the D-CAP deformation apparatus and X-ray radiography system. Publications: Journals: 1. Terasaki, H., Urakawa, S., Funakoshi, K., Nishiyama, N., Wang, Y., Nishida, K., Sakamaki, T., Suzuki,

A., Ohtani E., In situ measurement of interfacial tension of Fe-S and Fe-P liquids under high pressure using X-ray radiography and tomography techniques. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 174(1-4), 220-226, May 2009.

2. Suzuki, A., High-pressure X-ray diffraction study of ε–FeOOH. Physics and Chemistry of Minrals. (in press)

3. Suzuki, A., Compressibility of the high-pressure polymorph of AlOOH to 17 GPa. Mineralogical Magazine, 73(3), 479-485, June 2009.

Title/Affiliation Associate Professor / Department of Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Specialized Field Experimental Petrology, Mineral Physics

Research Subject Physical properties of silicate and metallic liquid under high pressure



4. Ozawa, S., Ohtani E., Miyahara, M., Suzuki, A., Kimura, M., Ito, Y., Transformation textures, mechanisms of formation of high-pressure minerals in shock melt veins of L6 chondrites, and pressure-temperature conditions of the shock events Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences, 44(11), 1771-1786, 2009.

5. Sakamaki, T., Ohtani E., Urakawa, S., Suzuki, A., Katayama, Y., Measurement of hydrous peridotite magma density at high pressure using the X-ray absorption method. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 287(3-4), 293-297, 15 October 2009.

6. Sakamaki, T., Ohtani E., Urakawa, S., Suzuki, A., Katayama, Y., Density of dry peridotite magma at high pressure using an X-ray absorption method. American Mineralogist, 95, 144-147, January 2010.

7. Shibazaki, Y., Ohtani E, Terasaki, H., Suzuki, A., Funakoshi, K., Hydrogen partitioning between iron and ringwoodite: implications for water transport into the Martian core. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 287(3-4), 463-470, 15 October 2009.

8. Arima, H., Hattori, T., Komatsu, K., Abe, J., Utsumi, W., Kagi, H., Suzuki, A., Suzuya, K., Kamiyama, T., Arai, M., Yagi, T., Designing PLANET: the neutron beamline for high-pressure material science at J-PARC. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. (in press)

9. Kimura, M., Mikouchi, T., Suzuki, A., Miyahara, M., Ohtani, E., El Goresy, A., Kushiroite, CaAlAlSiO6: A new mineral of the pyroxene group from the ALH 85085 CH chonrdite, and its geneteic significance in refractory inclusions. American Mineralogist, 94(10), 1479-1482, October 2009.

10. Terasaki, H., Hishida, K., Shibazaki, Y., Sakamaki, T., Suzuki, A., Ohtani, E., Kikegaaw, T., Density measuremenrt of Fe3C liquid using X-ray absorption image up to 10 GPa and effect of light elements on compressibility of liquid iron. Journal of Geophysical Research. (in press)



Solid Earth Research Group

Dynamics of Earthquakes and Volcanism Research Subgroup Members

Project Members: (**Sub-Group Leader) Haruo Sato (**), Takeshi Nishimura (Department of Geophysics), Toru Matsuzawa, Dapeng Zhao, Hiromi Fujimoto (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions), Eiji Ohtani, Hiroyuki Nagahama, Toshifumi Imaizumi, Takeyoshi Yoshida, Michihiko Nakamura, Akio Suzuki (Department of Earth Sciences), Motoyuki Sato (Center for Northeast Asian Studies) Noriyoshi Tsuchiya (Graduate School of Environmental Studies), Fumihiko Imamura (Disaster Control Research Center, Graduate School of Engineering)

Associate Members: Hisashi Nakahara, Mare Yamamoto (Department of Geophysics), Akira Hasegawa, Tadahiro Sato, Masaaki Mishina, Norihito Umino, Satoshi Miura, Tomomi Okada, Yasuo Yabe, Junichi Nakajima, Naoki Uchida, Sadato Ueki, Yusaku Ohta, Ryota Hino, Motoyuki Kido, Yoshihiro Ito (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions), Kenshiro Otsuki, Soichi Osozawa, Norihiro Nakamura, Tatsuya Ishiyama, Takeshi Kuritani, Kenichi Ishikawa (Department of Earth Sciences), Akira Ishiwatari, Akio Gotoh, Tsuyoshi Miyamoto, Manabu Watanabe (Center for Northeast Asian Studies), Koji Matsuki, Kiyotoshi Sakaguchi, Akihisa Kizaki, Yuko Suto, Noriaki Watanabe, Hiroshi Asanuma (Graduate School of Environmental Studies), Masato Motosaka, Shunichi Koshimura, Susumu Ohno, Takeshi Sato, Kazuhisa Goto (Disaster Control Research Center, Graduate School of Engineering)

COE Researchers: Eduard Carcole Carrube, Akihiko Yokoh (Department of Geophysics), Guoming Jiang, Saeko Kita (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions), Satoshi Okumura, Jun Muto (Department of Earth Sciences), Daisuke Sugawara (Disaster Control Research Center, Graduate School of Engineering)

Objectives

The objective of this sub-group is to study the dynamics of earthquake rupture and volcanic eruption that take place at subduction zones and island arcs. For that purpose, we investigate the fine structure of island arcs and subducting oceanic plates as environments of these catastrophic phenomena. During the last 21 COE program, we clarified the spatiotemporal fluctuation of interplate coupling and the generation processes of interplate earthquakes by developing the asperity model. We also conducted mathematical studies of wave propagation in heterogeneous structures, the dynamics of volcanic eruptions, and the rheology of crustal rocks. Based on advanced and systematically organized methodology of geophysics and material science, this sub-group will advance studies in the following subjects, thereby extending the



progress that was earned during the last 21 COE program: (1) Dynamics of earthquake rupture in island arcs and plate subduction zones

(2) Dynamics of volcanic eruption (3) Heterogeneous structure of plate subduction zones (4) Crustal structure of the island-arc, including active faults and volcanoes (5) Prediction of tsunami hazards

We will develop new instruments for geophysical observations, new models for wave propagation and earthquake fractures, and new analytical tools for processing large amounts of digital data. We will further improve our global tomography models to map higher-resolution images of subducting slabs and mantle plumes. We will study magma processes in shallow volcanic conduits and clarify the physical and chemical parameters that control the styles and magnitudes of volcanic eruptions. We also plan to develop quantitative methods for prediction of tsunami hazards. Research Results (1) Dynamics of Earthquake Rupture in Island Arcs and Plate Subduction Zones

The northeastern Japan arc is one of the most seismically active subduction zones in the world. Large earthquakes have caused disasters by destroying buildings. For those reasons and others, studies to reveal the processes of earthquake generation are extremely important.

Genesis of interplate earthquakes and seismic coupling We have revised the “asperity model” that was originally proposed by Kanamori’s group in the 1980s.

In the revised asperity model, asperity is a synonym of the “seismic patch” on the plate boundary, whereas areas other than asperities on the plate fundamentally slip aseismically. The revised asperity model can explain various characteristics of interplate earthquakes and slip deficit patterns estimated from GPS observations. Yamamoto and Hino investigated the seismic velocity structure from off-Sanriku to off-Fukushima and concluded that the interplate coupling is fundamentally controlled by the inhomogeneity of the rocks in the upper block of the plate boundary. Muto and Nagahama made a rock sliding experiment and found that frictional discharges can occur at microscopic asperities at the onsets of seismic slip, which might be one source of seismo-electromagnetic phenomena. Nagahama, Uchida, and Matsuzawa investigated the afterslip associated with large interplate earthquakes and showed that viscoelastic transient responses associated with various sizes of earthquakes can explain the afterslip characteristics.

Earthquake generation process beneath the land area To explain the generation of shallow earthquakes beneath the land area, we proposed the

“lower-crust-softening model” in which the lower crust locally softens beneath active faults and the strain energy in the upper crust can easily build up immediately above the soft areas in the lower crust. Okada and Umino investigated the 3-D velocity structure around the earthquake source area and found that the lower-crust-softening model can explain the earthquake generation. Ohta, Ohzono, and Miura proposed a coseismic fault model for the earthquake using data from a dense GPS network and found that a simple rectangular fault model can explain the overall features of the observed deformation.

Nagahama et al. compared the anomalous increase in atmospheric radon concentration prior to the 1995



Kobe earthquake with that in crustal strain, and concluded that the observation of atmospheric radon is of benefit in the detection of the small anomalous preseismic strain. This study is necessary for understanding of the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere interaction attributable to the radon emanation associated with large earthquakes.

Cause of intraslab earthquakes Lithostatic pressure in the descending slab is greater than 1 GPa at depths greater than 30 km; it is

difficult to explain the cause of the intraslab earthquakes without the influence of fluids. Kita and Okada proposed a hypothesis that large earthquakes tend to occur in areas where background seismicity is higher than in other areas, assuming the high seismicity indicates the abundance of fluids. Their hypothesis can explain the occurrence of the Mj6.8 intraslab earthquake that occurred beneath northeastern Japan.

Improvement of GPS/Acoustic systems for observation of seafloor crustal movement Kido improved the repeatability of GPS/Acoustic seafloor positioning by precisely monitoring the buoy

attitude with a gyro. Osada also improved it using a high rate of GPS positioning. Fujimoto has been developing a GPS/Acoustic system on a moored buoy for continuous geodetic monitoring. (2) Dynamics of Volcanic Eruption

Complex behaviors of the volcanic fluid underground generate various volcanic eruptions in style and magnitude. Because the volcanic fluid is a mixture of gases, liquids, and solid particles and because it interacts with the surrounding rocks, multi-disciplinary approaches aimed at clarifying microscale processes such as gas bubble growth and degassing and the macro-scale behaviors of the volcanic flow in the conduit and reservoir are necessary for understanding the volcanic eruption dynamics. Focusing our interests on the volcanic fluid behaviors at shallow areas, we studied the volcanic eruption dynamics mainly from laboratory experiments and geological sample analyses, theoretical modeling on volcanic flow underground and related phenomena such as seismic wave radiation and volcano deformation, and geophysical observations at active volcanoes.

Nakamura et al. clarified some important relations between the magma permeability, which is an indicator of the out-gassing efficiency and the eruption activities, from volcanic sample analyses. They also experimentally clarified that the formation process of a dense lava flow layer is controlled by changes in the permeability and microstructures of gas bubbles, and diffusion processes of water molecules in magma. Nishimura et al. theoretically clarified relations of the basic gas bubble behavior in an open conduit to the volcano inflation. They further modeled the 1-D magma motions in an open conduit and numerically calculated magma upward migrations and volcano inflation. Yamamoto et al. simulated seismic waves radiated from a crack and conduit filled with volcanic fluid. They further investigate the effects of fluid viscosity and anelasticity of the medium on the observed seismic signals. Ueki et al. made seismic and geodetic observations at Iwate volcano to elucidate magma activity at shallow areas and developed evaluation methods of the volcanic activity. Nishimura, Ueki, Ohta and others deployed geodetic stations at Semeru, Sakurajima, and Suwanosejima volcanoes to understand the stages preceding eruption by determining the spatiotemporal changes of magma in shallow areas.



(3) Heterogeneous Structure of Plate Subduction Zones For understanding the environment of earthquake rupture and volcanism in island arcs, it is first

necessary to clarify the heterogeneous structure of plate subduction zones using seismic tomography. To measure small-scale medium heterogeneity, it is useful to analyze seismic wave scattering phenomena. We also developed a theory and analysis of the noise correlation method as a new tool.

Travel-time tomography Wang and Zhao determined 3-D P-wave anisotropy tomography under NE Japan and revealed strong

anisotropy in the subducting Pacific slab and the upper mantle wedge, which might reflect the slab dehydration and corner flow in the mantle wedge. Jiang and Zhao revealed metastable olivine wedge at depths > 400 km in the subducting Pacific slab under the Sea of Japan and suggested that the occurrence of deep earthquakes might be related to the metastable olivine wedge in the slab. Nakajima et al. revealed a horizontal low-velocity zone in the aftershock area of the 1993 Kushiro-Oki earthquake (M7.8) and an inclined low-velocity zone in the lower plane of the double seismic zone within the Pacific slab. Zhao et al. determined 3-D P and S wave velocity and Poisson’s ratio images under the entire NE Japan arc from the Japan Trench to the Sea of Japan coast using P, S and sP wave data. Their results provide new insight into arc magmatism and the relation between asperities and large earthquakes along the interplate thrust zone.

Seismic wave scattering The frequency dependence and travel distance dependence of S-seismogram envelopes in short periods

provide fruitful information about the medium heterogeneity and intrinsic absorption. Applying the multiple-lapse time window analysis to Hi-net data, Carcole and Sato mapped the scattering strength and intrinsic absorption in Japan, which shows clear correlation with tectonic settings. Takahashi, Sato, and Nishimura analyzed the path dependence of the peak delay of S-waves in Tohoku, Japan. They found strong heterogeneity, especially beneath the Quaternary volcanoes. They further developed a tomographic method to reveal the power spectral density of random velocity fluctuation from the peak delay data. This method is anticipated as a new tool to reveal quantitative aspects of the medium heterogeneity. Nagahama studied the seismic ray theory in nonisotropic inhomogeneous media based on non-Euclidean geometry called Finsler geometry. Sato developed a theoretical synthesis of vector wave envelopes in nonisotropic random elastic media.

Monitoring the spectral ratio of coda waves of local earthquakes registered at the ground surface to those of the downhole, Sawazaki, Sato, Nakahara, and Nishimura identified a long period recovery of the shear modulus that dropped suddenly during the strong earthquake ground motion. Monitoring autocorrelations of ambient seismic noises, Nakahara et al. detected phase delays in correlations of ambient noises in the source region of the 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu, Japan earthquake. They found that the velocity change is localized not only in shallow parts, but also in deeper parts.

(4) Crustal Structure of the Island Arc, Including Active Faults and Volcanoes

We investigated intracrustal structure, including the distribution of fault systems and magma plumbing systems of volcanoes, and tectonics and dynamics of island arcs. In particular, we studied a large intraplate (inland) earthquake: the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake (M7.2).



Volcanic system and its dynamics Yoshida et al. reviewed recent geological and petrological studies and synthesized the tectonic and

magmatic evolution of the late Cenozoic NE Honshu arc. Interactions between the NE Honshu arc and the surrounding plates and the related magmatism appear to have been the main controls on tectonic evolution, including the transition of the regional stress field and the subsidence history of the sedimentary basin of the NE Honshu arc. The change in magmatic compositions mainly reflects the thermal structure of the mantle and overlying crust and the distribution of the source materials via changes of the magma segregation depth. Change in the structure of magma plumbing system and the mode of volcanic activity reflects an intracrustal stress regime controlled mainly by plate motion. Changes in the eruption volumes are related to both the thermal structure and the regional stress regime. These relations result from a close link between tectonic and magmatic evolution of the island arc.

Okada et al. revealed the inhomogeneous distribution of seismic low-velocity zones in the focal area of the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake (M7.2) and the surrounding volcanic areas,which can be interpreted as the crustal fluid or the magma. They suggested that the magma system and the fluid released from it strongly affect and promote this earthquake occurrence.

Fault structure and island arc dynamics Otsuki, Imaizumi, Ishiyama, and Nakamura conducted field mapping of coseismic surface ruptures

associated with the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku earthquake. Their studies indicate that the ruptures are east-verging and west-verging thrust faults and are located along the eastern flank of the Ou Mountains, where geologic evidence for recent fault activity are poorly understood prior to the 2008 event. Seismic reflection surveys conducted by ERI, Imaizumi, and Ishiyama revealed that the 2008 hypocenter is overlain by pairs of middle Miocene west-dipping normal faults that were reactivated as reverse faults during the Quaternary times. A thick accumulation of Pliocene to Pleistocene volcaniclastic sediments overlying these reactivated normal faults possibly blurred evidence for the recent activity of Quaternary faults.

Okada and his co-workers revealed the aftershock distribution and detailed seismic velocity structure of the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake (M7.2) and suggested that the earthquake is possibly a fluid-driven, compressional inversion earthquake formed along the Quaternary volcanic front. Ishiyama and Imaizumi also conducted seismic reflection profiling and borehole transects across the Kakuda Mountain thrust, which is buried beneath Neogene sediments that are more than 7-km thick. They showed that the structure deforms Holocene strata at ca. 3 mm /yr.

Detailed structure of fractures in the crust Sato et al. developed the borehole-radar system for estimating 3-D distribution of cracks by field survey.

This system can visualize the distribution of cracks within about 20 m from the borehole in crystalline rock. They also developed a directional borehole radar system. Using that system for subsurface fracture imaging at Kamaishi test field in Iwate, they visualized the 3-D orientation of subsurface fractures up to 10 m from a borehole.



(5) Prediction of Tsunami Hazards Prediction of a tsunami along the coast

The Imamura and Hino group tried to develop a numerical method to predict a tsunami along the coast using earthquake and tsunami data observed by a GPS buoy and bottom pressure gauge in real time for the cases of the 1896 Sanriku and 2008 Ibaraki and off-Fukushima tsunamis as examples. Two methods using databases and real-time forecasting were proposed by taking consideration of available input data, the CPU time and its accuracy for estimating the tsunami behaviors along the coast. The forecasting system stored in the database along with the several scenarios with the appropriate fault parameters provided reasonable results including the tsunami heights as well as the inundation area.

Regarding real-time tsunami forecasting based on ocean-bottom pressure gauges, they developed a new inversion scheme that allows the use of the bottom pressure data acquired in the focal area of tsunamigenic earthquake for estimating spatial distribution of initial tsunami height. The new algorithm improved this deficiency using appropriate Green’s function in the tsunami source inversion. It has proven to be valid by modeling of the tsunami accompanying the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake.

Study of the pre-historical and historical tsunami deposits Along the Sanriku Rias coast to the Joban coastline, facing the Japan Trench, many tsunami events have

been recorded through history. The Imaizumi group investigated the historical and pre-historical tsunami deposits to clarify the timing and the recurrence intervals of great earthquakes occurring in and around the Japan trench, using a geoslicer and handy drilling machine under the back swamp of the alluvial lowland and the backshore on the raised Holocene marine terraces. Along the Joban coast during the past 1000-5000 years, many layers of tsunami deposits have been recognized, respectively, in Namie, Matsukawaura, and Iwaki. The last event deposit probably derived from the AD 869 Jogan Tsunami. The recurrence interval of these tsunami events is estimated as 500-1000 years. International Workshops

During the first year of the GCOE program (fiscal 2008), two international workshops were held at Tohoku University: one was Seismic wave scattering and earth heterogeneity (2/16-17/2009, Conveners, H. Sato and M. Korn) which specifically addressed seismic wave scattering in the heterogeneous earth and the seismic interferometry method; the other was Circum-Pacific subduction zones: Insights from geodesy, seismology, and volcanology (2/18-19/2009, Conveners, S. Miura et al.) which focused on the tectonics of subduction zones and the mechanisms of earthquake rupture and volcanic eruption. Awards Goto, K. and F. Imamura: 2009 Best paper Awards by the Sedimentological Society of Japan. F. Imamura: The 5th Nakasone Yasuhiro Award in 2009 of the Institute for International Policy Studies



Haruo Sato

Title/Affiliation Professor / Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Specialized Field Seismology, Solid Earth physics

Research Subject Study of the inhomogeneous structure of the solid earth

The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: The structure of the lithosphere is inhomogeneous reflecting the dynamic evolution of the solid earth. The objective of our research is to study the lithospheric inhomogeneity by using seismological methods. We develop wave scattering theory in random media having rich short wavelength spectra to establish the mathematical foundation for the interpretation of short period seismograms. We also develop a practical method to measure the spectrum of random inhomogeneity from the envelope broadening of short-period seismic waves with travel distance increasing and the coda wave excitation. Information about scattering and absorption is useful for understanding the geodynamic process but also for the quantitative prediction of strong earthquake motion. Results: (1) Development of wave scattering theory *Sato summarized the mathematical formulation of the vector wave envelope synthesis on the basis of

statistical theory, which well explains the envelope broadening and the wave excitation in the orthogonal component [Sato and Korn, 2008].

* Sato developed a vector wave envelope synthesis in nonisotropic random media, which well explains that the envelope broadening for horizontal propagation is larger than that for vertical propagation [Sato, 2008].

* Sato succeeded in theoretically deriving the Green function having coda in a scattering medium from noise correlation, which gives the mathematical foundation for interpreting the coda of observed noise cross-correlation as a measure of crustal velocity structure [Sato, 2009, 2010].

* Sato published the second print of textbook “Seismic Wave Propagation and Scattering in the Heterogeneous Earth” with Mike Fehler (MIT) from Springer Verlag and AIP [Sato and Fehler, 2008].

(2) Measurement of scattering and attenuation in island arcs * We developed a geometrical method to measure the spectrum of random inhomogeneity from the peak

delay of band-pass filtered S-seismogram envelopes [Takahashi et al.2008]. * From the peak delay analysis of S-seismogram envelopes in NE Honshu, Japan, we find scattering is strong

especially beneath Quaternary volcanoes [Takahashi et al. 2009]. * From the whole S seismogram analysis of Hi-net data by using the radiative transfer theory, we made a

map of scattering strength and intrinsic absorption for short periods in Japan, which clearly shows regional variation of these quantities reflecting tectonic settings [Carcole and Sato, 2009].

(3) Monitoring the temporal change in the site amplification factor of earthquake ground motion * Monitoring the spectral ratio of seismogram recorded at the ground surface to that at the downhole at a



borehole site, we find a gradual recovery of the shear wave velocity in the shallow ground, which dropped by the strong ground motion of the 2000 western Tottori earthquake, Japan, to the original value [Sawazki et al., 2009]. This is the first observation of the long-term recovery of the site amplification factor.

International activity: (1) Activity in IASPEI * Sato served as the leader of the IPASEI Task Group on Scattering and Heterogeneity, and operated it home

page (http://www.scat.geophys.tohoku.ac.jp/index.html) for four years until Jan. 2009. * Sato and Fehler published the research results of this task group “Earth Heterogeneity and Scattering

Effects on Seismic Waves” as the 50th volume of Advances in Geophysics from Academic Press [Sato and Fehler, 2008]．

* Sato has served as a member of IPASEI Commission on Seismological Observation and Interpretation. Sato co-convened “Symposium on Seismological Observation and Interpretation” at the 2009 IASPEI general assembly (Cape Town, 1/12-16, 2009)．

(2) Sato convened a GCOE workshop on “Seismic wave scattering and earth heterogeneity” (Tohoku University, 2/16-17, 2009) focusing on seismic wave scattering and noise correlation studies． Publications: Journals: 1. Sato, H., Synthesis of vector-wave envelopes in 3-D random media characterized by a nonisotropic

Gaussian ACF based on the Markov approximation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B08304, DOI:10.1029/2007JB005524, 2008．

2. Sato, H., Retrieval of Green’s function having coda from the cross-correlation function in a scattering medium illuminated by surrounding noise sources on the basis of the first order Born approximation, Geophys. J. Int., 179, 408-412, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04296.x, 2009.

3. Sato, H., Green function retrieval from the CCF of coda waves in a scattering medium, Geophys. J. Int., 179, 1580–1583, 2009.

4. Sato, H., Retrieval of Green’s function having coda waves from the cross-correlation function in a scattering medium illuminated by a randomly homogeneous distribution of noise sources on the basis of the first order Born approximation, Geophys. J. Int., 180, 759–764, 2010. (preprint submitted)

5. Sato, H. and Korn, M., Synthesis of vector-wave envelopes in random elastic media on the basis of the Markov approximation, in “Earth Heterogeneity and Scattering Effects on Seismic Waves (Eds. H. Sato and M. Fehler)”, Advances in Geophysics (Series Ed. R. Dmowska), Academic Press, Amsterdam, 50, 44-94, 2008.

6. Maeda, T. Sato, H. and Nishimura, T., Synthesis of coda wave envelopes in randomly inhomogeneous elastic media in a half-space: single scattering model including Rayleigh waves, Geophys. J. Int., 172, 130–154, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03603.x, 2008.

7. Takahashi, T., Sato, H. and Nishimura, T., Recursive formula for the peak delay time with travel distance in von Kármán type non-uniform random media on the basis of the Markov approximation, Geophys. J. Int., 173, 534–545, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03739.x, 2008.

8. Fukushima, Y., Nishizawa, O. and Sato, H., A performance study of a laser Doppler vibrometer for



measuring waveforms from piezoelectric transducers, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency, 56,1442-1450, 2009.

9. Takahashi, T., Sato, H., Nishimura, T. and Obara, K., Tomographic inversion of the peak delay times to reveal random velocity fluctuations in the lithosphere: method and application to northeastern Japan, Geophys. J. Int., DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04227.x, 2009.

10. Carcole, E. and Sato, H., Spatial distribution of scattering loss and intrinsic absorption of short-period S-waves in the lithosphere of Japan on the basis of the MultipleLapse Time Window Analysis of Hi-net data, Geophys. J. Int., 180，268-290, 2009.

11. Sawazaki, K., Sato, H., Nakahara, H. and Nishimura, T., Time-lapse changes of seismic velocity in the shallow ground caused by strong ground motion shock of the 2000 Western-Tottori Earthquake, Japan, as revealed from coda deconvolution analysis, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 99, No. 1, 352-366, 10.1785/0120080058, 2009.

12. Lee, W. S., H. Sato, and S. Yun, Estimation of coda Q in the mantle and characteristics of regional S-wave envelope, Geosciences Journal, 13, No. 4, 363 − 369, 2009.

13. Saito, T., Sato, H. and Takahashi, T, Direct simulation methods for scalar-wave envelopes in two-dimensional layered random media based on the small-angle scattering approximation, Commun. Comput. Phys., 3, 63-84, 2008

14. Emoto, K., H. Sato, and T. Nishimura, Synthesis of vector-wave envelopes on the free surface of a random medium for the vertical incidence of a plane wavelet based on the Markov approximation, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 2010, Accepted.

Books: Co-authered books: 1. Sato, H. and M. C. Fehler, “Seismic Wave Propagation and Scattering in the Heterogeneous Earth”

(Second Print), Springer Verlag and AIP Press, New York, 1-308, 2008. Edited books: 1. Sato, H. and Fehler. M. C. (Guest Eds.), “Earth Heterogeneity and Scattering Effects on Seismic Waves”

Advances in Geophysics (Series Ed. R. Dmowska), Academic Press, Amsterdam, 50, 1-476, 2008. Contribution to books: 1. Sato, H., Scattering of seismic waves in the heterogeneous Earth, in “Encyclopedia of Complexity and

Systems Science (Ed. R. A. Mayers)”, Springer Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg, 7914-7931, 2009.



Toru Matsuzawa The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: In order to clarify the generating process of interplate earthquakes, and to verify and sophisticate the asperity model, we have studied repeating earthquake sequences in the northeastern Japan subduction zone. Recent studies including ours indicate that there are seismic patches called 'asperities' (interplate regions that connect the two plates firmly and can generate seismic waves when they rupture) on plate boundaries, and aseismic slip regions surround the asperities. This hypothesis corresponds to a slight modification of the asperity model that was originally proposed by Kanamori's group in 1980's. The off-Kamaishi repeating earthquake sequence is one of the seismic activities that contributed to the improvement of the asperity model. In the sequence, M~5 earthquakes have repeatedly occurred with a recurrence interval of around five and a half years. After the 2001 event, we predicted that the next event with M~5 would occur within the period from September 2006 to January 2008 with 68 % probability (i.e., within +/- 1σ range, where σ is the standard deviation of the recurrence interval) and the period from August 2005 to February 2009 with 99 % probability (i.e., within +/- 2.57 σ range). The size of the event was expected to be Mj4.7-4.9 (where Mj denotes the JMA magnitude) [Matsuzawa et al., 2002]. The expected event of Mj4.7 occurred on January 11, 2008. We investigated the source processes of the 1995, 2001 and 2008 events and found that all the events rupture the same region whose diameter is around 1 km. This result indicates that the off-Kamaishi sequence is caused by repeated ruptures of an asperity. Detailed analyses of the seismic wave data show that the slip distributions and rupture processes of the recent two events are slightly different causing the difference in the high-frequency components of waveforms. The difference in the slip distribution between the two events is inferred to be caused by the difference in the smaller event activities just before the occurrences of the M~5 earthquakes. These results show the correctness of the asperity model providing a basis for long-term forecasts of earthquakes. Publications: Journals: 1. Goltz, C., D. L. Turcotte, S. G. Abaimov, R. M. Nadeau, N. Uchida, and T. Matsuzawa, Rescaled

earthquake recurrence time statistics: application to microrepeaters, Geophys. J. Int., 176(1), 256-264, DOI:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008,03999.x, 2009.

2. Uchida, N., J. Nakajima, A. Hasegawa, and T. Matsuzawa, What controls interplate coupling? : Evidence for abrupt change in coupling across a border between two overlying plates in the NE Japan subduction zone, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 283, 111-121, DOI:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.04.003, 2009.


Specialized Field Earthquake-generating process

Research Subject Elucidation of the rupturing process of asperities



3. Uchida, N., S. Yui, S. Miura, T. Matsuzawa, A. Hasegawa, Y. Motoya, and M. Kasahara, Quasi-static slip on the plate boundary associated with the 2003 M8.0 Tokachi-oki and 2004 M7.1 off-Kushiro earthquakes, Gondwana Research, 16, 527-533, DOI:10.1016/j.gr.2009.04.002, 2009.

4. Hasegawa, A., J. Nakajima, N. Uchida, T. Okada, D. Zhao, T. Matsuzawa, and N. Umino, Plate subduction, and generation of earthquakes and magmas in Japan as inferred from seismic observations: An overview, Gondwana Research, 16, 370-400, DOI:10.1016/j.gr.2009.03.007, 2009.

5. Nakajima, J., Y. Tsuji, A. Hasegawa, S. Kita, T. Okada and T. Matsuzawa, Tomographic imaging of hydrated crust and mantle in the subducting Pacific slab beneath Hokkaido, Japan: Evidence for dehydration embrittlement as a cause of intraslab earthquakes, Gondwana Research, 16, 470-481, DOI:10.1016/j.gr.2008.12.010, 2009.

6. Ariyoshi, K., T. Hori, J. Ampuero, Y. Kaneda, T. Matsuzawa, R. Hino and A. Hasegawa, Influence of interaction between small asperities on various types of slow earthquakes in a 3-D simulation for a subduction plate boundary, Gondwana Research, 16, 534-544, DOI:10.1016/j.gr.2009.03.006, 2009.

7. Ariyoshi, K., T. Matsuzawa, Y. Yabe, N. Kato, R. Hino and A. Hasegawa, Character of slip and stress due to interaction between fault segments along the dip direction of a subduction zone, Journal of Geodynamics, 48, 55-67, DOI:10.1016/j.jog.2009.06.001, 2009.

8. Hasegawa, A., J. Nakajima, S. Kita, Y, Tsuji, K. Nii, T. Okada, T. Matsuzawa, and D. Zhao, Transportation of H2O in the NE Japan subduction zone as inferred from seismic observations: Supply of H2O from the slab to the arc crust, J. Geography, 117(1), 59-75, 2008.

9. Kawada, Y., H. Nagahama, N. Uchida, and T. Matsuzawa, Afterslip associated with interplate earthquakes and viscoelastic behavior of rocks, J. Geol. Soc. Japan., 115(9), 448-456, 2009.

10. Matsuzawa, T., Interplate earthquakes and the asperity model, Zisin2, 61, S347-S355, 2009. 11. Matsuzawa, T., and N. Uchida, A regular seismic activity off Kamaishi and the asperity model, Nawihuru,

67, 4-5, 2008. 12. Uchida, N., T. Matsuzawa, J. Nakajima, and A. Hasegawa, Subduction of a wedge-shaped Philippine Sea

plate beneath Kanto, central Japan, estimated from converted waves and small repeating earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 2010. (in press)

13. Kita, S., T. Okada, A. Hasegawa, J. Nakajima, and T. Matsuzawa, Anomalous deepening of a seismic belt in the upper-plane of the double seismic zone in the Pacific slab beneath the Hokkaido corner : Possible evidence for thermal shielding caused by subducted forearc crust materials, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2010. (in press)

Contribution to books: 1. Matsuzawa, T., The Miyagi-oki earthquake (M7.2) on August 16, 2005, in "Forty Years of the

Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction", 190-195, 2009. 2. Matsuzawa, T., Recent progress in the earthquake prediction research at Tohoku University, in "Forty

Years of the Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction", 40-42, 2009.



Hiromi Fujimoto The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: (1) Improvement of GPS/Acoustic system for observation of seafloor crustal movement in subduction zones While observation of crustal movement has become crucial for the study of earthquakes owing to the spread of dense GPS networks, GPS is not directly available on the seafloor, where large subduction earthquakes occur. That is why we should observe seafloor crustal movements. We have improved repeatability of GPS/Acoustic seafloor positioning by precisely monitoring the attitude of the buoy with a gyro (Kido et al., 2008a, 2008b), and by high rate of GPS positioning (Osada et al., 2008b). We are also developing a GPS/Acoustic system for a moored buoy for continuous geodetic monitoring (Fujimoto et al., 2008). An acoustic system newly developed for horizontal ranging on the seafloor has shown a reliable result during a trial experiment (Osada et al., 2008a). We have started a trial experiment to monitor vertical motion of the seafloor with arrayed ocean bottom pressure recorders. A numerical analysis has shown that the observation can probably detect a M6.5-class slow-slip event (Hino et al., 2009). Tsushima et al. (2009) has shown that a reliable early tsunami warning system can be available with cabled ocean bottom pressure monitoring. (2) Study of post-glacial rebound in Southeast Alaska Southeast Alaska is uplifting at the highest rate in the world, exceeding 30 mm/yr in maximum, due to glacial isostatic adjustment, including the effects of past and present-day ice melting. Tohoku University has started continuous as well as repeated observation of GPS and gravity in this area jointly with the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, in order to observe the crustal uplift and clarify the geodynamic processes. An analysis of the GPS data with PPP (Precise Point Positioning) method has detected the tidal signals with the sub cm accuracy or better for some of the tidal constituents. Precise analysis of the effects of ocean tide is critical both for GPS and gravity due to the large amplitude exceeding 4 m and complex coastal lines in this area (Sato et al., 2008), and we have successfully solved this problem with newly developed precise ocean tide model adapted for this area (Inazu et al., 2009) Publications: Journals: 1. Kido, M., Y. Osada, and H. Fujimoto, Temporal variation of sound speed in ocean: a comparison

between GPS/acoustic and in situ measurements, Earth Planet. Space, 60, 229-234, 2008a. 2. Osada, Y., M. Kido, H. Fujimoto, and Y. Kaneda, Development of a seafloor acoustic ranging system

toward the seafloor cable network system, Ocean Engineering, 35, 1401-1405, DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2008.07.007, 2008a.


Specialized field Solid earth planet physics（Seafloor Geodesy） Solid earth planet physics（Geodynamics）

Research Subject Study on observation of seafloor crustal movements (2003-) Study on dynamics at plate boundaries (2000-)



3. Sato, T., S. Miura, Y. Ohta , H. Fujimoto, W. Sun, C. Larsen, M. Heavner, M. Kaufman, and J. T. Freymueller, Earth tides observed by gravimeter and GPS in Southeastern Alaska, J. Geodynamics, 46 (3-5), 78-89, October 2008.

4. Fujimoto, H., M. Kido, Y. Osada, and Y. Kaneda, Development of a GPS/A positioning system on a moored buoy, J. Geod. Soc. Japan, 54 (3), 181-187, 2008.

5. Kido, M., H. Fujimoto, and Y. Osada, Utilizing Motion Sensor Data in Past Seafloor Geodetic Measurements, J. Geod. Soc. Japan, 54 (3), 163-179, 2008b.

6. Osada, Y., T. Mizukami, M. Kido, Y. Ohta, H. Tsushima, S. Miura, and H. Fujimoto, Introduction of 10 Hz GPS Receiver for the Improved Observation of Seafloor Crustal Movement, J. Geod. Soc. Japan, 54 (3), 141-151, 2008b.

7. Inazu, D., T. Sato, S. Miura, Y. Ohta, K. Nakamura, H. Fujimoto, C.F. Larsen, and T. Higuchi, Accurate ocean tide modeling in southeast Alaska and large tidal dissipation around Glacier Bay, J. Oceanogr., 65, 335-347, 2009.

8. Tsushima, H., R. Hino, H. Fujimoto, Y. Tanioka, and F. Imamura, Near-field tsunami forecasting from cabled ocean bottom pressure data, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B06309, DOI:10.1029/2008JB005988, 2009.

9. Hino, R., S. Ii, T. Iinuma, and H. Fujimoto, Continuous long-term seafloor pressure observation for detecting slow-slip events in Miyagi-oki on the landward Japan trench slope, J. Disaster Res., 4 (2), 72-82, 2009.

10. Fujimoto, H., K. Nozaki, Y. Kawano, N. Demboya, A. Oshida, K. Koizumi, S. Mitsuishi, K. Iwamoto, and T. Kanazawa, Remodeling of an ocean bottom gravimeter and littoral seafloor gravimetry – toward the seamless gravimetry on land and seafloor -, J. Geod. Soc. Japan, 55 (3), 325-339, 2009.

11. Fujimoto, H., Observation of seafloor crustal movements, Zisin 2, 61S, S69-S74, 2009.



Takeshi Nishimura The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: The volcanic fluid behavior in the conduit is a key to evaluate and understand the volcanic eruption dynamics. Since the volcanic fluid oscillates and/or deform the conduit wall, volcanic earthquakes and tremor as well as volcanic deformations are observed at active volcanoes. The objectives of this study are to clarify the volcanic fluid dynamics associated with volcanic eruptions from the geophysical data. We study the relation of the magma upward migration process in an open conduit from which repetitive explosions occur to the volcano inflation. We also examine the basic characteristics of eruption tremor which are excited by volcanic flow in the conduit during eruptions. Results: We theoretically obtained the analytical solutions of the ground displacements and tilt on the surface of the semi-infinite medium to the magma pressure in an open conduit. Three cases of the basic magma ascent process in an open conduit are examined. When gas bubbles grow in magma by diffusive mass transfer of water molecules, the volcano displacements increase, being proportional to the 1.5 power of time. When gas bubbles rise up in low-viscous magma, the volcano slowly inflates at the beginning and gradually accelerates because of volume expansion of rising gas bubbles. However, when no gas bubble growth occurs in magma, the volcano inflation is not accelerated or even decelerated with time. We investigated temporal changes in the amplitudes eruption tremor as well as volcano topographic features and eruption magnitudes. The observed data show that the temporal changes in tremor amplitude indicate some typical patterns. And also, the magnitudes determined from the maximum amplitudes of eruption tremor is almost proportional to the vent radius, which is contrary to the explosion earthquakes in which the magnitude is proportional to the square of the vent radius. Publications: Journals: 1. Nishimura, T., Volcano deformation caused by magma ascent in an open conduit, J. Volcanol. Geotherm.

Res., 187, 178-192, 2009. 2. Maeda, T. Sato, H. and Nishimura, T., Synthesis of coda wave envelopes in randomly inhomogeneous

elastic media in a half-space: single scattering model including Rayleigh waves, Geophys. J. Int., 172, 130–154, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03603.x, 2008.

3. Takahashi, T., Sato, H. and Nishimura, T., Recursive formula for the peak delay time with travel

Title/Affiliation Associate Professor / Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Specialized Field Volcanology, Seismology

Research Subject Study of the dynamics of volcanic eruptions



distance in von Kármán type non-uniform random media on the basis of the Markov approximation, Geophys. J. Int., 173, 534–545, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03739.x, 2008.

4. McNutt, S. and Nishimura, T., Volcanic tremor during eruptions: temporal characteristics, scaling and constraints on conduit size and processes, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 10-18, 2008


6. Sawazaki, K., Sato, H., Nakahara, H. and Nishimura, T., Time-lapse changes of seismic velocity in the shallow ground caused by strong ground motion shock of the 2000 Western-Tottori Earthquake, Japan, as revealed from coda deconvolution analysis, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., Vol. 99, No. 1, pp. 352-366, 10.1785/0120080058, 2009.

7. Emoto, K., H. Sato, and T. Nishimura, Synthesis of vector-wave envelopes on the free surface of a random medium for the vertical incidence of a plane wavelet based on the Markov approximation, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 2010, Accepted.

Books: Co-authered books: 1. Nishimura, T., Magma dynamics revealed from the volcano observation data, In Approaches to the

Volcanic Explosion: Understanding of Eruption Mechanism and Mitigation of Volcanic Disaster (Ida, Y. and Taniguchi, H. eds.), Univ of Tokyo Press, 13-21, 2009.

2. Nishimura, T. and Hamaguchi, H., Volcanic earthquakes and tremor, In Cyclopedia of Volcano (Shimozuru, D. et al. eds.), Asakura Publishing Co. Ltd., 276-292, 2008.



Takeyoshi Yoshida The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: Three prominent tectonically indexed stages of volcanic activity are recognized in the NE Honshu arc, Japan. These are, continental margin (66-21Ma), back-arc basin (21-13.5Ma), and island-arc stage (13.5-0Ma). We have reviewed recent geological and petrological studies and synthesized to present the tectonic and magmatic evolution of the late Cenozoic NE Honshu arc. Interactions between the NE Honshu arc and the surrounding plates and the related magmatism appear to have been the main controls on the tectonic evolution including transition of the regional stress field and the subsidence history of the sedimentary basin of the NE Honshu arc. The change in the magmatic compositions mainly reflects the thermal structure of the mantle and overlying crust and the distribution of the source materials via the change of magma segregation depth. Change in the structure of magma plumbing system and the mode of volcanic activity reflects an intracrustal stress regime controlled mainly by plate motion. Changes in the eruption volumes are related to both the thermal structure and the regional stress regime. These relations result from a close link between tectonic and magmatic evolution of the island arc. Publications: Journals: 1. Acocella, V., Yoshida, T., Yamada, R. and Funiciello, F., Structural control on late Miocene to

Quaternary volcanism in the NE Honshu arc, Japan. Tectonics, 27, TC5008 (DOI:10.1029/2008TC002296), 2008.

2. Nishimoto, S., Ishikawa, M., Arima, M., Yoshida, T. and Nakajima, J., Simultaneous high P-T measurements of ultrasonic compressional and shear wave velocities in Ichino-megata mafic xenoliths: Their bearings on seismic velocity perturbations in lower crust of northeast Japan arc. J. Geophys. Res., 113, B12212, DOI:10.1029/2008JB005587. 2008.

3. Yoshida, T., Late Cenozoic Magmatism in the northeast Honshu Arc, Japan. Earth Science (Chikyu Kagaku), 63, 269-288, 2009. (in Japanese with English abstract)

4. Kimura, J., Hacker, B.R., Keken, P.E., Kawabata, H., Yoshida, T. and Stern, R.J., Arc Basalt Simulator version 2, a simulation for slab dehydration and fluid-fluxed mantle melting for arc basalts: Modeling scheme and application. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 10, Q09004, DOI:10.1029/2008GC002217, 2009.

5. Zhu, G., Gerya, T.V., Yuen, D.A., Honda, S., Yoshida, T. and Connolly, J.A.D., Three-dimensional dynamics of hydrous thermal-chemical plumes in oceanic subduction zones. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 10, Q11006, DOI:10.29/2009GC002625, 2009.

6. Prima, O.D.A. and Yoshida, T., Characterizing volcanic geomorphology using slope and topographic openness. Geomorphology. (in press)


Specialized Field Igneous Petrology, Tectonics

Research Subject Late Cenozoic Magmatism in the northeast Honshu Arc, Japan



Motoyuki Sato The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: We are pursuing the application of advanced electromagnetic technologies and radar/remote sensing methodoligies to the environmental and resources studies of the Northeast Asian region and development of the applied electromagnetic methodologies. Survey in the Northeast Asian region aims at various subjects, including ground water resources, permafrost, oil and energy resources, mineral resources and biology. Microwave remote sensing (SAR), Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Electromagnetic survey techniques and Polarimetric borehole radar have been used for these measurements. For instance, we have applied GPR surveys to ground water monitoring in order to evaluate the capacity of water supplies with the water supply and sewage company of Ulaanbaatar city. We have also conducted field measurements in Russia, China, Mongolia and Korea as art of international collaborative research. In cooperation with the researchers from different fields, we are studying how people have been related to the environment and resources of the North and East Asian region. The followings are the specialized research topics we have conducted in 2008-2009.

i. Development of ground penetrating radar technology for Humanitarian Demining Since 2002, we have developed a new hand-held land mine detection dual-sensor ALIS. ALIS is equipped with a metal detector and a GPR, and it has a sensor tracking system, which can record the GPR and Metal detector signal with its location. ALIS can process the data and is used for image re-construction by migration processing. ALIS is the only one mine detection system in the world which can visualize the GPR image by hand scanning. We found that the migration processing can reduce the clutter and gives us clear images of buried mines. After several tests of ALIS in mine affected courtiers, a long-term evaluation test in real mine fields has started in Croatia in winter 2008. Then, operation of ALIS in mine fields in Cambodia started in summer 2009. Two sets of ALIS have been operated in Cambodia and more than 30 antipersonnel mines have been detected.

ii. Development of visualization system for detection of buried metal objects for disaster mitigation. 17 people were killed and 6 people are still missing by the Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake occurred in June 2008. Most of the disaster was caused by landslides in mountain side in Miyagi prefecture, North Japan. In order to detect automobiles buried in deep soil, we developed a system combining a metal detector (EMI sensors) for UXO detection with RTK-GPS, which can visualize the metal detector response. Due to the high accuracy of the positioning by RTK-GPS, 3D visualization of the metal detector response on the steep slope of 50m in width by 150m in height at maximum 45 degree was obtained. We found that we can roughly identify the shape of the buried metal objects, and therefore we could discriminate larger objects from metal

Title/Affiliation Professor / Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University

Specialized Field Applied Electromagnetics

Research Subject Radar remote sensing for environment studies



fragments such as reinforcement bars in concrete blocks. We identified three possible points where cars can be buried in that area.

iii. Microwave remote sensing for North and East Asia by ALOS/PALSAR ALOS is an earth observation satellite which has been operated by JAXA since 2006. It is equipped with a L-band full-polarimetric SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) sensor PALSAR, and is the only ones system in the world which is acquiring the data regularly. Since the penetration of L-band microwave through vegetation is much better than the other frequency ranges used in satellite remote sensing, ALOS/PALSAR is especially good for earth surface observation and detection of ground surface conditions. IN order to conduct ground truth of the PALSAR data, we are developing a Ground-base SAR (GB-SAR) system. Polarimetric calibration for polarimetric Ground Based SAR system is presented in this paper. Firstly we measured 0 degree, 45 degree and 90 degree inclined thin wire in order to derive calibration parameters. After that we calibrated the system using the estimated parameters. As a result, we could calibrate 0 degree, 45 degree, 60 degree, 90 degree wire from 1 to 2GHz. Although we couldn’t calibrate 30 degree wire, the differences between theoretical and calibrated value were less than 2dB.

iv. Directional Borehole Radar We have developed a Directional Borehole radar system, and established the system also with calibration technique. Applying that system to subsurface fracture imaging at Kamaishi test fiel din Iwate, they cold visualize the 3-Dimentional orientation of subsurface fractures up to 10 m form a borehole. Publications: Journals: 1. Eryan Dai, Ya Qiu Jin, Tadashi Hamasaki, Motoyuki Sato, Three dimensional stereo reconstruction of

buildings using polarimetric SAR images acquired in opposite directions. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 5 (2), 236-240, 2008.

2. Jian Guo Zhao and Motoyuki Sato, Experimental implementation and assessment of two polarimetric calibration approaches applied for a fully polarimetric borehole radar. Journal of Geophysics abd Engineering, 5, 232-243, 2008.

3. Jun Sonoda, Masanori Koga, Motoyuki Sato, A novel error compensation method with the dispersion relation equation for the CIP method. IEICE Electronics Express (ELEX), 5 (22), 936-942, 2008.

4. Xuang Feng, Motoyuki Sato, Yan Zhang, Cai Liu, Fusheng Shi and Yonsghui Zhao, CMP antenna array GPR and signal to noise ratio improvement. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 6 (1), 23-27, 2009.

5. Shunichi Kusano, Motoyuki Sato, Evaluation of Trihedral Corner Reflector for SAR Polarimetric Calibration. IEICE Transactions on Electronics, E92-C (1), 112-115, 2009.



Fumihiko Imamura The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: To develop the numerical method to predict a tsunami along the coast by using the data of earthquake and tsunami observed by GPS buoy and bottom pressure gauge in real time for the case of the past and present tsunamis. Two methods; database and real time forecasting, are discussed by taking consideration of available input data, CPU time and its accuracy for estimating the tsunami behaviors along the coast. Results: (1) Forecasting method *Imamura developed the two methods; database and real time forecasting, are proposed through taking consideration of available input data, CPU time and its accuracy for estimating the tsunami behaviors along the coast. The forecasting system stored in the database with the several scenarios with the appropriate fault parameters could provide with a reasonable results including the tsunami heights as well as inundation area. The database system tried to be applied to other area with different location and characteristics of tsunamis. International and national activities: (1) Activity in AGU • Imamura served as CIP Committee on International Participation ,AGU(American Geophysical Union),

November 2008-present (2) Activity of International Journal • Imamura served as Editorial Board member for Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean

Engineering, ASCE, April 2005- present and Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami (JET), World Scientific, March 2007- present .

(3) Activity of the president of JSNDS • Imamura served as president of the Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science, April 2008-present Awards: 1. Imamura is awarded the 2007 Continuing International Contribution Award in Japan Society of Civil

Engineering in June 2008 2. Imamura is awarded the 1st Best paper Awards by the Sedimentological Society of Japan in 2009 for

“Goto,K., S. A. Chavanich, F. Imamura, P. Kunthasap, T. Matsui, K. Minoura, D. Sugawara, H. Yanagisawa, Distribution, origin and transport process of boulders deposited by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami at Pakarang Cape, Thailand, Sedimentary Geology, 202, 821-837, 2007”

Title/Affiliation Professor / Disaster Control Research Center, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University

Specialized Field Tsunami Engineering

Research Subject Study on Prediction of earthquake and tsunami hazards



Publications: Journals: 1. Goto, K., Imamura, F., 2009d, A simple numerical model for the damage of corals by tsunami, Coral

Reefs: Biology, Threats and Restoration. (in press) 2. Koshimura, S., Y. Hayashi, K. Munemoto and F. Imamura, Effect of the Emperor Seamounts on

Trans--Oceanic Propagation of the 2006 Kuril Island Earthquake Tsunami, Geophysical Research Letters, 35, DOI:10.1029/2007GL032129, 2008

3. Imamura, F., K. Goto, S. Ohkubo, A numerical model for the transport of a boulder by tsunami. Journal of Geophysical Research –Ocean, 113, C01008, DOI:10,1029/2007JC004170, 2008

4. Abe, I., K. Goto, F. Imamura, K. Shimizu, Numerical simulation of the tsunami generated by the 2007 Noto Hanto earthquake and implications for unusual tidal surges observed in Toyama Bay. Earth, Planets and Space. Vol.60, pp.133-138, 2008.

5. Tsushima, H., R.Hino, H.Fujimoto,T.Tanioka, and F. Imamura, Near-field tsunami forecasting from cabled ocean bottom pressure data, Journal of Geophysical Research –Ocean Vol.114, B06309, DOI:10.1029/2008JB005988 , 2009

6. Goto, K., Okada, K., Imamura, F., 2009f, Characteristics and hydrodynamics of boulders transported by storm waves at Kudaka Island, Japan. Marine Geology. (in press)

7. Imamura, F., Dissemination of information and evacuation procedures in the 2004-2007 Tsunamis, including the 2004 Indian Ocean, Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Vol.3 No.2, pp.59-65, 2009

8. Srivichai,M., F. Imamura and S.Supharatid, A web-based online Tsunami Warning system for Thailand’s Andaman Coastline, Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Vol.3 No.2, pp.101-111, 2009

9. Yanagisawa,H., S.Koshimura, K.Goto, T.Miyagi, F. Imamura, A.Ruangrassmsse,C.Tanavud, The reduction effects of Mangrove forest on a tsunami based on field surveys at pakarang Cape, Thailand and numerical analysis, Estuaries, Coastal and shelf Science, Vol.81, pp.27-37, 2009

10. Imamura, F. and K.Imai, Characteristics and mitigation measure for tsunamis generated along the Nankai trough, Journal of Disaster Research, Vol.4, No.2, pp.127-134, 2009

11. Santos, A., S.Koshimura and F. Imamura, The 1775 Lisbon Tsunami: Tsunami source determination and its validation, Journal of Disaster Research, Vol.4, No.1, pp.41-52, 2009

Books: Co-authered books: 1. Imamura, F，E.Bernardo & A.Robinon ed., The Sea : Tsunamis (The Sea: Ideas and Observations on

Progress in the Study of the Seas), Harvard Univ. Press, ISBN：9780674031739, 2008 2. Imamura, F，R.Shaw & R.R.Krishnamurthy ed., Disaster Management- Global challenges and local

solutions, Tsunami Risk Reduction, 38-47, ISBN978-81-7371-656-0, Universities Press, 2009.



Hiroyuki Nagahama The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: (1) Studies on the rheology of rocks and lithosphere. Rheology denotes the study of deformation and flow of

matter. Our efforts are directed towards a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of rocks and to the formulation of more precise mathematical models for their dominant mechanical properties or electromagnetic radiations, mainly friction and wear during slip-sliding, frictional discharge plasma, afterslip associated with interplate earthquakes and viscoelastic behavior of rocks Subsequent efforts are focused on analyses of the rheology of lithosphere, which is of first-class significance in earth science.

(2) Studies on preseismic changes in atmospheric radon concentration and crustal strain, and preseimic

alteration of atmospheric electric conditions and electromagnetic phenomena due to anomalous radon emanation (Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere interaction). These studies are the source of a renewed interest in the field of earth science.

(3) Studies on nonlinear dynamics, fractal geometries, differential geometries, chaos (e.g., Lorenz system)

and solitons on dislocations, faults, earthquakes and geomagnetic reversals (Rikitake system). Especially we are studying differential geometries (Finsler and Kawaguchi geometries) of seismic ray path in anisotropic media.

Recent products: (1) Preseismic changes in atmospheric radon concentration and crustal strain

The anomalous increase in atmospheric radon concentration prior to the 1995 Kobe earthquake is compared with that in crustal strain and in other preseismic phenomena such as groundwater radon concentration, groundwater discharge rate and chloride ion concentration in groundwater. These preseismic phenomena are linked to fluctuations in crustal strain of the order of 10-6 to 10-8. The atmospheric radon concentration is the average or summation of radon released from a large area surrounding the monitoring station and the change can be quantitatively expressed by a power-law and log-oscillation model. These indicate that the observation of atmospheric radon is of benefit in the detection of the small anomalous preseismic crustal strain. This study was published by Physics and Chemistry of the Earth.

(2) Preseimic alteration of atmospheric electric conditions due to anomalous radon emanation

Preseismic radon (Rn-222) emanation is considered to be one of the main physical mechanisms of


Specialized Field Solid earth planet physics Geology Mathematical physics/fundamental theory of physical properties

Research Subject Study on Fractal Properties of Rock Fractures (1990-) Study on Rheology of Rocks and Lithosphere (1990-)



electromagnetic precursory phenomena. We analyzed the atmospheric radon concentration around the occurrence time of the 1995 Kobe earthquake, and evaluate the influence on the atmospheric electrical conditions based on the global electric circuit under the quasistatic state. The radon emanation increases the number density of small ions and the atmospheric conductivity and decreases the atmospheric electric field by about 40–50% in the lower atmosphere, while they show little change in the upper atmosphere. The difference in the lower and upper atmosphere induces the reduction of the ionospheric potential. The estimated quasistatic changes near the ground can explain the reported seismic precursors such as the ion number density and the electric field. At the ionospheric altitude, however, not only the quasistatic process but also the shorter-term process, i.e., a transient electrodynamic process in the atmosphere is required for the understanding of the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere interaction due to the radon emanation associated with large earthquakes. This study was published by Physics and Chemistry of the Earth.

(3) Finsler geometry of seismic ray path in anisotropic media

We studied the seismic ray theory in anisotropic inhomogeneous media based on non-Euclidean geometry called Finsler geometry. For a two-dimensional ray path, the seismic wavefront in anisotropic media can be geometrically expressed by Finslerian parameters. By using elasticity constants of a real rock, the Finslerian parameters are estimated from a wavefront propagating in the rock. As a result, the anisotropic parameters indicate that the shape of wavefront is expressed not by a circle but by a convex curve called a superellipse. This deviation from the circle as an isotropic wavefront can be characterized by a roughness of wavefront. The roughness parameter of the real rock shows that the shape of the wavefront is expressed by a fractal curve. From an orthogonality of the wavefront and the ray, the seismic wavefront in anisotropic media relates to a fractal structure of the ray path. This study was published by Proceeding of Royal Society, A.

(4) Skin depth of electromagnetic wave through fractal crustal rocks

Skin depth of electromagnetic (EM) wave depends on frequency of EM wave and electrical properties of rocks and minerals. Based on fractal theory of rocks, we point out that the frequency exponent reflects internal fractal structures (i.e., occupancy, distribution and connectivity) of dielectric/conductive matrices of rocks such as pores, cracks, grain boundaries, inclusions and various fluids. Laboratory measurements of dielectric constant and conductivity of granite and previous studies on various rocks as a function of frequency show that the frequency exponent is an exponent ranging from 1/4 to 1. By extrapolation of the skin depth by laboratory measurements at a given frequency into at other frequencies, the skin depth with variation in the frequency exponent becomes longer or shorter than that by previous studies. Moreover, at a given frequency, the skin depth decreases with increasing a fractal dimension of fracture systems. Thus, the skin depth of EM wave through the crust for detecting seismo-EM radiations and through rock salt domes for detecting ultra-high energy neutrinos depends on fractal structures of dielectric/conductive matrices in heterogeneous crust. This study was accepted by IEEJ Trans. A (Elect. Eng. Jpn.).

(5) Afterslip associated with interplate earthquakes and the viscoelastic behaviour of rocks

Temporal changes in afterslip displacement rate associated with interplate earthquakes are investigated using a constitutive law for the viscoelastic behavior of rocks. The law is based on irreversible



thermodynamics with internal state variables and is derived as the relaxation modulus following a temporal power law that emerges as the collective dynamics of internal states with respective relaxation times at various time-scales. The constitutive law can represent the transient behavior in response to sudden changes in stress and strain rate, as well as the steady-state behavior of rocks. Analysis of afterslip (cumulative displacement) time series estimated from the seismic moments of small repeating earthquakes in the northeastern Japan subduction zone shows that the temporal change in afterslip follows a temporal power law. This finding suggests that afterslip comprises many transient responses associated with seismic events of various sizes. This study was published by Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan.

(6) Variation of atmospheric radon concentration with bimodal seasonality

We have measured atmospheric radon (Rn-222) concentration on the Oshika Peninsula, northeastern Japan, since July 2005 to assess fluctuations of natural gamma-ray dose rate. The radon concentration shows a typical diurnal cycle with a minimum in daytime and a maximum in nighttime generated by the different strength in atmospheric convection, which is well observed in the world. On seasonal time scale, monthly change of the daily minimums has a monomodal seasonality with a maximum in winter and a minimum in summer, while monthly changes of the daily averages and maximums exhibit a bimodal one with maximum both in winter and summer. The origins of air masses arriving to the measuring site characterized by the Asian monsoonal cycle appear to explain the monomodal seasonality rather than the bimodal one. In addition, the atmospheric stability is not strong enough to cause the radon increase in summer. These results suggest that the bimodal cycle is possibly decomposed of two phases: one is attributed to the seasonal difference in radon inflow by atmospheric circulation and the other in radon exhalation from the earth surface. These results indicate that the observation of atmospheric radon without the efect in radon inflow by atmospheric circulation is of benefit in the detection of the radon exhalation from the earth surface. This study was published by Radiation Measurements.

(7) Tangent bundle viewpoint of the Lorenz system and its chaotic behavior

We proposed a new geometric viewpoint of the Lorenz system based on a theory of tangent bundle. By introducing the geometrical viewpoints of second order system governed by Euler–Poincaré equation or Lie–Poisson equation, geometrical invariants of the Lorenz system can be obtained. Especially, a torsion tensor as one of geometrical invariants relates to the chaotic behavior characterized by the Rayleigh number, and results from the decomposition from the second order system to the tangent space (state space) and base space (configuration space). This study was published by Phys. Lett. A.

(8) Geometrical unified theory of Rikitake system and KCC-theory

We have studied the Rikitake system as nonlinear dynamical systems in geomagnetism based on the KCC-theory and the unified field theory. Especially, the behavior of the magnetic field of the Rikitake system is represented in the electrical system projected from the electro-mechanical unified system. Then, the KCC-invariants for the electrical and mechanical systems can be obtained. The third invariant as the torsion tensor expresses the aperiodic behavior of the magnetic field. Moreover, as a result of the projection, a protrusion between the mechanical and electrical systems is represented by the Euler–Schouten tensor. This Euler–Schouten tensor and the third invariant consist of the same



mutual-inductance. Therefore, the aperiodic behavior of the magnetic field can be characterized by the protrusion between the electrical and mechanical systems. This study was published by Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications.

Publications: Journals: 1. Yasuoka, Y., Kawada, Y., Nagahama, H., Omori, Y., Ishikawa, T., Tokonami, S. and Shinogi, M.

Preseismic changes in atmospheric radon concentration and crustal strain. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 34, 431-434, 2008.

2. Omori, Y., Nagahama, H., Kawada, Y., Yasuoka, Y., Ishikawa, T., Tokonami, S. and Shinogi, M. Preseimic alteration of atmospheric electric conditions due to anomalous radon emanation. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 34, 435-440, 2008.

3. Yajima, T. and Nagahama, H. Finsler geometry of seismic ray path in anisotropic media. Proc. R. Soc. A, 465, 1763-1777, 2009.

4. Omori, Y., Tohbo, I., Nagahama, H., Ishikawa, Y., Takahashi, M., Sato, H. and Sekine T. Variation of atmospheri radon conentration with bimodal seasonality. Radiation Measurements, 44, 1045-1050, 2009.

5. Yajima, T. and Nagahama, H. Tangent bundle viewpoint of the Lorenz system and its chaotic behavior. Phys. Lett. A., 374, 1315-1319, 2009.

6. Yajima, T. and Nagahama, H. Geometrical unified theory of Rikitake system and KCC-theory. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications, 71 (available on line), e203-e210, 2009.

7. Kawada, Y., Nagahama, H., Uchida, N. and Matsuzawa, T. Afterslip associated with interplate earthquakes and the viscoelastic behaviour of rocks. Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, 115, 448-456, 2009. In Japanease with English abstract.

8. Takahara, K., Muto, J. and Nagahama, H. Skin depth of electromagnetic wave through fractal crustal rocks. IEEJ Trans. A (Elect. Eng. Jpn.), 130, Sec.A. (in press)

Books: Textbook and editing: 1. Iwasa, N., Nagahama, H. Section I, Measurement of environmental radiation, Education Course

Textbook of Tohoku Univ., A Comprehensive Experiment of Natural Sciences 2009，Text editors of A Comprehensive Experiment of Natural Sciences (eds.), 13-34，Tohoku University Press, Sendai, 301pp., 2009. (in Japanese)

2. Iwasa, N., Nagahama, H. Section I, Measurement of environmental radiation, Education Course Textbook of Tohoku Univ., A Comprehensive Experiment of Natural Sciences 2010，Text editors of A Comprehensive Experiment of Natural Sciences (eds.), Tohoku University Press, Sendai, 2010. (in Japanese), (in press)



Toshifumi Imaizumi

The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: Coseismic behavior of active fold and thrust belts is crucial for prediction of the magnitudes and locations of future earthquakes and thus for appropriate evaluation of their future seismic hazards. The purpose of this study is to clarify the structure of surface and sub-surfaces fault, based on geomorphic, geologic and seismic reflection survey. High-resolution seismic reflection profiles across coseismic fault scarps reactivated during the A.D. 1896 Rikuu earthquake along the eastern margin fault zone of the Yokote basin (EFZYB) in northeast Japan, correlated with borehole stratigraphy and geologic mapping, provide insights into its detailed kinematic history and structural evolution. In spite of along-strike variations of thrust geometries both at ground surface and at shallow depth, the EFZYB has commonly formed as forward breaking imbricate thrust systems. Near surface complexity of thrust geometries appears strongly affected by mechanical decoupling between layers within middle to late Miocene mudstone. Cross-section balancing across the Mahiru Mountains shows strong correlation of the millennial uplift rates with mountain topography but its weak correlation with the late Pleistocene uplift rates. Considering the thrust trajectories estimated by the balanced cross sections, the millennial dip-slip rate are consistent with the late Pleistocene dip-slip rate, suggesting that the EFZYB has accumulated strains at a constant rate since the onset of its fault activity. Publications: Journals: 1. Kagohara K., Ishiyama T., Imaizumi T., Miyauchi T., Sato H., Matsuta N., Miwa A. and Ikawa T.,

Surface geometry and structural evolution of the eastern margin fault zone of the Yokote basin based on seismic reflection data, northeast Japan, Tectonophysics, 470, 319-329, 2009.

2. Kosaka H., Tateishi R., Miwa A., Ichikawa Y., Kamataki T. and Imaizumi T., Faults and stratal deformation exposed on the active fault zone along the western margin of the Kitamkami lowland, Shimosekita area, northeast Japan: subsurface fault geometry inferred from balanced cross-section analysis, Active Fault Research, 30, 37-46, 2009. (in Japanese with English abstract)

3. Kosaka H., Kagohara K., Miwa A., Imaizumi T., Kurosawa H. and Nohara T., Fission-track ages of late Pliocene to Pleistocene strata around the eastern margin of the Yokote basin active fault zone, northeast Japan, Journal of Geogarphy, 117(5), 851-862, 2008. (in Japanese with English abstract)


Specialized Field Tectonic geomorphology

Research Subject Active tectonic study based on mapping and evaluating surface and sub-surface faulting





Earth Environmental Change Research Group Climate Change Research Subgroup Members

Project Members: (**Sub-Group Leader)

Kimio Hanawa (**) (Department of Geophysics), Takakiyo Nakazawa （Department of Earth Sciences）, Hiroshi Kawamura (Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies), Toshio Suga (Department of Geophysics), Koji Minoura, Kunio Kaiho (Department of Earth Sciences)

Associate Members: Toshiki Iwasaki, Weiming Sha, Takeshi Yamazaki, Shoichi Kizu (Department of Geophysics), Tadahiro Sato, Satoshi Miura, Toru Nakamori, Masateru Hino, Shinichi Hirano, Yoshinori Otsuki, Noritoshi Suzuki, Tsutomu Yamada （Department of Earth Sciences）, Shuji Aoki, Tadahiro Hayasaka, Hajime Okamoto, Futoki Sakaida, Teruhisa Shimada (Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions), Osamu Sasaki (The Tohoku Univerisity Museum), Kiyotaka Sakaida, Gen Ueda, Ryohei Sekine (Graduate School of Environmental Studies), Akira Mano, Keiko Udo (Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies)

COE Researchers: Shun Chiyonobu (Department of Earth Sciences), Kotaro Hosoda (Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies)

Special Researcher: Shusaku Sugimoto (International Advanced Research and Education Organization, Tohoku University)

Research Purpose and Targets

Based on the achievements made in the 21st Century COE program, we will further develop our studies of the following topics. We will clarify mechanisms of global warming by examining changes in oceanic stratification and circulation, and very high sea-surface temperature (SST) phenomena (Hot Events) and their impacts on global/regional climate and weather. We will monitor greenhouse gases and related atmospheric and oceanic components and assess their global distribution accurately. Satellite-based oceanographic and atmospheric research will be conducted using a network that has already been constructed among more than 10 Asian universities. Several research targets are described specifically as follows. (1) We clarify the time-dependent nature of the reemergence phenomenon of subtropical mode water on

winter sea-surface temperature (SST) variation in the central North Pacific, and the link of its phase shift with the Aleutian Low.

(2) Using satellite-derived data for SST, sea surface height, the surface wind vector, and ocean color, large-scale anomalies with very high SSTs greater than 30° (Hot Events) are investigated in the equatorial Indo-Pacific warm pool region.



(3) We develop new high-precision techniques for measuring atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, as well as the atmospheric oxygen concentration and their isotopic ratios. Using these techniques, extensive measurements of atmospheric and oceanic components related to the circulation of greenhouse gases will be conducted at locations around the world.

(4) Analyses of polar ice cores from many sites in Antarctica and Greenland are also conducted. Results will reveal temporal and spatial variations of greenhouse gases in the troposphere and the stratosphere on a global scale.

Summary of Our Research

Five program members of the group have made the important contributions summarized below. See the detailed reports prepared by each of the program members. (1) Kimio Hanawa and Co-Authors have maintained

high-resolution XBT/XCTD (HRX) monitoring between Hawaii and Japan three times a year since 1998 to the present (this monitoring line is internationally designated as PX-40). Using these monitoring data, yearly mean heat and freshwater transport are estimated respectively as 0.32 ± 0.17 pW and 0.08 ± 0.07 Sv. These values are in line with those estimated using the surface flux method with atmospheric reanalysis data.

Figure. Estimated northward heat (a) and freshwater (b) transports and comparison with those estimated by the surface flux methd using the atmospheric reanalysis data and the direct method using the hydrographic data.



(2) Takakiyo Nakazawa and Co-Workers reconstructed temporal variations of the CO2, CH4, and N2O concentrations, the O2/N2 ratio, and the air content of ice over the last 720 kyr using the Dome Fuji deep ice core. They also developed a high-precision analysis technique for d3C and dD of CH4, then analyzed the present atmosphere and air samples extracted from two Antarctic ice cores for both isotopic ratios. The results showed not only secular changes in d13C and dD attributable to human activities, but also temporal variations in response to interstadial-stadial variations that occurred during the glacial period.

Figure. Variations of atmospheric CO2, CH4 and N2O concentrations over the last 580000 years deduced from the Dome-Fuji deep ice core, Antarctica. The δ18O values of ice are also shown.

(3) Hiroshi Kawamura and Co-Workers identified a Hot Event in the tropical western Pacific in November 2006. A case study of this HE is conducted using satellite products and in-situ measurements from the TAO/TRITON mooring array. Two parts (EAST and WEST) with very high SST connected to form the HE SST in the WEST increase quickly with large diurnal SST variations, which are caused by large solar radiation and suppressed latent heat loss. The increase of the mixed-layer heat content is clearly accounted for by the accumulated heat gain through air-sea interaction. The formation mechanism of EAST is completely different; its very high SST is supported by a subsurface high SST anomaly associated with El Nino.

Figure. Distributuion of Hot Event (HE) intensity, which is the period mean of residual (MGD-SST minus 30ºC). This HE occurred in November 2006 (HE0611).



(4) Toshio Suga and Co-Workers calculated the annual subduction rate of the North Pacific based on isopycnally averaged hydrographic climatology (HydroBase), high-resolution winter mixed-layer climatology (NWMLC), and various wind stress climatologies from ship reports, numerical weather prediction products, and satellite products. The subduction rate census for density classes showed peaks corresponding to subtropical mode water (STMW), central mode water (CMW), and eastern subtropical mode water (ESTMW). Diagnosis of the potential vorticity (PV) of the subducted water demonstrated that the low PV of STMW was mainly attributable to the large subduction rate, whereas that of both ESTMW and CMW was due mainly to the small density advection rate (cross-isopycnal flow). Additionally, a large subduction rate probably contributes to the low PV of part of the lighter CMW (ESTMW) formed in the region around 38°N and 170°W (28°N and 145°W), as characterized by a thick winter mixed layer and an associated mixed-layer front, causing a large lateral induction rate.

(5) Koji Minoura and Co-Workers have tried to present last-glacial to postglacial records of paleoclimate

proxies from Lake Hovsgol. Their results revealed the following. Increasing summer radiation caused the atmospheric-pressure gradient between continents and oceans to decrease. The summer monsoon that developed because of increased solar-energy absorption of the ocean surface transported moisture from the ocean onto the land, thereby producing warm, wet climatic conditions in the Asian interior as orbital-scale insolation gradually increased. The authors associate this response with high-altitude terrestrial processes via the changing atmospheric desiccation-precipitation reactions, and suggest that the enhanced solar radiation activity accelerated deglacial warming through feedback caused by increasing vegetation with resulting albedo decreases.

Awards and Honors

Tadahiro Sato: The Earth Tide Commission Medal 2008, International Association of Geodesy Koji Minoura: The Sedimentological Society of Japan Paper Award Takakiyo Nakazawa: The Medal with Purple Ribbon in FY2009



Kimio Hanawa

The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: The research purpose is to elucidate a mechanism of long-term climate variation such as Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), especially from the view point of the large-scale air-sea interaction. An outline of the research made in AY (academic year) 2008 and AY2009 is as follows: (1) Estimation of heat and fresh water transport in the North Pacific (Uehara et al., 2008, JGR) To directly estimate heat and fresh water transport in the ocean is quite important to understand the role of the ocean in climate. Our research group, Physical Oceanography Laboratory of Tohoku University maintains the high resolution XBT/XCTD (HRX) monitoring between Hawaii and Japan three times a year since 1998 to the present. This monitoring line is internationally designated as PX-40. Using these monitoring data, heat and fresh water transports are estimated and estimated values are in line with that estimated by the surface flux method using the reanalysis data. (2) Evaluation of XCTD fall rates (Kizu et al., 2008, DSR). In oceanography field, many types of expendable sensors are used. In order to estimate the depth using the elapsed time since the sensor hit the sea surface, accurate fall rate of sensors must be prepared. Recent years, the Tsurumi Seiki Company, Japan, has developed several types of XCTD (expendable CTD). Our research group made inter-comparison experiment between CTD and various types of XCTD. Using these inter-comparison data, accurate fall rate of each of various types of XCTDs has been obtained. (3) Non-propagating nature of upper-ocean heat content anomalies in the eastern tropical South Pacific after ENSO events (Hasegawa et al., 2008, GRL) It is known that the positive heat content anomalies propagate in the off-equatorial region of the North Pacific after ENSO events. On the contrary, in the South Pacific, although positive heat content anomalies emanates westward from the western coast of the South American Continent after ENSO events, they cannot propagate further west. The reason why this happens is investigated using the atmospheric reanalysis data. It is found that latent heat flux and wind stress curl leading to oceanic upwelling over positive heat content anomalies strongly weaken the positive heat content anomalies there.


Specialized Field Weather / oceanic physics/hydrology

Research Subject 1. Weather/oceanic physics/hydrology 2. Large-scale air-sea interaction and its relation to long-term climate

variability



Publications: Journals: 1. Suga, T., Y. Aoki, H. Saito, and K. Hanawa, Ventilation of the North Pacific subtropical pycnocline and

mode water formation, Prog. Oceanogr., 77, 285-297, 2008. 2. Uehara, H., S. Kizu, K. Hanawa, Y. Yoshikawa and D. Roemmich, Estimation of heat and freshwater

transports in the North Pacific using the high resolution XBT data, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C02014, DOI:10.1029/2007JC004165, 2008.

3. Kizu, S., H. Onishi, T. Suga, K. Hanawa, T. Watanabe, and H. Iwamiya, Evaluation of the fall rates of the present and developmental XCTDs. Deep-Sea Res. Part I, 55, 571-586, 2008.

4. Hasegawa, T., K. Hanawa, Y.M. Tourre and W.B. White, 2008: Absence of propagating upper-ocean heat content anomalies in the eastern tropical South Pacific after ENSO events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L09607, DOI:10.1029/2007GL033065, 2008.

5. Yasunaka, S., and K. Hanawa, Interannual variation of wintertime surface air temperature of Japan and its relation to large scale atmospheric general circulation, Tenki, 55(3), 149-158, 2008.

6. Sugimoto, S., and K. Hanawa, Decadal and interdecadal variations of the Aleutian Low activity and their relation to upper oceanic variations over the North Pacific, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 87, 601-614, 2009.

7. Asami, R., T. Fellis, P. Desechamps, K. Hanawa, Y. Iryu, E. Bard, N. Durand and M. Murayama, Evidence for tropical South Pacific climate change during the Younger Dryas and the Bolling-Allerod from geochemical records of fossil Tahiti corals, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. (in press)



Takakiyo Nakazawa

Research purpose and outline of results: The research purpose is to elucidate the global cycles of greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4 and N2O, based on measurements of atmospheric greenhouse gases over a geographically wide area, analyses of their spatio-temporal variations by three-dimensional global transport models, measurements of CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean, and reconstruction of concentration histories of greenhouse gases from polar ice cores. An outline of the research made so far is as follows: Comprehensive measurements of concentrations and isotopic ratios of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere were made using ground-based stations, aircraft and ships. To estimate global CO2 budget from secular changes in atmospheric O2, a high precision O2 measurement system was developed, and continuous observations were initiated at Syowa Station, Antarctica and on Enoshima Island off the coast of Sanriku, Japan. From measurements made using commercial container ships in the western Pacific Ocean for the period 1991-2008, a secular trend, a seasonal cycle, interannual variations and latitudinal distributions of atmospheric N2O concentration were revealed. By analyzing the CO2 and SF6 concentrations measured in the stratosphere over Japan, France, the Scandinavian Peninsula and USA for the last 30 years, we found that the age of air above 20 km has remained constant. This finding is inconsistent with the prediction by all atmospheric general circulation models that global warming enhances the Brewer-Dobson circulation. It was also found, by analyzing δ17O and δ 18O of CO2 extracted from stratospheric air samples collected over Japan for the period 1994-2004, that mass-independent isotopic fractionation occurs. To reconstruct temporal variations of the CO2, CH4 and N2O concentrations, the O2/N2 ratio and the air content of ice over the last 720 kyrs, analyses of the Dome Fuji deep ice core were continued. We also developed a high precision analysis technique for δ 13C and δ D of CH4, and then analyzed the present atmosphere and air samples extracted two Antarctic ice cores for both isotopic ratios. The results showed not only secular changes in δ 13C and δ D due to human activities, but also temporal variations in response to interstadial-stadial variations during the glacial period. By analyzing the data taken using four research vessels in the eastern Indian sector of the Southern Ocean from November 2001 to March 2003, we clarified temporal variations of CO2 partial pressure in the surface ocean and their causes, and estimated the CO2 uptake in this ocean area.

Title/Affiliation Professor / Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Specialized Field Atmospheric Physics and Meteorology

Research Subject Atmospheric constituents and climate change Global cycles of greenhouse gases



Transport processes governing CO2 distributions in the troposphere were examined by performing numerical experiments using a CCSR/NIES/FRCGC atmospheric general circulation model. Publications: Journals: 1. Morimoto, S., Yamanouchi,T., Honda, H., Aoki, S., Nakazawa, T., Sugawara, S., Ishidoya, S., Iijima, I.

and Yoshida, T., A new compact cryogenic air sampler and its application in stratospheric greenhouse gas observation at Syowa Station, Antarctica, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2182-2191, 2009.

2. Kadygrov, N., Maksyutov, S., Eguchi, N., Aoki, T., Nakazawa, T., Yokota, T. and Inoue, G., Role of simulated GOSAT total column CO2 observations in surface CO2 flux uncertainty reduction, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D21208, DOI:10.1029/2008JD011597, 2009.

3. Morimoto, S., Aoki, S. and Nakazawa,T., High precision measurements of carbon isotopic ratio of atmospheric methane using a continuous flow mass spectrometer, Antarctic Record, 53, 1-8, 2009.

4. Umezawa, T., Aoki, S., Nakazawa, T. and Morimoto, S., A high-precision measurement system for carbon and hydrogen isotopic ratios of atmospheric methane and its application to air samples collected in the western Pacific region, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 87, 365-379, 2009.

5. Patra, P. K., Takigawa, T., Ishijima, K., Choi, B.-C., Cunnold, D., Dlugokencky, E. J., Goo, T.-Y. , Kim, J.-S., Krummel, P., Langenfelds, R., Meinhardt, F., Morimoto, S., Mukai, H., Prinn, R. G., Steele, P., Tohjima, Y., Tsuboi, K., Uhse, K., Weiss, R. Worthy, D. and Nakazawa, T., Growth rate, seasonal, synoptic and diurnal variations in lower atmospheric methane, J. Meteorolo. Soc. Japan, 87, 615-633, 2009.

6. Yashiro, H., Sugawara, S., Sudo, K., Aoki, S. and Nakazawa, T., Temporal and spatial variations of carbon monoxide in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08305, DOI:10.1029/2008JD010876, 2009.

7. Nakaoka, S., Nakazawa, T., Yoshikawa-Inoue, H., Aoki, S., Hashida, H., Gomi, Y., Ishii, M., Yamanouchi, T., Odate, T. and Fukuchi, M., Variations of oceanic pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in the eastern Indian sector of the Southern Ocean for the austral summer of 2001/02, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L14610, DOI:10.1029/2009GL038467, 2009.

8. Engel, A., Möbius, T., Bönisch, H., Schmidt, U., Heinz, R., Levin, I., Atlas, E., Aoki, S., Nakazawa, T., Sugawara, S., Moore, F., Hurst, D., Elkins, J., Schauffler, S., Andrews, A. and Boering, K., Age of stratospheric air unchanged within uncertainties over the past 30 years, Nature Geoscience, 2, 28-31, DOI:10.1038/ngeo388, 2009.

9. Miyazaki, K., Machida, T., Patra, P. K., Iwasaki, T. and Nakazawa, T., Formation mechanisms of latitudinal CO2 gradients in the upper troposphere over the subtropics and tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D03306, DOI:10.1029/2008JD010545, 2009.

10. Ishijima, K., Nakazawa, T. and Aoki, S., Variations of atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration in the northern and western Pacific, Tellus B, 61, 408-415, DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00406.x, 2009.

11. Kawagucci, S., Tsunogai, U., Kudo, S., Nakagawa, F., Honda, H., Aoki, S., Nakazawa, T., Tsutsumi, M. and Gamo, T., Long-term observation on 17O anomaly in the lower stratospheric CO2 over Japan, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1-9, 2008.



12. Miyazaki, K., Patra, P. K., Takigawa, M., Iwasaki, T. and Nakazawa, T., Global-scale transport of carbon dioxide in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15301, DOI:10.1029/2007JD009557, 2008.

13. Machida, T., Matsueda, H., Sawa, Y., Nakagawa, Y., Hirotani, K., Kondo, K., Goto, K., Ishikawa, K., Nakazawa, T. and Ogawa, T., Worldwide Measurements of Atmospheric CO2 and Other Trace Gas Species Using Commercial Airlines, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 25, 1744-1754, 2008.

14. Ishidoya, S., Morimoto, S., Sugawara, S., Watai, T., Machida, T., Aoki, S., Nakazawa, T. and Yamanouchi, T., Gravitational separation detected from O2/N2, δ15N of N2, δ18O of O2, Ar/N2 observed in the lowermost part of the stratosphere at northern middle and high latitudes in early spring of 2002,Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03812, DOI:10.1029/2007GL031526, 2008.

15. Ishidoya, S., Sugawara, S., Morimoto, S., Aoki, S. and Nakazawa, T., Gravitational separation of major atmospheric components of nitrogen and oxygen in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03811, DOI:10.1029/2007GL030456, 2008.

16. Zhang, D., Tang, J., Shi, G., Wen, M., Nakazawa, T., Aoki, S., Sugawara, S., Morimoto, Patra, P. K., Hayasaka, T. and Saeki, T., Temporal and spatial variations of the atmospheric CO2 concentration in China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03801, DOI:10.1029/2007GL032531, 2008.

17. Maksyutov, S., Kadygrov, N., Nakatsuka, Y., Patra, P. K., Nakazawa, T., Yokota, T. and Inoue, G., Projected impact of the GOSAT observations on regional CO2 flux estimations as a function of total retrieval error, Journal of Remote Sensing Society of Japan, 28, 190-197, 2008.

18. Maksyutov, S., Patra, P. K., Onishi, R., Saeki, T. and Nakazawa, T., NIES/FRCGC global atmospheric tracer transport model: description, validation, and surface sources and sinks inversion, Earth Simulator Journal, 9, 3-18, 2008.



Hiroshi Kawamura The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: Using advanced satellite technology, we have found phenomena with very high Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the tropical Indo-Pacific warm pool. They are short-term (about 20 days) large-scale (about 15,000,000 km2) continuous regions with SST > 30C, which is significantly higher than SSTs of their surrounding areas. Our series studies have shown that the very high SSTs are accompanied by large amplitudes of diurnal SST variations. The warm pool is characterized by high mean SSTs of 28-29C, but the found phenomena produce much higher SSTs in a short period. We named the phenomena ‘‘Hot Event (HE)’’. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Hot Events intensively, describe their details and understand their mechanisms. Brief outlines of achievements: Kawamura H., Qin HL, Ando K., In-situ Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature Variations and Near-Surface Thermal Structure in the Tropical Hot Event of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool, J. Oceanogr., 64(6), 847-857, 2008. Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variations and the near-surface thermal structure of the tropical hot event (HE) have been investigated using advanced in-situ equatorial observations with hourly temporal resolution. The satellite SST has a systematic positive bias against the corresponding daytime SST measured by the Triangle Trans-Ocean buoy Network. This bias is enhanced under conditions of large in-situ DSST. One-dimensional numerical model simulation suggests that the systematic bias is caused by the sharp vertical temperature gradient in the surface layer of HE. The near-surface thermal structure is generated by conditions of high insolation and low wind speed, which is the typical HE condition. Qin HL, Kawamura H., Sakaida F., et al., A case study of the tropical Hot Event in November 2006 (HE0611) using a geostationary meteorological satellite and the TAO/TRITON mooring array, J. Geophys. Res.-OCEANS, 113, C8, C08045, 2008. We have identified a Hot Event in the tropical western Pacific in November 2006, which is named HE0611. A case study of HE is conducted by using the advanced satellite products and in-situ measurements from the TAO/TRITON mooring array. Two parts (HE0611-East and -West) with very high SST connected to form HE0611. SST in HE0611-West increases quickly with large diurnal SST variations, which are caused by

Title/Affiliation Professor / Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Specialized Field Physical Oceanography, Satellite Oceanography, Marine Meteorology

Research Subject Very High Sea Surface Temperature Phenomena in the Tropical Oceans High-Resolution Air-Sea-Land Interactions



large solar radiation and suppressed latent heat loss. The increase of the mixed-layer heat content is clearly accounted for the accumulated heat gain through the air-sea interaction. The formation mechanism of HE0611-East is completely different; its very high SST is supported by a subsurface high SST anomaly associated with the El Ninõ. Publications: Journals: 1. Chang, Y., M.A. Lee, , T. Shimada, F. Sakaida, H. Kawamura, J.W. Chan and H. J. Lu (2008):

Wintertime high-resolution features of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a fields associated with oceanic fronts in the southern East China Sea, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29 (21), 6249-6261.

2. Qin, H., H. Kawamura, F. Sakaida, and K. Ando (2008), A case study of the tropical Hot Event in November 2006 (HE0611) using a geostationary meteorological satellite and the TAO/TRITON mooring array, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C08045, DOI:10.1029/2007JC004640.

3. Kawamura, H., H. Qin, and K. Ando (2008): In-situ diurnal sea surface temperature variations and near-surface thermal structure in the tropical Hot Event of the Indo-Pacific warm pool, J. Oceanogr., 64(6), 847-857.

4. Shimada, T., Isoguchi, O. and H. Kawamura (2008): Numerical Simulations of Wind Wave Growth under a Coastal Wind Jet through the Kanmon Strait, Weather and Forecasting, 23(6), 1162-1175.

5. Shimada, T. and H. Kawamura (2008): Satellite evidence of wintertime atmospheric boundary layer responses to multiple SST fronts in the Japan sea, Geophys. Res. Letter,, 35(23), L23602.

6. Sun, J. and H. Kawamura (2008): Modification of SAR spectra associated with surface wind fields in the sea off the Kii Peninsula: A case study, J. Oceanogr. 65(1), 45-52.

7. Qin, H. and H. Kawamura (2009): Atmosphere response to a Hot SST Event in November 2006 as observed by AIRS instrument, Advances in Space Research, 44, 395–400.

8. Lan, K-W., H. Kawamura, M-A. Lee, Y. Chang, J-W. Chan and C-H. Liao (2009): Summertime sea surface temperature fronts associated with upwelling around the Taiwan Bank, Continental Shelf Research, 29(7), 903-910, DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2009.01.015.

9. Yamaguchi, S. and H. Kawamura (2009): SAR-imaged spiral eddies in Mutsu Bay and their dynamical and kinematical models, J. Oceanogr., 65, 525-539.

10. Sun, J. and H. Kawamura (2009): Retrieval of surface wave parameters from SAR images and their validation in the coastal seas around Japan, J. Oceanogr., 65, 567-577.

11. Isoguchi, O., M. Shimada, F. Sataida, and H. Kawamura (2009): Investigation of Kuroshio-induced cold-core eddy trains in the lee of the Izu Islands using high-resolution satellite images and numerical simulations, Remote Sensing of Environment, 113, 1912-1925.

12. Qin, H. and H. Kawamura (2009): Surface Heat Fluxes during Hot Events, J. Oceanogr., 65, 605-613. 13. Takahashi, W., H. Kawamura, T. Omura and K. Furuya (2009): Detection of red tides in the eastern Seto

Inland Sea with satellite ocean color imagery, J. Oceanogr., 65, 647-656. 14. Kawai, Y., K. Ando and H. Kawamura (2009): Distortion of near-surface seawater temperature structure

by a moored-buoy hull and its effect on skin temperature and heat flux estimates, Sensors. (in press) 15. Sakaida, F., H. Kawamura, S. Takahashi, T. Shimada, Y. Kawai, K. Hosoda, and L. Guan (2009):



Research, development, and demonstration operation of the New Generation Sea Surface Temperature for Open Ocean (NGSST-O) product, J. Oceanogr. (in press)

16. Kawamura, H., H. Qin, F. Sakaida and Riza Y. Setiawan (2009): Hourly sea surface temperature retrieval using the Japanese geostationary satellite, Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT), J. Oceanogr. (in press)



Toshio Suga

The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: 1) Subduction of North Pacific central mode water associated with subsurface mesoscale eddy Major part of the permanent pycnocline water in the subtropical gyre is maintained by winter mixed layer water subducted along isopycnal surfaces. Substantial contribution from subduction process associated with mesoscale or smaller scale phenomena to ventilation of the subtropical permanent pycnocline has been reported based on eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model simulations. The purpose of this study is to present observational evidence for such process. During a shipboard high-density hydrographic survey carried out in the western North Pacific in fall 2008, we observed an anticyclonic eddy with a thickness of 150 dbar and a diameter of 40 km near 500 dbar depth at 27.5°N, 145°E. This subsurface mesoscale eddy contains the North Pacific central mode water (CMW), which has anomalously low potential vorticity and high dissolved oxygen compared to the climatological CMW properties in the same region. Profiling float measurements detect similar CMW patches near and south of the Kuroshio Extension as well as southward CMW migration within the CMW formation region north of the Kuroshio Extension. These observed facts suggest that CMW is subducted into the permanent pycnocline not only through large-scale eastward advection near the northern edge of the subtropical gyre but also through southward cross-frontal advection associated with the formation and migration of subsurface mesoscale eddies. 2) Global surface layer salinity change detected by Argo and its implication for hydrological cycle intensification Surface-water salinity is affected to a large extent by air-sea boundary processes such as evaporation and precipitation, and to a lesser extent by the horizontal and vertical advection of adjacent water. Hence, the changes in surface-layer salinity over a certain period allow us to estimate the corresponding changes in evaporation and precipitation, if appropriate suppositions are made about the effects of these horizontal and vertical advections. The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution of, and long-term changes in, surface-layer salinity in the World Ocean, and demonstrate the implication of changes in global evaporation and precipitation on the sea surface. Changes in the global distribution of surface-layer salinity were investigated by comparing 2003-2007 Argo-float data with annual mean climatological surface-layer salinity data for 1960-1989 from the World Ocean Database 2005. The two datasets showed similar patterns, with low values in subpolar and tropical regions and higher values in the subtropics. The recent Argo data indicate that the contrast between low and high salinity has intensified in all areas except the subpolar North Atlantic. The intensified contrast of the surface layer salinity was maintaining for 2003-2007. Using a simple method, we attempted to estimate

Title/Affiliation Associate Professor / Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Specialized Field Physical Oceanography

Research Subject Ocean circulation and role of the oceans in climate and ecosystem



evaporation and precipitation changes on the basis of surface-layer salinity changes. The results show a high probability that the global hydrological cycle has increased in the past 30 years. Publications: Journals: 1. Oka, E., K. Toyama, and T. Suga, 2009: Subduction of North Pacific central mode water associated with

subsurface mesoscale eddy. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L08607, DOI: 10.1029/2009GL037540. 2. Ueno, H., H. Freeland, W. R. Crawford, H. Onishi, E. Oka, K. Sato, and T. Suga, 2009: Anticyclonic

eddies in the Alaskan Stream. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 934-951. 3. Hosoda S., T. Suga, N. Shikama, and K. Mizuno, 2009: Global surface layer salinity change detected by

Argo and its implication for hydrological cycle intensification. J. Oceanogr., 65, 579-586. 4. Sato, K., and T. Suga, 2009: Structure and Modification of the South Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode

Water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 1700-1714.



Koji Minoura The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: Origin of deepwater in the Sea of Japan

The Sea of Japan is a marginal sea isolated from open seas by four shallow straits. For that reason, the oceanographic origin of the Sea of Japan is strongly affected by eustatic sea level changes that occur through modulation of seawater properties and circulation, as Ill as by fluctuations of continental runoff. These factors are closely related with the variation of climate dynamics in eastern Asia. Precise information related to the paleoceanographic proxies from the Sea of Japan is indispensable for understanding the meteorological influence by seawater circulation on surrounding terrestrial areas. The deep-water mass is separated from the surface layer by a thermocline; however, sinking of seasonally cooled surface water ventilates the deep layer. Insight into seawater properties and circulation is prerequisite for elucidating the reasons for faunal diversification in the deep layer. The paleoclimatic impacts on the oceanographic regime must be evaluated in view of the long duration of stadial–interstadial fluctuations.

Previous scientific approaches undertaken to clarify the physical setting of the Sea of Japan have shown drastic changes of seawater conditions in response to global climate fluctuations. Sedimentological results on the ODP cores from the Sea of Japan reveal that millennial-scale dark/light layering was the consequence of oscillating seawater conditions associated with Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles (Tada et al., 1999). Eustatic sea level changes dominate the oceanographic regime of the Sea of Japan (Oba et al., 1991; Kim et al., 2000; Takei et al., 2002), causing surface-productivity fluctuations and water-column stratification (Minoura et al., 1997; Ishiwatari et al., 1999). Irrespective of the complicated oceanographic situation as a semi-closed sea, the Sea of Japan has been sensitive for global climate oscillations (Koizumi, 1984). Apparently, bottom sediments can be useful to document eastern Asian continental signals with high resolution. Prior studies frequently present a marked tendency toward focusing the search on surface layers. Considering the meteorological effects of submarine dynamics, hemispheric-scale variations are recorded in the sediment layers as the mode of deep-water circulation because horizontal seawater movements are translated into vertical motion of seawater in response to existing climate conditions. For that reason, I devote attention to evolution of the Sea of Japan deepwater.

Since the onset of the Holocene interstadial, sediment-core studies have revealed strong coupling of seawater evolution in the Sea of Japan with glacio-eustatic sea level changes through surface water circulation driven by baroclinic components (Ikeda et al., 1999). It remains unclear, however, whether the same mechanism controlled the older paleoceanographic system. Consequently, I do not understand how the present Sea of Japan deepwater has been established. Herein, I present paleoceanographic proxy records derived from a sediment core of the Yamato Rise––which provides us information without much interference


Specialized Field Layers/paleontology（Paleontology）

Research Subject Reconstruction of continental climate changes (1992-)



from the surrounding areas––for estimating the role of the Sea of Japan in global climate changes at a resolution that is comparable with millennium-scale variations.

Figure 1: Location map of core sites and abyssal circulation in the Sea of Japan. Seawater circulations are referred to Senjyu et al. (2005). The major portion of present Sea of Japan Proper Water originates in seasonal cooling of surface water (hatched area; Japan Meteorological Agency, http://www.data.kishou.go.jp). The surface layer of the Sea of Japan comprises northern cool and southern warm water masses. Their boundary forms a polar front at around 40°N. The bathymetric chart was made by the use of a drawing program (Lindquist et al., 2004) and disclosed topographic data (Issel and Smith, 1998).



The Sea of Japan is noteworthy for understanding the influence of global changes on the oceanographic regime of landlocked marginal seas. Its water circulation in semi-enclosed seas strongly affects the meteorological conditions of surrounding terrestrial areas. Consequently, knowledge related to paleoceanographic fluctuations is prerequisite for providing a clear picture of assessing the climatic response of areas circumjacent to the Sea of Japan. In this study, I examined the paleoceanographic origin of the Sea of Japan over the last 145 ka using stable isotopes of foraminifers and pyrites, and paleontological data related to diatoms and planktonic foraminiferal coiling direction on the KT05-9p2 core recovered from the Yamato Rise occupying the center of the Sea of Japan.

The integrated information related to foraminiferal isotopic records reveals when and how open-sea water flowed into the Sea of Japan through the straits. I present detailed paleoceanographic proxies over the last 145 kyr based on analytical data. It was inferred that both currents of Tsushima and Oyashio Ire the major source of seawater and that their contribution to deep layer varied widely corresponding with eustatic sea level fluctuations. Seasonal cooling of surface water derived from branches of the Tsushima Current supplied oxygenated waters into the deep layer at high sea-level stands. The baroclinic forcing that prevailed during sea level lowering or increased continental runoff provoked the intrusion of a branch of the Oyashio Current through the deeper part of the Tsugaru Strait. Seawater originating in the Oyashio Current descended to the deeper portion of the Sea of Japan, forming SJPW.

The core lithology shows no sediment lamination, which is seen in other cores from the Sea of Japan (Kido et al., 2007). Results show that the bottom conditions at the depth Ire oxygenated somewhat during lowest sea-level stands. The time scale of deep convection estimated from the difference of AMS dates between planktonic and benthic foraminifers was 600–700 years in the Early to Middle Holocene (Takei et al., 2002). A previous study using a box model reported the timescale of vertical water mixing as 100–300 years (Gamo and Horibe, 1983), showing enhancement of deep convection in the Sea of Japan since postglacial warming. Oceanographic observation shows the latest weakening tendency of vertical mixing: temperature rise and surface layer freshening are its major causes. The current global situation is on the road to climatic warming, which is likely to reinforce precipitation in eastern Asia. The freshening of the surface layer caused by increased runoff can promote baroclinic conditions, causing inflow of the Oyashio Current into the Sea of Japan. Consequently, the oxygenated deep layer might be responsible for this flow reversal. It is probable that the declining surface productivity attributable to the lack of nutrient supply will cause serious damage to oceanic life if the surface layer becomes stratified.

The Sea of Japan has been responsible for external forcing. Marine animals Ire afforded a sufficient chance to survive through changing oceanographic conditions. As suggested by carbon isotope data, the biological products caused by abyssal circulation supported the habitats of marine fauna. The future prospects of rapid global warming imply surface layer freshening and reduced productivity under high sea-level stands, which might produce unpredictable results for marine ecosystems. Awards: The Sedimentological Society of Japan Paper Award



Publications: Journals: 1. Sugawara, D., Minoura, K., Nemoto, N., Tsukawaki, S., Goto, K., Imamura, F., 2009, Foraminiferal

evidence of submarine sediment transport and deposition by backwash during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Island Arc.,18, 513-525

2. Goto K., Shinozaki T., Minoura K., Okada K., Sugarawa D. and Imamura F., 2009, Distribution of boulders at Miyara Bay of Ishigaki Island, Japan: A flow characteristic indicator of the tsunamis and storm waves. Island Arc. (in press)

3. Sugawara, D., Minoura, K., and Imamura, F., 2008, Tsunamis and tsunami sedimentology. In Shiki et al. (eds.) Tsunamiites - Features and Implication, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 9-49

4. Goto K., Imamura F, Keerthi N, Kunthasap P, Matsui T, Minoura K, Ruangrassamee A, Sugawara D, and Supharatid S., 2009, Distribution and Significance of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Deposits: Initial Results from Thailand and Sri Lanka. In Shiki et al. (eds.) Tsunamiites - Features and Implication, Elsevier. 105-122.

5. 箕浦幸治・赤木啓祐・中村俊夫，2008，大和堆 KT05-9 P-2 による最終氷期—後氷期日本海古環境変

動の復元．日本 BICER 協議会年報，2009 年度，p．45−53． Books: Co-authered books: 1. Shiki, T., Tsuji, Y., Yamazaki, T., and Minoura, K., Tsunamiites - Features and Implication. Elsevier

Science, Amsterdam, 2008, 411 p. 2. 箕浦幸治，２００９，バイカル湖—地球を写す時間と空間の鏡—，朝倉世界地理講座「東北アジア」，p．

41−50，朝倉書店（印刷中）



Earth Environmental Change Research Group Origin and Extinction of Life Research Subgroup Members

Project Members: (**Sub-Group Leader) Takeshi Kakegawa (**), Kunio Kaiho (Department of Earth Sciences)

Associate Members: Masayuki Ehiro, Shinichi Sato (The Tohoku University Museum), Atsushi Kishita, Yasumasa Ogawa, Koichi Suto, Koji Ioku, Masanobu Kamitakahara, Chihiro Inoue, Masayoshi Hatayama, Ken Hosoya, Takuya Kubo (Graduate School of Environmental Studies)

COE Researchers: Masahiro Ohba, Yoshihiro Furukawa, Tsubasa Otake (Department of Earth Sciences)

Outline

This group is the smallest research sub-group compared to other 4 sub-groups. This research group is focusing on scientific problems of (1-1) origin of life and early evolution of biosphere and (1-2) mass extinction and their surrounding environments. Profs. Kakegawa and Kaiho are the principle leading scientists in this sub-group. We also have associate members from Department of Environmental Sciences. Research subjects of associate members, mostly engineering aspects, are very different from the major goal of global COE, and therefore research achievements of associate members are not listed here.. (1-1) Studies of the Origin of Life

This group has an unique working hypothesis that bio-essential organic molecules, including amino acids, were originated on the primitive oceanic environments by meteorite impacts during the late heavy bombardment. Such bio-essential organic molecules were polymerized into “big” molecules and then connected to origin of life. This hypothesis is largely different from the popular Panspermia hypothesis. In order to examine our hypothesis, we performed shock experiments to simulate oceanic impact event. There existed a technical difficulty to deal with aqueous water in the sock experiments but we overcome such difficulty by great efforts of an associate professor employed by this GCOE program. For the shock-recovery experiment, we were successful first time to simulate the water-rock interaction, which was impossible for the previous studies. We found that many mineral phases dissolved into supercritical water and then formed new mineral phases. New mineral phases have characteristics of smoked particles in shape and chemistry.

We were successful to synthesize an amino acid (glycine) and other organic molecules (several carboxylic acids and amines) by an oceanic impact condition. This was the first success to symthesize organic molecules by shock conditions. These results are published on Nature(geoscience) and other Japanese journals. The impact of the reports were tremendous and broadcasted allover the world by international media, such as Discovery Channel, USA today, and so on. NHK (Japanese semi-national TV



broadcaster) picked up this topic as a highlight in their special educational and public TV program. Polymerization experiments of amino acids were also performed under high temperature (100 to 200℃)

and pressure (20 to 150 MPa) conditions. Experiments were focus on “dry” or non-aqueous conditions, while majority of the worlds prefer aquatic conditions. Valine and methionine, representative protein-forming amino acids, were polymerized up to 5-mers and 3-mer, respectively. Such polymerization was not recognized in the previous aqueous experiments but we were successful. Those results suggest not only the importance of pressure but also the potential protein formation in subsurface regions of the primitive Earth.

Geochemical studies were performed on Precambrian rocks in order to find more evidences for the early life and their living environments. Samples were collected from Greenland, S. Africa and Canada. This group found new outcrop containing graphite. Such graphite is very distinctive in terms of carbon isotopes and TEM textures, suggesting biogenic in origin.

(1-2) Study of Mass Extinction

Carbon isotope compositions of organic matter were determined on the end-Permian sections collected from southern China. Carbon isotope compositions show secular variation with geological time. Such variation may indicate the input of exotic carbon in the contemporary carbon cycle. Exotic carbon was supplied by collapse of methane hydrates and denudation of forest soils. Phototrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, which is very unusual marine bacteria, was proposed to be active during such unusual carbon excurtion. Extensive biomarker studies were performed on the same Chinese section. Highlights from the biomarker studies were finding benzohopanes and diaromatic 8(14)-secohopanoids in carbonate sections.

Carbon isotope studies were also performed on Permian-Triassic carbonate section (Bulla section), northern Italy. Carbon isotope fractuation in carbonate occurs after a negative carbonate carbon-isotope shift, consistent with two other northern Italian sites (Val Badia and Tesero). We suggest that the simplest explanation is a coeval shift in carbonate carbon-isotope shifts, and it follows that the extinction was not. This suggests that the end-Permian extinction crept from region to region. It also suggests that the marine extinction occurred first in high northern latitudes.

This research group found the index fossils Albaillella cf. triangularis (Radiolaria) in siliceous claystone beds, Hindeodus parvus (Conodont) in the overlying black claystone beds, and Neospathodus cf. cristagalli and Ns. waageni (Conodont) in the subsequent siliceous claystone beds in Akkamori section-2 in northern Japan. Such paleontological and sedimentological evidence implies that the Akkamori section-2 is a continuous pelagic section that records the end-Permian mass extinction event. Geochemical data suggest oceanic anoxia at least deep and probably stable primary productivity during the sedimentation of the examined sections. Those results imply that radiolarian extinction occurred at the end of the Permian coinciding with oceanic anoxia.

Triassic sections from the same area were studied by this group. Analyses of conodonts and organic molecules were performed on siliceous claystones and cherts from accretionary complexes in Japan that span the upper Lower Triassic to the lowermost Middle Triassic. High values of dibenzothiophene (a biomarker index of anoxic depositional environments) and sulphur/carbon ratios are present, suggesting development of anoxic deep water at end-Triasic directly connected to mass extinction including radiolaria.



(2) International Education and Training System for Graduate Students Some graduate students in this group have foreign advisors: Prof. Minik Rosing from Copenhagen Univ.,

and Prof Daniele Pinti from Univ. of Quebec. Students in this group are also actively involved in international field studies including Chinese Perminan sections and Canadian Proterozoic sections. One student was accepted an invited talk at the international Goldschmidt conference. These are evidences how this group’s education was internationalized. (3) International Exchange

Many research in this group were based on the international exchange programs. As a result, one doctoral student got a job offer from Geophysical Lab at Carnegie Institute. We also accepted a post-doctoral student from Penn State University. International field studies were also performed using some exchange programs. These are examples how our international exchange program is functioned. This group hosted two international workshops: Water Dynamics symposium (Sendai) and Precambrian World Symposium (Fukuoka). Our research achievements were presented and welcomed by international communities through these our own symposiums. (4) Interaction from Different Disciplines

This group is collaborating with material science people (National Institute of Material Science, Tsukuba) to perform shock-recovery experiments. In addition, collaboration with engineering group (Kitami Technology Institute in Hokkaido, Tohoku Univ.) produced numerical simulation for a Cretaceous impact event. Microbiologists (Tokyo Pharmacy University, AIST) were also involved for investigation of submarine hydrothermal ecosystem and deep biosphere. We also organized the joint symposium with associate members of Tohoku University, whose majors are biotechnology in most cases, at Water Dynamics Symposium.

View of shock experiments to synthesize amino acids.



Takeshi Kakegawa (1) Formation of amino acids and polymerization

A New governmental grant (class A JSPS grant) was received to promote this research subject. We performed shock-recovery experiments in order to examine if oceanic impat events could form pre-biotic organic molecules. We were successful to synthesize an amino acid (glycine) and other organic molecules (several carboxylic acids and amines) by an oceanic impact condition. This was the first success to symthesize organic molecules by shock conditions. These results are published on Nature(geoscience) and other Japanese journals. More careful analyses suggest produced species of organic molecules were more than what we expected.

Polymerization experiments of amino acids were also performed under high temperature (100 to 200℃) and pressure (20 to 150 MPa) conditions using standard autoclaves. Valine and methionine, representative protein-forming amino acids, were polymerized up to 5-mers and 3-mer, respectively. Such polymerization was not recognized in the previous aqueous experiments but we were successful. In addition, polymerization experiments for alanine and glycine were performed using belt-type high pressure system at national institute of material science (NIMS). Pressure reached up to 5 Ga for our experiments and we confirmed that polymerization of amino acids was successful. Those results suggest not only the importance of pressure but also the potential protein formation in subsurface regions of the primitive Earth. (2) Photosynthesis and banded iron formation

New financial support was granted by JSPS (class B grant) to promote this research subject. Geological surveys in South Africa and Canada were performed in order to examine if photosynthesizing bacteria were responsible to form Precambrian banded iron formations. Graduate students and GCOE associate professor were attended these international field surveys. (3) Finding more evidence of the earliest life

Geochemical studies were performed on 3.8 billion-years old Isua rocks in order to find more evidences for the early life and their living environments. We found new outcrop containing graphite. Such graphite is very distinctive in terms of carbon isotopes and TEM textures, suggesting biogenic in origin. In addition, tourmaline was found in garnet crystals. Those post new evidence of activity of early life. (4) Life in extreme environments

New type of chemoautotrophic bacteria was found in a terrestrial hot spring of the Naruko district, Miyagi, Japan. Geochemical studies were performed on organic matter of chemoautotrophs to find their C and H sources. Those data improved our understanding how life in extreme environments could take carbon and hydrogen.


Specialized field Geochemistry

Research subject Origin and evolution of life



Publications: ISI journals 1. Naraoka H., Uehara T., Hanada S. and T. Kakegawa (2010) d13C-dD distribution of lipid biomarkers in

a bacterial mat from a hot spring in Miyagi Prefecture, NE Japan. Organic Geochemistry. DOI:10, 1016/j.orggeochem.2009.11.008

2. Kato S., Yanagawa K., Sunamura M., Takano Y., Ishibashi J., Kakegawa T. et al (2009) Abundance of zetaproteobacteria within crustal fluids in back-arc hydrothermal fields of the Southern Mariana Trough. Environmental Microbiology. 11, 3210-3222.

3. Kato S., Hara K., Kasai H., Teramura T. Sunamura M., Ishibashi J-I., Kakegawa T., Yamanaka T., Kimura H., Marumo K., Urabe T., Yamagishi A. (2009) Spatial distribution, diversity and composition of bacterial communities in sub-seafloor fluids at a deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount. Deep Sea Research Part 1, 56, 1844-1855.

4. Watanabe T., Nakamura T., Watanabe Nara F., Kakegawa T., Nishimura M., Shimokawara M., Matsunaka T., Senda R., Kawai T. (2009) A new age model for the sediment cores from Academician ridge (Lake Baikal) based on high-time-ressolution AMS 14C data sets over the last 30 kyr: Paleoclimatic and environmental implications, Earth Planetary Science Letter. 286, 347-354.

5. Kato S., Kobayashi C., Kakegawa T., Yamagishi A. (2009) Microbial communities in iron-silica rich microbial mats at deep-sea hydrothermal fields of the Southern Mariana Trough, vol.10, Environmental Microbiology, 11, 2094-2111.

6. Watanabe T., Nakamura T., Nara F., Kakegawa T. and other 6 (2009) High-time resolution AMS 14C data sets for lake Baikal and Lake Hovsgol sediment cores: Changes in radiocarbon age and sedimentation rates during the transition from the last glacial to the Holocene. Quaternary International. 205, 12-20.

7. Furukawa Y., Sekine T., Oba M., Kakegawa T. and Nakazawa H. (2009) Biomolecule formation by oceanic impacts on early Earth, Nature geoscience, 2, 62-66.

Refereed papers in Japan 1. 古川義博、関根利守、大庭雅寛、掛川武、中沢弘基 (2009) 隕石の海洋衝突による初期地球の有機

物生成. 日本惑星科学会誌 vol.18, No.4, pp.229-237. Books 1. 掛川武 (2009) 古生物学事典、朝倉書店 (分担執筆) (in press) Others 1. 掛川武(2009) 最初の地球の海に降り注ぎ込まれた鉄が生命を生んだ. 岩波「科学」10 月号 2. 掛川武 (2009) 生命の起源：地球惑星科学の新しい問題日本地球惑星科学連合ニュースレター

vol.5.５月号



Kunio Kaiho The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: (1) Mass extinction at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary (375 million years ago) Our biomarker analyses indicate that oceanic anoxia occurred at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary at two sections on the shelf in Belgium and southern China, implying oceanic anoxia is one of the direct causes of the mass extinction. (2) End-Permian mass extinction (251 million years ago) We found the most continuous pelagic section recorded the end-Permian mass extinction and clarified that oceanic anoxia occurred with the end-Permian mass extinction. A doctoral student played very important role to conduct this study. The results were published on Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology and local media reported our achievements. Negative shift of organic carbon isotope coinciding with the radiolarian mass extinction and effect of algal bacterial blooming for the isotope ratio at the same section were reported at Goldschmidt conference. We also reported that oceanic anoxia is a cause of delay in the recovery of life after the end-Permian mass extinction based on high dibenzothiophen content and high sulphur/carbon ratios in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Our carbon isotope study in an Italian section shows that the end-Permian extinction crept from region to region and occurred first in high northern latitudes. The results were published on Terra Nova. We found a significant increase in Δ13C (δ13Ccarb–δ13Corg) values coinciding with the end-Permian mass extinction in a shallow-sea section in China, implying an abrupt proliferation of phototrophic sulfur bacteria. The results were published on Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. We showed that an abrupt decrease in atmospheric oxygen would have caused the mass extinction. Coincidental fluctuation of sulfur isotope ratio (34S/32S) of carbonate-associated sulfate in the shallow seas and of sulfide in the deep ocean and organic compound indices for oceanic euxinia implies that H2S accumulated in the ocean during a period of 1 million years followed by massive release of H2S from ocean to atmosphere lasting 20,000 years coinciding with the end-Permian mass extinction. Our box-model calculations based on chemical reactions of sulfur, CH4, and inorganic molecules in the troposphere indicate that oxidation of the H2S caused a significant decrease by 30% in atmospheric O2 coinciding with the mass extinction. A decrease in coronene also supports the decrease in atmospheric O2. (3) Recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction High concentrations of dibenzothiophene (an index of anoxic depositional environments), high sulphur/carbon ratios, and high organic carbon contents are present in two upper Olenekian intervals and at the end of the upper Olenekian, suggesting development of anoxic deep water. One of the anoxic events in


Specialized Field Micropaleontology and paleoceanography

Research Subject Mass extinctions and environmental changes



the end of the upper Olenekian coincided with decreased radiolarian diversity. This implies that anoxic deep water in the Panthalassic Ocean reached intermediate water depths at the end of the Early Triassic, killing marine organisms including radiolaria. This event may be related to the delay in the recovery of life and environments after the end-Permian mass extinction. A doctoral student played very important role to conduct this study. The results were published on Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. (4) Mass extinction at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary (200 million years ago) I and co-researchers in USA clarified that a negative shift of organic carbon isotope occurred in deep-sea cherts, central Japan just prior to the marine extinction at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. The relation between the negative shift and the mass extinction horizon in the deep sea is same as that in shallow seas, implying a global event. The negative shift coincided with first eruptions of the Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP). The mass extinction is likely related to warming by CO2 release (inducing the negative shift of 13C/12C) from CAMP volcanism. (5) Early Aptian extreme warming (120 million years ago) Geochemical studies were performed on early Aptian oceanic anoxia event recorded in central Pacific Ocean sediments. Abrupt rise in sea-surface temperature by 8 °C coinciding with a pronounced negative excursion imply this observation was likely initiated by the greenhouse effect via massive release of CH4 or CO2 from the isotopically-light carbon reservoir. The results were published on Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. (6) Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxia (93 million years ago) We clarified that twice short-term increases of dibenzothiophenes and 2,3,6-trimethylarylisoprenoids concentrations appear just after the last occurrence of the planktonic foraminifers Rotalipora greenhornensis and R. cushmani. These transient maxima indicate that the extinctions of both planktonic foraminifers were due to short-term OAEs (103 to 104 years) during the end-Cenomanian to earliest Turonian OAE2 (106 years). (7) Impact of asteroid/comet on the oceanic crust of the earth It is found that about 50 tera-tons of seawater and 35 tera-tons of crust are ejected when a 10 km diameter asteroid collides on the Earth with the speed of 20 km/s. The values increase to 240 and 175 tera-tons when the asteroid diameter is increased to 20 km. The results were published on International Journal of Impact Engineering. (8) Response of ocean bottom dwellers to underwater shock waves We found that bottom dwellers were distinctively killed against overpressures of 12MPa and this value is much higher than the usual shock over-pressure threshold value for marine-creatures having lungs and balloons. The results were published on Shock Waves.



(9) Extreme warming at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (55 million years ago) I and co-researchers in Japan and USA showed evidence that an initial ~200 year surface ocean warming event occurring ~3000 years before the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. This sequence of events is recorded in chemical and biotic records from a core drilled in Caravaca, Spain. We studied the relationship between extinctions, decrease in dissolved oxygen levels, and CaCO3-dissolution at three sections, across the P/E boundary: the Tethyan Gebel Mowelah (NE Sinai, Egypt) and Caravaca (SE Spain) sections, and the North Atlantic Zumaya (northern Spain). The benthic foraminiferal extinction event (BFEE) coincides with an interval of significant decreases in CaCO3, which is also barren of calcareous foraminifera. This coindence of the BFEE and dissolution suggests that acidification of the ocean is a main cause of the benthic extinction in the middle bathyal zone of the Tethys and Atlantic. Publications: Journals: 1. Gorjan, P. Kaiho, K., Chen, Z.Q., 2008. A carbon-isotopic study of an end-Permian mass-extinction

horizon, Bulla, northern Italy: a negative δ13C shift prior to the marine extinction. Terra Nova, 20, 253-258.

2. Ando, A., Kaiho, K., Kawahata, H., Kakegawa, T. Timing and magnitude of early Aptian extreme warming: Unraveling primaryδ18O variation in indurated pelagic carbonates at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 463, central Pacific Ocean. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 260, 463-476, 2008.

3. Saito, T., Kaiho, K., Abe, A., Katayama, M., Takayama, K., 2008, Hypervelocity impact of asteroid/comet on the oceanic crust of the earth. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 35, 1770-1777.

4. Takahashi S., Yamakita, S., Suzuki, N., Kaiho, K., Ehiro, M., High organic carbon content and a decrease in radiolarians at the end of the Permian in a newly discovered continuous pelagic section: a coincidence? Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 271, 1-12, 2009.

5. Oba, M., Nakamura, M., Fukuda, Y., Katabuchi, M., Takahashi, S., Haikawa, M. and Kaiho, K., Benzohopanes and diaromatic 8(14)-secohopanoids in some Late Permian carbonates. Geochemical Journal, 43, 29-35, 2009.

6. Kaiho, K. Massive release of hydrogen sulfide during the end-Permian mass extinction. Res. Org. Geochem. 23/24, 5-11, 2008. (in Japanese with English abstract)

7. Takahashi, S., Oba, M., Kaiho, K., Yamakita, S., Panthalassic oceanic anoxia at the end of the Early Triassic: a cause of delay in the recovery of life after the end-Permian mass extinction, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 274, 185-195, 2009.

8. Kaiho, K., Chen, Z.Q., Sawada K., Possible causes for a negative shift in the stable carbon isotope ratio before, during and after the end-Permian mass extinction in Meishan, South China. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 56, 799-808, 2009.

9. Hosseini, S. H. R., Kaiho, K., Takayama, K., Response of ocean bottom dwellers exposed to underwater shock waves. Shock Waves, DOI:10.1007/s00193-009-0200-3, 2009.



Subsurface layers identified by theRadarSounderobservation on-board the Kaguya spacecraft.

Planetary Evolution Research Group Members

Project Members: (**Sub-Group Leader) Takayuki Ono (**), Yasumasa Kasaba, (Department of Geophysics), Hiroaki Misawa (Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center), Katsuo Tsukamoto (Department of Earth Sciences)

Associate Members: Naoki Terada, Yuto Kato, Hitoshi Fujiwara (Department of Geophysics), Shoichi Okano, Atsushi Kumamoto, Fuminori Tsuchiya, Takeshi Sakanoi (Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center), Hirokazu Fujimaki, Norihiro Nakamura, Hidenori Terasaki, Takeshi Kuritani (Department of Earth Sciences), Isao Murata (Graduate School of Environmental Studies)

COE Researchers: Yuki Kimura, Hitoshi Miura (Department of Earth Sciences), Hiromu Nakagawa (Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center)

Progress in 2009

To study the evolution of planetary bodies and their atmospheres, we surveyed the thermal history of the moon using the radar sounder observation on-board the Kaguya spacecraft. To study the long-term and short-term variation of the planetary atmosphere and plasma environment, we investigated long-term observation data obtained using the Akebono satellite and ground-based observation of Jovian Decameter radiation and Jovian Synchrotron emissions.

The Lunar Radar sounder observations on board the Kaguya spacecraft revealed subsurface layers at an apparent depth of several hundred meters in nearside maria. Comparison with the surface geology in the Serenitatis Basin implies that prominent echoes are probably from buried regolith layers accumulated during the depositional hiatus of mare basalts. That stratification indicates a tectonic quiescence between 3.55 and 2.84 billion years ago; mare ridges were formed subsequently. The basalts that accumulated during this quiet period have a total thickness of only a few hundred meters. These observations suggest that mascon loading did not produce the tectonics in Serenitatis after 3.55 billion years ago. Global cooling of the moon’s body probably dominated the tectonics after 2.84 billion years ago.



Evolution of the planetary plasma environment has mainly been studied using data of the Akebono satellite, launched in 1989, which has provided continuous observations of the earth’s magnetosphere for more than 20 years. The long-term satellite observations of the plasma environment clearly show dramatic changes of the plasma environment associated with the variation of the solar activity.

To investigate planetary evolution in the early solar system, we conducted crystallization experiments of cosmic materials in situations simulating astrophysical environments. Silicate crystals of various types were observed in primitive meteorites and interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). In contrast, most cosmic materials in interstellar regions are known to be amorphous. Therefore, the crystallization mechanism in the early solar system is a key issue related to planetary evolution. To elucidate the crystallization mechanism, many authors have conducted crystallization experiments under equilibrium or near-equilibrium conditions. In contrast, our group considered that the astrophysical environments in which cosmic materials crystallized must be far from equilibrium. We conducted crystallization experiments in situations simulating astrophysical environments (rapid cooling, non-contact, levitating, and micro-gravity) and succeeded in reproducing the cosmic crystals observed in meteorites and IDPs in conditions far from equilibrium. Figure 1 shows enstatite crystals elongated to the a-axis, which were synthesized though direct condensation from supersaturated silicate vapor. Their crystallographic morphologies closely resemble that of enstatite whisker crystals observed in IDPs. The condensation temperature is lower than the equilibrium condensation temperature by a few hundred Kelvin or more. Our results suggest that crystallization occurring far from equilibrium conditions is important to elucidate the planetary evolution processes. Award A doctor course student Yuka Sato received the Kuroda Chika Award from the Aoba society for the Promotion of science, Tohoku Univer sity.



Takayuki Ono The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: For the purposeof understanding of shott and long term variation of planetary magnetosphere,observations of radiowaves from theground, in-situ observations installed on t the sounding rockets and satellites,and also by using the radar observation installed on board the planetary spacecrafts.The theoretical approach was aidedby using the computer simulation technique. Followings are main results achieved in 2008. 1. Establishment of proposal for the magnetospheric small scientific satellite to understand the acclaration

mechanism and loss process of the energetic particles in the radiation belts.We established the proposal of ERGsatellite mission to be launched in the next sunspot maximum.

2. Observations of the subsurface geology of the Moon help advance our understanding of lunarorigin and

evolution. Radar sounding from the Kaguya spacecraft has revealed subsurface layers atan apparent depth of several hundred meters in nearside maria. Comparison with the surfacegeology in the Serenitatis basin implies that the prominent echoes are probably from buriedregolith layers accumulated during the depositional hiatus of mare basalts. The stratificationindicates a tectonic quiescence between 3.55 and 2.84 billion years ago; mare ridges were formedsubsequently. The basalts that accumulated during this quiet period have a total thickness ofonly a few hundred meters. These observations suggest that mascon loading did not produce thetectonics in Serenitatis after 3.55 billion years ago. Global cooling probably dominated thetectonics after 2.84 billion years ago.

3. The Lunar Radar Sounder (LRS) performed global soundings and detected possible subsurface echoes at

the10 nearside maria. The relationship between the distribution of the detected subsurface echoes and the surface ages in the western nearside mariahasbeen investigated. Continuous subsurface reflectors are clearly detected only in a few areas consisting of about 10% of the western nearside maria at apparent depths from hundreds to more than a thousand meters. These reflectors are not generally the basements of the mare but are the interface between different basaltic rock facies. Comparison between the distribution of the detected1subsurface boundaries and the surface ages suggests that the detected subsurface reflectors were formed more than21 3.0 billion years ago. Based on the strong connection between the accumulation rate of regolith and the absolute age, the detected subsurface boundaries appear to be relatively thick regolith layers accumulated during the depositional hiatuses basaltic lavas.


Specialized Field PlanetaryPlasma Physics

Research Subject

1. Radar observation oPlaneatry Plasma and solid body 2. Short and long term variation ofth Earth and Planatary Plasma Environment based on theobservaion and computer simulation of plasmawave standard radio waves



4. Data Analisis og the Kaguya spacecraft reveals subsurface layersin the moon’s neaside maria regionwith the depth of several 100 m. The first scientific results have been published in th paper ” Takayuki Ono, A. Kumamoto, H. Nakagawa, Y. Yamaguchi,S. Oshigami, A. Yamaji, T. Kobayashi, Y. Kasahara, H. Oya, Lunar Radar Sounder Observation of Subsurface Layers Under the Nearside Maria of the Moon, Science 323, 909, 2009.”

5. The transient response of convection electric fields in the inner magnetosphere to8 southward turning of

the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is investigated using in-situ9 electric field observations by the CRRES and Akebono spacecraft. Electric fields earthward of the inner edge of the electron plasma sheet show quick responses simultaneously with change in ionospheric electric fields, which indicates the arrival of the first signal related to southward turning. A coordinated observation of the electric field by the CRRES and Akebono spacecraft separated by 5 RE reveals a simultaneous increase in the dawn-dusk electric field in a wide region of the inner magnetosphere. A quick response associated with the southward turning of the IMF is also identified in in-situ magnetic fields. It indicates that6 the southward turning of the IMF initiates simultaneous (less than 1 min) enhancements of ionospheric electric fields, convection electric fields in the inner magnetosphere, and the ring or tail current and region 2 FACs. In contrast, a quick response of convection electric fields is not identified in the electron plasma sheet. A statistical study using 161 events of IMF orientation change in 1991 confirms a prompt response within 5 min for 80% of events earthward of the electron plasma sheet, while a large time lag of more than 30 min is identified in electric fields in the electron plasma sheet. The remarkable difference in the2response of electric fields indicates that electric fields in the electron plasma sheet are weakened by high conductance in the magnetically conjugated auroral ionosphere

6. Meridional electron density distributions above 45_ invariant latitude (ILAT) during geomagnetically

quiet periods are statistically studied. Electron density data were obtained from plasma waves observed by the Akebono satellite from March 1989 to February 1991(near solar maximum) in an altitude range of 274–10,500 km. Field-aligned electron density profiles were fitted by the sum of exponential and power law functions. The transition height, where the power law term equals the exponential term, is highest in the summer (at low solar zenith angle (SZA)) at _4000 km and lowest in the winter (at high SZA) at _1800 km in a region of ILAT _ 70_; this is caused by the larger scale height in the summer (_550 km) than that in the winter (_250 km). The largest seasonal variation and SZA dependence of the electron density are found at an altitude of _2000 km with a factor of _50 (_104 /cc in the summer, _103 /cc in the winter) in the trough,auroral, and polar cap regions. The seasonal variation and SZA dependence are smaller,about a factor of 5–10, above _5000 km. Day-night asymmetries in each season (withina factor of 5) are smaller than the seasonal variation. The scale height is larger in thedayside than in the nightside in each season. These results indicate that photo ionization processes in the ionosphere strongly control electron density distributions up to at least_5000 km in the trough, auroral, and polar cap regions.

7. The mode conversion processhas been investigated by usig the computer simulation techniqueIt

revealedthat the conversion efficiencyshoews strong dependence on the inhhomogenuity, and propagation angles of the plasamawaves.



Publications: Journals: 1. Kurihara, J., Y. Koizumi-Kurihara, N. Iwagami, T. Suzuki, A. Kumamoto, T. Ono, M. Nakamura, M.

Ishii, A. Matsuoka, K. Ishisaka,T. Abe, and S. Nozawa,Horizontal structure of sporadic Elayer observed with a rocket-borne magnesium ion imager, J., Geophys,Res., DOI:10.1029, in press, 2010.

2. Takao Kobayashi, Jung Ho Kim, Seung Ryeol Lee, Hiroshi Araki, and Takayuki Ono, Simultaneous observation of lunar radar sounder and laser altimeter of Kaguya for Lunar regolith layer thickness, EEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.

3. Koshida,T., T. Ono, M.Iizima, and A. Kumamoto. Jovian slow-drift shadow events, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2009JA014608, 2009.

4. S. Oshigami, Y. Yamaguchi, A. Yamaji, T. Ono, Kumamoto, T. Kobayashi, H. Nakagawa, Distribution of the subsurface reflectors of the western nearside maria observed from Kaguya with Lunar Radar Sounder,doi:10.1029/2009GL039835, 2009

5. A. Pommerol, W. Kofman, J. Audouard, C. Grima, P. Beck, J. Mouginot,, A. Herique, T. Kobayashi and T. Ono, Detectability of subsurface interfaces in Lunar Mare by the LRS / SELENE sounding radar: influence of mineralogical composition, Geophys Res. Lett, doi:10.1029/2009GL041681, in press, 2010.

6. Y. Nishimura, T. Kikuchi, J. Wygant, A. Shinbori, T. Ono, A. Matsuoka, T. Nagatsum, and D. Brautigam, Response of convection electric elds in the magnetosphere to IMF orientation change J. Geophys. Res.doi:2009JA014277RRR, 2009.

7. Takayuki Ono, A. Kumamoto, H. Nakagawa, Y. Yamaguchi,S. Oshigami, A. Yamaji, T. Kobayashi, Y. Kasahara, H. Oya, Lunar radar sounder observation of subsurface layers under the Nearside Maria of the Moon, Science 323, 909, 2009.

8. Ono T., A. Kumamoto, Y. Yamaguchi, A. Yamaji, T. Kobayashi, Y. Kasahara, and H. Oya, Instrumentation and observation target of the Lunar Radar Sounder (LRS) experiment on-board the SELENE spacecraft, Earth Planets Space, 60, 321-332, 2008.



Yasumasa Kasaba The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: (A-1) Jovian atmosphere-magnetosphere coupling system (with C.Tao [D3] and H.Fujiwara [Assi.Prof.]):

In Jupiter, fast-rotating neutral atmosphere drives ionospheric and magnetospheric plasma. The accelerated aurora particle and Joule heating generated by this process give the feedback to the atmosphere. We first develop the 2-D self-consistent integrated model of this complex system, which enables us to investigate the Jovian system under a unified view. (C. Tao got the Auroral Medal by this result in the 124th SGEPSS meeting.)

(A-2) Vertical profile of Jovian cloud layer (with T.Sato [M2], Y.Takahashi [Asso.Prof.]): Vertical cloud structure can be accessed by CH4 absorption profiles. We used this technique for the Jovian observation at Nishi-Harima Observatory in May 2008, with LCTF imaging spectroscopy. We also analyzed the wide phase angle images taken by Cassini flybys, and refined the aerosol scattering properties which was established in Pioneer-era. By the integration of both results, we try to evaluate the cloud structure in this decade.

(A-3) Minor component of Martian atmosphere (with S.Aoki [B4], H.Nakagawa [PD], I.Murata [Asso. Prof.]): Variable CH4 detected in Martian atmosphere suggests the presence of crustal activity. We searched SO/SO2 as the production index by Atacama ASTE telescope (submm) and oxidant H2O2 as the loss index by Mars Express PFX infrared spectrometer. The former provides the upper limit of volcanic activity. The latter showed insufficient loss. Both results are deepening the mystery.

(A-4) Large electric field: its production and structure (with K.Ogasawara [B4], Y.Nishimura [D3]): U.S. Themis mission is first multi-spacecraft mission flying along equatorial plane of terrestrial magnetosphere. The study of the large-amplitude electric field, which is a part of energetic processed in the ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling system, was started.

(B-1) Development of Infrared laser heterodyne spectrometer (with S.Aoki [B4], A.Hashimoto [M2], H.Nakagawa [PD], I.Murata [Asso.Prof.], S.Okano [Prof.]): We are developing the infrared spectrometer with highest-spectral resolution by the latest technology, Quantum Cascade Laser. It will enable to get the profiles of wind velocities, structures, and compositions in planetary environments. It can also be the basis of in-situ laser spectrometer for lander missions.

(B-2) Development of Electric/Radio/Radar instruments (with A.Kumamoto [Asso.Prof.], T.Ono [Prof.]): We proceeded the development of those instruments for BepiColombo/MMO (Mercury), ERG (radiation belt), SCOPE (terrestrial magnetosphere in multi-scale), EJSM (Jupiter), covering antennas, receivers, transmitters, and digital units. Development of SpriteSat (Tohoku Univ. satellite) and Exceed (EUV space telescope) was also done with a part of those technologies. We also hosted the International Mercury


Specialized Field Solar System Radio & IR Sciences

Research Subject Radio & Infrared studies of Atmospheres/Plasmas around Earth & Planets(A) Short/mid/long-term variations of planetary atmosphere and plasma (B) Development of new observational instruments for (A)



Science Workshop in Sep 2008. Publications: [Refereed papers](all) 1. Asamura, K., C.C. Chaston, Y. Itoh, M. Fujimoto, T. Sakanoi, Y. Ebihara, A. Yamazaki, M. Hirahara, K.

Seki, Y. Kasaba, M. Okada, Sheared flows and small-scale Alfvén wave generation in the auroral acceleration region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L05105, doi:10.1029/2008GL036803, 2009.

2. Blanc, M., Y. Alibert, N. Andre, S. Atreya, R. Beebe, W. Benz, S.J. Bolton, A. Coradini, A. Coustenis, V. Dehant, M. Dougherty, P. Drossart, M. Fujimoto, O. Grasset, L. Gurvits, P. Hartogh, H. Hussmann, Y. Kasaba, M. Kivelson, K. Khurana, N. Krupp, P. Louarn, J. Lunine, M. McGrath, D. Mimoun, O. Mousis, J. Oberst, T. Okada, R. Pappalardo, O. Prieto-Ballesteros, D. Prieur, P. Regnier, M. Roos-Serote, S. Sasaki, G. Schubert, C. Sotin, T. Spilker, Y. Takahashi, T. Takashima, F. Tosi, D. Turrini, T. van Hoolst, L. Zelenyi, LAPLACE: A mission to Europa and the Jupiter System for ESA's Cosmic Vision Programme, Experimental Astronomy, 23, 3, 849-892, 2009.

3. Fujimoto, M., Y. Tsuda, Y. Saito, I. Shinohara, T. Takashima, A. Matsuoka, H. Kojima, and Y. Kasaba, The SCOPE Mission, AIP Conf. Proc.: Future perspectives of space plasma and particle instrumentation and international collaborations, 1144, 29-35, 2009.

4. Kasaba, Y., J.-L. Bougeret, L. G. Blomberg, H. Kojima, S. Yagitani, M. Moncuquet, J.-G. Trotignon, G. Chanteur, A. Kumamoto, Y. Kasahara, J. Lichtenberger, Y. Omura, K. Ishisaka, and H. Matsumoto, The Plasma Wave Investigation (PWI) onboard the BepiColombo / MMO: First measurement of electric fields, electromagnetic waves, and radio waves around Mercury, Planet. Space Sci., 58, 238-278, 2010.

5. Kasaba, Y., T. Takashima, and H. Misawa, A Jovian Small Orbiter for magnetospheric and auroral studies with the Solar-Sail project, AIP Conf. Proc.: Future perspectives of space plasma and particle instrumentation and international collaborations, 1144, 228-231, 2009.

6. Milillo, A., M. Fujimoto, E. Kallio, S. Kameda, F. Leblanc, Y. Narita, G. Cremonese, H. Laakso, M. Laurenza, S. Massetti, S. McKenna-Lawlor, A. Mura, R. Nakamura, Y. Omura, D.A. Rothery, K Seki, M. Storini, P. Wurz, W. Baumjohann, E.J. Bunce, Y. Kasaba, J. Helbert, and A. Sprague, Hermean Environment WG members, The BepiColombo mission: An outstanding tool for investigating the Hermean environment, Planet. Space Sci., 58, 40-60, 2010.

7. Oka, M., T. Terasawa, M. Fujimoto, H. Matsui, Y. Kasaba, Y. Saito, H. Kojima, H. Matsumoto, T. Mukai, Non-thermal Electrons at the Earth's Bow Shock: A 'Gradual' Event, Earth, Planets, Space, 61, 603-606, 2009.

8. Oyama, S., T. T. Tsuda, T. Sakanoi, Y. Obuchi, K. Asamura, M. Hirahara, A. Yamazaki, Y. Kasaba, R. Fujii, S. Nozawa, and B.J. Watkins, Spatial evolution of frictional heating and the predicted thermospheric-wind effects in the vicinity of an auroral arc measured with the Sondrestrom incoherent-scatter radar and the Reimei satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A07311, doi:10.1029/2009JA014091, 2009.

9. Seki, Y., M. N. Nishino, M. Fujimoto, Y. Miyashita, K. Keika, H. Hasegawa, K. Okabe, Y. Kasaba, T. Terasawa, T. I. Yamamoto, I. Shinohara, Y. Saito, and T. Mukai, Observations of loss-cone shaped backstreaming energetic protons upstream of the Earth’s bow shock, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A11106, doi:10.1029/2009JA014136, 2009.



10. Tao, C., H. Fujiwara, Y. Kasaba, Neutral wind control of the Jovian magnetosphere-ionosphere current system, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A08307, doi:10.1029/2008JA013966, 2009.

11. Terada, N., A. Matsuoka, K. Seki, A. Yamazaki, Y. Futaana, S. Yokota, Y. Saito, H. Nakagawa, Y. Kasaba, S. Tachibana, J. Ogawa, T. Satoh, The MELOS Working Group, Challenge of MELOS: Martian atmospheric escape and evolution, The Japanese Society for Planetary Sciences, 18, 73-75, 2009.

<In printing / Accepted> 1. Kasaba, Y., A. Kumamoto, K. Ishisaka, H. Kojima, K. Higuchi, A. Watanabe, and K. Watanabe,

Development of stiff and extendible electromagnetic sensors for space missions, Adv. Geosciences, accepted, 2009.

2. Nakagawa, H., Y. Kasaba, H. Maezawa, A. Hashimoto, H. Sagawa, I. Murata, S. Okano, S. Aoki, R. Mizuno, N. Moribe, A. Mizuno, M. Momose, T. Ohnishi, N. Mizuno, Search of SO2 in the Martian atmosphere by ground-based submillimeter observation, Planet. Space Sci., 2009. (in press)

3. Tao, C., H. Fujiwara, Y. Kasaba, Jovian magnetosphere-ionosphere current system characterized by diurnal variation of ionospheric conductance, Planet. Space Sci., accepted, 2009.

4. Yoshikawa, I, K. Yoshioka, G. Murakami, A. Yamazaki, S. Kameda, M Ueno, N. Terada, F. Tsuchiya, M. Kagitani, Y. Kasaba, Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscope for Exospheric Dynamics Explore (EXCEED) Adv. Geosciences, accepted, 2009.

[Non-Refereed Papers] (important ones only) 1. Kasaba, Y., M. T. Capria, D. Crichton, J. Zender, R. Beebe, and the IPDA, The International Planetary

Data Alliance (IPDA): Activities in 2008-2010, Space Research Today, 176, 40-45, 2009. [Books] Co-authered books: 1. Advances in Planetary Sciences: AOGS 2007, Ed. Bhardwaj, A., Hartogh, P., Kasaba, Y., Wu, C.Y.R.,

Planet. Space Sci., 56, 13, Special Issue, 2008.



Hiroaki Misawa The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: In order to investigate variation characteristics and origin of energetic particle and radio emission phenomena in planetary magnetospheres, we have made ground-based observations, analyses of the data observed by satellites and spacecrafts and numerical simulations. 1. Investigations on Source and loss processes of relativistic particles in Jupiter’s radiation belt (JRB):

Variation characteristics and their physical processes for MeV electrons have been surveyed by continuous observations for their synchrotron radiations at several hundred's MHz using the Iitate Planetary Radio Telescope(IPRT), Tohoku University and the world largest radio interferometer, GMRT, India. It is newly suggested from their coordinated observations that variations of several MeV electrons in JRB are made by some Jupiter-origin processes in addition to solar activity control process which have been identified in higher energy electrons. Test observations of the 1D interferometer for revealing short-term JSR source variations have been started. (co-investigators: Fuminori Tsuchiya (Assist. Prof.), Akira Morioka (Honorary Prof.))

2. Investigations on occurrence characteristics of Jupiter’s low frequency radio bursts: Occurrence characteristics using the Galileo, Ulysses and Cassini data and ray propagation analyses have been investigated for Jupiter's quasi-periodic burst (QPB) and broad-band kilometric radiation (bKOM) in the frequency range below several hundred's KHz. It is suggested that they are generated in the same wave mode, however, their source regions and generation processes might be different. It is also implied that QPBs propagating to high and low latitudinal regions are generated by different generation processes. (co-investigator: Tomoki Kimura (DC3), Yasumasa Kasaba (Prof.), Fuminori Tsuchiya (Assist. Prof.), Akira Morioka (Honorary Prof.))

3. Investigations on origin and generation processes of planetary auroral radio emissions: Jupiter: Source regions of auroral radio emissions have been surveyed by comparisons of radio emissions and UV aurora activities. It is revealed that the radio emissions are mainly originated from the dawn and/or dusk regions located at slightly higher latitudes than the main oval. This suggests that the observed radio emissions reflect the solar wind - magnetosphere coupling process. Field aligned potential structure for particle accelerations and wave generation processes have been also investigated for Io-related radio emissions using numerical simulations. Earth: Spectral features of auroral kilometric radiation have been investigated precisely to reveal generation process of particle acceleration regions at substorm onsets. It is revealed that auroral acceleration/radiation consists of two stages; i.e., intensification of a low-altitude acceleration/ radiation region (4000-5000 km), and breakout of high-altitude field-aligned acceleration/ radiation above the

Title/Affiliation Associate Professor / Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University

Specialized Field Physics of earth and planetary magnetospheres

Research Subject

1. Dynamics of earth and planetary magnetospheres 2. Studies on variation phenomena and their origin of energetic particles and radio emissions in planetary magnetospheres based on observations and numerical simulations



pre-existing low-altitude acceleration region (6000-12 000 km). (co-investigator: Kazuya Matsuda (MC2), Atsushi Kumamoto (Assoc. Prof.), Naoki Terada (Assoc. Prof.), Fuminori Tsuchiya (Assist. Prof.), Yuto Kato (Assist. Prof.), Akira Morioka (Honorary Prof.))

4. Investigations on dynamics of energetic particles in the planetary inner magnetospheres: Saturn: Causalities of the energy dependent radial distribution for energetic ions in the inner magnetosphere within several Rs have been investigated based on the Monte Carlo method for neutrals and Fokker-Planck simulation for ions. It is suggested that neutrals mainly originated from Enceladus are expected to distribute asymmetrically in longitude and charge exchange between oxygen ions and neutrals should not be the dominant process for the radial distribution. Earth: The inner boundary for plasma sheet electrons has been investigated using the THEMIS data. It is suggested that the electron transportation is basically controlled by the large-scale dawn-dusk electric field and additionally controlled by some wave-particle interactions in the dawn sector. (co-investigator: Hiroyasu Tadokoro (DC3), Satoshi Kurita (MC1), Takayuki Ono (Prof.), Atsushi Kumamoto (Assoc. Prof.), Fuminori Tsuchiya (Assist. Prof.), Yuto Kato (Assist. Prof.), Akira Morioka (Honorary Prof.))

5. Investigations on origin and energy release processes of solar radio bursts: Generation processes of relatively weak solar radio bursts (Type I and micro Type-III bursts) have been investigated using IPRT and spacecraft observations (WIND, STEREO etc.). It is implied that Type I and micro Type-III bursts occur almost simultaneously, suggesting they are generated in closed and open coronal magnetic field lines adjacent each other. A new spectral polarimeter has been developed and installed on IPRT, which enables world-eminent solar burst observations with the time resolution of less than 10msec for 100~500MHz and sensitivity of less than 1SFU. (co-investigator: Kazumasa Iwai (DC1), Atsushi Kumamoto (Assoc. Prof.), Fuminori Tsuchiya (Assist. Prof.), Yuto Kato (Assist. Prof.), Akira Morioka (Honorary Prof.))

Publications: Journals: [Refereed papers](all) 1. Tadokoro, H., F. Tsuchiya, Y. Miyoshi, Y. Katoh, A. Morioka, and H. Misawa, Storm-time electron flux

precipitation in the inner radiation belt cause by wave-particle interactions. Ann. Geophys., 27, 1669-1677, 2009.

2. Morioka, A., Y. Miyoshi, F. Tsuchiya, H. Misawa, K .Yumoto, G.K. Parks, R.R. Anderson, J.D. Menietti, and F., Honary, Vertical evolution of auroral acceleration at substorm onset. Ann. Geophys., 27, 525-535, 2009.

3. Kasaba, Y., T. Takashima, and H. Misawa, A Jovian Small Orbiter for magnetospheric and auroral studies with the Solar-Sail project, AIP Conf. Proc., Future perspectives of space plasma and particle instrumentation and international collaborations, 1144, 228-231, 2009.

4. Tsuchiya, F., H. Misawa, K .Imai, A. Morioka, and T. Kondo, Multi-frequency total flux measurements of Jupiter's synchrotron radiation during a simultaneous spectrum and interferometer observation campaign. Adv. Geosci. (in press)

5. Kimura, T., F. Tsuchiya, H. Misawa, A. Morioka, and H. Nozawa, Occurrence statistics and ray tracing study of Jovian quasi-periodic radio bursts observed from low latitudes, J. Geophys. Res. (in press)



Katsuo Tsukamoto The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: Early solar nebula was a gas nebula when formed 4.6 billion years ago. In a few millions years, varieties of crystallization took place from the gas nebula and the present planetary system was rapidly formed. The initial crystallization was the formation of fine silicate crystalline particles whose diameter was 100-400nm from gas. These fine particles were then melted by shock waves, probably originated from the proto-Sun, to form melt droplets, a few mm in diameter. These melt droplets and the subsequent silicate spheres (chondrules) were the origin of the present planet systems. Although these processes were exactly crystallization from various phases, no attempt has been done to understand these processes in the language of crystal growth. Therefore various parameters such as the rate of crystallization, temperature, etc. have not been known, though these are the key parameters for the understanding of the solar system. The process has been regarded as a very slow process in astronomy and in planetary sciences. We have recently succeeded to simulate the crystallization process experimentally using levitation environments, like in microgravity or in gas jet levitation experiments, to conclude that the crystallization process was much more rapid, say, 104-8 times, in another word, finished in less than ten seconds for the chondrule formation (silicate sphere, a few mm in diameter). There are still tremendous discrepancies between astronomic observation, crystal growth experiments and theory of solar system formation. The interaction of organic materials with inorganic materials in solar system is of interest to think about the origin of materials and life in the solar system, in which bio-mineralization and colloidal crystallization also play an important role. These processes will be investigated by high resolution in-situ optical observation systems for varieties of crystal growth, which have been developed in the laboratory of the present author. We want to understand the materials formation in early solar nebula 4.6 billion years ago with the language of crystal growth in the scale of nano-meters. Publications: [Refereed Journals] (all) 1. Maruyama, M., K. Tsukamoto, G. Sazaki, Y. Nishimura and P. G. Vekilov, Chiral and Achiral

Mechanisms of Regulation of Calcite Crystallization, Crystal Growth & Design, 9(1), 127-135, 2009. 2. Komatsu, N. Mizukoshi, K. Makida, K. Tsukamoto, In-situ observation of ettringite crystals, J. of Crystal

Growth 311, 1005–1008, 2009. 3. Nozawa, J., K. Tsukamoto, H. Kobatake, J. Yamada, H. Satoh, K. Nagashima, H. Miura, Y. Kimura,

AFM study on surface nanotopography of matrix olivines in Allende carbonaceous chondrite, Icarus. (in press)


Specialized Field Planetary Materials Science, Crystal Growth

Research Subject Crystallization in the Early Solar Nebula



4. Cui, M.Y., X.Q. Yao, W.J. Dong, K. Tsukamoto, C.R. Li, Template-freesynthesisof CuO–CeO2 nanowires by hydro-thermal technology, J. Crystal Growth. (in press)

5. He, J. X., M.Y. Cui, Y.Y. Zheng, B.Y. Chen, K. Tsukamoto, C.R. Li, Self-assembly of Modified Silica Nanospheres at the Liquid / Liquid, Interface Materials Letters. (accepted)

[Non-Refereed Papers] (important ones only) 1. Tsukamoto, K., Report on The Program Research, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku

University “Crystallization 4.6 billion years ago”, 1-212, 2009.



FG

FG

Solid Earth Research G

Planetary Evolution Res. G

Earth Environment Res. G

FG

Earth Environment

Earth Planet.Dynamics

Water CO2

FG

OOrriiggiinn aanndd FFuuttuurree ooff EEaarrtthh aanndd PPllaanneettss

Core

Moon

Mantle Wedge

2. Focus Research Groups Research and Education Activities

We are planning to promote some focused research topics of a cross-disciplinary nature in our GCOE program. An exemple of such topic is “water dynamics”, which was started during the previous 21st Century COE program. We defined the following topics as focused cross-disciplinary research in our GCOE program. Focused Cross - Disciplinary Research

We defined following topics as focused research tagets in the beginning of this program. ・Moon - Observations from the Kaguya project combining studies of Lunar exploration, lunar geochemistry,

Rock magnetism, and Meteoritics. We collaborate with JAXA and National Astronomical Observatory (NAO).

・Earth and Planetary Core - Ultrahigh-pressure mineral physics, global seismology, magnetosphere

physics, planetary exploration. We collaborate with Geophysical Laboratory, Illinois Univ., Sobolev Institute, ENS Lyon.

・Big Mantle Wedge and Deep Dehydration - Seismology, Petrology, Geology, Climatology. We

collaborate with the USGS and the University of Alaska. ・Deep Volatile Cycle (Carbon, Hydrogen, and Water Dynamics) - Water-Rock interaction, Circulation of

water within the crust and mantle, Global volatile cycle between surface to the center of the Earth, Fate of water, carbon, and other volatiles in the subduction zone, Ocean Sciences, Origin of life, Sciences on Eco-system and environment. We organized the annual “Water Dynamics” workshop to promote these focused group activities.



Water-Rock Deep Water

Ocean Science

Origin of Life

ResearchInternational

Workshop Ex. Water Dynamics Future Perspective

Planning of Research Proposal for JSPS

Education Special Lecture COE Seminar

Water andSubduction

Water−CO2

(Water Dynamics) Environment

・Gas-Solid Interaction on Planets and Satellites - Study of the planetary interior based on information of the planetary atmosphere, Effects of the activities of the planetary interior on the properties of its atmosphere, with particular study of the Na atmosphere on planets and satellites such as Mercury, the Moon, and Io. We conducted a workshop related to interaction of the atmosphere and internal activity of the planets.

Symposiums and Workshops

We conducted the following workshops to identify the focused research topics in this program. 1. The 6th International Workshop on Water Dynamics was held on March 4-6, 2009 at the International

Center, Sendai. The topics included such subjects as earthquakes and volcanic activities, Earth’s deep interior, and the origin and extinction of life.

2. Focus Group Workshop: No. 1: The International Workshop on "Crystallization in The Early Solar Nebula 4.6 Billion Years Ago"

3. Focus Group Workshop: No. 2: The International Workshop on "Planetary Collision" 4. Focus Group Workshop: No.3: Workshop for Interactions between GAS and SOLID at Planets

Financial Supports

We selected following programs on focused targets, and made financial support to promote the new direction of Focus studies. The amount of financial support was 1.0–2.8 million JPY for each project.

1. Big Mantle Wedge and Deep Dehydration in the Transition Zone 2. Melting by Planetary Collision and Crystallization of High-Pressure Minerals from Shocked Melts 3. Tectonics of the Active Fault Zones and the Ocean Floor Eco-Systems 4. Gas and Solid Interactions on Planets and Satellites 5. New Nanoscale Phenomena and Grain Formation about 4.6 Ga Ago



Big Mantle Wedge and Deep Dehydration in the Transition Zone Research Members:

Eiji Ohtani, Dapeng Zhao, Takeshi Kuritani, Michihiko Nakamura, Fumiko Tajima, Konstantin D. Litasov

Report: 1. We started to study the effect of

dehydration from slabs. We measured the dihedral angle between wadsleyite, majorite, and aqueous fluid, which revealed that the angles were around 40 degrees and that the aqueous fluid is percolative in the transition zone. We are also planning to conduct further experiments on the elements partitioning between aqueous fluid and minerals in the deep upper mantle and transition zone to clarify the effects of hydrous magmas generated at the base of the upper mantle (Ohtani and Zhao, 2009, in press).

2. Effects of volatiles such as CO2 on partial melting of the slabs at high pressure were clarified (Sujoy et al., 2009; Litasov et al., 2009 in press). These experiments are also related to topics on water dynamics and the deep carbon cycle, which are important issues of focus research projects.

3. We clarified the reaction between hydrous ringwoodite and iron to form iron hydride and anhydrous ringwoodite. This result was applied to the dehydration process in hypothetical ancient Martian subduction. We presented a new model indicating that an ancient Martian ocean exists now in the Martian core (Shibazaki et al., 2009 in press).

4. Professor Tajima detected several anomalies with a low seismic wave velocity below the stagnant slab at 660-690 km depths beneath Japan and northeastern China. We analyzed causes of the anomalies based on the phase relations of peridotite and MORB under wet conditions. These anomalies might be interpreted by the dehydration at bottom of the stagnant slab because of a difference in the water solubility between minerals in the transition and the lower mantle.



List of Published Papers: 1. D. Zhao, E. Ohtani, Deep slab subduction and dehydration and their geodynamic consequences:

Evidence from seismology and mineral physics, Gondwana Research 16, 401-413, 2009. 2. E. Ohtani, D. Zhao, The role of water in the deep upper mantle and transition zone: dehydration of

stagnant slabs and its effects on the big mantle wedge, Russ Geol Geophys., No 11-12, 2009, in press.

3. K. D. Litasov, E. Ohtani, Solidus and phase relations of carbonated peridotite in the system CaO-Al2O3-MgO-SiO2-Na2O-CO2 to the lower mantle depths, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 2009 doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2009.07.008

4. S. Ghosh, E. Ohtani, K. Litasov, H. Terasaki, Solidus of Carbonated Peridotite and petrogenesis of Magnesio-carbonatite in the Earth’s Upper Mantle and Transition Zone, Chemical Geology, in press.

5. E. Ohtani, Deep dehydration in stagnant slab and its effect on processes in the transition zone and upper mantle (in Japanese), in press.

6. Y. Shibazaki, E. Ohtani, H. Terasaki, A. Suzuki, K. Funakoshi, Hydrogen partitioning between Iron and Ringwoodite: Implications for water transport into the Martian core, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, in press.

Melting by Planetary Collision and Crystallization of High-Pressure Minerals from Shocked Melts Research Members:

Masaaki Miyahara, Eiji Ohtani and Shin Ozawa Report:

We investigated shock-melt veins and melt pockets in L6 ordinary chondrites (Allan Hills 78003, Yamato 74445, Yamato 791384, Sahara 98222, Tenham, Peace River), lunar meteorites (Yamato 793274, Asuka 881757) and martian meteorites (Yamato 984028, DaG 735, NWA 1068, NWA 480, NWA 856, Allan Hills 77005) using FEG-SEM, EMPA, Raman spectroscopy and FIB-(S)TEM-EDS to clarify the phase transformation mechanisms of olivine and low-Ca pyroxene and estimate the magnitude of dynamic events recoded in the meteorites. Major results are as follows;

(1) We observed pervasive ringwoodite lamellae in original olivine grains adjacent to the shock-melt veins of Yamato 791384, Yamato 74445 and Allan Hills 78003. We prepared TEM slices of the ringwoodite lamellae using FIB, and observed them with TEM/STEM. TEM images show that the ringwoodite lamella with a width of < ~10 nm is coherent ringwoodite platelet and has a crystallographic relation (100)Ol // <111>Rgt between olivine (Ol) and ringwoodite (Rgt). This is a first evidence for the existence of coherent Rgt growth in nature. On the other hands, Rgt lamella with a width of > ~100 nm consists of polycrystalline Rgt (incoherent Rgt). We estimated the duration of high-pressure condition during a shock event using the thicknesses of coherent and incoherent Rgt and growth rates obtained experimentally. Resultant duration is ~4 seconds, implying that the size of the parent body of Yamato791384 is ~ 10 km in diameter (Miyahara et al., under review).



(2) We observed assemblages of wadsleyite (Wds) and ringwoodite (Rgt) in the shock-melt veins of Yamato 74445, Allan Hills 78003 and Peace River L6 chondrites. There are significant differences on their chemical compositions (up to 26 mol% as fayalite component) between Wds and Rgt. The duration of high-pressure condition should be more than 100 seconds to form Wds and Rgt having such a significant compositional gap only by Fe-Mg inter-diffusion in solid-state. Only planetesimal with a diameter of > few thousands km can generate such long duration of high-pressure condition, which is unrealistic. Their compositions are close to thermodynamic equilibrium. Accordingly, we propose their formation as follows; first, olivine melts under high-pressure and temperature condition induced by a shock event. With decreasing temperature at high-pressure condition, Mg-rich Wds forms from the olivine melt. Subsequently, with decreasing temperature, Fe-rich Rgt forms from the residual melt (Miyahara et al., PEPI, 2009).

(3) We observed many new transformation textures in the shock-melt veins of Yamato 74445 and Sahara 98222 with FEG-SEM; i.e. from olivine to wadsleyite, from low-Ca pyroxene to majorite, from albitic feldspar to jadeite (and/or lingunite) (Ozawa et al., MAPS, 2009).

(4) We joined an international consortium for newly found martian meteorite, Yamato 984028. We conducted preliminary studies of a shock vein in the meteorite (Ozawa et al., under review).

List of Research Papers:

1. Miyahara M., Ohtani E., Kimura M., El Goresy A. Ozawa S., Nagase T., Nishijima M. and Hiraga K. Coherent with subsequent incoherent ringwoodite growth in olivine of shocked L6 chondrites. submitted to Earth and Planetary Science Letter.

2. Ohtani E., Ozawa S., Miyahara M., Ito Y., Mikouchi T., Kimura M. and Arai T. Coesite in a shocked lunar meteorite, Asuka-881757, and impact events in the early Moon. submitted to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

3. Ozawa S., Miyahara M., Ohtani E., Kimura M., Ito Y. and Hiraga K. Petrographic study of a host-rock and a melt vein of Yamato 984028 lherzolitic shergottite: Implications for its shock metamorphism and origin of the melt vein. submitted to Polar Science.

4. Miyahara M., El Goresy A., Ohtani E., Kimura M., Ozawa S., Nagase T. and Nishijima M. Fractional crystallization of olivine melt inclusion in shock-induced chondritic melt vein. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior, 177, 116-121, 2009.

5. Ozawa S., Ohtani E., Miyahara M., Suzuki A., Kimura M. and Ito Y. Transformation textures, mechanisms of formation of high-pressure minerals in shock melt veins of L6 chondrites, and pressure-temperature conditions of the shock events. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 44, 1771-1786, 2009.

6. Kimura M., Mikouchi T., Suzuki A., Miyahara M., Ohtani E. and El Goresy A. Kushiroite, CaAlAlSiO6: A new mineral of the pyroxene group from the ALH 85085 CH chondrite and its genetic significance in refractory inclusions. American Mineralogist 94, 1479-1482, 2009.

7. Miyahara M., Ohtani E., Kimura M., El Goresy A., Ozawa S. and Nagase T. Detailed FIB-TEM study of ringwoodite lamellae in individual olivine grains in shock-melt veins of Yamato 791384 L6 chondrite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 44 (Supplement), A145, 2009.

8. Ferroir T., Miyahara M., Ohtani E., Beck P., Simionovici A., Gillet P. and El Goresy A. P-T



conditions and mechanisms of enstatite to akimotoite transformations in the shocked L-6 chondrite Tenham. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 44 (Supplement), A69, 2009.

9. El Goresy A., Miyahara M., Ohtani E., Nagase T., Nishijima M., Ferroir T. and Gillet Ph. Micro-surgical FIB-TEM study of diverse liquidus wadsleyite-ringwoodite pairs fractionally crystallized from olivine melt enclaves in shock melt veins in L6 chondrites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 44 (Supplement), A79, 2009.

10. Kimura M., El Goresy A., Mikouchi T., Suzuki A., Miyahara M. and Ohtani E. Kushiroite, CaAl2SiO6, A new mineral in carbonaceous chondrites: Its formation conditions and genetic significance in Ca-Al-rich refractory inclusions. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 43 (Supplement) A110, 2009.

11. Caillet Komorowski C., Boudouma O., El Goresy A., Miyahara M. and Özel M. E. Sub-micrometric study of Cu- and Hg-bearing opaque assemblages in unshocked primitive H chondrites: Origin and first occurrence of native Hg in a meteorite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science 43 (Supplement), A112, 2009.

Tectonics of the Active Fault Zones and the Ocean Floor Eco-Systems Research Members:

Yoshihiro Ito, Hiromi Fujimoto, Ryota Hino and Motoyuki Kido Report:

To detect slow earthquakes of various types, we conducted an investigation of cold seeps using SHINKAI 6500. We deployed two simplified ocean-bottom benchmarks (SOBBs), replaced two ocean-bottom pressure gauges (OBPs) with an inverted echo sounder, sampled the pore water at the cold seeps, and deployed six long-term ocean-bottom seismometers (OBSs). We conducted six dives with the SHINKAI 6500 to search for chemosynthetic benthic colonies--which indicate the existence of a cold seep--and to deploy two CAT meters. We found more than 10 calyptogena colonies in six regions at depths of 5702-5861 m. Two CAT-meters were also deployed on the cold seep.

We deployed two SOBBs with sensors of three types: short-period seismometers, broadband seismometers, and a pressure gauge. These SOBBs were deployed from the ocean surface. One SOBB was deployed on the footwall near the possible faults estimated by traces of calyptogena colonies, which were discovered on dives #1069, #1072, #1073, and #1074. The other was deployed on the hanging wall of a possible fault along the calyptogena colonies, and is also located seaward of the possible fault found on dive #1071.

We also deployed an ocean-bottom pressure gauge (OBP) and an inverted echo sounder (IES) to monitor the vertical movement in the same region. An OBP measures the pressure variation, whereas an IES measures the variation of pressure and the two-way travel time of an acoustic pulse between the IES and ocean surface with transmitted signals of four types. We then recovered and deployed two OBPs. The recovered OBPs had recorded the pressure variation for a duration of six months (the data comprise



approximately 250 000 samples) with a sampling interval of 1 min. The deployed IESs are sampled every 10 min; the sampling frequency is 10 times the frequency of the transmitted signal.

We conducted the following domestic workshops to identify the focused research topic in this program: Dynamics of deformation and ocean-floor ecosystem on the landward slope, Sendai, Feb 23-24, 2008. In all, 11 persons were invited from JAMSTEC, The University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, and Kyushu University. There, 16 presentations were presented, with subsequent discussions related to focus topics. List of Research Papers:

1. Cruise Report YOKOSUKA Cruise Report YK08-06, Detection of Multi-scale Slow earthquakes by using Ocean-bottom Seismic and Geodetec Observation, Chief Scienctist: Yoshihiro Ito, JAMSTEC Data Site for Research Cruises, http://www.jamstec.go.jp/cruisedata/yokosuka/e/YK08-06.html

List of Presentations:

1. Ito, Y., K. Obara, Y. Asano, H, Fujimoto, R. Hino, J. Ashi, and T. Tsuji (2008) Shallow very-low-frequency earthquakes around Japan; Recent studies and observation, AGU 2008 Fall meeting, T22B-06, INVITED.

2. Ito, Y. and K. Obara (2008) Very-low-frequency earthquake within accretionary prism along Nankai Trough, Margin SEIZE Workshop The next decade of the Seismic Zone Experiment, Mt. Hood Oregon, INVITED

3. Ito, Y. (2009) Monitering of seafloor deformation in Japan Trench, The Japan-Indonesia bi-lateral joint workshop on Subduction processes and related topic along the Sumatra-Java arc, Tokyo, Japan., INVITED

4. Ito, Y., H. Fujimoto, R. Hino, M. Kido, Y. Osada, Y. Yamamoto, S. Suzuki, R. Azuma, H. Tsushima, K. Suzuki, T. Tsuji, N. Nakayama, J. Ashi, and T. Gamo, Seismological, geodetical., and cold-seepage observations for detection of slow earthquakes along Japan Trench, The 7th General Assembly of Asian Seismological Commission, Tsukuba, Japan.

Gas and Solid Interactions on Planets and Satellites Research Members:

[Planetary Evolution Group] Y. Kasaba, T. Ono, A. Kumamoto, I. Murata, H. Nakagawa, S. Okano, T. Sakanoi, M. Kagitani, H. Misawa (GP) T. Kuritani (ES)

[Earth / Planetary Interior SG] D. Zhao (GP) M. Nakamura, E. Ohtani (ES) [Earthquakes Volcano SG] M. Sato, A. Goto (C. North East Asian Res.) [Other Inst.] S. Sasaki (NOAJ, Mizusawa [Guest Prof.])

Report: This group, formed in January 2009, started the following research activities.

A. Generation of thin atmospheres through interaction between the planet surface and interplanetary



space: At the Moon and the Mercury surface, thin atmospheres are generated directly through interactions with solar wind, high-energy particles, interplanetary dusts, etc. We seek to clarify "vapor generations from planetary objects without dense atmospheres." In fiscal year 2008, we started remote operation of the Hawaii Haleakala Tohoku Univ. Observatory from Tohoku University’s Sendai Aoba-yama Campus for accumulation of long-term observation data.

B. Atmospheric generation by the planet surface activity: Io supplies large amounts of neutral gas into the Jovian system via an active volcano. The presence of Martian CH4, as confirmed in recent years, suggests surface activity on Mars. We aim to investigate gas production from the planetary interior, and to enhance the development of the next-generation instruments for those studies. In fiscal year 2008, continuous observation of the Io system was started as described above in (A). We also prepare infrared monitoring of the Io volcano with the University Tokyo. Sub-millimeter observations for SO2 from the Martian crust were also executed with Nagoya University. Moreover, the design of new telescopes dedicated to planetary observations proceeded with the University of Hawaii. We also pursue the development of high-resolution infrared spectrometers. Research into vapor generation from terrestrial volcanic activity is considered to create a link to such activities on other planets.

C. Search for the subsurface structure: Both A and B above imply a connection with underground information. We intend to search the subsurface using our Lunar Radar Sounder and to develop next-generation techniques. In fiscal year 2008, LRS observations of Kaguya were continued and heavily analyzed. Subsurface radar investigations for icy objects, the Moon, and Mars were started with earth radar and European groups. In addition, the lunar internal structure was analyzed using past seismic datasets, yielding new insights into its non-uniformity. (Moon study is included in this activity, as Lunar observations combining studies with geochemistry, rock magnetism, and meteoritics, under the collaboration with NAOJ.)

We also introduced data analysis tools as a common infrastructure for those studies. Moreover, we

convened an internal brainstorming meeting in Feb. 18 and a ‘Planetary Environment Symposium’ in Mar. 17-19 to enhance the present studies and search for potential topics to expand our research.

List of Main Research Papers (Extraction):

1. Misawa, H., Sonobe, A., Morioka, A., and Okano, S., Investigation of local time dependence of Mercury's sodium exosphere based on a numerical simulation, Planet. Spce Sci., 56, 1681-1687, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2008.07.029, 2008.

2. Nakagawa, H., Y. Kasaba, H. Maezawa, A. Hashimoto, H. Sagawa, I. Murata, S. Okano, S. Aoki, N. Moribe, A. Mizuno, M. Momose, T. Ohnishi, N. Mizuno, and T. Nagahama, Search of SO2 in the Martian atmosphere by ground-based submillimeter observation, Planet. Space Sci., 57, 2123-2127, 2009.

3. Ono, T., A. Kumamoto, H. Nakagawa, Y. Yamaguchi, S. Oshigami, A. Yamaji, T. Kobayashi, Y. Kasahara, H. Oya, Lunar Radar Sounder observation of subsurface layers under the nearside maria of the Moon, Science, 323, 909, 2009.

4. Zhao, D., J. Lei, L. Liu, Seismic tomography of the Moon, Chinese Science Bulletin, 53, 3897-3907, 2008



List of Main Oral Papers (Extraction):

1. Goto, A., M. Ripepe, and G. Lacanna, Synchronized analysis of high-rate-sampled acoustic waves and video images on Stromboli volcano, IAVCEI 2008 General Assembly, August 17-22, 2008.

2. Kasaba, Y., S. Okano, H. Nakagawa, I. Murata, and A. Hashimoto, Current Status of the Development of Infrared Heterodyne Spectrometer with Quantum Cascade Laser for Future Planetary Explorations, AOGS 2008 annual meeting, South Korea, Pusan, June 2006.

5. Okano, S., Y. Kasaba, and M. Kagitani, International Mercury Watch (IMW): Preliminary results of the campaign observations in 2007 and 2008, AOGS 2008 annual meeting, South Korea, Pusan, June 2006.

Focus Group Workshop:

We conducted following workshops to identify the focused research topic in this program. 1. Focus Group Workshop on "Gas and Solid Interactions on Planets and Satellites", Tohoku Univ.,

June, 2009. 2. Focus Group Workshop on "Gas and Solid Interactions on Planets and Satellites" (within The 11th

Symposium on Planetary Science), Tohoku Univ., March, 2010.

New Nanoscale Phenomena and Grain Formation about 4.6 Ga Ago Research Members:

[Planetary Evolution Group] Y. Kimura, H. Miura, K. Tsukamoto, A. Srivastava (ES) [Origin & Extinction of Life SG] Y. Furukawa (ES) [Other Inst.] J. A. Nuth (NASA/GSFC), S. Uda (IMR [Prof.]), H. Kimura (IMR

[PD]), H. Sato (Mitsubishi Materials), J. Nozawa (IMR [Assis. Prof.]), C. R. Li (Guest Prof)

Report: To understand the formation history of our solar system better, in addition to inorganic nanoparticles,

organic nanoparticles were synthesized as cosmic dust analogs. Nucleation and crystallization of nanoparticles were observed and the nanoparticles were used as catalysts to synthesize organic materials on their surfaces. Meteorites, interplanetary dust particles, and optical spectra of their parent bodies provide extremely useful information. Actually, the formation process of our solar system remains unknown, as do the processes of almost all of its components, which are nanometer-sized solid particles. Nevertheless, recent development of nanotechnology shows several anomalous phenomena, such as decreasing of melting points and much higher diffusion coefficients, which appear in nano-materials. Usually, mineralogical and petrological studies have been performed to analyze such minerals, and phenomena in nano-regions have never been considered in the fields of earth, planet, and astronomical sciences. A) Formation processes of organic grains: Analogs of organic hollow globules, which have been found in

carbonaceous meteorites etc, were synthesized in laboratory from benzene and anthracene using plasma. Our results suggest that nanometer-sized organic globules could be made from aromatic rings in circumstellar envelopes. The hollow interior could be formed by coagulation of vacancies, formed by



irradiation of plasma particles such as protons and He+ ions. This result suggests that organic globules are possibly the final products in the evolution of carbonaceous matter from acetylene, benzene to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ejecta gas from evolved stars.

B) The Formation of Graphite Whiskers in the Primitive Solar Nebula：It has been suggested that carbonaceous grains are efficiently destroyed in the interstellar medium and must either reform in situ at very low pressures and temperatures or in an alternative environment more conducive to grain growth. Graphite whiskers have been discovered associated with high temperature phases in meteorites and it has been suggested that the expulsion of the materials from protostellar nebulae could affect the optical properties of the average interstellar grain population. We have experimentally studied the potential for Fischer-Tropsch and Haber-Bosch type reactions to produce organic materials in protostellar systems from the abundant H2, CO and N2 reacting on the surfaces of grain analoges. When graphite grains are repeatedly exposed to H2, CO and N2 at 875K, abundant graphite whiskers have grown from the graphite grains. In a dense, turbulent nebula such extended whiskers could be broken off and the fragments could be ejected either in polar jets or by photon pressure after transport to the outer reaches of the nebula.

C) Silicate: Formation processes around evolved stars & in primitive solar nebula：Laboratory experiments suggest that Mg2Si grains could be produced in the hydrogen dominant gas outflow from evolved stars in addition to amorphous oxide minerals. If the Mg2Si grains were incorporated into the primitive solar nebula, the Mg2Si would easily become forsterite (Mg2SiO4) by oxidation as it reacted with the relatively oxygen-rich, solar composition gas. This hypothesis can explain the existence of abundant forsterite grains with solar oxygen composition in meteorites. In addition, it could explain the apparent low abundance of presolar forsterite. Furthermore, the lower degree of crystallinity observed in silicates formed in outflows of lower mass-loss-rate stars might be caused by the formation of Mg2Si in this relatively hydrogen-rich environment.

List of Published Papers (Extraction):

1. Nuth III, J. A., Kimura, Y., Lucas, C., Ferguson, F., Johnson, N. M., The Formation of Graphite Whiskers in the Primitive Solar Nebula, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 710 L98-L101, 2010.

2. Saito, M., Sakon, I., Kaito, C., Kimura, Y., Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon grains using anthracene and their stability under UV irradiation, Earth, Planets and Space, 62 81-90, 2010.

3. Kimura, Y., Nuth III, J. A., A Seed of Solar Forsterite and Possible new Evolutional Scenario of Cosmic Silicates, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 697 L10-13, 2009.

4. Saito, M., Kimura, Y., Origin of organic globules in meteorites: Laboratory simulation using aromatic hydrocarbons, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 703 L147-L151, 2009.

5. Nozawa, J., Tsukamoto, K., Kobatake, H., Yamada, J., Satoh, H., Nagashima, K., Miura, H., Kimura, Y., AFM study on surface nanotopography of matrix olivines in Allende carbonaceous chondrite, Icarus, 204 681–686, 2009.

List of Main Oral Papers (Extraction):

1. Kimura, Y., Saito, M., A terminal of PAH evolution, The 215th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society, January 3-7, 2010.

2. Kimura, Y., Nuth III, J. A., Formation of Magnesium Silicates is Limited around Evolved Stars, The



214th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society, June 7-11, 2009. 3. Kimura, Y., Nuth III, J. A., Origin of forsterite cosmic dust particles based on vapor phase

condensation experiment, 39th National Conference of Japanese Association for Crystal Growth, November 12-14, 2009.

4. Nozawa, J., Tsukamoto, K., Konoto, M., Kimura, Y., Colloidal crystallization of magnetite particles in meteorites, 39th National Conference of Japanese Association for Crystal Growth, November 12-14, 2009.





3. COE Researcher Reports

Konstantin Litasov The Purpose of research and the abstract of accomplishments： The major results of my research in 2009 can be summarized as follows: 1. Melting phase relations have been determined in model carbonated peridotite and eclogite at 10-32 GPa. The solidus of carbonated peridotite in the system CMASN-CO2 is bracketed at 1410-1450 oC at 10.5 GPa, and 1800-1825 oC at 32 GPa. The slope of the solidus curve is gentler at 10-32 GPa than at lower pressures. Solidus of carbonated eclogite in the same system is bracketed at 1420-1460 oC at 10.5 Gpa, and 1650-1700 oC at 32 GPa. Although solidus temperature of carbonated basalt was lower than that of carbonated eclogite, different dependence of solidus temperature on bulk CO2 content indicates that peridotite and eclogite may have similar storage capacity to be the host for carbonates in the deep mantle. Addition of alkalis and especially potassium to the system can significantly reduce solidus temperature of carbonated peridotite. Low degree (<20%) partial melts formed by melting of carbonated peridotite and eclogite at 10-32 GPa have magnesiocarbonatitic compositions with moderate variations in Ca/Mg ratio and high alkali contents whereas high degree (>20%) partial melts have kimberlitic compositions. Thus, it has been demonstrated that magnesiocarbonatite- and kimberlite-like melts can be generated by partial melting of carbonated peridotite and eclogite at pressure up to at least 32 GPa, i.e. to the lower mantle depths. We observed new alkali carbonate phases, (K,Na)2Ca5(CO3)6 and (K,Na)2(Mg,Fe,Ca)2(CO3)3, formed from model carbonatite melts at 20 GPa. These phases provide evidences on very low temperatures alkali carbonates stability in the mantle. In the presence of potassium carbonatite melt can be formed at low temperatures, even inside subduction slabs descending to the deep mantle. 2. Melting phase relations have been determined in a model chloride-carbonate-bearing peridotite and eclogite at 7.0-16.5 GPa and 1200-1800oC. The work on eclogite system is in progress, whereas for peridotite-carbonate-chloride system we have obtained following results. The typical assemblage coexisting with partial melts is forsterite/wadsleyite - enstatite/clinoenstatite - garnet. In contrast to carbonated peridotite, clinopyroxene was absent in chloride-carbonate system. Also, carbonatite melt formed at low-degree of partial melting are enriched by CaO. We observed Ca- and Mg-bearing carbonatite melts in all experiments. The solidus temperature was estimated using the stability of magnesite and appearance of alkali-poor carbonatite melt at 1300oC at 10.5 GPa and 1400 oC at 16.5 GPa. Halides are stable 100-200 oC

Title/Affiliation GCOE Associate Professor / Department of Earth Science

Specialized Field Earth Sciences

Research Subject Phase equilibria of peridotite and eclogite with various fluids and deep understanding of spatial-temporal evolution of volatiles in the Earth’s mantle



above this ‘apparent’ solidus. This fact indicates that melt composition in chloride-carbonate peridotite can be effectively controlled by the presence of water. In the anhydrous environments a low-fraction of ‘dry’ Cl- and alkali-poor Ca-Mg-rich carbonatite melts can be formed and migrate from the source, whereas under the hydrous conditions, chloride can be dissolved into water to form alkali-rich chloride-carbonate brine-like liquids. At higher temperatures (1400-1600 oC) two immiscible carbonatite and chloride-carbonate liquids may coexist. The composition of carbonatite and chloride-carbonate melts is consistent with that of melt inclusions in fibrous/cloudy diamonds worldwide. Typical trends of melt evolution upon cooling and formation the melts included in diamonds may involve formation of immiscible Si-poor carbonatite and Si-poor chloride-carbonate melts from homogenous Cl-bearing kimberlite- or carbonatite-like melt. 3. Several studies on carbonate-silicate and carbonate/carbon-Fe-metal has been performed. In situ X-ray diffraction experiments were performed at the synchrotron radiation facility SPring-8. We studied following systems: MgCO3+SiO2, CaCO3+SiO2, MgCO3+Fe, CaCO3+Fe. Preliminary results were obtained for the Mg(OH)2+C+Fe and Ca(OH)2+C+Fe systems. The reaction of MgCO3+SiO2 = MgSiO3+CO2 was studied uing both the multianvil and diamond anvil cell (DAC) technique. We observed melting reaction at pressures up to about 32 GPa. Decarbonation was observed at pressures below 6 GPa and, surprizingly, in the short pressure interval of wadsleyite + stishovite stability (in MgSiO3 system) near 16 GPa. In all other experiments reaction proceeds with the formation of MgSiO3 phase and melt. The Mg/Si ratio of partial melt, coexisting with Mg-perovskite, was 1.7-2.0 whereas at lower pressures this ratio is 2.3-2.5. Formation of Mg-perovskite was observed in DAC experiments at pressures 25-100 GPa, however, CO2 was not detected by in situ X-ray diffraction or in situ Raman spectroscopy, which may indicate melting reaction at higher pressure also. The reaction CaCO3+SiO2 = CaSiO3+CO2 was studied at pressures 3-22 GPa. In contrast to the Mg-system we observed the formation of CO2 fluid at 6-10 GPa and melting at 16-17 GPa. The partial melt has a Ca/Si ratio of 2.3-3.0. The reactions MgCO3+Fe and CaCO3+Fe were also studied at 6 and 15-16 GPa. We observed fast formation of Fe3C in the Mg-system at 900-1000oC, according to the reaction MgCO3+5Fe=Fe3C+3(Fe0.67Mg0.33)O. In the Ca-system the reaction proceeds with formation of Fe3C and Ca-rich melt with a Ca/Fe ratio of near 4. After analysis these results will provide new constraints on (a) relative stability of Fe-hydride and Fe-carbide and their role in core formation and metal precipitation, (b) possibility of carbonate reduction during deep subduction, (c) possible role of melting in COH-fluid equilibria with mantle assemblages. Publications: Journals: 1. Litasov, K.D., Shatskiy, A., Katsura, T., Ohtani, E., 2009, Water solubility in forsterite at 8-14 GPa,

Doklady Earth Sciences, 425, 4, 522-526. 2. Ghosh, S., Ohtani, E., Litasov, K.D., Terasaki, H., 2009, Solidus of carbonated peridotite from 10 to 20

GPa and origin of magnesiocarbonatite melt in the Earth’s deep mantle. Chem. Geol., 262, 17-28. 3. Litasov, K.D., Ohtani, E., 2009, Phase relations in the peridotite-carbonate-chloride system at 7.0-16.5

GPa and the role of chlorides in the origin of kimberlite and diamond. Chem. Geol., 262, 29-41. 4. Shatskiy A., Litasov, K.D., Shinoda, K., Matsuzaki, T., Yamazaki, D., Yoneda, A., Ito, E., Katsura, T.,

2009, Single crystal growth of wadsleyite, American Mineralogist, 94, 1130-1136.



5. Litasov, K.D., Shatskiy, A.F., Palyanov, Yu.N., Sokol, A.G., Katsura, T., Ohtani, E., 2009, Hydrogen incorporation into forsterite in the systems Mg2SiO4–K2Mg(CO3)2–H2O and Mg2SiO4–H2O–C at pressures of 7.5-14.0 GPa, Russ. Geol. Geophys., 50 (11-12) 1129-1138.

6. Litasov, K.D., Ohtani, E., 2009, Solidus and phase relations of carbonated peridotite in the system CaO-Al2O3-MgO-SiO2-Na2O-CO2 to the lower mantle depths, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 177, 46-58.

7. Shatskiy, A., Yamazaki, D., Borzdov, Y.M., Matsuzaki, T., Litasov, K.D., Cooray, T., Ferot, A., Ito, E., Katsura, T., 2010, Stishovite crystal growth – application to silicon self-diffusion measurements, American Mineralogist, 95, 135-143.

Masaaki Miyahara Objective: High-pressure and -temperature conditions are generated by asteroidal collisions, thus leading to form a shock-melt vein in meteorites. The shock-melt vein is only one natural sample recording extreme high-pressure and temperature condition. High-pressure polymorphs of olivine and pyroxene, wadsleyite, ringwoodite and majorite exist in the shock-melt vein. However, their phase transformation mechanisms have not been understood adequately yet. It is also important to clarify their transformation mechanism to constrain the magnitude of asteroidal collisions. In this study, we investigated wadsleyite, ringwoodite, majorite and jadeite in the shock-melt veins of Yamato 791384, Yamato 74445, Allan Hills 78003, Sahara 98222 and Peace River L6 ordinary chondrites to clarify their transformation mechanisms and estimate the magnitude of asteroidal collisions. Major achievement: (1) We observed pervasive ringwoodite lamellae in original olivine grains adjacent to the shock-melt veins of Yamato 791384, Yamato 74445 and Allan Hills 78003. We prepared TEM slices of the ringwoodite lamellae using FIB, and observed them with TEM/STEM. TEM images show that the ringwoodite lamella with a width of < ~10 nm is coherent ringwoodite platelet and has a crystallographic relation (100)Ol // <111>Rgt between olivine (Ol) and ringwoodite (Rgt). This is a first evidence for the existence of coherent Rgt growth in nature. On the other hands, Rgt lamella with a width of > ~100 nm consists of polycrystalline Rgt (incoherent Rgt). We estimated the duration of high-pressure condition during a shock event using the thicknesses of coherent and incoherent Rgt and growth rates obtained experimentally. Resultant duration is ~4 seconds, implying that the size of the parent body of Yamato791384 is ~ 10 km in diameter (Miyahara et al. under review). (2) We observed assemblages of wadsleyite (Wds) and ringwoodite (Rgt) in the shock-melt veins of Yamato

Title/Affiliation GCOE Assistant Professor / Department of Earth Science

Specialized Field High-pressure planetary science

Research Subject Transformation mechanism of high-pressure polymorphs in shocked-meteorites



74445, Allan Hills 78003 and Peace River L6 chondrites. There are significant differences on their chemical compositions (up to 26 mol% as fayalite component) between Wds and Rgt. The duration of high-pressure condition should be more than 100 seconds to form Wds and Rgt having such a significant compositional gap only by Fe-Mg inter-diffusion in solid-state. Only planetesimal with a diameter of > few thousands km can generate such long duration of high-pressure condition, which is unrealistic. Their compositions are close to thermodynamic equilibrium. Accordingly, we propose their formation as follows (Miyahara et al. 2008 and 2009); first, olivine melts under high-pressure and temperature condition induced by a shock event. With decreasing temperature at high-pressure condition, Mg-rich Wds forms from the olivine melt. Subsequently, with decreasing temperature, Fe-rich Rgt forms from the residual melt. (3) We observed wadsleyite (Wds) - ringwoodite (Rgt) intergrowth in the shock-melt veins of Peace River L6 chondrite. There is a crystallographic relation (010)Wds // {110}Rgt between Wds and Rgt. In addition, there is a compositional gap between Wds and Rgt (up to ~5 mol% as fayalite). We consider that this intergrowth would be formed by exsolution during decompression. This is a first report of Wds-Rgt intergrowth with a compositional gap in nature. (4) We observed many new transformation textures in the shock-melt veins of Yamato 74445 and Sahara 98222 with FEG-SEM (Ozawa et al. 2009); i.e. from olivine to wadsleyite, from low-Ca pyroxene to majorite, from albitic feldspar to jadeite (and/or lingunite). Publucations: Journals: 1. Miyahara M., El Goresy A., Ohtani E., Kimura M., Ozawa S., Nagase T. and Nishijima M. Fractional

crystallization of olivine melt inclusion in shock-induced chondritic melt vein. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interior, 177, 116-121, 2009.

2. Ozawa S., Ohtani E., Miyahara M., Suzuki A., Kimura M. and Yoshinori Ito. Transformation textures, mechanisms of formation of high-pressure minerals in shock melt veins of L6 chondrites, and pressure-temperature conditions of the shock events. Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 44, 1771-1786, 2009.

3. Kimura M., Mikouchi T., Suzuki A., Miyahara M., Ohtani E. and El Goresy A. Kushiroite, CaAlAlSiO6: A new mineral of the pyroxene group from the ALH 85085 CH chondrite and its genetic significance in refractory inclusions. American Mineralogist, 94, 1479-1482, 2009.

4. Sakai T., Ohtani E., Terasaki H., Sawada N., Kobayashi Y., Miyahara M., Nishijima M., Hirao N., Ohishi Y. and Kikegawa T., Fe-Mg partitioning between perovskite and ferropericlase at the lower mantle. American Mineralogist, 94, 921-925, 2009.

5. Sakai T., Ohtani E., Terasaki H., Miyahara M., Nishijima M., Hirao N., Ohishi Y., and Sata N. Fe–Mg partitioning between post-perovskite and ferropericlase in the lowermost mantle. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, DOI 10.1007/s00269-009-0349-4.

6. Frost D.J., Asahara Y., Rubie D.C., Miyajima N., Dubrovinsky L.S., Holzapfel C., Ohtani E., Miyahara M. and Sakai T. The partitioning of oxygen between the Earth's mantle and core. Journal of Geophysical Research, doi:10.1029/2008JB006257.



Satoshi Okumura Objectives: Open-system degassing from magma ascending in a volcanic conduit controls the explosivity and style of volcanic eruption by reducing the amount of gas phase and thus the driving force of magma ascent and expansion. Two degassing mechanisms have been proposed to explain the bifurcation of explosive–effusive eruptions (e.g., Eichelberger et al., 1986 Nature, Gonnermann and Manga, 2003 Nature). First mechanism is permeable flow degassing through the connected bubbles. To determine the degassing rate of this mechanism, we have performed the vesiculation and deformation experiments and found that the degassing rate rapidly increases at high vesicularity (>~80 vol%) and is enhanced by the shear deformation, especially at large total strain (> 8) (Okumura et al., 2009 EPSL). The controlling factor of the bifurcation of explosive–effusive eruptions was studied by coupling the experimental results with the physical model of magma flow in volcanic conduits. This demonstrated that the ratio of conduit radius to its length controls total strain yielding in magma flowing in volcanic conduits, indicating that the geometry of the conduit may influence the explosivity of volcanic eruptions. Another mechanism of the degassing that controls the bifurcation of explosive–effusive eruptions is the brittle fracturing of vesicular magma. On the basis of numerical simulation, Gonnermann and Manga (2003) demonstrated that the shear-induced brittle failure of magmas ascending in volcanic conduits should occur close to conduit walls and proposed a hypothesis that sufficient volatiles can escapes through fractures to influence the style of volcanic eruptions. However, the actual processes of shear fracturing and the resultant gas loss of vesicular magmas are poorly understood, partly due to the lack of experimental studies; thus, whether or not the shear-induced fracturing of magmas causes effective gas loss remains unclear. We have performed shear deformation experiments for vesicular rhyolite to investigate brittle fracturing of vesicular magma and the mechanism of the degassing induced by the brittle fracturing. The experimental results showed that the brittle fracturing of vesicular rhyolite occurs at temperatures of <830°C when the strain rate yielding in sheared magma is the order of 10–2 s–1. Once the brittle failure occurs, the deformation is localized to the failure zone. This result indicates that the brittle fracturing results in effective degassing at fracture zone, while the degassing is not enhanced at the undeformed region. This result will be published in an international journal. To investigate the brittle failure of “hot” magma, we have started to observe acoustic emission (AE) from sheared magma. To monitor AE at high temperature, we have improved the deformation apparatus. This experiment has just started and the research is expected to be promoted next year.


Specialized Field Volcanology

Research Subject Dynamics of Volcano Eruptions, Experimental Studies on Magma Degassing



The List of Research Paper:

1. Satoshi Okumura, Michihiko Nakamura, Shingo Takeuchi, Akira Tsuchiyama, Tsukasa Nakano, Kentaro Uesugi, Magma deformation may induce non-explosive volcanism via degassing through connected bubbles, Earth Planetary Science Letters, 281, 267–274, 2009.

2. Vincent Famin, Benit Welsch, Satoshi Okumura, Patrick Bachelery, Satoru Nakashima, Three differentiation stages of a single magma at Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Reunion hotspot), Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10, Q01007, doi:10.1029/2008GC002015, 2009.

Masahiro Oba Report: 1) Title of Research： Analysis of paleoenvironments by organic geochemistry

2) The Purpose of research and the abstract of accomplishments：・Short-term OAEs coinciding with foraminiferal extinctions in the late Cenomanian

Oceanic anoxic event 2 (OAE2), which occurred during the Cenomanian–Turonian (C–T) transition lasting 106 years, is characterized by a globally recognized, positive, stable carbon isotopic excursion and stepwise extinctions in marine biota. To clarify dissolved oxygen changes in the water column during the end-Cenomanian to early Turonian,

we analyzed the concentrations of dibenzothiophenes, an indicator of anoxic depositional environments, and 2,3,6-trimethylarylisoprenoids, which probably indicate photic zone anoxia, in shallow marine sediments from the C–T

section near the village of Arobes, northern Spain. During the positive excursion of δ13C values of carbonates, the concentrations of dibenzothiophenes and 2,3,6-trimethylarylisoprenoids had increased three times, twice short terms (103 to 104 years) and a long term (105 years), suggesting that the bottom water and photic zones of the eastern marginal sea in the North Atlantic Ocean during those terms were anoxic significantly. In particular, twice short-term increases of

these organic compounds’ concentrations appear just after the last occurrence of the planktonic foraminifers Rotalipora greenhornensis and R. cushmani. These transient maxima indicate that the extinctions of both planktonic foraminifers were due to short-term OAEs lasting 103 to 104 years.

・Panthalassic oceanic anoxia at the end of the Early Triassic

Fossil data show that the recovery of life after the end-Permian mass extinction occurred in the Anisian (early Middle Triassic). The process by which oceanic environments recovered from anoxia after the end-Permian event is uncertain. To determine the timing of known recovery stages, the nature of oceanic redox conditions and the health of cyanobacterial plankton populations, this study analyses conodonts and organic molecules from siliceous claystones and cherts from accretionary complexes in Japan that span the upper Lower Triassic to the lowermost Middle Triassic. Conodonts indicate that the study section ranges

Affiliated Department: GCOE Assistant Professor/ Department of Earth Science

Specialized Field: Organic Geochemistry

Research Project: Analysis of paleoenvironments by organic geochemistry



from upper Olenekian to Anisian, and includes the Olenekian/Anisian boundary. An increase in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (probably derived from algae dominated organic matter) and a decrease in methylhopane index (2 alpha-methylhopane/hopane, a measure of cyanobacterial activity) are present in end-Olenekian black chert. Pristane/phytane ratios (a measure of redox conditions) in all stratigraphic units are lower than 1, indicating the prevalence of deep-sea anoxia during the late Olenekian to Anisian. High concentrations of dibenzothiophene (an index of anoxic depositional environments), high sulphur/carbon ratios, and high organic carbon contents are present in two upper Olenekian intervals and at the end of the upper Olenekian, suggesting development of anoxic deep water. One of the anoxic events in the end of the upper Olenekian coincided with decreased radiolarian diversity. This implies that anoxic deep water in the Panthalassic Ocean reached intermediate water depths at the end of the Early Triassic, killing marine organisms including radiolaria. This event may be related to the delay in the recovery of life and environments after the end-Permian mass extinction. ・An interlaboratory study of TEX86 and BIT analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Recently, two new proxies based on the distribution of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) were proposed, i.e. the TEX86 for sea surface temperature reconstructions and the BIT index for reconstructing soil organic matter input. In this study, I participated in a round robin study of two sediment extracts to test the analytical reproducibility and

repeatability in analyzing these proxies.

Publications: Journals: 1. Takahashi, S., Oba, M., Kaiho, K., Yamakita, S. and Sakata, S., Panthalassic oceanic anoxia at the end of

the Early Triassic: a cause of delay in the recovery of life after the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 274, 185-195, 2009.

2. Schouten, S., Hopmans, E.C., van der Meer, J., Mets, A., Bard, E., Bianchi, T.S., Diefendorf, A., Escala, M., Freeman, K.H., Furukawa, Y., Huguet, C., Ingalls, A., Ménot-Combes, G., Nederbragt, A.J., Oba, M., Pearson, A., Pearson, E.J., Rosell-Melé, A., Schaeffer, P., Shah, S.R., Shanahan, T.M., Smith, R.W., Smittenberg, R., Talbot, H.M., Uchida, M., Van Mooy, B.A.S., Yamamoto, M., Zhang, Z. and Sinninghe Damsté, J.S., An interlaboratory study of TEX86 and BIT analysis using high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. G-Cubed: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10, Q03012, doi: 10.1029/2008GC002221, 2009.

3. Furukawa, Y., Sekine, T., Oba M., Kakegawa, T. and Nakazawa, H., Organic synthesis by ocean impact of meteorite on the early Earth. Planetary People, 18, 226-237, 2009. (in Japanese)



Eduard Carcole Objectives:

For the description of the seismic envelopes, the solutions of the radiative transfer equation are used. Then, one important objective is the derivation of new solutions of the radiative transfer equation. Also, the absorption and scattering of seismic waves is different in every region. Then, another objective is the computation of scattering and absorption parameters through all Japan. This is a complex an ambitious task and has never been carried out in Japan. Maps for coda Q, scattering and absorption parameters (Qs and Qi) and seismic albedo will be depicted to show regional variations. These maps have to be interpreted in terms of the geotectonic characteristics of every region. The maps themselves may reveal important characteristics of regions of special interest, as the Niigata-Kobe tectonic axis. Another objective is to determine the characteristics of coda fluctuations. Results: (1) Solutions of the radiative transfer equation.

Carcole has derived an analytic and exact solution of the radiative transfer equation in the Fourier space for an arbitrary anisotropic impulsive point-like source and anisotropic scattering events in a two-dimensional space. The solution has been written in the Fourier space and it cannot be inverted analytically in a general case. If the Fourier series expansion corresponding to the angular dependence of both the source term and the phase function has a finite number of terms, the solution becomes a closed form solution. We have used a fast method to carry out the inversion by using the FFT algorithm in order to visualize our results in the real space for a particular example. The shape of the final distribution could be intuitively described from the characteristics of both functions.

(2) Elaboration of high resolution maps of scattering and absorption parameters. Propagation of short period S-waves through the crust is strongly controlled by scattering and intrinsic absorption, and the total attenuation is caused by scattering loss and intrinsic absorption. High resolution maps of both seismic S-wave attenuation parameters have been obtained by using the Multiple Lapse Time Window Analysis (MLTWA) with data provided by the Hi-net seismic network. The maps show strong regional variation of the parameters. The variations depend mainly on the tectonic setting of each region and volcanism mechanisms. In the maps, the volcanic arcs of Japan clearly show up, mainly for the lower frequency bands. For higher frequency bands, high absorption and/or scattering regions have been detected. Under those regions, low velocity anomalies have been previously detected by other authors by means of velocity tomography. Those anomalies have been interpreted in terms of the up flow of fluids such as partially melted magma and water from the dehydration of the subducting Pacific plate. The MLTWA is based on the hypothesis of multiple isotropic scattering in a medium with the homogeneous distribution of scattering mean free path and intrinsic absorption. Although these hypotheses are very simple, the results are

Title/Affiliation Post-Doctoral fellow/ Department of Geophysics

Specialized Field Seismology, Solid earth physics

Research Subject Propagation, scattering and absorption of seismic waves in Japan



very informative on the characteristics of each region, and show the usefulness of studying the properties of scattered seismic waves in the understanding of the properties of the crust.

(3) S-coda envelopes of local earthquakes show very rapid and strong fluctuations as a function of time. The characteristics of the fluctuations may strongly depend on how scattering processes takes place in the earth's lithosphere. In addition, one may wonder which fluctuations are truly random and which fluctuations provide information of the structure of the media. Then, we develop a procedure for the analysis of these fluctuations to establish their basic characteristics. This allows us developing a simple wave theory for coda fluctuations for an arbitrary source of seismic waves. We can then show that these fluctuations are a direct consequence of the fact that coda waves come from the interference of scattered waves with random phases. The phases change randomly after a finite lapse of time, related with the period of the waves under consideration. The model fits the observed statistics of the fluctuations and its dependence with the frequency band. Some universal characteristics of coda wave envelopes are then established. There are strong fluctuations within a time T which approximately coincides with the period of the waves in each frequency band. The intensity of the fluctuations is proportional to the average intensity. The statistics of the amplitude fluctuations from the average amplitude decay curve can be in principle described by the Rayleigh distribution, and as a consequence, the statistics of the energy fluctuations (determined from the square of the amplitude) can be described by means of the exponential distribution. However, departure from the Rayleigh distribution is observed in many cases due to multipath propagation of the seismic waves. For a more accurate description, it is better the use of the Nakagami-m distribution, which takes better into account the interference of different kind of signals in coda waves due to multipath propagation effects due to the presence of velocity perturbations. In such case, the energy fluctuations are better described by a Gamma distribution. The parameter m becomes then a measure of how multipath propagation is important. We establish a procedure to measure the resemblance of the observed distribution and the Gamma distribution by means of a chi-square goodness-of-fit test, which is a classical statistical method. In this procedure, it is necessary to well establish the number of fluctuations per unit time. Then we proceed to estimate the value of the m-parameter in Japan by processing waveforms obtained from Hi-net data. Using this information, we depict maps of the distribution of the m-value and observe the dependence of m with some known tectonic or geological characteristics of each area. In addition, together with Hisashi Nakahara, we developed a method to compute coda-Q by taking into account the characteristics of the fluctuations of the envelopes

Publications: Journals: 1. Carcole, E. and Sato, H., Spatial distribution of scattering loss and intrinsic absorption of short-period

S-waves in the lithosphere of Japan on the basis of the MultipleLapse Time Window Analysis of Hi-net data, Geophys. J. Int., Volume: 180, Issue: 1 Pages: 268-290 Published: JAN 2010



Kohtaro Hosoda

Objectives: 1. Algorithm development and validation for GCOM-W1/AMSR2 SST estimation

A) Validation of Aqua/AMSR-E SST This study aims to develop sea surface temperature (SST) estimation algorithm for AMSR2 on GCOM-W. GCOM-W is a polar-orbiting satellite which will be launched by JAXA in 2011 and carry AMSR-E follow-on microwave radiometer (AMSR2). In 2008, we validate the existing AMSR-E SST product to clarify the problems in estimating algorithm. The references used in this study are (1) buoy observation (in situ data) and (2) Optimal Interpolation product based on infrared and in situ data (Reynolds et al., 2007). The results show that AMSR-E SST has positive bias in tropics and negative bias around the Antarctic. From comparison with Reynolds OISST, annual/interannual variability of AMSR-E SST bias was extracted. The annual variability might be related to sea winds, and interannual one would be due to sensor calibration error. In addition, the short-period, tropical-trapped mode ia found. In comparison with infrared SST (NOAA/AVHRR Pathfinder SST (one of original data sources for Reynolds OISST)), we cannot detect the short-period mode. It is suggested that the tropical-trapped mode is originated from the interpolation in Reynolds OISST, not from sensor errors of AMSR-E. B) Algorithm Development for GCOM-W1/AMSR2 Based on the Aqua/AMSR-E Level 1 data and in situ measurements, the simple empirical algorithm for estimating SST is developed. The coefficients were derived from the developed as a function of first-guess SST, sea surface wind (SSW), and sea surface salinity (SSS). The first-guess SST and SSS are climatological data (NOAA Pathfinder 4km SST/Argo 1-degree OI). SSW is derived from JMA GANAL reanalysis data. The algorithm was developed from 144,684 match up data. The validation was conducted by independent data (359.302), and showed that bias and RMSE are 0.01C and 0.80C, respectively.

2. Development of Quality-Check method for sea surface temperatures derived by NOAA- POES/

AVHRR :A-HIGHERS. Tohoku University has continued direct receiving station of NOAA-POES/AVHRR and produced 1km resolution SST, called as A-HIGHERS from 1980s. This study develops method of quality check to produce reliable. high-resolution, long-term time series of SST. We applied this method to the Sendai Bay region and detect the dominant spatial structure of SST variations using EOF analysis. The result shows that the 1st to 3rd modes correspond to the coastal temperature change and intrusion of the Kuroshio/Oyashio waters. The 4th and 5th modes are influences of river water runoff from the Kitakami and Shin-Kitakami.

Title/Affiliation GCOE Assistant Professor / Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies, Graduate School of Science

Specialized Field Satellite Remote Sensing of Ocean

Research Subject Estimation of sea surface temperature from space-borne microwave and infrared radiometers



Publications: Journals: 1. Kawamura, H., F. Sakaida, and K. Hosoda: SST estimation by GLI and ADEOS-II merged SST. JRSJ.

(in Japanese), (in press)

Yuki Kimura Title of Research: Singular phenomena in nano-region and formation of cosmic dust particles 4.6 billion years ago The Purpose of Research:

In order to better understand the formation history of our solar system, nanoparticles as cosmic dust analogs were synthesized in laboratory and observed their nucleation and growth, and measured their optical properties and phenomena at high-temperature. The Abstract of Accomplishment: A) The Formation of Graphite Whiskers in the Primitive Solar Nebula：

It has been suggested that carbonaceous grains are efficiently destroyed in the interstellar medium and must either reform in situ at very low pressures and temperatures or in an alternative environment more conducive to grain growth. Graphite whiskers have been discovered associated with high temperature phases in meteorites such as Calcium Aluminum Inclusions and chondrules and it has been suggested that the expulsion of such material from protostellar nebulae could significantly affect the optical properties of the average interstellar grain population. We have experimentally studied the potential for Fischer-Tropsch and Haber-Bosch type reactions to produce organic materials in protostellar systems from the abundant H2, CO and N2 reacting on the surfaces of available silicate grains. When graphite grains are repeatedly exposed to H2, CO and N2 at 875K abundant graphite whiskers are observed to form on or from the surfaces of the graphite grains. In a dense, turbulent nebula such extended whiskers are very likely to be broken off and the fragments could be ejected either in polar jets or by photon pressure after transport to the outer reaches of the nebula.

B) Silicate: Formation processes around evolved stars & in primitive solar nebula：

Laboratory experiments suggest that magnesium silicide (Mg2Si) grains could be produced in the hydrogen dominant gas outflow from evolved stars in addition to amorphous oxide minerals. If the


Specialized Field Nano-material Science, Crystal Growth, Planetary & Astronomical Sciences

Research Subject Growth of Nano-Particles



magnesium silicide grains were incorporated into the primitive solar nebula, the magnesium silicide would easily become forsterite (Mg2SiO4) by oxidation as it reacted with the relatively oxygen-rich, solar composition gas. This hypothesis can explain the existence of abundant forsterite grains with solar oxygen composition in meteorites. In addition, it could explain the apparent low abundance of presolar forsterite. Furthermore, the lower degree of crystallinity observed in silicates formed in outflows of lower mass-loss-rate stars might be caused by the formation of magnesium silicide in this relatively hydrogen-rich environment.

C) Surface nanotopography of nanocrystals in meteorites：

By means of nanoscale surface observation using atomic force microscopy, we have proposed a new approach for investigating fine crystals of cosmic materials to reveal their origin and growth conditions. Several different morphologies of polyhedral fine olivines with faceted faces have been found in Allende carbonaceous chondrite (4.5 byr in geochronological age). The matrix olivine found to have preserved growth step pattern on its surface even though quite long time has passed since they formed in the early Solar System. The surface pattern suggests that the olivine could have been condensed from the gas phase, and possibly that these olivine crystals had continued to grow under a rapid cooling condition (0.1–1 K s-1). The estimated cooling rate agrees with predictions based on hypothetical rapid heating and cooling events such as shock wave heating.

E) Formation processes of organic grains：

A terminal of hydrocarbon evolution: Analogs of organic hollow globules, which have been found in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites and interplanetary dust particles, were synthesized in our laboratory from benzene and anthracene using plasma. Our results suggest that organic globules could be made from aromatic rings in circumstellar envelopes around evolved stars. The hollow interior could be formed by coagulation of vacancies, formed by electronic excitation and/or knock-out of carbon atoms following irradiation by plasma particles such as protons and He+ ions. This experimental result suggests that organic globules are possibly the final products in the evolution of carbonaceous matter from acetylene, benzene to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ejecta gas from evolved stars.

Formation and growth of PAH nanoparticles: The properties of a material are changed in nanometer size. Since it is nontrivial that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) grains at the nanometer scale show similar properties with that of macroscopic scale, PAH grains were synthesized by a gas evaporation method and were analyzed using a transmission electron microscope and their UV-Vis and mid-IR spectra were measured. Results from these experiments showed that condensed anthracene grains from the gas phase had a planar form and showed similar infrared peaks compared to anthracene molecules, but with somewhat wider bands and different relative intensities. Some new features were also observed.

Stability under UV irradiation of PAH: The anthracene molecules formed photodimer in their grain and showed different infrared features after UV irradiation. This would be the first report concerning nanometer-sized PAH grains.



Publications Refereed papers: 1. Nuth III, J. A., Kimura, Y., Lucas, C., Ferguson, F., Johnson, N. M., The Formation of Graphite Whiskers

in the Primitive Solar Nebula, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 710 (2010) L98-L101. 2. Saito, M., Sakon, I., Kaito, C., Kimura, Y., Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon grains using

anthracene and their stability under UV irradiation, Earth, Planets and Space. (in press) 3. Kimura, Y., Nuth III, J. A., A Seed of Solar Forsterite and Possible new Evolutional Scenario of Cosmic

Silicates, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 697 (2009) L10-13. 4. Saito, M., Kimura, Y., Origin of organic globules in meteorites: Laboratory simulation using aromatic

hydrocarbons, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 703 (2009) L147-L151. 5. Nozawa, J., Tsukamoto, K., Kobatake, H., Yamada, J., Satoh, H., Nagashima, K., Miura, H., Kimura, Y.,

AFM study on surface nanotopography of matrix olivines in Allende carbonaceous chondrite, Icarus, 204 (2009) 681–686.

Yoshihiro Furukawa Purpose of research and achievements

Origin of biomolecules on the early Earth has been under intensive investigation because they were directly related to origin of life. We suggested in a previous study that meteorite impact to the early ocean synthesized carboxylic acids, amines and an amino acid; part of the organic molecules are important for origin of life. However, neither total analysis of the produced organic molecules nor investigations of effects on the organic synthesis by impact velocity and meteorite composition have been demonstrated.

1) Total analysis of product organic olecules

In order to analyze Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), we made VOC collector and VOC injection system to recover VOC from sample container and analyze them with gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Then, several series of shock recovery experiments were demonstrated to simulate various meteorite impacts to ocean. And the samples were collected the VOC collector and analyzed with the GC-MS. Various VOC including hydrocarbons, alcohols were found to be synthesized in the shock recovery experiments. We estimated the VOC yields and analyzed those effects on the origin of life and the composition of early ocean and atmosphere.

2) Investigation of effects on impact organic synthesis by impact conditions

Naturel impacts have wide velocity range and the projectile have several compositions.Effects of these factors have never investigated in previous study. We demonstrated impact experiments with several velocities, 0.8-1.1 km/s, and with several compositions which incluse silicates. Results of these experiments suggest that organic synthesis is not prevented by silicates in this range of impact velocity.


Specialized Field Geochemistry

Research Subject Formation of organic molecules on the early Earth



Publications: Journals: 1. Schouten S., Hopmans E. C., van der Meer J., Mets A., Bard E., Bianchi T. S., Diefendorf A., Escala M.,

Freeman K. H., Furukawa Y., Huguet C., Ingalls A., Menot-Combes G., Nederbragt A. J., Oba M., Pearson A., Pearson E. J., Rosell-Mele A., Schaeffer P., Shah S., Shanahan T. M., Smith R. W., Smittenberg R., Talbot H. M., Uchida M., Van Mooy B., Yamamoto M., Zhang Z., and Damste J. S. S., An interlaboratory study of TEX86 and BIT analysis using high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 10, Q03012, doi:10.1029/2008GC002221. (2009).

2. Furukawa Y., Formation of ammonia and organic molecules by oceanic impact of meteorite. The Review of High Pressure Science and Technology 19, 195-20 (2009).

3. Furukawa, Y., Sekine, T., Oba M., Kakegawa, T. and Nakazawa, H., Organic synthesis by ocean impact of meteorite on the early Earth. Planetary People 18, 226-237 (2009).

Tsubasa Otake Report: 1) Research title:

Polymerization of amino acids during diagenesis on the early Earth 2) Purpose of the research and accomplishment

Formation of amino acids and their polymerized compounds (i.e., peptides) is an essential process for the origin of life. Since peptide formation from amino acid monomers is an endothermic reaction, which thermodynamically favors to proceed under higher temperature conditions, submarine hydrothermal systems have been proposed to provide suitable environments for the polymerization of amino acids and origin of life on the early Earth. However, lifetime of peptides in submarine hydrothermal environments is expected to be very short (< a few hours), because of rapid hydrolysis of peptides and decomposition of amino acids under high temperature aqueous conditions. Therefore, we alternatively hypothesize that sub-seafloor sedimentary environments, where sediments are dehydrated at moderate temperature and pressure (e.g., 150ºC, 200 MPa) during diagenesis, are much more feasible for the polymerization of amino acids.

To test the hypothesis, we conducted a series of amino acid polymerization experiments using a belt-type press at National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS). This is a collaborative project with Dr. Hiromoto Nakazawa and Takashi Taniguchi at NIMS. ~150 mg of amino acid powders (glycine, alanine, or valine) were sealed in a gold capsule, and placed at high pressure (1 – 5.5GPa) and temperature (180 – 400ºC) for 2 – 24 hours. Although the experimental conditions were much higher in both temperature and pressure than


Specialized Field Hydrothermal geochemistry, Stable isotopes

Research Subject Origin of life, Polymerization of amino acids



natural diagenetic conditions, we aimed to investigate the effects of temperature and pressure in a wide range on the stability of amino acids and peptides. After the experiments, yields of residual amino acids and produced peptides were analyzed by LC/MS (Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy). Elemental ratios (i.e., H/C, O/C, and N/C) of the run products were determined using an EA (Elemental Analyzer). Both analyses were conducted at Tohoku University.

The results showed that all three amino acids were polymerized up to 5-mer under the experimental conditions. At a fixed temperature (e.g., 250ºC), increasing pressure increased the yields of peptides as well as residual amino acids, though it was thermodynamically predicated to decrease the yield of peptides. This indicates that amino acids and peptides were prevented from decomposing to gaseous species (e.g., CO2, NH3) at the high pressures. On the other hand, increasing temperature from 250 to 400ºC decreased the yield of amino acids and peptides at a fixed pressure and elapsed time (e.g., 2.5 GPa, 2 hours), indicating that peptide and amino acids may not persist under such high temperature conditions, even at the high pressures. Elemental analyses of the experimental products showed that products with a low yield of the residual amino acid significantly decreased in the N/C ratios, while they showed a slight increase in the O/C ratios, suggesting that NH3 was released during the decomposition of amino acids. Thus, deaminization is the key process to determine the stability of amino acids and peptides. This result contradicts with that of previous studies, which suggested that decarboxylation was the primary step for the decomposition of amino acids. It may be due to the difference in experimental conditions (e.g., applied pressures and coexisting free water). Our study suggests that sub-seafloor sedimentary environments, subjecting to diagenesis, are more feasible for the polymerization of amino acids, than sea-floor hydrothermal environments, because of the greater stability of amino acids and peptides.

Anton Shatskiy

The Purpose of research and the abstract of accomplishments： Large (> 1 mm) high-quality single crystals of deep mantle phases are necessary for accurate determination of physical properties of the Earth’s mantle, such as elasticity, plasticity, element diffusivity, and electrical and thermal conductivity. Since most of mantle minerals decompose during ascent to the Earth’s surface, a single crystal growth using a large-volume HPHT apparatus is only technique providing such specimens. I have synthesized large (0.7-1.0 mm) crystals of anhydrous, water-bearing and Fe-bearing wadsleyite by means of growth from solution in the thermal gradient field. Nearly anhydrous (<68±4 wt. ppm H2O) Mg2SiO4 crystals was grown using K2Mg(CO3)2 as a solvent at 16.5 GPa and 1700°C. Iron-bearing wadsleyite crystals with uniform (Mg0.92Fe0.08)2SiO4 composition containing 84±17 wt ppm H2O were grown

Title/Affiliation GCOE Associate Professor / Department of Earth Science

Specialized Field Crystal growth, HP mineral physics

Research Subject 1) Lattice diffusion of Si, O, H in mantle minerals 2) Single crystal growth of mantle minerals implication to silicon

self-diffusion experiments.



using 92K2Mg(CO3)2-8FeCl2 solvent at 15.5 GPa and 1700°C. Crystals of iron-free wadsleyite with 1496±117 wt ppm H2O were synthesized at 1400ºC and 15.5 GPa by using 2KHCO3-Mg(OH)2 as a solvent. Large single crystals of stishovite were successfully synthesized at 11 GPa from silica solution in water. Potential of both slow cooling and thermal gradient methods were examined. Thermal gradient method provided crystals, up to 0.8×0.8×1.3 mm in size, grown at 1350°C using stishovite as a silica source. Use of quartz as the source leads an appearance of numerous stishovite crystals in the solution interior which limit space for large crystal growth. That is probably caused by significant difference of metastable quartz and stishovite solubility in water estimated to be ∆C ≥ 85.3 – 5.6 = 79.7 wt.%SiO2 at 1000°C and 11 GPa. Crystals dimensioned up to 0.8×1.3×1.5 mm were grown by means of slow cooling of the system SiO2+14.7 wt.%H2O from 1650 to 1000°C with a rate of 2 °C/min. The size of obtained single crystals was large enough to curry out a silicon self diffusion experiments which were performed at pressure of 14 GPa and temperature ranging from 1400 to 1800°C. The lattice diffusion coefficients along [110] and [001] directions were determined to be D[110][m2/s] = 4.10×10-12exp(-322[kJ/mol]/RT) and D[001][m2/s] = 5.62×10-12exp(-334[kJ/mol]/RT), respectively, where R is the gas constant and T is the absolute temperature. Publications: Journals: 1. Wu X., Zhang B., Xu J., Katsura T., Zhai S., Yoshino T., Manthilake G., and Shatskiy A. Electrical

conductivity measurements of periclase under high pressure and temperature. Physica B 405, 53-56, 2010.

2. Shatskiy A., Yamazaki D., Borzdov Yu.M., Matsuzaki T., Litasov K.D., Cooray T., Ferot A., Ito E., and Katsura T. Stishovite single-crystal growth and application to silicon self-diffusion measurements. American Mineralogist 95, 135-143, 2010.

3. Yoshino T., Matsuzaki T., Shatskiy A., and Katsura T. The effect of water on the electrical conductivity of olivine aggregates and its implications for the electrical structure of the upper mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 288, 291-300, 2009.

4. Shatskiy A., Litasov K.D., Matsuzaki T., Shinoda K., Yamazaki D., Yoneda A., Ito E., and Katsura T. Single Crystal Growth of Wadsleyite. American Mineralogist 94, 1130–1136, 2009.

5. Katsura T., Shatskiy A., Manthilake M.A.G.M., Zhai S., Yamazaki D., Matsuzaki T., Yoshino T., Yoneda A., Ito E., Sugita M., Tomioka N., Nozawa A., and Funakoshi. K. P-V-T relations of wadsleyite determined by in situ X-ray diffraction in a large-volume high-pressure apparatus Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L11307, doi:10.1029/2009GL038107, 2009.

6. Litasov K.D., Shatsky A.F., Katsura T., and Ohtani E., Water Solubility in Forsterite at 8–14 GPa., Doklady Earth Sciences 425A, 3, 432–435, 2009.

7. Litasov K.D., Shatskiy A.F., Pal’yanov Yu.N., Sokol A.G., Katsura T., Ohtani E. Hydrogen incorporation into forsterite in Mg2SiO4–K2Mg(CO3)2–H2O and Mg2SiO4–H2O–C at 7.5–14.0 GPa. Russian Geology and Geophysics 50, 1129-1138, 2009.

8. Katsura T, Shatskiy A., Manthilake M.A.G.M., Zhai S., Fukui H., Yamazaki D., Matsuzaki T., Yoneda A., Ito E., Kuwata A., Ueda A., Nozawa A., and Funakoshi K. Thermal expansion of forsterite at high pressures determined by in situ X-ray diffraction: The adiabatic geotherm in the upper mantle. Physics of



the Earth and Planetary Interiors 174, 86-92, 2009. 9. Ito E., Fukui H., Katsura T., Yamazaki D., Yoshino T., Aizawa Y., Kubo A., Yokoshi S., Kawabe K., Zhai

S., Shatzkiy A., Okube M., Nozawa A., and Funakoshi K., Determination of high-pressure phase equilibria of Fe2O3 using the Kawai-type apparatus equipped with sintered diamond anvils, American Minaralogist 94, 205-209, 2009.

10. Shatskiy A., Yamazaki D., Morard G., Cooray T., Matsuzaki T., Higo Y., Funakoshi K., Sumiya H., Ito E., and Katsura T. Boron-doped diamond heater and its application to large-volume, high-pressure, and high-temperature experiments, Review of Scientific Instruments 80, 023907, 2009.

11. Katsura T., Yokoshi S., Kawabe K., Shatskiy A., Manthilake M.A.G.M., Zhai S., Fukui H., Hegoda H.A.C.I., Yoshino T., Yamazaki D., Matsuzaki T., Yoneda A., Ito E., Sugita M., Tomioka N., Hagiya K., Nozawa A., and Funakoshi K., P-V-T relations of MgSiO3 perovskite determined by in situ X-ray diffraction using a large-volume high-pressure apparatus, Geophysical Research Letters 36, L01305, doi:10.1029/2008GL035658, 2009.

12. Katsura T., Yokoshi S., Kawabe K., Shatskiy A., Manthilake M.A.G.M., Zhai S., Fukui H., Hegoda H.A.C.I., Yoshino T., Yamazaki D., Matsuzaki T., Yoneda A., Ito E., Sugita M., Tomioka N., Hagiya K., Nozawa A., and Funakoshi K. Correction to “P-V-T relations of MgSiO3 perovskite determined by in situ X-ray diffraction using a large-volume high-pressure apparatus”, Geophysical Research Letters 36, L01309, doi:10.1029/2009GL039318, 2009.

13. Zhou J.-S., Matsubayashi K., Uwatoko Y., Jin C.-Q., Cheng J.-G., Goodenough J.B., Liu Q.Q., Katsura T., Shatskiy A., and Ito E. Critical behavior of the Ferromagnetic perovskite BaRuO3. Physical Review Letters 101, 077206, 2008.

14. Xue X., Kanzaki M., and Shatskiy A. Dense hydrous magnesium silicates, phase D, and superhydrous B:New structural constratints from one- and two-diminsional 29Si and 1H NMR. American Mineralogist 93, 1099-1111, 2008.

15. Jin C -Q. Zhou J -S. Goodenough J B. Liu Q Q. Zhao J G. Yang L X. Yu Y. Yu R C. Katsura T., Shatskiy A., and Ito E. High-pressure synthesis of the cubic perovskite BaRuO3 and evolution of ferromagnetism in ARuO3 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) ruthenates, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 7115-7119, 2008.

Syun Chiyonobu The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: I intend to reconstruction of primary production at ocean in sediments from the northwestern Pacific over the last 500 000 years. We discuss to study the interaction between the chages in surface water conditions and the East Asian climate changes during the Mid-Brunhes Event, which is superimposed on the results the equatorial Pacific region and the North Atlantic.

Title/Affiliation GOE Assistant Professor / Department of Earth Science

Specialized Field Paleoceanography, micropaleontology

Research Subject Paleoclimatic change in the northwestern Pacific during 500,000 years



Calcareous nannofossil assemblage, which is calcareous primary producer in the ocean, at ODP Site 846 from the eastern equatorial Pacific, Site 807 from the western equatorial Pacific were analyzed in order to reconstruct the climate evolution around the last 550,000 years. Its results suggest the strength of the trade winds, which linked Walker circulation during El Niño-like conditions, weakened during MIS 7 - 1 and remained relatively weak through to the present, as the upwelling system along the equator is controlled by the strength of the trade wind system. Thus, the final establishment of modern hydrography in the equatorial Pacific Ocean was completed after boundary of MIS 7/8, and the drastic shift in biological productivities and assemblages in the surface waters that occurred suddenly during MIS 8 was the result of changed Walker circulation and Hadley circulation strength. These results are accepted by “fossil”, and reviewing by “Marine Micropaleontology”. Publications: Journals: 1. Chiyonobu, S., Upwelling strength and water mass structure changes in the equatorial Pacific Ocean

during the last 550 kyr as recorded by calcareous nannofossil assemblages, Fossil, vol. 86, 2009. (in Japanese with English abstruct), (in press)

2. Chiyonobu, S., Saruwatari, H., Sato, T., Kabamoto, J., Iryu, Y., Geologic ages of the Chinen Formation on the Katsuren Peninsula, Okinawa-jima based opn calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy, Jounal of Geological Society of Japan, vol.115, 2009. (in Japanese with English abstruct), (in press)

3. Sato, S., Chiyonobu, S., Hodell, D. A., Chronostratigraphical study of the Quaternary calcareous nannofossilevents –relation to oxygene isotope stratigraphy-. Proceedings IODP Scientific results, vol. 303, 2009. (in press)

Daisuke Sugawara Research objectives and summary of results: Submarine sedimentation by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Field investigations in the southwest coast of Thailand have been conducted to study sediments formed by the 2004 Sumatra tsunami [1][3]. Analysis of microfossils (foraminifera) detected from samples obtained across the tsunami event clarified that sediments of coastal areas were transported to deeper offshore areas due to the tsunami backwash (Fig. 1). It is possible that evidence of past tsunamis can be identified in

Title/Affiliation GCOE Assistant Professor / Disaster Control Research Center, Graduate School of Engineering

Specialized Field Geology

Research Subject

1. Submarine sedimentation by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunam 2. Sediment distribution and inundation area of the AD869 Jogan

earthquake tsunami



sea-bottom sediments because erosion and degradation of sediments are less significant in such environments.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of sedimentation process by tsunami backwash in shallow-marine environment.

Terrestrial and coastal sediments are transported offshore (Sugawara et al., 2009[1])．

Sediment distribution and inundation area of the AD869 Jogan earthquake tsunami In 2009, we conducted field excavations in Sendai Plain in order to clarify the inundation area of the Jogan tsunami and numerical reconstruction of the tsunami inundation area. The major results will be published during 2010. Results of the excavation indicate that tsunami deposit by the Jogan tsunami distributes more than 3km from present coastline. Distribution pattern of tsunami deposits and their landward limit are controlled by local topography of coastal areas (Fig. 1). Sediments deposited prior to the Jogan tsunami have been identified at several excavation sites. Numerical experiment of tsunami inundation is performed in order to examine the effect of tsunami magnitude and coastal topography (Fig. 2).

Figure 1: Excavation site and distribution of the Jogan tsunami deposit in Sendai Plain. The tsunami deposit extends more than 3km from the present coastline.



Figure 2: Inundation area reconstructed by numerical tsunami modeling. Results are plotted on the abstract of

Digital Map 25000 (Map Image) provided by Geographical Survey Institute of Japan (2005).

Publucations: Journals: 1. Sugawara D., Minoura K., Nemoto N., Tsukawaki S., Goto K., and Imamura F., 2009. Foraminiferal

evidence of submarine sediment transport and deposition by backwash during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Island Arc 18, 513-525.

2. Sugawara D., Minoura K. and Imamura F., 2008. Tsunamis and tsunami sedimentology. In “Tsunamiites – Features and Implications” (Shiki T., Tsuji Y., Yamazaki T. and Minoura K., eds). Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 4-49.

Published in a newspaper: Sankei Shimbun: 2009/07/27 (http://sankei.jp.msn.com/science/science/090727/scn0907270759001-n1.htm) Featured on TV: NHK: MEGAQUAKE 2010/01/10, 2010/03/14 (http://www.nhk.or.jp/megaquake/)



Guoming Jiang Objectives: (1) We apply a forward-modeling approach to high-quality arrival time data from 23 deep earthquakes greater than 400 km depth to investigate the detailed structure of the subducting Pacific slab beneath the Japan Sea. Our results show that a finger-like anomaly exists within the subducting Pacific slab below 400 km depth, which has a P-wave velocity 5% lower than the surrounding slab velocity (or 3% lower than that of the normal mantle), suggesting the existence of a metastable olivine wedge (MOW) in the slab. The MOW top and bottom depths are 400 and 560 km, respectively. Most of the deep earthquakes are located in the MOW. Our results favor transformational faulting as the mechanism for deep earthquakes. (2) We determine a 3-D P-wave velocity structure of the mantle down to 700 km depth under the Kamchatka peninsula. The subducting Pacific slab is imaged clearly that it shortens toward the north and terminates near the Aleutian–Kamchatka junction and extends below the 660-km discontinuity under southern Kamchatka. A gap model without remnant slab fragment is proposed to interpret the main feature of high-V anomalies. We consider that the slab loss may be induced by the friction with surrounding asthenosphere as the Pacific plate rotated clockwise at about 30 Ma ago, and then it was enlarged by the slab-edge pinch-off by the asthenospheric flow and the presence of Meiji seamounts. As a result, the slab loss and the subducted Meiji seamounts have jointly caused the Pacific plate to subduct under Kamchatka with a lower dip angle near the junction, which made the Sheveluch and Klyuchevskoy volcanoes shift westward. Publucations: Journals: 1. Jiang, G., Zhao, D., and Zhang, G. Seismic evidence for a metastable olivine wedge in the subducting

Pacific slab under Japan Sea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 270, 300-307, 2008. 2. Jiang, G., Zhao, D., and Zhang, G. Seismic tomography of the Pacific slab edge under Kamchatka.

Tectonophysics, 465, 190-203, 2009.

Title/Affiliation GCOE Fellow / Department of Geophysics

Specialized Field Seismology

Research Subject (1) Detecting a metastable olivine wedge in the subducting Pacific slab under Japan Sea (2) Seismic tomography of the Pacific slab edge under Kamchatka



Hitoshi Miura Report: 1. Hydrodynamics simulations of compound chondrule formation (see The List of Research Paper,

#2) The formation mechanism of compound chondrules is one of open issues among meteoritists. Some compound chondrules seem to have been formed by mutual collisions between two or more independent chondrules during the heating event. However, the canonical number of dust particles in a minimum mass solar nebula model is not enough to explain the observed fraction of compound chondrules (~ a few percents of all chondrules). To overcome this difficulty, we proposed a new mechanism of compound chondrule formation (fragment-collision model; Miura, H., Yasuda, S., Nakamoto, T., 2008, Icarus 194, 811-821). In this model, compound chondrules are formed through mutual collisions between small molten fragments generated by disruption of cm-sized molten silicate dust particles. We carried out three-dimensional hydrodynamics simulations of the disruption of a partially-molten dust particle exposed to high-speed gas flow to examine the compound chondrule formation due to mutual collisions between the fragments. Our results showed that the collision frequency of small fragments is high enough to explain the observed fraction of compound chondrules. We concluded that compound chondrule formation can occur just after the disruption of a cm-sized molten dust particle in shock-wave heating. 2. AFM study of matrix olivines in the Allende carbonaceous chondrite and the formation

mechanism (see The List of Research Paper, #3) We have proposed new techniques for investigating the fine particles of cosmic materials to reveal its origin and growth conditions of these particles by means of morphology and surface observations. Varieties morphologies of polyhedral fine olivine particles with faceted face have been found in Allende carbonaceous chondrites. Molecular level surface observation of matrix olivine has firstly been succeeded with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Though these fine particles were formed about 4.56 billion years ago, growth steps with mono-molecular height are found to be preserved on its surface. The step pattern suggests that faceted matrix olivines were condensed from gas, and had grown under extensive temperature change in ~1 second. This cooling rate agrees with such as shock-wave heating model. 3. Formation of cosmic crystals in highly-supersaturated silicate vapor produced by planetesimal

bow shocks (submitted to The Astrophysical Journal) Several lines of evidence suggest that fine silicate crystals observed in primitive meteorite and interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) nucleated in a supersaturated silicate vapor followed by crystalline growth. We


Specialized Field Planetary Science, Crystal Growth

Research Subject Theoretical modeling of crystal growth in space



investigated evaporation of μm-sized silicate particles heated by a bow shock produced by a planetesimal orbiting in the gas in the early solar nebula and condensation of crystalline silicate from the vapor thus produced. Our numerical simulation of shock-wave heating showed that these μm-sized particles evaporated almost completely when the bow shock is strong enough to lead chondrule formation. We found that the silicate vapor cools very rapidly with expansion into the ambient unshocked nebular region; the cooling rate is estimated, for instance, to be as high as 2000 K s-1 for a vapor heated by a bow shock associated with a planetesimal of radius 1 km. The rapid cooling of the vapor leads to nonequilibrium gas-phase condensation of dust at temperatures much lower than those expected from the equilibrium condensation. It was found that the condensation temperatures are lower by a few hundred K or more than the equilibrium temperatures. This explains the results of the recent experimental studies of condensation from a silicate vapor that condensation in such large supercooling reproduces morphologies similar to those of silicate crystals found in meteorites. Our results suggest strongly that the planetesimal bow shock is one of the plausible sites for formation of not only chondrules but also other cosmic crystals in the early solar system. 4. In-situ visualization of crystallization inside high temperature silicate melts (see The List of

Research Paper, #4) The present work is concerned with the real time in-situ visualization of crystallization processes inside strongly supercooled silicate melts using optical projection technique. The crystallization experiments are carried out for forsterite composition under container-less conditions. Starting material is heated above its liquidus temperature using a high power CO2 laser and crystallization is initiated following rapid cooling. Primary findings of the study show that a suitably designed optical system is capable of imaging melt convection at temperatures as high as near liquidus and presents a novel approach for the prediction of resultant crystallization textures in real time non-destructively. Using the developed optical arrangement, formation of porphyritic-like textures and parallel-barred structures could be successfully visualized during the crystallization process. The results also reveal that for very large values of supercooling, it is possible to initiate nucleation from inside the melt droplet. The in-situ predictions of resultant crystalline textures are compared with the textures revealed by photomicrographs of the corresponding thin-sections and a good agreement is seen between the two observations. Publications Journals: 1. Yasuda, S., Miura, H., and Nakamoto, T., Compound chondrule formation in the shock-wave

heating model: Three-dimensional hydrodynamics simulation of the disruption of a partially-molten dust particle. Icarus 204, 303-315, 2009.

2. Nozawa, J., Tsukamoto, K., Kobatake, H., Yamada, J., Satoh, H., Nagashima, K., Miura, H., and Kimura, Y., AFM study on surface nanotopography of matrix olivines in Allende carbonaceous chondrites. Icarus 204, 681-686, 2009.

3. Srivastava, A., Inatomi, Y., Tsukamoto, K., Miura, H., and Maki, T., In-situ visualization of crystallization inside high temperature silicate melts. Accepted for publication in Journal of Applied Physics.



Jun Muto Research objectives and summary of results:

The effect of a lattice preferred orientation on the flow strength of quartz aggregates dynamically recrystallized from single crystals of synthetic quartz was investigated by general shear experiments in a Griggs apparatus. Experiments were conducted for shear strains up to 5 at a temperature of 900 °C, confining pressure of 1.5 GPa, and shear strain rate of 10-5/s. Three starting orientations of crystal were used, to activate three slip systems: basal <a>, prism [c], and prism <a>, although deformation caused rotation of the crystal axes for the first two, activating additional systems. For crystals with the same amount of water, basal <a> and prism <a> crystals are relatively weak (~50-100 MPa) and prism [c] crystals are stronger (~200 MPa). All 3 initial crystal orientations undergo dynamic recrystallization with increasing shear strain, although the prism <a> orientation requires higher strain to achieve 100% recrystallization. For all 3 starting orientations, distinct domains of recrystallized grains having c axes parallel to Y of the strain ellipsoid (Y max) are developed, together within recrystallized grains of other orientations, and these Y max domains grow with increasing strain. In addition, strain markers show that strain is highly localized within the Ymax domains, indicating a geometrical weakening. The part of those results is in preparation for the submission to J. Geophys. Res.

In order to clarify how microstructural evolution affects seismic nucleation and electromagnetic phenomena associated with the nucleation, we have undertaken an experimental study on a stick slip with simulated gouges. We used a gas apparatus, and performed stick slip experiments at a confining pressure of 165 MPa and axial strain rate of 10-3/s. Crushed gabbroic powders of 0.3 g were sandwiched between two 50º precut shear pistons made of fine-grained gabbro. Displacements and stresses were measured by strain gauges glued on the sample surface. Three pairs of electrode wires were placed to measure changes in electric voltages on frictional surfaces. After an initial compaction of gouges, the sample yielded at an axial stress of about 500 MPa and a displacement of about 0.19 mm. Then the sample monotonically strain weakened towards a main slip with a velocity of 0.5 mm/s. Associated with the strain weakening after the peak stress, one of three electrodes detected progressive increases in a voltage about 0.3 seconds prior to the main slip. With continued displacement, the sliding mode underwent a transition from the stable sliding to the large, audible stick slip with a velocity of 10 m/s. At the main shock, all three electrodes detected large, abrupt increases in voltages. Microstructural observations clarified various modes of shear localization within the gouge including inclined Riedel (R1) shears and boundary-parallel Y shears. R1 shears are evenly distributed open shear bands implying that they were formed presumably during the strain weakening period. On the other hand, the boundary Y shears are continuous, very narrow bands composed of frictional melt indicative of a high speed sliding. Especially, R1 shears were the best developed in the area where the one of electrodes detected the precursor change in the electrode voltage. The predominance of R1 shears where the


Specialized Field Rock Mechanics, Structural Geology

Research Subject Rheology of crustal rocks Development of lattice preferred orientation of crustal rocks



electrode detected progressive increase in the voltage indicates that the generation and extension of R1 shears cause the stable slip, and accompany the precursor change in electrode voltages observed prior to the main shock after the peak stress. Thus, the transition of the frictional behavior of simulated gouges from seismic nucleation to dynamic ruptures can be correlated to the microstructural development within gouges from distributed R1 shears to localized boundary Y shears, and accompany clear variations in electromagnetic signals. The part of those results is in preparation for the submission to Geophys. Res. Lett. Publications: Journals: 1. Muto, J., Nagahama, H., Miura, T. and Arakawa, I. Frictional discharge plasma and

seismo-electromagnetic phenomena, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.168, pp. 1-5, 2008. 2. Takahara, K., Muto, J., and Nagahama, H., Skin depth of electromagnetic wave through fractal crustal

rocks, IEE. Jpn., 130, 258-264 2009. 3. Muto, J., Nagahama, H., Miura, T. and Arakawa, I. Frictional discharge plasma and electromagnetic

phenomena prior to earthquakes, Gekkan Chikyu. (in Japanese), (in press)

Hiromu Nakagawa Title of Research: Dynamics and Evolution of Martian atmosphere using high-resolution spectroscopy in the infrared and submillimeter range The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments： <The Purpose of Research> With increased knowledge on our “neighbor” planets Mars and Venus, based on recent aggressive explorations by the US and Europe, our image on them is changing significantly. In particular, Mars is called ‘a frozen water planet’. It is almost certain that Mars once had duration with warm and wet climate [Head et al., 1999; Donahue, 1995; Parker et al., 1993]. It still conserves a large amount of water ice under the surface [Boynton et al., 2002; Mitrofanov et al., 2002; Feldman et al., 2002]. The question “Why and when did they diverge?” is essential for their environments which potentially could create and keep the life or not. <Search of volcanic gas in the Martian atmosphere by ground-based submillimeter observation> We searched sulfur oxide (SO2 and SO) in the Martian atmosphere by the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE). Sulfur oxide is one of the most evident species in terrestrial volcanic gases. Although it has not yet detected at Mars, this detection can constraint the Martian crustal and volcanic activities. We get

Title/Affiliation GCOE Assistant Professor / Department of Geophysics

Specialized Field Planetary atmosphere

Research Subject Infrared studies of Atmospheres around Earth and Planets



the upper limit of the SO2 mixing ratio, 2 ppb. We concluded that the crustal or volcanic gas produced into the atmosphere is tenuous in northern winter. Even at Mars, it can be expected that the crustal or volcanic gas includes non-negligible amount of SO2 produced as degasification from the magma [Nakamura, private communications]. Our result and recent detections of CH4 suggest a possibility of some kind of carbon-hydride sources under the ground reservoir, independent of usual crustal and volcanic activities. <Development of the laser heterodyne infrared spectrometer for ultra high-resolution observations of planetary atmospheres> We evaluated the feasibility of most recent quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) at mid-infrared wavelengths for use as local oscillator (LO) in a heterodyne receiver, and successfully established basic technologies of the QC laser heterodyne spectrometer. It can be expected to lead to a breakthrough giving the ultra high spectral resolution observations for planetary atmosphere. Using our system, we obtain high precision detection of dynamics and minor constituents in the planetary atmosphere, which is difficult to achieve by other methods. In addition, the use of our system was also applied to develop the in-situ laser spectrometer onboard future Mars Lander mission. Publications Journals: 1. Nakagawa, H., Y. Kasaba, H. Maezawa, A. Hashimoto, H. Sagawa, I. Murata, S. Okano, S. Aoki, N.

Moribe, A. Mizuno, M. Momose, T. Ohinishi, N. Mizuno, T. Nagahama, Search of SO2 in the Martian atmosphere by ground-based submillimeter observation, Planetary and Space Science, 2009. (in press)

2. Oshigami, S., Y. Yamaguchi, A. Yamaji, T. Ono, A. Kumamoto, T. Kobayashi, and H. Nakagawa, Distribution of the subsurface reflectors of the western nearside maria observed from Kaguya Lunar Radar Sounder, Geophys. Res. Let., 36, L18202, doi:10.1029/2009GL039835, 2009.

3. Ono, T., A. Kumamoto, H. Nakagawa, Y. Yamaguchi, S. Oshigami, A. Yamaji, T. Kobayashi, Y. Kasahara, and H. Oya, Lunar radar sounder observations of subsurface stratifications under the nearside maria of the Moon, Science, 323, 5916, 909-912, 2009.

4. Nakagawa H., H. Fukunishi, S. Watanabe, Y. Takahashi, M. Taguchi, R. Lallement, Latitudinal dependence of the solar wind density derived from remote sensing measurements using interplanetary Lyman alpha emission from 1999 to 2002, Earth, Planets and Space, 61, 3, 373-382, 2009.

5. Nakagawa, H., M. Bzowski, A. Yamazaki, H. Fukunishi, S. Watanabe, Y. Takahashi, M. Taguchi, I. Yoshikawa, K. Shiomi, and M. Nakamura, UV optical measurements of the Nozomi spacecraft interpreted with a two-component LIC-flow model, Astron. Astrophys., 491, 29-41, 2008.



Saeko Kita Research and abstract of accomplishments: [A] Anomalous deepening of a seismic belt in the upper-plane of the double seismic zone in the Pacific slab beneath the Hokkaido corner: Possible evidence for thermal shielding caused by subducted forearc crust materials [Kita et al, EPSL, in press]

Recent studies have used data from the dense seismic network in Japan to investigate the detailed hypocenter distribution in the upper plane and the seismic velocity structure in the crust of the subducting Pacific slab. For example, Kita et al. [2006, GRL] identified an “upper-plane seismic belt,” comprising a belt-like concentration of intraslab seismicity oriented approximately parallel to iso-depth contours of the plate interface at depths of 70–90 km in the upper plane of the double-planed deep seismic zone in the Pacific slab beneath Tohoku and eastern Hokkaido. The authors interpreted the belt to be associated with dehydration reactions occurring near a facies boundary (the eclogite-forming phase transformation) in mafic oceanic crust, as estimated using the thermo-mineralogical model developed by Hacker et al. [2003a, 2003b, JGR]. A detailed seismic-velocity structure around the Pacific slab beneath Tohoku revealed a low V zone (zone of low P- and S-wave velocities) with a thickness of ~10 km at the top of the subducted Pacific slab, suggesting the occurrence of a phase transformation at the depth of the upper-plane seismic belt [Tsuji et al., 2008, GRL].

We precisely relocated hypecenters to examine the upper-plane seismic belt beneath Hokkaido corner in detail, where it was relatively not clear in the study of Kita et al [2006]. Hypocenter relocations of earthquakes in the Pacific slab have shown an anomalous deepening of a seismic belt in the upper plane of the double seismic zone at depths of 80-120 km beneath the Hokkaido corner, while it is located at depths of 70-90 km in the surrounding Tohoku and eastern Hokkaido areas. Seismic tomographic inversions performed beneath the Hokkaido corner have shown that a low-velocity zone having seismic velocities of crust materials exists in the mantle wedge just above the Pacific slab and makes direct contact with the upper surface of the Pacific slab. These observations suggest that: 1) the low-velocity zone just above the Pacific slab is part of the subducted Kuril forearc sliver. 2) The contact with the subducted, and so relatively cold, sliver materials prevents the mantle wedge from heating the Pacific slab and causes a lower temperature condition in the Pacific slab crust beneath the Hokkaido corner than in the surrounding areas. 3) As a result, a delay of eclogite-forming phase transformations occurs and enhances the local deepening of the seismic belt in the slab crust there.

Title/Affiliation GCOE Fellow / Research Center for Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions

Specialized Field Seismology

Research Subject Study for understanding of the generation of the intraslab earthquakes



[B] Detailed hypocenter distribution and earthquake-generating stress within the Pacific slab beneath Tohoku and Hokkaido, NE Japan: Existence of interplane earthquakes between upper and lower planes of the double seismic zone and location of the neutral plane of stress [Kita et al., in preparation]

The occurrence of seismicity within the double seismic zone in the Pacific slab beneath the NE Japan Islands has been confirmed by relocated earthquake hypocenters. The focal mechanisms of events determined in the slab reveal that the generating stress of events located within the double seismic zone tend to be downdip-compressional events beneath Tohoku and the Hokkaido corner, and tend to be downdip-extensional events beneath east Hokkaido. We also examined the depth of the neutral plane of the stress field, as measured from the upper surface of the plate interface of the Pacific slab beneath Tohoku and east Hokkaido, by applying the stress tensor inversion method to focal mechanism data. The results indicate that the neutral plane of the stress field is located about 22 km from the plate interface beneath Tohoku and 10 km from the interface beneath east Hokkaido. The difference in stress regimes in the slab beneath Tohoku and east Hokkaido possibly arises as those of the magnitude of buoyancy forces due to peterological phase transitions in the slab at deeper depths.

A comparison of the locations of the neutral plane with the rupture zones of the largest intraslab earthquakes to have occurred beneath each region (i.e., the 2003 Mj 7.1 Miyagi-Oki earthquake and the 1993 Mj 7.8 Kushiro-Oki earthquake) reveals that the neutral plane acts as a limit to the extent of rupture zones associated with intraslab earthquakes. To estimate the location of the neutral plane of the stress state in the slab, as accomplished here, is important in terms of predicting the damage likely to results from intraslab earthquakes. Publications: Journals: 1. S. Kita, T. Okada, A. Hasegawa, J. Nakajima and T. Matsuzawa, Anomalous deepening of a seismic belt

in the upper-plane of the double seismic zone in the Pacific slab beneath the Hokkaido corner: Possible evidence for thermal shielding caused by subducted forearc crust materials, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 290, 415–426, 2010

2. S. Omori, S. Kita, S. Maruyama, M. Santosh, Pressure–temperature conditions of ongoing regional metamorphism beneath the Japanese Islands, Gondwana Research, 16, 458–469. 2009.

3. J. Nakajima, Y. Tsuji, A. Hasegawa, S. Kita, T. Okada, and T. Matsuzawa, Tomographic imaging of hydrated crust and mantle in the subducting Pacific slab beneath Hokkaido, Japan: Evidence for d ehydration embrittlement as a cause of intraslab earthquakes, Gondwana Research, 470-481, 2009.

4. A. Hasegawa, J. Nakajima, S. Kita, Y. Tsuji, K. Nii, T. Okada, T. Matsuzawa, D. Zhao, Traqnsportation of H2O in the NE Japan Subduction Zone as Inferred from Seismic Observations: Supply of H2O from the Slab to the Arc Crust, Journal of Geography, Vol. 117, No.1, p.59-75, 2008.



Shusaku Sugimoto The Purpose of research and the abstract of accomplishments: Main research theme is to investigate an air-sea coupled systeme on low-fequency timescales; about 10-years (decadal) to 20-years (interdecadal) timescales. It is known that numerous phenomenons have the low-frequency timescales; for instance, sea surface temperature around Japan and a location of axis of the Kuroshio Extension. The Aluetion Low (AL) is located in the central North Pacific and also has long-term variations. Therefore, it is expected that the AL causes the low-frequency variations in the upprer ocean field. In this year, I investigated the temporal evolution of the AL in terms of the intensity and the location, and then explored how the AL gave an impact on the upper ocean field, such as sea surface temperature and the Kuroshio transport. 1. The temperal features of the AL are investigated in terms of the intensity and the location. The intensity, latitudinal position, and longitudinal position of AL reveal different temporal variations: the longitudinal shift accompanies intensity variation with an interdecadal timescale and the latitudinal shift does with a decadal timescale. The AL intensity variation and the longitudinal shift are related to activity of the Pacific/North American teleconnection pattern: in a strengthening (weakening) phase of AL, the AL shifts eastward (westward); westerlies strengthen (weaken), and both subtropical and subpolar gyres spin-up (spin-down) simultaneously. The latitudinal shift is associated with activity of the West Pacific teleconnection pattern. It is independent of the intensity variation of AL: when the AL shifts northward (southward), the westerlies correspondingly move northward (southward). Consequently, the gyre boundary, which is defined by the zero line of the Sverdrup stream function, also shifts northward (southward). 2. The role of AL north–south shift on the upper oceanic variations is investigated by using a wind-driven hindcast model. The oceanic Rossby wave formed as a result of the baroclinic response for the AL movement influences the sea surface temperature in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension region. 3. Temporal variations of the net Kuroshio transport are explored using long-term hydrographic data from investigation of a repeat section of the 137°E meridian conducted by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The net Kuroshio transport reveals low-frequency timescales: significant signals on decadal and interdecadal timescales. The variations of net Kuroshio transport are predominantly caused by changes in the magnitude of oceanic current velocity fields associated with an upward–downward movement of main pycnocline depth around the southern boundary of the Kuroshio; A deepening of the main pycnocline forms a sharp northern

Title/Affiliation Fellow of "Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"/International Advanced Research and Education Organization Institute for International Advanced Interdisciplinary Research

Specialized Field Physical Oceanography

Research Subject Air-sea interaction in the North Pacific



upward tilting slope of the isopycnal surfaces at the Kuroshio region, and eventually the net Kuroshio transport increases. By using a wind-driven hindcast model, it is found that the main pycnocline depth variation results from the first-order baroclinic response attributable to two types of AL activities: a change in the magnitude of AL and meridional movement of AL. 4. To understand the formation of North Pacific subtropical mode water (STMW) in the Kuroshio recirculation gyre region, the cause of STMW thickness variation is investigated using temperature profiles in a historically archived dataset. The thickness variation is predominantly controlled by the main thermocline depth (MTD). When the main thermocline deepens (shoals), the wintertime mixed layer depth can develop (not develop), and consequently, thicker (thinner) STMW is observed in summer. The large-scale atmospheric forcing controlling the MTD is explored using a wind-driven hindcast ocean model. The MTD variation stems primarily from a baroclinic response in the ocean to the AL activity; especially, the meridional movement of the AL exerts a remarkable influence. 5. Adopting a rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) analysis and a maximum covariance analysis (MCA), characteristics of the wintertime wind stress curl (WSC) anomaly field in the North Atlantic are investigated. In terms of both temporal variation and spatial distribution, the first four leading modes of WSC show a one-to-one relation with four atmospheric teleconnection patterns over the North Atlantic sector: the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Eastern Atlantic (EA), Tropical/Northern Hemisphere (TNH), and Pacific/North American (PNA) patterns, respectively. These four patterns characterize the WSC variations over the different regions in the North Atlantic: NAO and EA over the eastern side of the basin, TNH over the central part of the basin, and PNA over the western side of the basin. Publications: Journals: 1. Sugimoto, Shusaku, and Kimio Hanawa, 2009: Decadal and interdecadal variations of the Aleutian Low

activity and their relation to upper oceanic variations over the North Pacific. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 87 (4), 601-614.

2. Sugimoto, Shusaku, and Kimio Hanawa: Wintertime wind stress curl field in the North Atlantic and their relation to atmospheric teleconnection patterns. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. (in press)

3. Sugimoto, Shusaku, and Kimio Hanawa: Impact of Aleutian Low activity on the STMW formation in the Kuroshio recirculation gyre region. Geophysical Research Letters. (in press)



Akihiko Yokoo The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments: In FY 2009, I have been concentrated to study mechanisms and dynamics of volcanic eruptions revealed by several types of geophysical field observations especially in targeting to eruptions of Sakurajima and Suwanosejima volcanoes under collaboration with collegues. Abstracts of these studys are summarized as follows with accomplishments. (1) In order to clarify the time relation of the expansion of a gas pocket and failure of its overlying lava-plug during eruptions, infrasound and movie observations were carried out for explosive eruptions of Sakurajima and Suwansoejiam volcanoes, and results were analyzed. In observed infrasound waveforms at both volcanoes, preceding phases which is characterized weak and slowly pressure increasing were recognized prior to the main compression phases which is rapid and large increasing in pressure. The origin time of the preceding phase at Sakurajima coincided with the onset of the isotropic expansion process of the pressurized gas pocket, which was obtained by the waveform inversion of the explosion earthquake. At Suwanosejima, it was almost same as the time of a vertical expansion occurring at a depth of 0.5 km beneath the crater bottom which was inferred from seismic signals, too. I proposed that these preceding phases of infrasound wave were caused by the swelling of the ground surface of the crater bottom due to such expansionary event undergone beneath the crater, thus leading to subsequent failure of the crater ground. When the expansion velocity of the ground exceeded a threshold level, the subsequent main compression phase of infrasound radiated with a high velocity by the sudden release of the pressurized gases. This is consistent with the fact that origin time of that phase at Suwanosejima coincided with the start time of the ejection of volcanic materials, which was a mixture of ashes and pressurized gases. It would be one of general processes as a start sequence of eruptive surface phenomena, but it has rarely been referenced previously. (2) An infrared thermal monitoring system was installed at Sakurajima volcano for evaluating a possibility in understanding eruption dynamics by a method of thermal observation. This enabled the capture of continuous thermal waveform data at 1 Hz during two recent episodes of eruptive activity. The eruptions were generally characterized by a sudden increase in volcanic cloud temperature in the first 2-5 s, followed by gradual cooling over a few minutes. A positive relation between the maximum temperature and the exit velocity of the cloud has also been established. As of new findings, at higher temperatures and faster exit velocities of the volcanic cloud, the eruptions tend to be accompanied by pyroclastic density currents; which indicates that correct information of of bulk density of volcani cloud is necessary if we want to uncdrstand actual dynamics of PDC. No strong correlation was observed in a 6-month period of 2008 between temporal changes in surface manifestation of eruptive activity and the change of cloud temperatures. Identification of factors that control such observed apparent temperatures of volcanic cloud would lead to a better understanding of the thermodynamics of the eruption itself though further refinement to utilize data obtained by the permanent thermal monitoring system.

Title/Affiliation GCOE Assistant Professor / Department of Geophysics

Specialized Field Volcanology

Research Subject Eruption mechanisms and dynamics inferred from infrasound observations



(3) Continuous broadband magnetotelluric observation was also conducted at two sites of Sakurajima with K. Aizawa (University of Tokyo) and other researchers and it caught significant subsurface resistivity changes. Careful comparing this result with other geophysical and geochemical observational results revealed that volatiles degassed from rising magma laterally migrated beneath the volcano and caused such resistivity changes. Important meaning of this suggestion is continuous and several sites’ MT observations will become a strong tool for monitor the subsurface degassing and corresponding magma movement in the near future. (4) Other trial for monitoring magma itself in terms of petrology has been continued under the collaboration with T. Shimano (Fuji-Tokoha University) and others. In this work at Sakurajima, original automatic apparatuses were used to sample the ashes continuously. Time sequential characteristics of collected samples associated with eruptions were recognized in relating to those of surface eruptive phenomenon which were revealed by several types of geophysical observations, although those samples are now in under the petrological detailed analysis. (5) Integrated geophysical observations targeting to eruptions of Showa crater of Sakurajima volcano has been conducted energetically with M. Iguchi (Kyoto University) and other colleagues of Sakurajima Volcanological Observatory. This work leads to unraveling processes of explosive eruptions, such as a pressure concentration at the upper part of the conduit just before the eruption onset. As reuslts, we were able to forecast to the scale and the time of the next eruptions at Showa crater much quantitatively. Publications: Journals (peer reviewed): 1. Yokoo, A. Continuous thermal monitoring of the 2008 eruptions at Showa crater of Sakurajima volcano,

Japan, Earth, Planets and Space, 61, 1345-1350, 2009. 2. Yokoo, A., Study on air pressure waves induced by volcanic eruptions –Signals recorded in eruption

movies-, Bulletin of Volcanological Society of Japan, 54, 43-50, 2009. 3. Yokoo, A., Tameguri, T. and Iguchi, M., Swelling of a lava plug associated with a Vulcanian eruption at

Sakurajima volcano, Japan, as revealed by infrasound record: case study of the eruption on January 2, 2007, Bulletin of Volcanology, 71, 619-630, doi:10.1007/s00445-008-0247-5, 2009.

Reports (un-reviewed or reviewed inside): 1. Yokoo, A. and Tameguri, T., Characteristics of infrasound and seismic signals associated with eruptions

at Showa crater of Sakurajima Volcano, Annuals of Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, 52B, 309-317, 2009.

2. Aizawa, K., Kanda, W., Ogawa, Y., Yokoo, A. and Iguchi, M., Shallow resistivity changes of Sakurajima volcano from magnetotelluric continuous observation, Conductivity Anomaly Study Report, 79, 2009.

3. Ishimine, Y., Takimoto, H., Kanda, M., Kinoshita, N., Yokoo, A. and Iguchi, M., PIV analysis of ash clouds ejected from Showa crater from Sakurajima volcano, Annuals of Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, 52B, 319-322, 2009.

4. Iguchi, M. et al. (the 55th author in total of 83), The 2008 project of artificial explosion experiment at Sakurajima volcano, Annuals of Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, 52B, 293-307, 2009.



IV. Website

Management of our Website (URL: http: //www.gcoe.es.tohoku.ac.jp/), launched by our Global COE and other publicity-related activities are reported in this chapter. Steering

The public relations committee of this GCOE comprises Hiroyuki Nagahama (Chair), Takeshi Nishimura and Noriyoshi Tsuchiya (Vice-Chairmen), Hiroshi Kawamura, and three members – Hiroyuki Kawanobe and Jun Nemoto (Technical Staff); and Yu Tomabechi (Secretaries of GCOE ).

In 2009, three members of the Public Relations Committee of this GCOE (Hiroyuki Kawanobe, Jun Nemoto, and Yu Tomabechi) designed, created and managed our website. This web site has continued to provide a very accessible public record of our activities, fresh information, topics, good news and recruitments of this GCOE: Committees, Program Members’ list or mailing list, Collaborators, Participation Departments, Agencies, Related Structure, Education Support Information (Overseas Study, International Conference, Super Doctoral Course, Research Assistant, Internship and Scientists from Abroad), Research Promotion Information (Travel Support, GCOE Fellow), Seminar and School Information, Activity Reports (publications or awards among the officials), and so on. Fresh information––which is quickly posted on the GCOE website––is provided from this GCOE to facilitate efficient cooperation in research activities and in the exchange of information among interested parties.

In addition to our website management, the public relations committee conducted following scitivities; creating a log, issuing pamphlets, publicity related to international conferences or domestic conferences by organized by the GCOE members, making and displaying posters of our GCOE, posting information of our activities for the publication by the domestic society news, displaying booths at symposia and conferences (e.g., Japan Geosciences Union Meeting, and a forum performed



under the auspices of Ministry of Education Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Foundation for Corporate Bunkyo Association), collecting information posted by related organizations, construction of our own database to make activity reports of our GCOE, issuing news letters of our GCOE, and collaboration on public relations with the media offices of Tohoku University.



V. List of Activities 1. GCOE Symposiums / GCOE Seasonal School 1. Workshop on Mantle Dynamics

Organizer: Associate Prof. Motohiko Murakami Period: May 25, 2009 Location: Room #503 COE Seminar Room,

Earth Science Bldg, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Contents:

Main scope of this workshop is to discuss on the earth's mantle from a wide

variety discipline of earth science, and to give new insight into the mantle dynamics. In this workshop, key issues that were discussed by the invited scientists include:

(1) Transportation of water into the deep mantle and its role in slab- related dynamics, (2) Observational and experimental constraints on deep mantle, (3) Modeling of mantle mineralogy in comparison with observational and experimental data, (4) Rheological properties of deep mantle

Participants (Foreign participants）:

60(3)

2. Workshop for Interactions between GAS and SOLID at Planets

Organizer: Prof. Yasumasa Kasaba Period: June 4, 2009 Location: Room #303 Common Lecture Room,

Rigaku Sohgoh Toh Bldg., Tohoku University Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Contents:

The GCOE Focus Group "Interactions between GAS and SOLID at Planets”

has a plan to have science meetings twice per year. The first meeting in 2009FY aims to create the crossover outcome from graduate students and post-docs, good problems, and good questions. Following four research topics connecting the Earth-planets and gas-solid were heavily discussed, based on the actual activities executed in our university.

1. Generation of thin atmosphere by the interaction of planetary surface and interplanetary space

2. Generation of atmosphere from planetary surface activities 3. Underground structure survey in the solar system 4. Exoplanets and planetary formation


40(0)



3. Seismology Summer School 2009 “Recipe for Earthquake Generation Model”

Organizer: Assistant Prof. Yasuo Yabe Period: August 4 - 6, 2009 Location: Paira Matsushima / Oku-Matsuhima Youth Hostel in Higashi Matsushima Sponsor: Seismological Society of Japan Co-Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Contents:

Experts on earthquake generation gave lectures to 67 attendees,

who are undergraduate and graduate students of universities from Hokkaido to Kyushu. 30 poster presentations by the attendees were given to promote communications among the attendees.

Participants (Foreign participants）

78(0)

4. Joint meeting on Modeling and Simulation of Solar-Terrestrial and Planetary Sciences

Organizer: Associate Prof. Naoki Terada Period: August 4 - 7, 2009 Location: Nishijin Plaza and Kokonoe Seminar House, Kyushu University Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University

National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory (STEL) Nagoya University JST/CREST program "Research on real-time space weather simulation", and Space Environment Research Center (SERC) Kyushu University.

Contents:

Four meetings related to the modeling and simulation of solar-terrestrial andplanetary sciences were held at Nishijin plaza and Kokonoe seminar house in Kyushu on 4-7 August, 2009. Latest results of numerical modeling and simulation of plasma and atmospheric phenomena in the solar-terrestrial and planetary space were reported. 33 researchers including many young researchers and students attended the meetings and had a fruitful discussion.


33(0)

5. The 6th Microfossil Summer School and the 3rd J-DESC Microfossil Course

Organizer: Assistant Prof. Noritoshi Suzuki Period: August 19 - 21, 2009 Location: Earth Science Bldg, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Co-Sponsor: Japan Drilling Earth Science Consortium (J-DESC) Contents:

Practical training course on microfossils for students of other universities and

institutes in Japan. Participants (Foreign participants）:

11(0)



6. 10th Workshop on Subsurface Electromagnetic Measurement

Organizer: Prof. Motoyuki Sato Period: October 8 - 9, 2009 Location: Tokyo Branch Office of Tohoku University Sponsor: The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Co-Sponsor: Society of Exploration Geophysicists of Japan IEEE AESS Japan Chapter,

IEEE GRSS Japan Chapter Contents:

This is a workshop on electromagnetic subsurface sensing. Papers on Ground

Penetrating radar will be mainly presented. Safe and security issues are the special topic and applications such as detection of buried explosive objects, subsurface sensing in lands slide will be discussed.


25(5)

7. Workshop for Modeling and Simulation of Solar-Terrestrial and Planetary Science

Organizer: Assistant Prof. Yuto Katoh Period: October 28 - 30, 2009 Location: Sendai City War Reconstruction Memorial Hall Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University

Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University Co-Sponsor: Special Interest Groups of Simulation and Plasma Wave Science [in Society of

Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences (SGEPSS)] Contents:

This workshop focuses on the recent progress of modeling/simulation studies

in the field of solar-terrestrial and planetary environment. Particle acceleration and plasma wave generation process by wave-particle interactions in space plasmas, waves in solar-terrestrial and planetary environments, and future prospects of related research fields will also be discussed.


65(5)

8. 1st China-Japan Joint Workshop on Air-Sea-Land Interactions (ASLI)

Organizer: Associate Prof. Weiming Sha Period: November 4-5, 2009 Location: Sakura Hall, Sendai Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Co-Sponsor: Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University,

School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Sun Yat-Sen University Contents:

This joint workshop is to improve our understanding on

Air-Sea-Land Interactions in the Asia-Pacific region. On the basis of the agreement of academic exchange, this workshop also promotes exchange of ideas and future cooperation among participating Chinese and Japanese scientists. The meeting agenda includes 18 presentations, discussion on future collaboration and field survey.


18(8)



9. The 1st Workshop on Nanoscopic Approach for Carbon Sequestration(NanoCO2)

Organizer: Prof. Katsuo Tsukamoto Period: February 10-11, 2009 Location: Hotel Sakan, Akiu, Sendai Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Contents:

National project for carbon sequestration has been started in US. Prof.

Jim De Yoreo (Deputy Director for Research, Molecular Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), who is one of the core member, and his coworkers concentrated to do some research work in nano-scale. Their view is quite different from that from traditional approaches so far.

To achieve their purpose, accurate measurements (0.01 micron/year) of growth and dissolution rates of crystals are required in very short time. Our interferometry technique has the ability to determine that rates. Therefore, we had this meeting for future collaboration.


28(2)

10. Earthquakes, Active Tectonics and Geodynamics of Island Arcs

Organizer: Prof. Takeyoshi Yoshida, Associate. Prof. Tomomi Okada, Assistant Prof. Yusaku Ohta, Assistant Prof. Tatsuya Ishiyama

Period: February 19-20, 2009 Location: Kanponoyado, Matsushima Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Contents:

The conference will focuses on mechanisms of late Cenozoic tectonics and

earthquake geology mainly governed by complex, structural and evolutional backgrounds of trench-island arc systems such as backarc spreading, volcanisms, and active faulting. The conference will also focus on the spatio-temporal distribution of water and other crustal fluids in the crust, with particular emphasis on the physical and chemical relations with seismogenesis. These discussions will involve the areas of structural geology, exploration geophysics, tectonic geomorphology, petrology, volcanology, rock mechanics, earthquake seismology and geodesy.


37 (6)



11. Global-Network Symposium Earth's Dynamics

Organizer: Prof. Eiji Ohtani Period: March 2-4, 2009 Location: Hotel New Mitoya, Akiu, Sendai Sponsor: GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Contents:

Global-Network Symposium Earth's Dynamics was held in March 1-5, 2010.

Aims of the symposium are to convene representatives of major institutions (Geophysical Laboratory, ENS Lyon, Sobolev Institute, Academia Sinica-IES, and Tohoku Univ.) for exchanging ideas to promote further collaboration on materials science of the Earth and to develop exciting new research fields, and to transmit these results to the scientific community. The symposium consists of 4 sessions as listed below. 1.Origin of solar system, Earth and life 2.Melt and volatiles 3.Deep volatile cycle and subduction process 4.Mantle and core dynamics

The sessions contain 38 talks and 16 poster presentations in total. In entire presentations, active discussions and constructive comments were well-performed.


52(21)

12. The 11th Symposium of Planetary Science

Organizer: Prof. Okano Shoichi Period: March 17-19, 2009 Location: Aoba Memorial Hall, School of Engineering, Tohoku University(Oral: 4th

floor Lecture Room, Poster: 1st floor Lobby) Sponsor: Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Tohoku

University/Tohoku University Global COE Program "Global Education and Research Center for Earth and Planetary Dynamics"/ Solar Terrestrial Environmental Laboratory, Nagoya University

Contents:

Progresses of research on planetary science were discussed in the field of internal structure and formation of planets, planetary surface, environment and dynamics of atmospheres, ionospheres, magnetospheres and their mutual interactions, and also new techniques and instruments for their observations. In addition, special sessions on future planetary mission were held, particularly on the Japanese near-future Mars and Jupiter explorations were lively discussed. Totally, 224 man-days participants attended the symposium, including one from abroad, and 93 papers (oral 59, poster 34) were presented.


224(1)



13. Workshop on Early Solar Nebula and Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Dynamics

Organizer: Asso. Prof. Naoki Terada Period: March 18, 2009 Location: Rigaku Sohgohto Bldg. 2F #205 Lecture Room Sponsor: Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, PPARC

GCOE Earth Science, Tohoku University Contents:

This workshop focused on the study of dynamics and evolutions of early

solar nebula as well as planetary plasma and atmospheric environment. One of the main purposes of this workshop was to promote multi-disciplinary study not only in the planetary evolution research group of the global COE program but also with researchers in other fields. Latest results of numerical simulations of plasma, atmospheric, and material formation processes in the early nebula and near-planetary space were reported. 20 researchers including many students attended the workshop and had a fruitful discussion.


20(0)


"Global Education and Research Center for Earth and Planetary Dynamics"

Number Period / LocationName of Scientist Affiliation Host Scientist

12009/04/07 2009/04/16

Seattle, U.S.A.

School of Oceanography, University of

Washington Hiromi FujimotoJohn Delaney

～Professor Prof.

22009/04/17 2009/05/15

North Carolina, U.S.A.

Department of Geological Sciences, University of

North Carolina at Chapel Hill Takeshi NishimuraJonathan M. Lees

～Professor Assoc. Prof.

32009/04/19 2009/04/21

Providence, U.S.A.

Department of Geological Sciences, Brown

University Jun MutoDavid Goldsby

～Associate Professor COE Assi.Prof.

42009/05/15 2009/06/01

Chicago, U.S.A.

Department of Geological Sciences, Northwestern

University Eiji OhtaniCraig Bina

～Professor Prof.

52009/05/16 2009/05/29

Hartford, U.S.A.

Department of Geology and Geophysics,Yale

University Eiji OhtaniShun-ichiro Karato

～Professor Prof.

62009/05/17 2009/05/27

Munich, Germany

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences,

Geophysics, Munich University Eiji OhtaniFumiko Tajima

～Adjunct Professor Prof.

72009/05/23 2009/05/30

Fresno, U.S.A.


California State Unversity, Fresno Soichi OsozawaJohn Wakabayashi

～Associate Professor Dr.

82009/05/31 2009/06/07

Lyon, France

Laboratoire de Sciences de la Terre, École

normale supérieure de Lyon Motohiko MurakamiJan Matas

～Senior scientist Assoc. Prof.

92009/06/04 2009/06/18

Moscow, Russia

Department of Petrology, Geological Faculty,

Moscow State University Eiji OhtaniAndrey Bobrov

～Associate Professor Prof.

102009/06/06 2009/06/21

Denver, U,S,A,

Center for Wave Phenomena and Department of

Geophysics, Corolado School of Mines Haruo SatoRoel Snieder

～Professor Prof.

112009/06/14 2009/06/19

Victoria, Canada

Geological Survey of Canada

Satoshi MiuraStephane Mazzotti

～Associate Professor Assoc. Prof.

122009/06/15 2009/06/16

Lyon, France


normale supérieure de Lyon Junichi NakajimaBruno Reynard

～Director Assoc. Prof.

132009/06/24 2009/07/14

Granada, Spain

Laboratory of Crystallography, University of

Granada Katsuo TsukamotoAlexander Van Driessche

～Researcher Prof.

142009/07/02 2009/09/27

Taipei, Taiwan

Institute of Earth Sciences, Academica Sinica

Michihiko NakamuraSebastian Jego

～Researcher Assoc. Prof.

152009/07/08 2009/07/09

Alaska, U.S.A.

The International Arctic Research Center of

University of Alaska Shoichi OkanoSyun-ichi Akasofu

～Emeritus Professor Prof.

162009/07/08 2009/10/05

Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Mongolian University of Science and Technology

Noriyoshi TsuchiyaBatkhishig Bayaraa





172009/07/12 2009/08/06

Portland, U.S.A.

Department of Geoscience, Oregon State

University Takeyoshi YoshidaShanaka de Silva

～Professor Prof.

182009/07/21 2009/09/21

Xiamen, China

State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental

Sciences, Xiamen University Hiroshi KawamuraJiang Yu-wu


192009/07/21 2009/09/21

Xiamen, China

State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental

Sciences, Xiamen University Hiroshi KawamuraHu Jianyu

～Professor Prof.

202009/08/23 2009/08/30

Qingdao, China

Department of Geophysics, Ocean University of

China Hiroshi KawamuraSun Jian

～Senior Assistant Professor Prof.

212009/09/05 2009/09/22

Munich, Germany


Geophysics, Munich University Eiji OhtaniFumiko Tajima


222009/09/21 2009/09/27

Arizona, U.S.A.

Arizona State University

Eiji OhtaniJohn Holloway


232009/09/25 2009/11/15

Bayreuth, Germany

Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universitat Bayreuth

Eiji OhtaniAhmed El Goresy


242009/09/28 2009/10/02

Los Angels, U.S.A.

Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences,

California Institute of Technology Akira HasegawaHiroo Kanamori


252009/09/30 2009/10/17

San Francisco, U.S.A.

United States Geological Survey

Norihito UminoStephen Kirby

～Science Researcher Prof.

262009/10/06 2009/10/10

Delft, Netherland

Delft University of Technology

Motoyuki SatoEvert Slob


272009/10/06 2009/10/11

Delft, Netherland

Delft University of Technology

Motoyuki SatoTimofey Savelyev

～Assistant Professor Prof.

282009/10/07 2009/10/10

Gwangju, Korea

Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology

Motoyuki SatoKangwook Kim


292009/10/07 2009/10/11

Shanghai, China

Tongji University

Motoyuki SatoJiansheng Wu

～Professor Prof.

302009/10/16 2009/10/29

Grenoble, France

Laboratory of Planetology of Grenoble

Takayuki OnoWlodek Kofman

～Director Prof.

312009/10/20 2009/10/25

Daejeon, Korea

Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral

Resources Hitoshi FujiwaraTakao Kobayashi


322009/11/03 2009/11/06

Guangzhou, China

Department of Atomospheric Science, Sun Yat-

sen University Weiming ShaLi Weibiao





332009/11/03 2009/11/06

Guangzhou, China


sen University Weiming ShaWu Liang

～Doctoral Course Assoc. Prof.

342009/11/03 2009/11/06

Guangzhou, China


sen University Weiming ShaQiao Yunting

～Senior Assistant Professor Assoc. Prof.

352009/11/03 2009/11/06

Guangzhou, China


sen University Weiming ShaWen Zhiping


362009/11/03 2009/11/06

Guangzhou, China


sen University Weiming ShaJian Maoqiu


372009/11/03 2009/11/06

Beijing, China

Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese

Academy of Sciences Weiming ShaLiu Huizhi


382009/11/03 2009/11/06

Beijing, China

Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese

Academy of Sciences Weiming ShaChen Wen


392009/11/03 2009/11/06

Guangzhou, China

Department of Atomospheric Science, Yunnan

University Weiming ShaCao Jie


402009/11/03 2009/11/06

Los Angels, U.S.A.

Division of Geological and Planetary Science,

California Institute of Technology Akira HasegawaHiroo Kanamori


412009/11/03 2009/11/20

Champaign, U.S.A.

Department of Geology, University of Illinois at

Urbana-Champaign Motohiko MurakamiJay Bass


422009/11/05 2009/11/07

Meryland, U.S.A.

Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins

University Yasumasa KasabaPontus Brandt

～Director Prof.

432010/01/17 2010/01/19

Cambridge, U.S.A.

Department of Earth and Planetary Science,

Harvard University Yoshihiro FurukawaSarah Stewart

～Associate Professor COE Assi.Prof.

442010/02/08 2010/02/20

Cambridge, U.S.A.

Deptartment of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary

Sciences, Masschusetts Institute of Technology Haruo SatoMichael Fehler

～Senior scientist Prof.

452010/02/15 2010/02/26

Colorado, U.S.A.

Department of Geological Sciences, University of

Colorado Tatsuya IshiyamaKurl Mueller

～Associate Professor Assi. Prof.

462010/02/17 2010/02/24

Rome, Italy

Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Tomomi OkadaClaudio Chiarabba


472010/02/25 2010/03/05

Hanoi, Viet Nam

Department of Geology, Hanoi University of

Science Soichi OsozawaNguyen Van Vuong

～Associate Professor Dr.

482010/02/27 2010/03/05

Lyon, France


normale supérieure de Lyon Eiji OhtaniStephen Labrosse

～Professor Prof.




492010/02/28 2010/03/11

Hartford, U.S.A.

Department of Geology and Geophysics,Yale

University Eiji OhtaniShun-ichiro Karato

～Professor Prof.

502010/02/28 2010/03/05

Lyon, France


normale supérieure de Lyon Eiji OhtaniIsabelle Daniel


512010/02/28 2010/03/05

Washington D.C., U.S.A.

Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of

Washington Eiji OhtaniYingwei Fei


522010/02/28 2010/03/05



Washington Eiji OhtaniAlexander Goncharov


532010/02/28 2010/03/05



Washington Eiji OhtaniReinhard Boehler


542010/02/28 2010/03/05

Lyon, France


normale supérieure de Lyon Eiji OhtaniYanick Ricard


552010/02/28 2010/03/05

Lyon, France


normale supérieure de Lyon Eiji OhtaniNicolas Coltice


562010/03/01 2010/03/05

Taipei, Taiwan


Eiji OhtaniBor-ming Jahn

～Director Prof.

572010/03/01 2010/03/05

Taipei, Taiwan


Eiji OhtaniKuo-Lung Wang


582010/03/01 2010/03/05

Taipei, Taiwan


Eiji OhtaniDer-Chuen Lee


592010/03/01 2010/03/05

Lyon, France


normale supérieure de Lyon Eiji OhtaniJan Matas


602010/03/01 2010/03/04

Lyon, France


normale supérieure de Lyon Eiji OhtaniRazvan Caracas


612010/03/01 2010/03/05

Lyon, France


normale supérieure de Lyon Eiji OhtaniBruno Reynard

～Director Prof.

622010/03/01 2010/03/05



Washington Eiji OhtaniBjorn O. Mysen


632010/03/01 2010/03/07

Novosibirsk, Russia

Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS

Eiji OhtaniAlexander V. Sokol

～Professor Prof.

642010/03/01 2010/03/07

Novosibirsk, Russia


Eiji OhtaniLyudmila N. Pokhilenko





652010/03/01 2010/03/07

Novosibirsk, Russia


Eiji OhtaniNikolay Pokhilenko

～Professor Prof.

662010/03/01 2010/03/07

Novosibirsk, Russia


Eiji OhtaniYury Palyanov

～Professor Prof.

672010/03/01 2010/03/04

Lyon, France


normale supérieure de Lyon Eiji OhtaniLucile Bezacier

～Doctoral Course Prof.

682010/03/01 2010/03/04

Lyon, France


normale supérieure de Lyon Eiji OhtaniMartina Ulvrova


692010/03/06 2010/03/11

Taipei, Taiwan


Takeshi KuritaniGeorg Zellmer


702010/03/13 2010/03/19

West Lafayette, U.S.A.

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences,

Purdue University Yusaku OhtaAndrew Freed





1

2009/06/04 2009/06/04

Mizusawa

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

Yasumasa KasabaSho Sasaki

～Professor Prof.

2

2009/07/19 2009/07/21

Tsukuba

National Research Institute for Earth Science and

Disaster Prevention Satoshi MiuraTaku Ozawa

～Chief Scientist Assoc. Prof.

3

2009/08/18 2009/08/22

Utsunomiya

Utsunomiya University

Noritoshi SuzukiToyosaburo Sakai

～Emeritus Professor Assi. Prof.

4

2009/08/18 2009/08/21

Osaka

Osaka City University

Noritoshi SuzukiAkira Yao

～Emeritus Professor Assi. Prof.

5

2009/08/19 2009/08/21

Hokuto

Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

Satoshi MiuraTomoji Takasu


6

2009/08/25 2009/08/27

Sendai

Miyagi National College of Technology

Satoshi MiuraTetsuya Ozawa


7

2009/10/25 2009/10/27

Yokohama

JAMSTEC

Hitoshi FujiwaraTohru Sugiyama


8

2010/02/18 2010/02/20

Tokyo

Earthquake Research Institute,The University of

Tokyo Tatsuya IshiyamaHiroshi Sato

～Professor Assi. Prof.

9

2010/02/18 2010/02/20

Tsukuba

Building Research Institute

Yusaku OhtaBunichiro Shibazaki

～Senior scientist Assi. Prof.

10

2010/02/18 2010/02/21

Kasugai

Chubu University

Takeyoshi YoshidaTakeshi Kudo


11

2010/02/18 2010/02/21

Shimabara

Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Faculty of

Sciences, Kyushu University Tomomi OkadaSatoshi Matsumoto


12

2010/02/27 2010/03/02

Fukuoka

Faclty of Science, Kyushu University

Katsuo TsukamotoTomoki Nakamura


13

2010/02/27 2010/03/02

Fukuoka

Faclty of Science, Kyushu University

Katsuo TsukamotoAiko Nakato


14

2010/03/15 2010/03/17

Sagamihara

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency （ISAS）Shoichi OkanoMasaki Nishino

～Researcher Prof.

15

2010/03/14 2010/03/16

Shin-Yamaguchi

Yamaguchi University

Shoichi OkanoYasunori Miura


16

2010/03/15 2010/03/17

Kashima

Kashima Space Reserch Center

Shoichi OkanoTetsurou Kondo





17

2010/03/15 2010/03/17

Tokyo

School of Science, The University of Tokyo

Shoichi OkanoKazuo Yoshioka


18

2010/03/15 2010/03/17

Tokyo

School of Science, The University of Tokyo

Shoichi OkanoGo Murakami




Number Date Speaker / Affiliation / Speach Title Host Scientist

1

Frontier Seminar

2009/04/07

Dr. Stephen Kirby U.S.Geological Survey

Getting subduction started: Flexure and seismic deformation in the

outer-rise/outer-trench-slope region worldwide

Norihito Umino

Prof.

2

Frontier Seminar

2009/04/14

Prof. John R. Delaney School of Oceanography, University of Washington

The Key to Future Research within the Ocean Basins: Cabled Submarine Networks

Wired to Next-Generation Internet

Hiromi Fujimoto

Prof.

3

Frontier Seminar

2009/04/20

Dr. David L. Goldsby Department of Geological Sciences, Brown

University

From the Nano to the Tectonic Scale - Rheological Constraints on Earthquake

Nucleation and Coseismic Fault Slip

Jun Muto

Dr.

4

Frontier Seminar

2009/04/21

Dr. David L. Goldsby Department of Geological Sciences, Brown

University

Experimental Constraints on the Flow of Ice: From Greenland to Ganymede Jun Muto

Dr.

5

Frontier Seminar

2009/05/18

Prof. Masami Fukuda International Arctic Research Center, University of

Alaska Fairbanks , USA

Permafrost response under global warming trend in the Arctic Motoyuki Sato

Prof.

6

Frontier Seminar

2009/05/25

Prof. Craig Bina Northwerstern Univ.

A Few Remaining Problems in the Mantle Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

7

Special Lecture

2009/05/25

Prof. Shun-ichiro Karato Yale Univ

Water distribution in Earth's mantle and its implications for the evolution of ocean Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

8

Frontier Seminar

2009/05/25

Prof. Fumiko Tajima LMU Munich

Seismic evidence of localized distribution of dehydration-induced fluids or melts

associated with stagnant slabs

Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

9

Frontier Seminar

2009/05/26


Seismic Properties and Fluid Distribution in the Mantle Transition Zone Akio Suzuki

Dr.




10

Frontier Seminar

2009/05/26

Prof. Craig Bina Northwerstern University

Geophysical Thermodynamics of Phase Relations: A Brief Overview Akio Suzuki

Dr.

11

Special Lecture

2009/05/26

Prof. Shun-ichiro Karato Yale University

Strength of the lithosphere: New experimental constraints and their geodynamic

implications

Akio Suzuki

Dr.

12

Frontier Seminar

2009/05/28

Dr. John Wakabayashi California State University, Fresno

Supra subduction zone ophiolites, subduction initiation, and metamorphic soles. Soichi Osozawa

Dr.

13

Frontier Seminar

2009/05/28

Dr. John Wakabayashi California State University, Fresno

The 2009 "State of Franciscan Address: Old and new insight into the tectonics of

subduction.

Soichi Osozawa

Dr.

14

Frontier Seminar

2009/06/05

Prof. Jan Matas Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS

Intrinsic seismic attenuation: new approaches and new results Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

15

Frontier Seminar

2009/06/12

Prof. Roel Snieder Colorado School of Mines

Seismic interferometry, who needs a seismic source? Haruo Sato

Prof.

16

Frontier Seminar

2009/06/15

Dr. Buruno Reynard CNRS Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon

Rheology of serpentines, seismicity and mass transfer in subduction zone Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

17

Frontier Seminar

2009/06/15

Dr. Andrei Bobrov Moscow State University

Phase relations in diamond-forming carbonate-silicate systems Litasov Konstantin

D.

Dr.

18

Frontier Seminar

2009/06/17

Dr. Stephane Mazzotti Geological Survey of Canada

Present-Day Tectonics and Dynamics of the Canada-Alaska Cordillera Satoshi Miura

Dr.




19

Frontier Seminar

2009/06/19

Dr. Stephane Mazzotti Geological Survey of Canada

GPS and Seismicity Analysis of Tectonics and Stress in the Cascadia Subduction Forearc Satoshi Miura

Dr.

20

Frontier Seminar

2009/06/30

Dr. Tomoya Konishi The Anan National College of Technology

Surface Investigation of Sulphur-terminated GaAs(001) Deposited with

Organopalladium Catalyst

Katsuo Tsukamoto

Prof.

21

Frontier Seminar

2009/06/30

Dr. Nagatoshi Nishiwaki The Anan National College of Technology

Development of Practically Usable & Green Chemical CatalystSupported on S-

terminated GaN(0001)

Katsuo Tsukamoto

Prof.

22

Frontier Seminar

2009/07/09

Prof. Syun-Ichi Akasofu The International Arctic Research Center of

University of Alaska, Fairbanks

Global Warming : Natural Change May Explain Most of It Shoichi Okano

Prof.

23

Frontier Seminar

2009/07/13

Dr. Alexander Van

Driessche

Laboratory of Crystallography, University of

Granada

In situ observation of crystal growth from solution Katsuo Tsukamoto

Prof.

24

Frontier Seminar

2009/07/16

Prof. Shanaka L. DeSilva Department of Geoscience, Oregon State University

The rhythm of arc magmatism ?　Insights from ignimbrite flare-ups and supervolcanism. Takeyoshi Yoshida

Prof.

25

Frontier Seminar

2009/07/22

Dr. Nozomu Nishitani Solar Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya

University

SuperDARN Hokkaido radar: Overview of 2.5 year observation and future perspective Hiroaki Misawa

Dr.

26

Frontier Seminar

2009/08/07

Prof. Yuji Sano Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo

Tracing extinct spreading center in SW Japan by helium-3 emanation Takeshi Kakegawa

Dr.

27

Frontier Seminar

2009/08/07

Prof. Daniele L. Pinti University of Quebec, Canada

Mantle noble gases in a passive continental margin: What is going on in Eastern North

America?

Takeshi Kakegawa

Dr.




28

Frontier Seminar

2009/08/12

Dr. Ludovic Margerin CEREGE,　France

Radiative transfer of seismic waves: a review Hisashi Nakahara

Dr.

29

Frontier Seminar

2009/08/18

Dr. Masaki Takahashi Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, AIST

Estimation of the tectonic erosion along the Japan Trench -Toward better understanding

for stress accumulation mechanism of crustal earthquakes-

Junichi Nakajima

Dr.

30

Frontier Seminar

2009/08/19

Dr. Tomoji Takasu Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

Review of technology and application of Precise Point Positioning Satoshi Miura

Dr.

31

Frontier Seminar

2009/08/26

Dr. Sun Jian Ocean University of China

The SAR measurement of surface waves in the coastal region Teruhisa Shimada

Dr.

32

Frontier Seminar

2009/08/27

Dr. Kohei Kazahaya Geological Survey of Japan, AIST

Origin and importance of Arima-type thermal brines found in SW Japan Toru Matsuzawa

Prof.

33

Frontier Seminar

2009/09/08

Prof. Hu Jianyu State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental

Sciences, Xiamen University, China

Evolution and feature of two cold eddies off the western coast of South China Sea in

August-September 2007

Horoshi Kawamura

Prof.

34

Frontier Seminar

2009/09/08

Dr. Yuwu Jiang State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental

Sciences, Xiamen University, China

3D Forcasting System in the Taiwan Strait Horoshi Kawamura

Prof.

35

Frontier Seminar

2009/09/11


Topical Seismic Low Velocity Anomalies Associated with Stagnant Slabs: Inference and

Observational Uncertainties

Hidenori Terasaki

Dr.

36

Frontier Seminar

2009/09/17

Prof. Tetsuo Yamamoto Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido

University

Low temperature crystallization of dust in space Katsuo Tsukamoto

Prof.




37

Frontier Seminar

2009/09/17

Dr. Katsuyoshi

Michibayashi

Institude of Geosciences, Shizuoka University

Structure sensitivity and rock seismic anisotropy of peridotite in the mantle wedge Junichi Nakajima

Dr.

38

Frontier Seminar

2009/09/18


Waveform Modeling for 3D Seismic Velocity Structure Using Body Wave Data

Recorded by the Dense Seismographic Networks in Japan

Hidenori Terasaki

Dr.

39

Frontier Seminar

2009/09/24

Prof. John Holloway Arizona State University

Accretion and Early Atmospheres of Terrestrial Planets Akio Suzuki

Dr.

40

Frontier Seminar

2009/09/25


The origin and production of CO2 and H2 in mid-ocean ridge magmatic systems Akio Suzuki

Dr.

41

Frontier Seminar

2009/09/25


Magma to Molecules: Simulation of Abiotic Organic Synthesis at Mid-Ocean Ridge

Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems

Akio Suzuki

Dr.

42

Frontier Seminar

2009/09/25

Dr. Shohei Ohara Geophysical Laboratory

The effect of pressure on aqueous amino acid solutions under hydrothermal conditions Takeshi Sakai

Dr.

43

Frontier Seminar

2009/10/05

Dr. Akira Yoneda Institute for study of the Earth's interior, Okayama

Univ.

Elastic Constants of Single Crystal Stishovite Determined by High Frequency Resonant

Ultrasound Spectroscopy

Akio Suzuki

Dr.

44

Special Lecture

2009/10/06

Prof. Ahmed El Goresy Bayerisches Geoinstitut Universitat Bayreuth

A Novel Natural Shock-Induced High-Pressure Polymorph of FeTiO3 Ilmenite With

the Li-Niobate Structure From the Ries Crater, Germany: First Evidence for Back

Transformation From Perovskite.

Eiji Ohtani

Prof.

45

Special Lecture

2009/10/07

Emeritus

Prof.

Hiroo Kanamori Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of

Technology

Revisiting the 1960 Chilean Earthquake ‐For the 50th Anniversary‐ Akira Hasegawa

Prof.




46

Special Lecture

2009/10/13


Micro-Surgical FIB-TEM Study of Diverse Liquidus Wadsleyite-Ringwoodite Pairs

Fractionally Crystallized From Olivine Melt Enclaves in Shock Melt Veins IN L6

Chondrites.

Eiji Ohtani

Prof.

47

Frontier Seminar

2009/10/13

Dr. Stephen Kirby U.S.Geological Survey

Getting Subduction Started: Global Outer-Rise/Outer Trench Slope Earthquakes and

Lithospheric Flexure

Norihito Umino

Prof.

48

Special Lecture

2009/10/16

Emeritus

Prof.

Hiroo Kanamori Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of

Technology

Long‐period seismic waves excited by the 1933 Sanriku earthquake Akira Hasegawa

Prof.

49

Special Lecture

2009/10/20


Shock-Induced Melting of Maskelynite and the High-Pressure Mineral Inventory of

Shergottites: Implications to Evaluation of the Shock History of Martian Meteorites.

Eiji Ohtani

Prof.

50

Frontier Seminar

2009/10/22

Prof. Wlodek Kofman Centre National de la Recherche

Scientifique(CNRS), France

MARSIS (MarsExpress ESA mission) and SHARAD(MRO NASA mission) radars to

study Martian surface and subsurface.

Takayuki Ono

Prof.

51

Frontier Seminar

2009/10/24

Dr. Yoichi Itoh Kobe University

Observational Studies of Extra-Solar Planets with the Subaru Telescope and the AKARI

Infrared Satellite

Yasumasa Kasaba

Prof.

52

Frontier Seminar

2009/11/06

Dr. Pontus Brandt Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins

University

ENA Imaging of the Invisible Giant Magnetospheres Yasumasa Kasaba

Prof.

53

Frontier Seminar

2009/11/06

Prof. Jay D. Bass The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Sound velocity measurements in a diamond cell by Brillouin scattering, and implications

for Earth's interior

Motohiko Murakami

Dr.

54

Frontier Seminar

2009/11/17

Dr. Shuichi Kodaira Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and

Technology

Scientific drilling and seismic structure research --Drilling into oceanic island arc and

Mohole--

Ryota Hino

Dr.




55

Special Lecture

2009/11/17

Dr. Olaf Amm Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland

Ionospheric current systems: Their origin, dynamics, and coupling with the aurora Takeshi Sakanoi

Dr.

56

Frontier Seminar

2009/12/02

Dr. Sho Sasaki Mizusawa VLBI Observation（National

Astronomical Observatory of Japan)

New Views of the Moon: Results of KAGUYA mission and Lunar Water Masaaki Miyahara

Dr.

57

Frontier Seminar

2009/12/15

Dr. Michio Kawamiya Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and

Technology (JAMSTEC)

How can climate models be used for making climate mitigation policies Toshio Suga

Dr.

58

Frontier Seminar

2009/12/22

Dr. Yasutaka Hiraki Nagoya University

MHD instabilities in the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling system Fuminori Tsuchiya

Dr.

59

Frontier Seminar

2010/01/05

Dr. Yukitoshi Nishimura Nagoya UniversityUCLA

Pre-onset time sequence of auroral substorm onset: THEMIS all-sky imager and

spacecraft observations

Takayuki Ono

Prof.

60

Frontier Seminar

2010/01/07

Dr. Takamasa Tsubouchi National Oceanography Centre, Southampton

(NOCS), UK

The estimation of freshwater budget of the Arctic Ocean in summer 2005 using inverse

method.

Toshio Suga

Dr.

61

Frontier Seminar

2010/01/18

Dr. Sarah Stewart Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Harvard

University

Impacts onto H2O Ice: From the Laboratory to the Outer Solar System Yoshihiro Furukawa

Dr.

62

Special Lecture

2010/02/09

Dr. Koki Idehara Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo

Seismic structure and dynamics of the core-mantle boundary region Dapeng Zhao

Prof.

63

Frontier Seminar

2010/02/12

Dr. Han-Chiang Chou Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan

University

Seismic structure and tectonics of the Taiwan subduction zone Dapeng Zhao

Prof.




64

Frontier Seminar

2010/02/15

Dr. Tomoji Takasu Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

Some issues and prospects in RTK-GPS/GNSS for long baselines Satoshi Miura

Dr.

65

Frontier Seminar

2010/02/15

Dr. Mike Fehler Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary

Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

SEAM: The SEG Advanced Modeling Project Haruo Sato

Prof.

66

Frontier Seminar

2010/02/24

Dr. Daisuke Suetsugu Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and

Technology

South Pacific mantle plumes imaged by seismic observation on islands and seafloor Dapeng Zhao

Prof.

67

Frontier Seminar

2010/03/01

Dr. Nguyen Van Vuong Faculty of Geology, Hanoi University of Science

Renewed geology of northern Vietnam Soichi Osozawa

Dr.

68

Frontier Seminar

2010/03/05

Dr. Tamaki Yasuda Meteorological Research Institute (MRI)

ENSO prediction and seasonal forecast system at Japan Meterological

Agency/Meteorological Research Institute (JMA/MRI)

Syusaku Sugimoto

Mr.

69

Frontier Seminar

2010/03/05

Dr. Fumiaki Kobashi Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

Ocean-atmosphere interaction in the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent Syusaku Sugimoto

Mr.

70

Frontier Seminar

2010/03/08

Dr. Hiromichi Nagao Institute of Statistical Mathematics

1. Infrasound variation due to the 2008 Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku Earthquake 2. Particle

filter for time series modeling and its application to geoscience data

Satoshi Miura

Dr.

71

Frontier Seminar

2010/03/09

Dr. Georg Zellmer Institute of Earth Science, Academia Sinica

Petrogenesis of Sr-rich adakitic rocks at volcanic arcs:insights from global variations of

eruptive style with plate convergence rates and surface heat flux

Takeshi Kuritani

Dr.

72

Frontier Seminar

2010/03/15

Dr. Andrew Freed Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences,

Purdue University

Contemporary Deformation and Stressing Rates in Alaska Yusaku Ohta

Dr.




73

Frontier Seminar

2010/03/16

Mr. Junichi Fukuda Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate

School of Science, Osaka University

Deformation of feldspar and transportation mechanism of water during shearing:

implications for active microscale processes

Jun Muto

Dr.



Number Period / LocationName Facilities' Name

12009/04/16 2009/05/11

Vienna, Austria and Valcelona,

SpainEduardo Carcole

～COE Fellow EGU General Assembly　2009・collaborative research　in

Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya

22009/04/19 2009/04/25

Cologne, Germany/Vienna, AustriaHiromu Nakagawa

～COE Fellow University of Cologne・EGU General Assembly

32009/04/19 2009/04/23

Cologne, GermanyShouichi Okano

～Prof. University of Cologne

42009/04/19 2009/04/26

Cologne, Germany/Vienna, AustriaYasumasa Kasaba

～Prof. University of Cologne・EGU General Assembly

52009/04/21 2009/04/26

Oslo, NorwayTakeshi Sakanoi

～Assi. Prof. Dayside Cusp and Polar Cap Ionosphere: Present Knowledge

and future Planning

62009/05/23 2009/06/14

Granada, Spain/Merrylamd・Pasadena, U.S.A.

Yuki Kimura

～COE Assi.Prof. Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, NASA Goddard

Space Flight Center, 214th The American Astronomical

Society

72009/06/16 2009/06/29

Zurich/Davos, SwitzerlandLitasov Konstantin D

～COE Assoc.Prof. The Deep Carbon Cycle Workshop, Goldschmidt2009

82009/06/19 2009/06/28

Davos, SwitzerlandHidenori Terasaki

～Assi. Prof. Goldschmidt2009

92009/09/07 2009/09/28

Moscow・Novosibirsk, RussiaAnton Shatskiy

～COE Assi.Prof. Institute of Experimental Mineralogy, Chernogolovka・Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the

RAS

102009/12/01 2010/02/15

New Mexico, U.S.A.Akio Goto

～Assi. Prof. Department of Earth and Environmental Science, New

Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology

112009/12/13 2009/12/20

San Francisco, U.S.A.Masaaki Miyahara

～COE Assi.Prof. 2009 AGU Fall Meeting

122010/02/28 2010/03/07

Texas, U.S.AHitoshi Miura

～COE Assi.Prof. 41th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference



Number Period / LocationName Facilities' Name Adviser

2009/04/04 2009/04/15

Cambera, Australia

The Australian National University

Eiji Ohtani

～ Prof.1

Shin Ozawa

Mr. (DC)

2009/04/12 2009/05/03

Seattle, U.S.A.

NOAA Center for Tsunami Research

Ryota Hino

～ Assoc. Prof.2

Hiroaki Tsushima

Mr. (DC)

2009/04/18 2009/04/30

Qingdao, China

First Institute of Oceanology of SOA, China

Hiroshi Kawamura

～ Prof.3

Wei Yongliang

Mr. (DC)

2009/09/09 2009/09/15

Hawaii, U.S.A.

NASA Infrared Telescope Facility

Shoichi Okano

～ Prof.4

Tadahisa Kobuna

Mr. (RA)

2009/09/28 2009/10/07

Cambridge, U.S.A.

Earth Resource Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of

TechnologyHaruo Sato

～ Prof.5

Kentaro Emoto

Mr. (RA)

2010/03/05 2010/03/19

New Zealand

GNS Science and University of Auckland

Kunio Kaiho

～ Prof.6

Satoshi Takahashi

Mr. (DC)



Number Name Name of International Conference / Title of Presentation Period / Location / Adviser

1

2009/04/17 2009/04/26

Vienna, AustriaShort-term variability of Jupiter's extended sodium nebula

Shoichi Okano

Mizuki　Yoneda

～Mr. EGU General Assembly

Prof.

(DC)

2

2009/04/17 2009/04/26

Vienna, AustriaA simulation study of mode conversion process from Upper-Hybrid mode

to LO-mode waves in plasmasphere Takayuki Ono

Kalaee　Mohammad

Javad


Prof.

(RA)

3

2009/04/18 2009/04/26

Vienna, AustriaDrainage system evolution associated with segment linkage within active

thrust zones: the northern Tokachi fault zone, eastern Hokkaido, northern

JapanToshifumi Imaizumi

Hiroaki Suzuki


Prof.

(RA)

4

2009/06/18 2009/06/27

Davos, SwitzerlandMagmatism in the Tsagaandelger, East Mongolian Volcanic Belt:

Petrological and Isotopic Constraints on Mesozoic Geodynamic Setting Hirokazu Fujimaki

Munkhtsetseg Oidov

～Ms. Goldschmidt 2009 Conference

Prof.

(DC)

5

2009/06/16 2009/06/29

Zurich・Davos,Switzerland1, Solidus of carbonated peridotite at high pressure 2,　Partical melting of

peridotite + CO2 and origin of kimberlite melt in the deep mantle Eiji Ohtani

Sujoy Ghosh

～Mr. The Deep Carbon Cycle Workshop, Goldschmidt 2009 Conference

Prof.

(DC)

6

2009/06/20 2009/06/27

Davos, SwitzerlandSulfide mineral paragenesis at the Hugo Dummett porphyry Cu-Au deposit,

Oyu Tolgoi, South Mongolia Hirokazu Fujimaki

Sanjaa Myagmarsuren

～Ms. Goldschmidt 2009 Conference

Prof.

(DC)

7

2009/08/10 2009/08/16

SingaporeThe density and viscosity measurements of the MgSO4-H2O fluids under

High pressure and its implication for the subsurface ocean in the icy

satellites.Eiji Ohtani

Ryo Nakamura

～Mr. Asia Oceania GeoSciences Society 2009

Prof.

(DC)

8

2009/08/22 2009/08/31

Sopron, HungaryAPPEARANCE OF AURORAL ROAR AND MF BURST

Takayuki Ono

Yuka Sato

～Ms. IAGA 11th Scientific Assembly

Prof.

(DC)

9

2009/08/22 2009/08/31

Melbourne, AustraliaThe simulation of water/energy fluxes for FLUXNET sites based on the

concept of potential response characteristics : scale up from leaf to canopy Takeshi Yamazaki

Ryuhei　Yoshida

～Mr. 6th International Scientific Conference on the Global Energy and Water

Cycle and 2nd ILEAPS Science Conference

Dr.

(RA)



Number Name Name of International Conference / Title of Presentation Period / Location / Adviser

10

2009/08/24 2009/08/31

Sopron, Hungary1, Ion upflows in the polar magnetosphere during geomagnetic storms 　2,

Seasonal variations of the electron density distribution in the polar

magnetosphere during geomagnetically quiet periodsNaoki Terada

Naritoshi Kitamura

～Mr.International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) 11th

Scientific Assembly

Dr.

(SDC)

11

2009/09/19 2009/09/26

Innsbruck, AustriaThermal Plasma Effects on the Impedance Probe Measurements in the

Ionosphere Takayuki Ono

Tomonori Suzuki

～Mr.8th International Workshop on Electric Probes in Magnetized Plasmas

Prof.

(SDC)

12

2009/10/26 2009/10/30

Daegu, KoreaPreparation of Hydroxyapatite Spheres Composed of Plate-like Particles by

Hydrothermal Treatment of Supersaturated Calcium Phosphate Solution Koji Ioku

Kennkichi Sasaki

～Mr.BIOCERAMICS 22

Prof.

(SDC)

13

2009/12/08 2009/12/13

Guangzhou, ChinaVegetation Change and its causes in Hunshandake Sandy land: Taking

Xilinhaote city as an example Kiyotaka Sakaida

Yongmei

～Ms. The 4th CHINA-JAPAN-KOREA JOINT CONFERENCE ON

GEOGRAPHY

Prof.

(RA)

14

2009/12/08 2009/12/13

Guangzhou, ChinaChallenges in Forest Management and Mergers of Forestry Cooperatives in

Fukushima Prefecture, Japan Gen Ueda

Tadayoshi Tada

～Mr. The 4th CHINA-JAPAN-KOREA JOINT CONFERENCE ON

GEOGRAPHY

Dr.

(RA)

15

2009/12/08 2009/12/13

Guangzhou, ChinaThe Regime Shift of Winter Temperature Occurred Simultaneously in East

Asia and North Europe in the Late 1980s Kiyotaka Sakaida

Koji Sakashita


GEOGRAPHY

Prof.

(RA)

16

2009/12/08 2009/12/13

Guangzhou, ChinaDevelopment process of Large-scale management in Japanese Agriculture

Masateru Hino

Toru Sasaki


GEOGRAPHY

Prof.

(RA)

17

2009/12/08 2009/12/13

Guangzhou, ChinaLocal Revitalization and the local leadership- In case of Kaneyama town

in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan – Masateru Hino

Jeong Sock-Ho


GEOGRAPHY

Prof.

(RA)

18

2009/12/13 2009/12/21

San FransiscoSpatio-temporal changes of seismic velocity at Miyakejima volcano

associated with the 2000 eruption based on the cross-correlation analyses

of ambient seismic noise recordsHaruo Sato

Titi Anggono

～Mr. 2009 AGU Fall Meeting

Prof.

(RA)



8. Lists of Published Journal Papers


Dynamics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Research Subgroup Journals:

1. Arima, H., Hattori, T., Komatsu, K., Abe, J., Utsumi, W., Kagi, H., Suzuki, A., Suzuya, K., Kamiyama, T., Arai, M., Yagi, T., Designing PLANET: the neutron beamline for high-pressure material science at J-PARC. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. (in press)

2. Asanuma H., E. Ohtani, T. Sakai, H. Terasaki, S. Kamada, N. Hirao, N. Sata, Y. Ohishi, Phase relations of Fe-Si alloy up to core conditions: Implications for the Earth inner core, Geophysical Research Letters, 35, DOI:10.1029/2008GL033863, 2008.

3. Chou, H., B. Kuo, L. Chiao, D. Zhao, S. Hung, Tomography of the westernmost Ryukyu subduction zone and the serpentinization of the forearc mantle. J. Geophys. Res. 114, B12301, 2009.

4. Duan, Y., D. Zhao, X. Zhang et al., Seismic structure and origin of active intraplate volcanoes in Northeast Asia. Tectonophysics 470, 257-266, 2009.

5. Enomoto S., Ohtani E., Inoue K., Suzuki A., Neutrino geophysics with KamLAND and future prospects. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 258(1-2), 147-159, 2007.

6. Ghosh S., Ohtani E., Litasov D. K., Suzuki A., Sakamaki T., Stability of carbonated magmas at the case of the Earth’s upper mantle. Geophysical research letters, 34, L22312, DOI:10.1029/2007GL031349, 2007.

7. Ghosh, S., Ohtani, E., K. Litasov, H. Terasaki, Solidus of Carbonated Peridotite and petrogenesis of Magnesio-carbonatite in the Earth’s Upper Mantle and Transition Zone, Chemical Geology, 2009. (in press)

8. Gupta, S., D. Zhao, M. Ikeda, S. Ueki, S. Rai (2009) Crustal tomography under the Median Tectonic Line in Southwest Japan using P and PmP data. J. Asian Earth Sci. 35, 377-390.

9. Gupta, S., D. Zhao, S. Rai, Seismic imaging of the upper mantle under the Erebus hotspot in Antarctica. Gondwana Res. 16, 109-118, 2009.

10. Hara J. and N. Tsuchiya, Chemical modiocation of pyroclastic rock by hot water: an experimental investigation of mass transport at the fluid solid interface. [Geofuids, 9, (2009), 24-38]

11. Hasegawa, A., J. Nakajima, N. Uchida, T. Okada, D. Zhao, T. Matsuzawa, N. Umino (2009) Plate subduction, and generation of earthquakes and magmas in Japan as inferred from seismic observation: An overview. Gondwana Res. 16, 370-400.

12. Hayashi H., E Ohtani, H. Terasaki, Y. Ito, The partitioning of Pt–Re–Os between solid and liquid metal in the Fe–Ni–S system at high pressure: Implications for inner core fractionation, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 2009, 4836–4842.

13. Hirao N., Ohtani E., Kondo T., Sakai T., Kikegawa T., Hollandite II phase in KAlSi3O8 as a potential host mineral of potassium in the Earth's lower mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 166(1-2), 97-104, 2008.

14. Huang, J., D. Zhao, Seismic imaging of the crust and upper mantle under Beijing and surrounding regions. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 173, 330-348, 2009.

15. Jiang, G., D. Zhao, G. Zhang, Detailed structure of the subducting Pacific slab beneath the Japan Islands and Japan Sea. Earth Sci. Frontiers 15, 222-231, 2008.

16. Jiang, G., D. Zhao, G. Zhang, Seismic evidence for a metastable olivine wedge in the subducting Pacific slab under Japan Sea. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 270, 300-307, 2008.

17. Jiang, G., D. Zhao, G. Zhang, Crustal correction in teleseismic tomography and its application. Chinese J. Geophys. 52, 1508-1514, 2009.



18. Jiang, G., D. Zhao, G. Zhang, Seismic tomography of the Pacific slab edge under Kamchatka. Tectonophysics 465, 190-203, 2009.

19. Kasai H., Kawauchi T., Fukai Y., Zhang XW., Kishimoto S., Kikegawa T., Ohtani E., Okano T., Measurement of diffusion process of iron atoms under high pressure of hydrogen by time-domain analysis of nuclear resonant scattering of X-rays. Applied Surface Science, 256, 4, 984-986, Nov 2009.

20. Kimura, M., Mikouchi, T., Suzuki, A., Miyahara, M., Ohtani, E., El Goresy, A., Kushiroite, CaAlAlSiO6: A new mineral of the pyroxene group from the ALH 85085 CH chonrdite, and its geneteic significance in refractory inclusions. American Mineralogist, 94(10), 1479-1482, October 2009.

21. Kiyosugi, K., C. Connor, D. Zhao, L. Connor, K. Tanaka, Relationships between volcano distribution, crustal structure, and P-wave tomography: An example from the Abu monogenetic volocano group. Bull. Volcanol, 2010. (in press)

22. Komatsu K., Sano A., Momma K., Ohtani E., Kudoh Y., Crystal structures of high-pressure phases in the alumina-water system:II. Powder X-ray diffraction study of a new dense aluminum deuteroxide, delta-Al(OD)(3). Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 222(1): 13-22, 2007.

23. Kubo, T., Ohtani E., Kato, T., Kondo, T., Hosoya, T., Sano, A., Kikegawa, T., Kinetics of the post-garnet transformation: Implications for density and rheology of subducting slabs. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 170, 181–192, 2008.

24. Kudoh Y., Kuribayashi T., Litasov D. K., Ohtani E., Cation vacancies and possible hydrogen atom positions in Fe-bearing hydrous forsterite, Mg1.85Fe0.14Si0.99H0.06O4, synthesized at 13.5 GPa and 1400 degrees C. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Science, 102(5), 306-310, 2007.

25. Kudoh Y., Kuribayashi T., Mizobata H., Ohtani E., Sasaki S., Tanaka M., Pressure dependence of u parameter in ringwoodite up to 7.9 GPa, Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 102(1), 8-11, 2007.

26. Lakshtanov L. D., Litasov D. K., Stanislav V. S., Holger H., Li J., Ohtani E., Bass J., Effect of Al3+ and H+ on the elastic properties of stishovite. American Mineralogist, 92, 1026-1030, 2007.

27. Lakshtanov L. D., Sinogeikin V. S., Litasov D. K., Prakapenka B. V., Hellwig H., Wang J., Sanches-Valle C., Perrillat J., Chen B., Somayazulu M., Li J., Ohtani E., Bass J., The post-stishovite phase transition in hydrous alumina-bearing SiO2 in the lower mantle of the earth. PNAS, 104 13588-13590, 2007.

28. Lei, J., D. Zhao (2009) Structural heterogeneity of the Longmenshan fault zone and the mechanism of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Ms 8.0). Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 10, 2009GC002590.

29. Lei, J., D. Zhao, B. Steinberger, B. Wu, F. Shen, Z. Li, New seismic constraints on the upper mantle structure of the Hainan plume. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 173, 33-50, 2009.

30. Lei, J., D. Zhao, J. Su, G. Zhang, F. Li, Fine seismic structure under the Longmenshan fault zone and the mechanism of the large Wenchuan earthquake. Chinese J. Geophys. 52, 339-345, 2009.

31. Lei, J., D. Zhao, Y. Su, Insight into the origin of the Tengchong intraplate volcano and seismotectonics in southwest China from local and teleseismic data. J. Geophys. Res. 114, B05302, 2009.

32. Li, Z., J. Lei, D. Zhao, B. Wu, F. Shen, X. Qiu (2008) 3-D P-wave velocity structure of the crust beneath Hainan Island and adjacent regions. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 30, 441-448.

33. Lin, J-F., Karato, S., Bass, J.D., Ohtani E., Prewitt., C.T., Preface, Frontiers and grand challenges in mineral physics of the deep mantle. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 170 (2008) 151.

34. Litasov D. K., Kagi H., Shatskiy A., Ohtani E., Lakshtanov D., Bass J., Ito E., High hydrogen solubility in Al-rich stishovite and water transport in the lower mantle. Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett., 202, (3-4) DOI:10.1016/j.epsl, 620-634, 2007.

35. Litasov D. K., Ohtani E., Kagi H., Jacobsen D. S., Temperature dependence and mechanism of hydrogen incorporation in olivine at 12.5-14.0 GPa. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L16314, DOI:10.1029-2007GL030737, 2007.

36. Litasov K. D., E. Ohtani, Solidus and phase relations of carbonated peridotite in the system



CaO–Al2O3–MgO–SiO2–Na2O–CO2 to the lower mantle depths, 2009, DOI:10.1016/j.pepi.2009.07.008 37. Litasov K. D., Ohtani E., Ghosh S., Nishihara Y., Suzuki A., Funakoshi K., Thermal equation of state of

superhydrous phase B to 27GPa and 1373K. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 164(3), P142-160, 2007.

38. Litasov K. D., Ohtani E., Suzuki A., Funakoshi K, The compressibility of Fe- and Al-bearing phase D to 30GPa. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 159-167, 2007.

39. Litasov K. D., Ohtani E., Phase relations in the peridotite-carbonate-chloride system at 7.0-16.5 GPa and the role of chlorides in the origin of kimberlite and diamond. Chemical Geology, 262, 1-2, Ap. Iss. SI, 29-41, 2009.

40. Litasov K. D., Shatskiy A., Katsura T., Ohtani E., Water solubility in forsterite at 8-14 GPa. Doklady Earth Sciences, 425, 2, 432-435, 2009.

41. Litasov K. D., Shatskiy A., Pal’yanov YN., Sokol AG., Katsura T., Ohtani E., Hydrogen incorporation into forsterite in Mg2SiO4-K2Mg(CO3)(2)-H2O and Mg2SiO4-H2O-C at 7.5-14.0 GPa. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 50, 12, 112-1138, 2009.

42. Litasov, K. D., Fei, Y., Ohtani E., Kuribayashi, T., Funakoshi, K., Thermal equation of state of magnesite to 32GPa and 2073K. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 168, 191–203, 2008.

43. Litasov, K.D., Ohtani E., Nishihara, Y., Suzuki, A., Funakoshi, K., Thermal equation of state of Al- and Fe-bearing phase D. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(B8), B08205, DOI:10.1029/2007JB004937, 2008.

44. Maruyama, S., A. Hasegawa, M. Santosh, T. Kogiso, S. Omori, H. Nakamura, K. Kawai, D. Zhao (2009) The dynamics of big mantle wedge, magma factory, and metamorphic-metasomatic factory in subduction zones. Gondwana Res. 16, 414-430.

45. Mishra, O.P., D. Zhao, Z. Wang (2009) The genesis of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake (Mw 7.6): A puzzle for Peninsula India. Indian Minerals 61, 149-170.

46. Miyahara M., A. El Goresy, Ohtani E., M. Kimura, S. Ozawa, T. Nagase, M. Nishijima, Fractional crystallization of olivine melt inclusion in shock-induced chondritic melt vein, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 177, 3-4, 116-121, 2009.

47. Miyahara M., El Goresy A., Ohtani E., Nagase T., Nishijima M., Vashaei Z., Ferrior T., Gillet P., Dubrovinsky L., Simionovici A., Evidence for fractional crystallization of wadsleyite and ringwoodite from olivine melts in chondrules entrained in shock-melt veins. PNAS, 105, 25, 8542-8547, 2008.

48. Miyahara M., Sakai T., Ohtani E., Kobayashi Y., Kamada S., Kondo T., Nagase T., Yoo JH, Nishijima M., Vashaei Z., Application of FIB system to ultra-high-pressure Earth science. J. Mineral. Petrol., Sci., 103(2), 88-93, 2008.

49. Morahashi Keisuke, Atsushi Okamoto, M. Satish-Kumar and Noriyoshi Tsuchiya, Variations in stable isotope compositions (δ13C, δ18O) of calcite within exhumation-related veins from the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt. [Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 103, (2008), 361-364]

50. Mukoyoshi Hideki, Tetsuro Hirono, Hidetoshi Hara, Kotaro Sekine, Noriyoshi Tsuchiya, Arito Sakaguchi and Wonn Soh, Style of fluid flow and deformation in and around an ancient out-of- sequence thrust: An example from the Nobeoka Tectonic Line in the Shimanto accretionary complex, Southwest Japan. [Island Arc, 18, (2009), 333-351]

51. Murakami M., Sinogeikin V. S., Litasov K., Ohtani E., Bass D. J., Single-crystal elasticity of iron-bearing majorite to 26 GPa: Implications for seismic velocity structure of the mantle transitions zone. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 274, 339-345, 2008.

52. Nakamura, M., Kasai, Y., Sato, N. and Yoshimura, S. Application of Hydrogen Isotope Geochemistry to Volcanology: Recent Perspective on Eruption Dynamics. Proceedings of the 5th Internatinal Workshop on Water Dynamics, Sendai, Japan, 25-27 September 2007, American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, 987, 93–99, 2008.

53. Nakamura, M., Ohtaki, K. and Takeuchi, S., Permeability and pore-connectivity variation of pumices from a



single pyroclastic flow eruption: Implications for partial fragmentation, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 176, 302–314, DOI:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.04.011, 2008.

54. Nakamura, M., Y. Yoshida, D. Zhao et al., Three-dimensional P- and S-wave velocity structures beneath Japan. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 168, 49-70, 2008.

55. Nemoto Katsumi, Noriaki Watanabe, Nobuo Hirano and Noriyoshi Tsuchiya, Direct measurement of contact area and stress dependence of anisotopic flow through rock fracture with heterogeneous aperture distribution. [Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 281, (2009), 81-87]

56. Nishida, K., Ohtani E., Suzuki, A., Terasaki, H., Sakamaki, T., Shibazaki, Y., Kikegawa, T., Density measurement of liquid FeS using X-ray absorption image. Special Issue of the Review of High Pressure Science and Technology, 19, 448, 2009.

57. Nishida, K., Suzuki, A., Terasaki, H., Ohtani E., Sakamaki, T., Shibazaki, Y., Hayashi, H., Funayama, M., Kikegawa, T., Density measurements of liquid FeS at high pressure using X-ray absorption image. Photon Factory Activity Report 2007, 25, 198, February 2009.

58. Nishida, K., Terasaki, H., Ohtani E., Suzuki, A., The effect of sulfur content on density of the liquid Fe-S at high pressure. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 35(7), 417-423, 2008.

59. Ohtani E., D. Zhao, The role of water in the deep upper mantle and transition zone: dehydration of stagnant

slabs and its effects on the big mantle wedge, Russ Geol Geophys., No 11-12, 2009, Russian Geology and Geophysics, 50, 12, 1073-1078, 2009.

60. Ohtani E. and Sakai, T., Recent advances in the study of mantle phase transitions. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 170, 240–247, 2008.

61. Ohtani E., Suzuki, A., Terasaki, H., Sakamaki, T., Urakawa, S., Katayama, Y., Nishitani, N., Watanabe, K., Density measurement of peridotite magma by using X-ray absorption method. SPring-8 User Experimental Report No.22 (2008B), 2008B3726, 2009.

62. Ohtani, E., D. Zhao, The role of water in the deep upper mantle and transition zone: dehydration of stagnant slabs and its effects on the big mantle wedge. Russ. Geol. Geophys. 50, 1073-1078, 2009.

63. Ohtani, E., D. Andrault, P. D. Asimow, L. Stixrude, Y.Wang, Advances in high-pressure mineral physics: From the deep mantle to the core, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 174, 1-4, 2009, 1-2.

64. Ohtani, E. Melting relations and the equation of state of magmas at high pressure:application to geodynamics, Chemical Geology, 265, No. 3-4, 279-288, 2009.

65. Okamoto, A., T. Kikuchi and N. Tsuchiya, Mineral distribution within polymineralic veins in the Sanbagawa belt, Japan: implications for mass transfer during vein formation. [Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, (2008), 1-14]

66. Okamoto, Atsushi and Noriyoshi Tsuchiya, Velocity and vertical fluid ascent within vein-forming fractures. [Geology, 37 (6), (2009), 563-566]

67. Okamoto, Atsushi, Hanae Saishu, Nobuo Hirano, Atsushi Okamoto, Hanae Saishu, Nobuo Hirano, and Noriyoshi Tsuchiya, Precipitation of Silica Minerals by Hydrothermal Flow-Through Experiments at 200-430 °C and 30 MPa.[Transactions of Geothermal Resources Council, 32, (2008), 389-392]

68. Okumura, S., Nakamura, M., Takeuchi, S., Tsuchiyama, A., Nakano, T., Uesugi, K., Magma deformation may induce non-explosive volcanism via degassing through bubble networks, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 281, 267-274, DOI:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.036, 2009.

69. Okumura, S., Nakamura, M., Tsuchiyama, A., Nakano, T. and Uesugi, K., Evolution of bubble microstructure in sheared rhyolite: Formation of a channel-like bubble network, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B07208, DOI:10.1029/2007JB005362, 2008.

70. Ozawa, S., Ohtani E., Miyahara, M., Suzuki, A., Kimura, M., Ito, Y., Transformation textures, mechanisms of formation of high-pressure minerals in shock melt veins of L6 chondrites, and pressure-temperature conditions of the shock events Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences, 44(11), 1771-1786, .



71. Ozawa, S., Ohtani E., Suzuki, A., Miyahara, M., Terada, K., Kimura, M., Pressure-temperature conditions and U-Pb ages of shock melt veins in L6 chondrites. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 43(7) suppl., A126, 2008.

72. Rino, S., Y. Kon, W. Sato, S. Maruyama, M. Santosh, D. Zhao, The Grenvillian and Pan-African orogens: World’s largest orogenies through geological time, and their implications on the origin of superplume. Gondwana Res. 14, 51-72, 2008.

73. Sakai T., E. Ohtani, H. Terasaki, N. Sawada, Y. Kobayashi, M. Miyahara, M. Nishijima, N. Hirao, Y. Ohishi, T. Kikegawa, Fe-Mg partitioning between perovskite and ferropericlase in the lower mantle. American Mineralogist, 94, 921–925, 2009.

74. Sakamaki, T., Ohtani E., Urakawa, S., Suzuki, A., Katayama, Y., Density of dry peridotite magma at high pressure using an X-ray absorption method. American Mineralogist, 95, 144-147, January 2010.

75. Sakamaki, T., Ohtani E., Urakawa, S., Suzuki, A., Katayama, Y., Measurement of hydrous peridotite magma density at high pressure using the X-ray absorption method. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 287(3-4), 293-297, 15 October 2009.

76. Sano A., Ohtani E., Kondo T., Hirao N., Sakai T., Sata N., Ohishi Y., Kikegawa T., Aluminous hydrous mineral delta-AOOH as a carrier of hydrogen into the core-mantle boundary. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(3), L03303, 2008.

77. Sano A., Yagi T., Okada T., Gotou H., Ohtani E., Tsuchiya J., Kikegawa T., X-ray diffraction study of high pressure transition in InOOH. J. Mineral. Petrol. Sci., 103(2), 152-155, 2008.

78. Sano-Furukawa A., Kagi H., Nagai T., Nakano S., Fukura S., Ushijima D., Iizuka R., Ohtani E., Yagi T., Change in compressibility of delta-AlOOH and delta-AlOOD at high pressure: A study of isotope effect and hydrogen-bond symmetrization., American Mineralogist, 94, 8-9, 1255-1261, 2009.

79. Sano-Furukawa A., Komatsu K., Vanpeteghem CB., Ohtani E., Neutron diffraction study of delta-AlOOD at high pressure and its implication for symmetrization of the hydrogen bond. American Mineralogist, 93, 10, 1558-1567, 2008.

80. Santosh, M., D. Zhao, T. Kusky, Mantle dynamics of the Paleoproterozoic North China Craton; A perspective based on seismic tomography. J. Geodyn. 49, 39-53, 2010.

81. Shibazaki, Y., Ohtani E., Terasaki, H., Suzuki, A., Funakoshi, K., Hydrogen partitioning between iron and ringwoodite: implications for water transport into the Martian core. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 287(3-4), 463-470, 15 October 2009.

82. Shieh Sean R., Thomas S. Duffy, Zhenxian Liu, Eiji Ohtani, High-pressure infrared spectroscopy of the dense hydrous magnesium silicates phase D and phase E. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 175, 3-4, July 2009, Pages 106-114.

83. Shimojuku, A., T. Kubo, E. Ohtani, T. Nakamura, R. Okazaki, R. Dohmen, S. Chakraborty, Si and O diffusion in (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 wadsleyite and ringwoodite and its implications for the rheology of the mantle transition zone, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 284, 1-2, 2009, 103-112.

84. Shiraishi R., Ohtani E., Raman spectroscopic study of a granitite xenolith from Malaita, Southwest Pacific. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Science, 102, 337-345, DOI:10.2465/jmps.060327b, 2007.

85. Shiraishi, R., E. Ohtani, K. Kanagawa, A. Shimojuku, D. Zhao (2008), Crystallographic preferred orientation of Akimotoite and seismic anisotropy of the Tonga slab. Nature 455, 657-660.

86. Shiraishi, R.O., Ohtani E., Doi, N., Suzuki, A., Kubo, T., Kato, T., Kikegawa, T., High pressure deformation experiments using deformation-cubic anvil, D-CAP 700, with synchrotron X rays. Special Issue of the Review of High Pressure Science and Technology, 19, 290, 2009.

87. Sun, A., D. Zhao, M. Ikeda, Y. Chen, A. Yamada, Q. Chen, Y. Ohno, N. Nishizawa (2008) 3-D P and S wave velocity structure and its relationship to seismic and volcanic activity in Southwest Japan. Progress in Geophysics 23, 1013-1022.

88. Sun, A., D. Zhao, M. Ikeda, Y. Chen, Q. Chen (2008), Seismic imaging of southwest Japan using P and PmP



data: Implications for arc magmatism and seismotectonics. Gondwana Res. 14, 535-542. 89. Sun, Y., N. Toksoz, S. Pei, D. Zhao, F. Morgan, A. Rosca (2008), S-wave tomography of the crust and

uppermost mantle in China. J. Geophys. Res. 113, B11307. 90. Suzuki, A., Compressibility of the high-pressure polymorph of AlOOH to 17 GPa. Mineralogical Magazine,

73(3), 479-485, June 2009. 91. Suzuki, A., High-pressure X-ray diffraction study of ε–FeOOH. Physics and Chemistry of Minrals. (in press) 92. Terasaki H., S. Urakawa, K. Funakoshi, N. Nishiyama, Y. Wang, K. Nishida, T. Sakamaki, A. Suzuki, E. Ohtani,

In situ measurement of interfacial tension of Fe–S and Fe–P liquids under high pressure using X-ray radiography and tomography techniques, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 174, 1-4, 2009, 220-226.

93. Terasaki, H., Hishida, K., Shibazaki, Y., Sakamaki, T., Suzuki, A., Ohtani, E., Kikegaaw, T., Density measuremenrt of Fe3C liquid using X-ray absorption image up to 10 GPa and effect of light elements on compressibility of liquid iron. Journal of Geophysical Research. (in press)

94. Terasaki, H., S. Urakawa, K. Funakoshi, Y. Wang, Y. Shibazaki, T. Sanehira, Y. Ueda, E. Ohtani, Interfacial Tension Measurement of Ni-S Liquid Using High Pressure X-ray Micro-Tomography, High Pressure Research, 28, No.3, Sep. 2008, 327.334, 2008.

95. Terasaki, H., Urakawa, S., Funakoshi, K., Nishiyama, N., Wang, Y., Nishida, K., Sakamaki, T., Suzuki, A., Ohtani E., In situ measurement of interfacial tension of Fe-S and Fe-P liquids under high pressure using X-ray radiography and tomography techniques. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 174(1-4), 220-226, May 2009.

96. Tian, Y., D. Zhao, C. Liu, J. Teng (2009), A review of body-wave tomography and its applications to studying the crust and mantle structure in China. Earth Sci. Frontiers 16, 347-360.

97. Tian, Y., D. Zhao, R. Sun, J. Teng (2009), Seismic imaging of the crust and upper mantle beneath the North China Craton. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 172, 169-182.

98. Tsuchiya Noriyoshi, Yuko Suto, Tomoyuki Kabuta, Shun Morikawa and Shigeko Yokoyama, Sustanable hydrogen production system with sulfur-water-organic materials by hydrothermal reaction. [Journal of Material Science, 43 (7), (2008), 2115-2122]

99. Tsuchiya, J., Tsuchiya, T., Sano, A., and Ohtani E., First principles prediction of the new high pressure phase of InOOH. J. Mineral. Petrol. Sci., 103(2), 116-120, 2008.

100. Tsuno K., Ohtani E., Terasaki H., Immiscible two-liquid regions in the Fe-O-S system at high pressure: Implications for planetary cores. Physics of the Earth and Planetary interiors, 160(1), 75-85, 2007.

101. Tsuno K., Ohtani E., Eutectic temperatures and melting relations in the Fe-O-S system at high pressures and temperatures. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 36, 1, 9-17, 2009.

102. Tsuno K., Terasaki H., Ohtani E., Suzuki A., Asahara Y., Nishida K., Sakamaki T., Funakoshi K., Kikegawa T., In-situ observation and determination of liquid immiscibility in the Fe-O-S melt at 3 GPa using a synchrotron X-ray radiographic technique. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L17303, DOI:10.1029/2007GL030750, 2007.

103. Vanpeteghem C., Sano A., Komatsu L., Ohtani E., Suzuki A., Neutron diffraction study of aluminous hydroxide d-AlOOH. Physics and Chemistry Minerals, 34, DOI: 10.1007/s00269-007-0180-8, 657-661, 2007.

104. Wang, J., D. Zhao, P-wave anisotropic tomography beneath Northeast Japan. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 170, 115-133, 2008.

105. Wang, J., D. Zhao, P-wave anisotropic tomography of the crust and upper mantle under Hokkaido, Japan. Tectonophysics 469, 137-149, 2009.

106. Wang, Z., D. Zhao, R. Huang, X. Tang, O. Mishra, Structural heterogeneity in Northeast Japan and its implications for the genesis of the 2004 and 2007 Niigata earthquakes. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 99, 3355-3373, 2009.

107. Wang, Z., Y. Fukao, D. Zhao, S. Kodaira, O. P. Mishra, A. Yamada, Structural heterogeneities in the crust and upper mantle beneath Taiwan. Tectonophysics 476, 460-477, 2009.



108. Watanabe Noriaki, Hiroshi Iijima, Nobuo Hirano, and Noriyoshi Tsuchiya, Relationship between Rate of Aperture Reduction and Contact Pressure of Fracture in Granite under Hydrothermal Condition. [Transactions of Geothermal Resources Council, 32, (2008), 487-492]

109. Watanabe Noriaki, Nobuo Hirano and Noriyoshi Tsuchiya, Determination of aperture structure and fluid flow in a rock fracture by high-resolution numerical modeling on the basis of a flow-through experiment under confining pressure. [Water Resource Research, 44, (2008), 1-11]

110. Watanabe Noriaki, Nobuo Hirano, and Noriyoshi Tsuchiya, Diversity of channeling flow in heterogeneous aperture distribution inferred from integrated experimental-numerical analysis on flow through shear fracture in granite. [Journal of Geophysical Research, 114 (B04208), (2009), 1-17]

111. Xia, S., D. Zhao, X. Qiu, The 2007 Niigata earthquake: Effect of arc magma and fluids. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 166, 153-166, 2008.

112. Xia, S., D. Zhao, X. Qiu, Tomographic evidence for the subducting oceanic crust and forearc mantle serpentinization under Kyushu, Japan. Tectonophysics 449, 85-96, 2008.

113. Xu, P., D. Zha, Upper-mantle velocity structure beneath the North China Craton: Implications for lithospheric thinning. Geophys. J. Int. 177, 1279-1283, 2009.

114. Y. Shibazaki, E. Ohtani, H. Terasaki, A. Suzuki, K. Funakoshi, Hydrogen partitioning between Iron and Ringwoodite: Implications for water transport into the Martian core, Earth Planet. Science Lett, 287, 3-4, 463-470, 2009.

115. Yamada, A., D. Zhao, T. Inoue, D. Suetsugu, M. Obayashi, Seismological evidence for compositional variations at the base of the mantle transition zone under Japan Islands. Gondwana Res. 16, 482-490, 2009.

116. Yoshimura, S. and Nakamura, M. Diffusive dehydration and bubble resorption during open-system degassing of rhyolitic melts, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 178, 72–80, DOI:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.017, 2008.

117. Zhao, D. Multiscale seismic tomography and mantle dynamics. Gondwana Res. 15, 297-323, 2009. 118. Zhao, D., E .Ohtani, Deep slab subduction and dehydration and their geodynamic consequences: Evidence from

seismology and mineral physics, Gondwana Research, 16, 3-4, 365-367, 2009. 119. Zhao, D., E. Ohtani, Deep slab subduction and dehydration and their geodynamic consequences: Evidence from

seismology and mineral physics. Gondwana Res. 16, 401-413, 2009. 120. Zhao, D., J. Lei, L. Liu, Seismic tomography of the Moon. Chinese Sci. Bull. 53, 3897-3907, 2008. 121. Zhao, D., M. Santosh, A. Yamada, Dissecting large earthquakes in Japan: Role of arc magma and fluids. Island

Arc, 2010. (in press) 122. Zhao, D., Y. Tian, J. Lei, L. Liu, S. Zheng, Seismic image and origin of the Changbai intraplate volcano in East

Asia: Role of big mantle wedge above the stagnant Pacific slab. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 173, 197-206, 2009. 123. Zhao, D., Z. Wang, N. Umino, A. Hasegawa, Mapping the mantle wedge and interplate thrust zone of the

northeast Japan arc. Tectonophysics 467, 89-106, 2009. Books:

1. Nakamura, M., An Approach to Volcanic Explosions: Towards a better understanding of eruption mechanisms with application to volcanic hazard mtigation, (Eds., Y. Ida and H. Taniguchi), University of Tokyo Press, 53-62, 77-87, 2009. (in Japanese)




Dynamics of Earthquakes and Volcanism Research Subgroup Journals:

1. Abe, I., K. Goto, F. Imamura, K. Shimizu, Numerical simulation of the tsunami generated by the 2007 Noto Hanto earthquake and implications for unusual tidal surges observed in Toyama Bay. Earth, Planets and Space. 60, 133-138, 2008.

2. Acocella, V., Yoshida, T., Yamada, R. and Funiciello, F., Structural control on late Miocene to Quaternary volcanism in the NE Honshu arc, Japan. Tectonics, 27, TC5008 (DOI:10.1029/2008TC002296), 2008.

3. Ariyoshi, K., T. Hori, J. Ampuero, Y. Kaneda, T. Matsuzawa, R. Hino and A. Hasegawa, Influence of interaction between small asperities on various types of slow earthquakes in a 3-D simulation for a subduction plate boundary, Gondwana Research, 16, 534-544, DOI:10.1016/j.gr.2009.03.006, 2009.

4. Ariyoshi, K., T. Matsuzawa, Y. Yabe, N. Kato, R. Hino and A. Hasegawa, Character of slip and stress due to interaction between fault segments along the dip direction of a subduction zone, Journal of Geodynamics, 48, 55-67, DOI:10.1016/j.jog.2009.06.001, 2009.

5. Carcole, E. and Sato, H., Spatial distribution of scattering loss and intrinsic absorption of short-period S-waves in the lithosphere of Japan on the basis of the MultipleLapse Time Window Analysis of Hi-net data, Geophys. J. Int., 180，268-290, 2009.

6. Eryan Dai, Ya Qiu Jin, Tadashi Hamasaki, Motoyuki Sato, Three dimensional stereo reconstruction of buildings using polarimetric SAR images acquired in opposite directions. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 5 (2), 236-240, 2008.

7. Fujimoto, H., K. Nozaki, Y. Kawano, N. Demboya, A. Oshida, K. Koizumi, S. Mitsuishi, K. Iwamoto, and T. Kanazawa, Remodeling of an ocean bottom gravimeter and littoral seafloor gravimetry – toward the seamless gravimetry on land and seafloor -, J. Geod. Soc. Japan, 55 (3), 325-339, 2009.

8. Fujimoto, H., M. Kido, Y. Osada, and Y. Kaneda, Development of a GPS/A positioning system on a moored buoy, J. Geod. Soc. Japan, 54 (3), 181-187, 2008.

9. Fujimoto, H., Observation of seafloor crustal movements, Zisin 2, 61S, S69-S74, 2009. 10. Fukushima, Y., Nishizawa, O. and Sato, H., A performance study of a laser Doppler vibrometer for measuring

waveforms from piezoelectric transducers, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency, 56,1442-1450, 2009.

11. Goltz, C., D. L. Turcotte, S. G. Abaimov, R. M. Nadeau, N. Uchida, and T. Matsuzawa, Rescaled earthquake recurrence time statistics: application to microrepeaters, Geophys. J. Int., 176(1), 256-264, DOI:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008,03999.x, 2009.

12. Goto, K., Imamura, F., 2009d, A simple numerical model for the damage of corals by tsunami, Coral Reefs: Biology, Threats and Restoration. (in press)

13. Goto, K., Okada, K., Imamura, F., 2009f, Characteristics and hydrodynamics of boulders transported by storm waves at Kudaka Island, Japan. Marine Geology. (in press)

14. Hasegawa, A., J. Nakajima, N. Uchida, T. Okada, D. Zhao, T. Matsuzawa, and N. Umino, Plate subduction, and generation of earthquakes and magmas in Japan as inferred from seismic observations: An overview, Gondwana Research, 16, 370-400, DOI:10.1016/j.gr.2009.03.007, 2009.

15. Hasegawa, A., J. Nakajima, S. Kita, Y, Tsuji, K. Nii, T. Okada, T. Matsuzawa, and D. Zhao, Transportation of H2O in the NE Japan subduction zone as inferred from seismic observations: Supply of H2O from the slab to the arc crust, J. Geography, 117(1), 59-75, 2008.

16. Hino, R., S. Ii, T. Iinuma, and H. Fujimoto, Continuous long-term seafloor pressure observation for detecting slow-slip events in Miyagi-oki on the landward Japan trench slope, J. Disaster Res., 4 (2), 72-82, 2009.

17. Imamura, F., K. Goto, S. Ohkubo, A numerical model for the transport of a boulder by tsunami. Journal of



Geophysical Research –Ocean, 113, C01008, DOI:10,1029/2007JC004170, 2008. 18. Imamura, F. and K.Imai, Characteristics and mitigation measure for tsunamis generated along the Nankai trough,

Journal of Disaster Research, 4, No.2, 127-134, 2009. 19. Imamura, F., Dissemination of information and evacuation procedures in the 2004-2007 Tsunamis, including the

2004 Indian Ocean, Journal of earthquake and Tsunami, 3 No.2, 59-65, 2009. 20. Inazu, D., T. Sato, S. Miura, Y. Ohta, K. Nakamura, H. Fujimoto, C.F. Larsen, and T. Higuchi, Accurate ocean

tide modeling in southeast Alaska and large tidal dissipation around Glacier Bay, J. Oceanogr., 65, 335-347, 2009.

21. Jian Guo Zhao and Motoyuki Sato, Experimental implementation and assessment of two polarimetric calibration approaches applied for a fully polarimetric borehole radar. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICS AND ENGINEERING, 5, 232-243, 2008.

22. Kagohara K., Ishiyama T., Imaizumi T., Miyauchi T., Sato H., Matsuta N., Miwa A. and Ikawa T., Surface geometry and structural evolution of the eastern margin fault zone of the Yokote basin based on seismic reflection data, northeast Japan, Tectonophysics, 470, 319-329, 2009.

23. Kawada, Y., Nagahama, H., Uchida, N. and Matsuzawa, T. Afterslip associated with interplate earthquakes and the viscoelastic behaviour of rocks. Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, 115, 448-456, 2009. In Japanease with English abstract.

24. Kido, M., H. Fujimoto, and Y. Osada, Utilizing Motion Sensor Data in Past Seafloor Geodetic Measurements, J. Geod. Soc. Japan, 54 (3), 163-179, 2008b.

25. Kido, M., Y. Osada, and H. Fujimoto, Temporal variation of sound speed in ocean: a comparison between GPS/acoustic and in situ measurements, Earth Planet. Space, 60, 229-234, 2008a.

26. Kimura, J., Hacker, B.R., Keken, P.E., Kawabata, H., Yoshida, T. and Stern, R.J., Arc Basalt Simulator version 2, a simulation for slab dehydration and fluid-fluxed mantle melting for arc basalts: Modeling scheme and application. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 10, Q09004, DOI:10.1029/2008GC002217, 2009.

27. Kita, S., T. Okada, A. Hasegawa, J. Nakajima, and T. Matsuzawa, Anomalous deepening of a seismic belt in the upper-plane of the double seismic zone in the Pacific slab beneath the Hokkaido corner : Possible evidence for thermal shielding caused by subducted forearc crust materials, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2010. (in press)

28. Kosaka H., Kagohara K., Miwa A., Imaizumi T., Kurosawa H. and Nohara T., Fission-track ages of late Pliocene to Pleistocene strata around the eastern margin of the Yokote basin active fault zone, northeast Japan, Journal of Geogarphy, 117(5), 851-862, 2008. (in Japanese with English abstract)

29. Kosaka H., Tateishi R., Miwa A., Ichikawa Y., Kamataki T. and Imaizumi T., Faults and stratal deformation exposed on the active fault zone along the western margin of the Kitamkami lowland, Shimosekita area, northeast Japan: subsurface fault geometry inferred from balanced cross-section analysis, Active Fault Research, 30, 37-46, 2009. (in Japanese with English abstract)

30. Koshimura, S., Y. Hayashi, K. Munemoto and F. Imamura, Effect of the Emperor Seamounts on Trans--Oceanic Propagation of the 2006 Kuril Island Earthquake Tsunami, Geophysical Research Letters, 35, DOI:10.1029/2007GL032129, 2008.

31. Lee, W. S., H. Sato, and S. Yun, Estimation of coda Q in the mantle and characteristics of regional S-wave envelope, Geosciences Journal, 13, No. 4, p. 363 − 369, 2009.

32. Maeda, T. Sato, H. and Nishimura, T., Synthesis of coda wave envelopes in randomly inhomogeneous elastic media in a half-space: single scattering model including Rayleigh waves, Geophys. J. Int., 172, 130–154, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03603.x, 2008.

33. Matsuzawa, T., Interplate earthquakes and the asperity model, Zisin2, 61, S347-S355, 2009. 34. Matsuzawa, T., and N. Uchida, A regular seismic activity off Kamaishi and the asperity model, Nawihuru, 67,

4-5, 2008. 35. McNutt, S. and Nishimura, T., Volcanic tremor during eruptions: temporal characteristics, scaling and



constraints on conduit size and processes, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 10-18, 2008. 36. Nakajima, J., Y. Tsuji, A. Hasegawa, S. Kita, T. Okada and T. Matsuzawa, Tomographic imaging of hydrated

crust and mantle in the subducting Pacific slab beneath Hokkaido, Japan: Evidence for dehydration embrittlement as a cause of intraslab earthquakes, Gondwana Research, 16, 470-481, DOI:10.1016/j.gr.2008.12.010, 2009.

37. Nishimoto, S., Ishikawa, M., Arima, M., Yoshida, T. and Nakajima, J., Simultaneous high P-T measurements of ultrasonic compressional and shear wave velocities in Ichino-megata mafic xenoliths: Their bearings on seismic velocity perturbations in lower crust of northeast Japan arc. J. Geophys. Res., 113, B12212, DOI:10.1029/2008JB005587. 2008.

38. Nishimura, T., Volcano deformation caused by magma ascent in an open conduit, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 187, 178-192, 2009.

39. Omori, Y., Nagahama, H., Kawada, Y., Yasuoka, Y., Ishikawa, T., Tokonami, S. and Shinogi, M. Preseimic alteration of atmospheric electric conditions due to anomalous radon emanation. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 34, 435-440, 2008.

40. Omori, Y., Tohbo, I., Nagahama, H., Ishikawa, Y., Takahashi, M., Sato, H. and Sekine T. Variation of atmospheri radon conentration with bimodal seasonality. Radiation Measurements, 44, 1045-1050, 2009.

41. Osada, Y., M. Kido, H. Fujimoto, and Y. Kaneda, Development of a seafloor acoustic ranging system toward the seafloor cable network system, Ocean Engineering, 35, 1401-1405, DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2008.07.007, 2008a.

42. Osada, Y., T. Mizukami, M. Kido, Y. Ohta, H. Tsushima, S. Miura, and H. Fujimoto, Introduction of 10 Hz GPS Receiver for the Improved Observation of Seafloor Crustal Movement, J. Geod. Soc. Japan, 54 (3), 141-151, 2008b.

43. Prima, O.D.A. and Yoshida, T., Characterizing volcanic geomorphology using slope and topographic openness. Geomorphology. (in press)

44. Saito, T., Sato, H. and Takahashi, T, Direct simulation methods for scalar-wave envelopes in two-dimensional layered random media based on the small-angle scattering approximation, Commun. Comput. Phys., 3, 63-84, 2008

45. Santos, A., S. Koshimura and F. Imamura, The 1775 Lisbon Tsunami: Tsunami source determination and its validation, Journal of Disaster Research, 4, No.1, 41-52, 2009.

46. Sato, H. and Korn, M., Synthesis of vector-wave envelopes in random elastic media on the basis of the Markov approximation, in “Earth Heterogeneity and Scattering Effects on Seismic Waves (Eds. H. Sato and M. Fehler)”, Advances in Geophysics (Series Ed. R. Dmowska), Academic Press, Amsterdam, 50, 44-94, 2008.

47. Sato, H., Green function retrieval from the CCF of coda waves in a scattering medium, Geophys. J. Int., 179, 1580–1583, 2009.

48. Sato, H., Retrieval of Green’s function having coda from the cross-correlation function in a scattering medium illuminated by surrounding noise sources on the basis of the first order Born approximation, Geophys. J. Int., 179, 408-412, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04296.x, 2009.

49. Sato, H., Retrieval of Green’s function having coda waves from the cross-correlation function in a scattering medium illuminated by a randomly homogeneous distribution of noise sources on the basis of the first order Born approximation, Geophys. J. Int., 180, 759–764, 2010. (preprint submitted)

50. Sato, H., Synthesis of vector-wave envelopes in 3-D random media characterized by a nonisotropic Gaussian ACF based on the Markov approximation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B08304, DOI:10.1029/2007JB005524, 2008．

51. Sato, T., S. Miura, Y. Ohta , H. Fujimoto, W. Sun, C. Larsen, M. Heavner, M. Kaufman, and J. T. Freymueller, Earth tides observed by gravimeter and GPS in Southeastern Alaska, J. Geodynamics, 46 (3-5), 78-89, October 2008.

52. Sawazaki, K., Sato, H., Nakahara, H. and Nishimura, T., Time-lapse changes of seismic velocity in the shallow



ground caused by strong ground motion shock of the 2000 Western-Tottori Earthquake, Japan, as revealed from coda deconvolution analysis, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 99, No. 1, 352-366, 10.1785/0120080058, 2009.

53. Shunichi Kusano, Motoyuki Sato, Evaluation of Trihedral Corner Reflector for SAR Polarimetric Calibration. IEICE Transactions on Electronics, E92-C (1), 112-115, 2009.

54. Sonoda Jun, Masanori Koga, Motoyuki Sato, A novel error compensation method with the dispersion relation equation for the CIP method. IEICE Electronics Express (ELEX), 5 (22), 936-942, 2008.

55. Srivichai,M., F. Imamura and S. Supharatid, A web-based online Tsunami Warning system for Thailand’s Andaman Coastline, Journal of earthquake and Tsunami, 3 No.2, 101-111, 2009.

56. Takahara, K., Muto, J. and Nagahama, H. Skin depth of electromagnetic wave through fractal crustal rocks. IEEJ Trans. A (Elect. Eng. Jpn.), 130, Sec.A. (in press)

57. Takahashi, T., Sato, H. and Nishimura, T., Recursive formula for the peak delay time with travel distance in von Kármán type non-uniform random media on the basis of the Markov approximation, Geophys. J. Int., 173, 534–545, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03739.x, 2008.


59. Tsushima, H., R. Hino, H. Fujimoto, T. Tanioka, and F. Imamura, Near-field tsunami forecasting from cabled ocean bottom pressure data, Journal of Geophysical Research –Ocean 114, B06309, DOI:10.1029/2008JB005988 , 2009.

60. Uchida, N., J. Nakajima, A. Hasegawa, and T. Matsuzawa, What controls interplate coupling? : Evidence for abrupt change in coupling across a border between two overlying plates in the NE Japan subduction zone, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 283, 111-121, DOI:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.04.003, 2009.

61. Uchida, N., S. Yui, S. Miura, T. Matsuzawa, A. Hasegawa, Y. Motoya, and M. Kasahara, Quasi-static slip on the plate boundary associated with the 2003 M8.0 Tokachi-oki and 2004 M7.1 off-Kushiro earthquakes, Gondwana Research, 16, 527-533, DOI:10.1016/j.gr.2009.04.002, 2009.

62. Uchida, N., T. Matsuzawa, J. Nakajima, and A. Hasegawa, Subduction of a wedge-shaped Philippine Sea plate beneath Kanto, central Japan, estimated from converted waves and small repeating earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 2010. (in press)

63. Xuang Feng, Motoyuki Sato, Yan Zhang, Cai Liu, Fusheng Shi and Yonsghui Zhao, CMP antenna array GPR and signal to noise ratio improvement. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 6 (1), 23-27, 2009.

64. Yajima, T. and Nagahama, H. Finsler geometry of seismic ray path in anisotropic media. Proc. R. Soc. A, 465, 1763-1777, 2009.

65. Yajima, T. and Nagahama, H. Geometrical unified theory of Rikitake system and KCC-theory. Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications, 71 (available on line), e203-e210, 2009.

66. Yajima, T. and Nagahama, H. Tangent bundle viewpoint of the Lorenz system and its chaotic behavior. Phys. Lett. A., 374, 1315-1319, 2009.

67. Yanagisawa,H., S. Koshimura, K.Goto, T.Miyagi, F. Imamura, A.Ruangrassmsse,C.Tanavud, The reduction effects of Mangrove forest on a tsunami based on field surveys at pakarang Cape, Thailand and numerical analysis, Estuaries, Coastal and shelf Science, 81, pp.27-37, 2009.

68. Yasuoka, Y., Kawada, Y., Nagahama, H., Omori, Y., Ishikawa, T., Tokonami, S. and Shinogi, M. Preseismic changes in atmospheric radon concentration and crustal strain. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 34, 431-434, 2008.

69. Yoshida, T., Late Cenozoic Magmatism in the northeast Honshu Arc, Japan. Earth Science (Chikyu Kagaku), 63, 269-288, 2009. (in Japanese with English abstract)

70. Zhu, G., Gerya, T. V., Yuen, D. A., Honda, S., Yoshida, T. and Connolly, J.A.D., Three-dimensional dynamics of hydrous thermal-chemical plumes in oceanic subduction zones. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 10, Q11006,



DOI:10.29/2009GC002625, 2009. Books:

1. Imamura, F，R.Shaw & R.R.Krishnamurthy ed., Disaster Management- Global challenges and local solutions, Tsunami Risk Reduction, pp.38-47, ISBN978-81-7371-656-0, Universities Press, 2009.

2. Imamura, F，E.Bernardo & A.Robinon ed., The Sea : Tsunamis (The Sea: Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of the Seas), Harvard Univ.Press, ISBN：9780674031739, 2008.

3. Iwasa, N., Nagahama, H. Section I, Measurement of environmental radiation, Education Course Textbook of Tohoku Univ., A Comprehensive Experiment of Natural Sciences 2009，Text editors of A Comprehensive Experiment of Natural Sciences (eds.), 13-34，Tohoku University Press, Sendai, 301pp., 2009. (in Japanese)

4. Iwasa, N., Nagahama, H. Section I, Measurement of environmental radiation, Education Course Textbook of Tohoku Univ., A Comprehensive Experiment of Natural Sciences 2010，Text editors of A Comprehensive Experiment of Natural Sciences (eds.), Tohoku University Press, Sendai. (in Japanese), (in press)

5. Matsuzawa, T., Recent progress in the earthquake prediction research at Tohoku University, in "Forty Years of the Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction", 40-42, 2009.

6. Matsuzawa, T., The Miyagi-oki earthquake (M7.2) on August 16, 2005, in "Forty Years of the Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction", 190-195, 2009.

7. Nishimura, T. and Hamaguchi, H., Volcanic earthquakes and tremor, In Cyclopedia of Volcano (Shimozuru, D. et al. eds.), Asakura Publishing Co. Ltd., 276-292, 2008.

8. Nishimura, T., Magma dynamics revealed from the volcano observation data, In Approaches to the Volcanic Explosion: Understanding of Eruption Mechanism and Mitigation of Volcanic Disaster (Ida, Y. and Taniguchi, H. eds.), Univ of Tokyo Press, 13-21, 2009.

9. Sato, H. and Fehler. M. C. (Guest Eds.), “Earth Heterogeneity and Scattering Effects on Seismic Waves” Advances in Geophysics (Series Ed. R. Dmowska), Academic Press, Amsterdam, 50, 1-476, 2008.

10. Sato, H. and M. C. Fehler, “Seismic Wave Propagation and Scattering in the Heterogeneous Earth” (Second Print), Springer Verlag and AIP Press, New York, 1-308, 2008.

11. Sato, H., Scattering of seismic waves in the heterogeneous Earth, in “Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science (Ed. R. A. Mayers)”, Springer Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg, 7914-7931, 2009.



Earth Environmental Change Research Group

Climate Change Research Subgroup Journals:

1. Asami, R., T. Fellis, P. Desechamps, K. Hanawa, Y. Iryu, E. Bard, N. Durand and M. Murayama, Evidence for tropical South Pacific climate change during the Younger Dryas and the Bolling-Allerod from geochemical records of fossil Tahiti corals, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. (in press)

2. Chang, Y., M.A. Lee, T. Shimada, F. Sakaida, H. Kawamura, J.W. Chan and H. J. Lu (2008): Wintertime high-resolution features of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a fields associated with oceanic fronts in the southern East China Sea, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29 (21), 6249-6261.

3. Engel, A., Möbius, T., Bönisch, H., Schmidt, U., Heinz, R., Levin, I., Atlas, E., Aoki, S., Nakazawa, T., Sugawara, S., Moore, F., Hurst, D., Elkins, J., Schauffler, S., Andrews, A. and Boering, K., Age of stratospheric air unchanged within uncertainties over the past 30 years, Nature Geoscience, 2, 28-31, DOI:10.1038/ngeo388, 2009.

4. Goto K., Imamura F, Keerthi N, Kunthasap P, Matsui T, Minoura K, Ruangrassamee A, Sugawara D, and Supharatid S., 2009, Distribution and Significance of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Deposits: Initial Results from Thailand and Sri Lanka. In Shiki et al. (eds.) Tsunamiites - Features and Implication, Elsevier. 105-122.

5. Goto K., Shinozaki T., Minoura K., Okada K., Sugarawa D. and Imamura F., 2009, Distribution of boulders at Miyara Bay of Ishigaki Island, Japan: A flow characteristic indicator of the tsunamis and storm waves. Island Arc. (in press)

6. Hasegawa, T., K. Hanawa, Y.M. Tourre and W.B. White, 2008: Absence of propagating upper-ocean heat content anomalies in the eastern tropical South Pacific after ENSO events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L09607, DOI:10.1029/2007GL033065, 2008.

7. Hosoda S., T. Suga, N. Shikama, and K. Mizuno, 2009: Global surface layer salinity change detected by Argo and its implication for hydrological cycle intensification. J. Oceanogr., 65, 579-586.

8. Ishidoya, S., Morimoto, S., Sugawara, S., Watai, T., Machida, T., Aoki, S., Nakazawa, T. and Yamanouchi, T., Gravitational separation detected from O2/N2, δ15N of N2, δ18O of O2, Ar/N2 observed in the lowermost part of the stratosphere at northern middle and high latitudes in early spring of 2002,Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03812, DOI:10.1029/2007GL031526, 2008.

9. Ishidoya, S., Sugawara, S., Morimoto, S., Aoki, S. and Nakazawa, T., Gravitational separation of major atmospheric components of nitrogen and oxygen in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03811, DOI:10.1029/2007GL030456, 2008.

10. Ishijima, K., Nakazawa, T. and Aoki, S., Variations of atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration in the northern and western Pacific, Tellus B, 61, 408-415, DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00406.x, 2009.

11. Isoguchi, O., M. Shimada, F. Sataida, and H. Kawamura (2009): Investigation of Kuroshio-induced cold-core eddy trains in the lee of the Izu Islands using high-resolution satellite images and numerical simulations, Remote Sensing of Environment, 113, 1912-1925.

12. Kadygrov, N., Maksyutov, S., Eguchi, N., Aoki, T., Nakazawa, T., Yokota, T. and Inoue, G., Role of simulated GOSAT total column CO2 observations in surface CO2 flux uncertainty reduction, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D21208, DOI:10.1029/2008JD011597, 2009.

13. Kawagucci, S., Tsunogai, U., Kudo, S., Nakagawa, F., Honda, H., Aoki, S., Nakazawa, T., Tsutsumi, M. and Gamo, T., Long-term observation on 17O anomaly in the lower stratospheric CO2 over Japan, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1-9, 2008.

14. Kawai, Y., K. Ando and H. Kawamura (2009): Distortion of near-surface seawater temperature structure by a moored-buoy hull and its effect on skin temperature and heat flux estimates, Sensors. (in press)



15. Kawamura, H., H. Qin, F. Sakaida and Riza Y. Setiawan (2009): Hourly sea surface temperature retrieval using the Japanese geostationary satellite, Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT), J. Oceanogr. (in press)

16. Kawamura, H., H. Qin, and K. Ando (2008): In-situ diurnal sea surface temperature variations and near-surface thermal structure in the tropical Hot Event of the Indo-Pacific warm pool, J. Oceanogr., 64(6), 847-857.

17. Kizu, S., H. Onishi, T. Suga, K. Hanawa, T. Watanabe, and H. Iwamiya, Evaluation of the fall rates of the present and developmental XCTDs. Deep-Sea Res. Part I, 55, 571-586, 2008.

18. Lan, K-W., H. Kawamura, M-A. Lee, Y. Chang, J-W. Chan and C-H. Liao (2009): Summertime sea surface temperature fronts associated with upwelling around the Taiwan Bank, Continental Shelf Research, 29(7), 903-910, DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2009.01.015.

19. Machida, T., Matsueda, H., Sawa, Y., Nakagawa, Y., Hirotani, K., Kondo, K., Goto, K., Ishikawa, K., Nakazawa, T. and Ogawa, T., Worldwide Measurements of Atmospheric CO2 and Other Trace Gas Species Using Commercial Airlines, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 25, 1744-1754, 2008.

20. Maksyutov, S., Kadygrov, N., Nakatsuka, Y., Patra, P. K., Nakazawa, T., Yokota, T. and Inoue, G., Projected impact of the GOSAT observations on regional CO2 flux estimations as a function of total retrieval error, Journal of Remote Sensing Society of Japan, 28, 190-197, 2008.

21. Maksyutov, S., Patra, P. K., Onishi, R., Saeki, T. and Nakazawa, T., NIES/FRCGC global atmospheric tracer transport model: description, validation, and surface sources and sinks inversion, Earth Simulator.

22. Miyazaki, K., Machida, T., Patra, P. K., Iwasaki, T. and Nakazawa, T., Formation mechanisms of latitudinal CO2 gradients in the upper troposphere over the subtropics and tropics, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D03306, DOI:10.1029/2008JD010545, 2009.

23. Miyazaki, K., Patra, P. K., Takigawa, M., Iwasaki, T. and Nakazawa, T., Global-scale transport of carbon dioxide in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15301, DOI:10.1029/2007JD009557, 2008.

24. Morimoto, S., Aoki, S. and Nakazawa,T., High precision measurements of carbon isotopic ratio of atmospheric methane using a continuous flow mass spectrometer, Antarctic Record, 53, 1-8, 2009.

25. Morimoto, S., Yamanouchi,T., Honda, H., Aoki, S., Nakazawa, T., Sugawara, S., Ishidoya, S., Iijima, I. and Yoshida, T., A new compact cryogenic air sampler and its application in stratospheric greenhouse gas observation at Syowa Station, Antarctica, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2182-2191, 2009.

26. Nakaoka, S., Nakazawa, T., Yoshikawa-Inoue, H., Aoki, S., Hashida, H., Gomi, Y., Ishii, M., Yamanouchi, T., Odate, T. and Fukuchi, M., Variations of oceanic pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in the eastern Indian sector of the Southern Ocean for the austral summer of 2001/02, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L14610, DOI:10.1029/2009GL038467, 2009.

27. Oka, E., K. Toyama, and T. Suga, 2009: Subduction of North Pacific central mode water associated with subsurface mesoscale eddy. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L08607, DOI:10.1029/2009GL037540.

28. Patra, P. K., Takigawa, T., Ishijima, K., Choi, B.-C., Cunnold, D., Dlugokencky, E. J., Goo, T.-Y. , Kim, J.-S., Krummel, P., Langenfelds, R., Meinhardt, F., Morimoto, S., Mukai, H., Prinn, R. G., Steele, P., Tohjima, Y., Tsuboi, K., Uhse, K., Weiss, R. Worthy, D. and Nakazawa, T., Growth rate, seasonal, synoptic and diurnal variations in lower atmospheric methane, J. Meteorolo. Soc. Japan, 87, 615-633, 2009.

29. Qin, H. and H. Kawamura, Atmosphere response to a Hot SST Event in November 2006 as observed by AIRS instrument, Advances in Space Research, 44, 395–400, 2009.

30. Qin, H. and H. Kawamura, Surface Heat Fluxes during Hot Events, J. Oceanogr., 65, 605-613, 2009. 31. Qin, H., H. Kawamura, F. Sakaida, and K. Ando, A case study of the tropical Hot Event in November 2006

(HE0611) using a geostationary meteorological satellite and the TAO/TRITON mooring array, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C08045, DOI:10.1029/2007JC004640, 2008.

32. Sakaida, F., H. Kawamura, S. Takahashi, T. Shimada, Y. Kawai, K. Hosoda, and L. Guan (2009): Research, development, and demonstration operation of the New Generation Sea Surface Temperature for Open Ocean (NGSST-O) product, J. Oceanogr. (in press)



33. Sato, K., and T. Suga, Structure and Modification of the South Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode Water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 1700-1714, 2009.

34. Shimada, T. and H. Kawamura, Satellite evidence of wintertime atmospheric boundary layer responses to multiple SST fronts in the Japan sea, Geophys. Res. Letter,, 35(23), L23602, 2008.

35. Shimada, T., Isoguchi, O. and H. Kawamura, Numerical Simulations of Wind Wave Growth under a Coastal Wind Jet through the Kanmon Strait, Weather and Forecasting, 23(6), 1162-1175, 2008.

36. Suga, T., Y. Aoki, H. Saito, and K. Hanawa, Ventilation of the North Pacific subtropical pycnocline and mode water formation, Prog. Oceanogr., 77, 285-297, 2008.

37. Sugawara, D., Minoura, K., Nemoto, N., Tsukawaki, S., Goto, K., Imamura, F., 2009, Foraminiferal evidence of submarine sediment transport and deposition by backwash during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Island Arc. (in press)

38. Sugawara, D., Minoura, K., and Imamura, F., 2009, Tsunamis and tsunami sedimentology. In Shiki et al. (eds.) Tsunamiites - Features and Implication, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 9-49.

39. Sugimoto, S., and K. Hanawa, Decadal and interdecadal variations of the Aleutian Low activity and their relation to upper oceanic variations over the North Pacific, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 87, 601-614, 2009.

40. Sun, J. and H. Kawamura, Modification of SAR spectra associated with surface wind fields in the sea off the Kii Peninsula: A case study, J. Oceanogr. 65(1), 45-52, 2008.

41. Sun, J. and H. Kawamura, Retrieval of surface wave parameters from SAR images and their validation in the coastal seas around Japan, J. Oceanogr., 65, 567-577, 2009.

42. Takahashi, W., H. Kawamura, T. Omura and K. Furuya, Detection of red tides in the eastern Seto Inland Sea with satellite ocean color imagery, J. Oceanogr., 65, 647-656, 2009.

43. Uehara, H., S. Kizu, K. Hanawa, Y. Yoshikawa and D. Roemmich, Estimation of heat and freshwater transports in the North Pacific using the high resolution XBT data, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C02014, DOI:10.1029/2007JC004165, 2008.

44. Ueno, H., H. Freeland, W. R. Crawford, H. Onishi, E. Oka, K. Sato, and T. Suga, 2009: Anticyclonic eddies in the Alaskan Stream. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 934-951.

45. Umezawa, T., Aoki, S., Nakazawa, T. and Morimoto, S., A high-precision measurement system for carbon and hydrogen isotopic ratios of atmospheric methane and its application to air samples collected in the western Pacific region, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 87, 365-379, 2009.

46. Yamaguchi, S. and H. Kawamura, SAR-imaged spiral eddies in Mutsu Bay and their dynamical and kinematical models, J. Oceanogr., 65, 525-539, 2009.

47. Yashiro, H., Sugawara, S., Sudo, K., Aoki, S. and Nakazawa, T., Temporal and spatial variations of carbon monoxide in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D08305, DOI:10.1029/2008JD010876, 2009.

48. Yasunaka, S., and K. Hanawa, Interannual variation of wintertime surface air temperature of Japan and its relation to large scale atmospheric general circulation, Tenki, 55(3), 149-158, 2008.

49. Zhang, D., Tang, J., Shi, G., Wen, M., Nakazawa, T., Aoki, S., Sugawara, S., Morimoto, Patra, P. K., Hayasaka, T. and Saeki, T., Temporal and spatial variations of the atmospheric CO2 concentration in China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03801, DOI:10.1029/2007GL032531, 2008.

50. 箕浦幸治・赤木啓祐・中村俊夫，2008，大和堆 KT05-9 P-2 による最終氷期—後氷期日本海古環境変動の復元．日本

BICER 協議会年報，2009 年度，p．45−53．

Books: 1. Shiki, T., Tsuji, Y., Yamazaki, T., and Minoura, K., Tsunamiites - Features and Implication. Elsevier Science,

Amsterdam, 2008, 411 p. 2. 箕浦幸治，２００９，バイカル湖—地球を写す時間と空間の鏡—，朝倉世界地理講座「東北アジア」，p．41−50，朝倉書店

（印刷中）



Earth Environmental Change Research Group

Origin and Extinction of Life Research Subgroup Journals

1. Ando, A., Kaiho, K., Kawahata, H., Kakegawa, T. Timing and magnitude of early Aptian extreme warming: Unraveling primary δ18O variation in indurated pelagic carbonates at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 463, central Pacific Ocean. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 260, 463-476, 2008.

2. Furukawa Y., Sekine T., Oba M., Kakegawa T. and Nakazawa H. (2009) Biomolecule formation by oceanic impacts on early Earth, Nature geoscience, 2, 62-66.

3. Gorjan, P. Kaiho, K., Chen, Z.Q., 2008. A carbon-isotopic study of an end-Permian mass-extinction horizon, Bulla, northern Italy: a negative δ13C shift prior to the marine extinction. Terra Nova, 20, 253-258.

4. Hosseini, S. H. R., Kaiho, K., Takayama, K., Response of ocean bottom dwellers exposed to underwater shock waves. Shock Waves, DOI:10.1007/s00193-009-0200-3, 2009.

5. Kaiho, K. Massive release of hydrogen sulfide during the end-Permian mass extinction. Res. Org. Geochem. 23/24, 5-11, 2008. (in Japanese with English abstract)

6. Kaiho, K., Chen, Z.Q., Sawada K., Possible causes for a negative shift in the stable carbon isotope ratio before, during and after the end-Permian mass extinction in Meishan, South China. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 56, 799-808, 2009.

7. Kato S., Hara K., Kasai H., Teramura T. Sunamura M., Ishibashi J-I., Kakegawa T., Yamanaka T., Kimura H., Marumo K., Urabe T., Yamagishi A. (2009) Spatial distribution, diversity and composition of bacterial communities in sub-seafloor fluids at a deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount. Deep Sea Research Part 1, 56, 1844-1855.

8. Kato S., Kobayashi C., Kakegawa T., Yamagishi A. (2009) Microbial communities in iron-silica rich microbial mats at deep-sea hydrothermal fields of the Southern Mariana Trough, 10, Environmental Microbiology, 11, 2094-2111.

9. Kato S., Yanagawa K., Sunamura M., Takano Y., Ishibashi J., Kakegawa T. et al (2009) Abundance of zetaproteobacteria within crustal fluids in back-arc hydrothermal fields of the Southern Mariana Trough. Environmental Microbiology. 11, 3210-3222.

10. Naraoka H., Uehara T., Hanada S. and T. Kakegawa (2010) d13C-dD distribution of lipid biomarkers in a bacterial mat from a hot spring in Miyagi Prefecture, NE Japan. Organic Geochemistry. DOI:10,1016/j.orggeochem.2009.11.008

11. Oba, M., Nakamura, M., Fukuda, Y., Katabuchi, M., Takahashi, S., Haikawa, M. and Kaiho, K., Benzohopanes and diaromatic 8(14)-secohopanoids in some Late Permian carbonates. Geochemical Journal, 43, 29-35, 2009.

12. Saito, T., Kaiho, K., Abe, A., Katayama, M., Takayama, K., 2008, Hypervelocity impact of asteroid/comet on the oceanic crust of the earth. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 35, 1770-1777.

13. Takahashi S., Yamakita, S., Suzuki, N., Kaiho, K., Ehiro, M., High organic carbon content and a decrease in radiolarians at the end of the Permian in a newly discovered continuous pelagic section: a coincidence? Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 271, 1-12, 2009.

14. Takahashi, S., Oba, M., Kaiho, K., Yamakita, S., Panthalassic oceanic anoxia at the end of the Early Triassic: a cause of delay in the recovery of life after the end-Permian mass extinction, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 274, 185-195, 2009.

15. Watanabe T., Nakamura T., Nara F., Kakegawa T. and other 6 (2009) High-time resolution AMS 14C data sets for lake Baikal and Lake Hovsgol sediment cores: Changes in radiocarbon age and sedimentation rates during the transition from the last glacial to the Holocene. Quaternary International. 205, 12-20.

16. Watanabe T., Nakamura T., Watanabe Nara F., Kakegawa T., Nishimura M., Shimokawara M., Matsunaka T.,



Senda R., Kawai T. (2009) A new age model for the sediment cores from Academician ridge (Lake Baikal) based on high-time-ressolution AMS 14C data sets over the last 30 kyr: Paleoclimatic and environmental implications, Earth Planetary Science Letter. 286, 347-354.

Refereed papers in Japan

1. 古川義博、関根利守、大庭雅寛、掛川武、中沢弘基 (2009) 隕石の海洋衝突による初期地球の有機物生成. 日本惑星

科学会誌 18, No.4, 229-237.

Books

1. 掛川武 (2009) 古生物学事典、朝倉書店 (分担執筆) (in press)

Others

1. 掛川武(2009) 最初の地球の海に降り注ぎ込まれた鉄が生命を生んだ. 岩波「科学」10 月号 2. 掛川武 (2009) 生命の起源：地球惑星科学の新しい問題日本地球惑星科学連合ニュースレター vol.5.５月号



Planetary Evolution Research Group Journals:

1. A. Pommerol, W. Kofman, J. Audouard, C. Grima, P. Beck, J. Mouginot,, A. Herique, T. Kobayashi and T. Ono, Detectability of subsurface interfaces in Lunar Mare by the LRS / SELENE sounding radar: influence of mineralogical composition, Geophys Res. Lett, DOI:10.1029/2009GL041681, in press, 2010.

2. Asamura, K., C.C. Chaston, Y. Itoh, M. Fujimoto, T. Sakanoi, Y. Ebihara, A. Yamazaki, M. Hirahara, K. Seki, Y. Kasaba, M. Okada, Sheared flows and small-scale Alfvén wave generation in the auroral acceleration region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L05105, DOI:10.1029/2008GL036803, 2009.

3. Blanc, M., Y. Alibert, N. Andre, S. Atreya, R. Beebe, W. Benz, S.J. Bolton, A. Coradini, A. Coustenis, V. Dehant, M. Dougherty, P. Drossart, M. Fujimoto, O. Grasset, L. Gurvits, P. Hartogh, H. Hussmann, Y. Kasaba, M. Kivelson, K. Khurana, N. Krupp, P. Louarn, J. Lunine, M. McGrath, D. Mimoun, O. Mousis, J. Oberst, T. Okada, R. Pappalardo, O. Prieto-Ballesteros, D. Prieur, P. Regnier, M. Roos-Serote, S. Sasaki, G. Schubert, C. Sotin, T. Spilker, Y. Takahashi, T. Takashima, F. Tosi, D. Turrini, T. van Hoolst, L. Zelenyi, LAPLACE: A mission to Europa and the Jupiter System for ESA's Cosmic Vision Programme, Experimental Astronomy, 23, 3, 849-892, 2009.

4. Cui, M.Y., X.Q. Yao, W.J. Dong, K. Tsukamoto, C.R. Li, Template-freesynthesisof CuO–CeO2 nanowires by hydro-thermal technology, J. Crystal Growth. (in press)

5. Fujimoto, M., Y. Tsuda, Y. Saito, I. Shinohara, T. Takashima, A. Matsuoka, H. Kojima, and Y. Kasaba, The SCOPE Mission, AIP Conf. Proc.: Future perspectives of space plasma and particle instrumentation and international collaborations, 1144, 29-35, 2009.

6. He, J. X., M.Y. Cui, Y.Y. Zheng, B.Y. Chen, K. Tsukamoto, C.R. Li, Self-assembly of Modified Silica Nanospheres at the Liquid / Liquid, Interface Materials Letters. (accepted)

7. Kasaba, Y., A. Kumamoto, K. Ishisaka, H. Kojima, K. Higuchi, A. Watanabe, and K. Watanabe, Development of stiff and extendible electromagnetic sensors for space missions, Adv. Geosciences, 2009. (accepted)

8. Kasaba, Y., J.-L. Bougeret, L. G. Blomberg, H. Kojima, S. Yagitani, M. Moncuquet, J.-G. Trotignon, G. Chanteur, A. Kumamoto, Y. Kasahara, J. Lichtenberger, Y. Omura, K. Ishisaka, and H. Matsumoto, The Plasma Wave Investigation (PWI) onboard the BepiColombo / MMO: First measurement of electric fields, electromagnetic waves, and radio waves around Mercury, Planet. Space Sci., 58, 238-278, 2010.

9. Kasaba, Y., T. Takashima, and H. Misawa, A Jovian Small Orbiter for magnetospheric and auroral studies with the Solar-Sail project, AIP Conf. Proc.: Future perspectives of space plasma and particle instrumentation and international collaborations, 1144, 228-231, 2009.

10. Kimura, T., F. Tsuchiya, H. Misawa, A. Morioka, and H. Nozawa, Occurrence statistics and ray tracing study of Jovian quasi-periodic radio bursts observed from low latitudes, J. Geophys. Res. (in press)

11. Komatsu, N. Mizukoshi, K. Makida, K. Tsukamoto, In-situ observation of ettringite crystals, J. of Crystal Growth 311, 1005–1008, 2009.

12. Koshida T., T. Ono, M. Iizima, and A. Kumamoto. Jovian slow-drift shadow events, J. Geophys. Res., DOI:10.1029/2009JA014608, 2009.

13. Kurihara, J., Y. Koizumi-Kurihara, N. Iwagami, T. Suzuki, A.Kumamoto, T. Ono, M. Nakamura, M. Ishii, A. Matsuoka, K. Ishisaka,T. Abe, and S. Nozawa, Horizontal structure of sporadic Elayer observed with a rocket-borne magnesium ion imager, J., Geophys, Res., DOI:10.1029, in press 2010.

14. Maruyama, M., K. Tsukamoto, G. Sazaki, Y. Nishimura and P. G. Vekilov, Chiral and Achiral Mechanisms of Regulation of Calcite Crystallization, Crystal Growth & Design, 9(1), 127-135, 2009.

15. Milillo, A., M. Fujimoto, E. Kallio, S. Kameda, F. Leblanc, Y. Narita, G. Cremonese, H. Laakso, M. Laurenza, S. Massetti, S. McKenna-Lawlor, A. Mura, R. Nakamura, Y. Omura, D.A. Rothery, K Seki, M. Storini, P. Wurz, W. Baumjohann, E.J. Bunce, Y. Kasaba, J. Helbert, and A. Sprague, Hermean Environment WG members, The



BepiColombo mission: An outstanding tool for investigating the Hermean environment, Planet. Space Sci., 58, 40-60, 2010.

16. Nishino, M., M. Fujimoto, Y. Saito, S. Yokota, Y. Kasahara, Y. Omura, Y. Goto, K. Hashimoto, A. Kumamoto, T. Ono, H. Tsunakawa , M. Matsushima , F. Takahashi, Hi. Shibuya, H. Shimizu, T. Terasawa, Effect of the solar wind proton entry into the deepest lunar wake, Geophys. Res. Lett., submitted 2010.

17. Morioka, A., Y. Miyoshi, F. Tsuchiya, H. Misawa, K .Yumoto, G.K. Parks, R.R. Anderson, J. D. Menietti, and F., Honary, Vertical evolution of auroral acceleration at substorm onset. Ann. Geophys., 27, 525-535, 2009.

18. Nakagawa, H., Y. Kasaba, H. Maezawa, A. Hashimoto, H. Sagawa, I. Murata, S. Okano, S. Aoki, R. Mizuno, N. Moribe, A. Mizuno, M. Momose, T. Ohnishi, N. Mizuno, Search of SO2 in the Martian atmosphere by ground-based submillimeter observation, Planet. Space Sci., 2009. (in press)

19. Nozawa, J., K. Tsukamoto, H. Kobatake, J. Yamada, H. Satoh, K. Nagashima, H. Miura, Y. Kimura, AFM study on surface nanotopography of matrix olivines in Allende carbonaceous chondrite, Icarus. (in press)

20. Oka, M., T. Terasawa, M. Fujimoto, H. Matsui, Y. Kasaba, Y. Saito, H. Kojima, H. Matsumoto, T. Mukai, Non-thermal Electrons at the Earth's Bow Shock: A 'Gradual' Event, Earth, Planets, Space, 61, 603-606, 2009.

21. Ono, T., A. Kumamoto, Y.Yamaguchi, A. Yamaji, T. Kobayashi, Y. Kasahara, and H. Oya, Instrumentationand observation target of the Lunar Radar Sounder (LRS) experiment on-board the SELENE spacecraft, Earth Planets Space, 60, 321-332, 2008.

22. Oyama, S., T. T. Tsuda, T. Sakanoi, Y. Obuchi, K. Asamura, M. Hirahara, A. Yamazaki, Y. Kasaba, R. Fujii, S. Nozawa, and B.J. Watkins, Spatial evolution of frictional heating and the predicted thermospheric-wind effects in the vicinity of an auroral arc measured with the Sondrestrom incoherent-scatter radar and the Reimei satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A07311, DOI:10.1029/2009JA014091, 2009.

23. Seki, Y., M.N. Nishino, M. Fujimoto, Y. Miyashita, K. Keika, H. Hasegawa, K. Okabe, Y. Kasaba, T. Terasawa, T. I. Yamamoto, I. Shinohara, Y. Saito, and T. Mukai, Observations of loss-cone shaped backstreaming energetic protons upstream of the Earth’s bow shock, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A11106, DOI:10.1029/2009JA014136, 2009.

24. S. Oshigami, Y. Yamaguchi, A. Yamaji, T. Ono, Kumamoto, T. Kobayashi, H. Nakagawa, Distribution of the subsurface reflectors of the western nearside maria observed from Kaguya with Lunar Radar Sounder, DOI:10.1029/2009GL039835, 2009

25. Tadokoro, H., F. Tsuchiya, Y. Miyoshi, Y. Katoh, A. Morioka, and H. Misawa, Storm-time electron flux precipitation in the inner radiation belt cause by wave-particle interactions. Ann. Geophys., 27, 1669-1677, 2009.

26. Takao Kobayashi, Jung Ho Kim, Seung Ryeol Lee, Hiroshi Araki, and Takayuki Ono, Simultaneous observation of lunar radar sounder and laser altimeter of Kaguya for Lunar regolith layer thickness、EEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.

27. Takayuki Ono, A. Kumamoto, H. Nakagawa, Y. Yamaguchi, S. Oshigami, A. Yamaji, T. Kobayashi, Y. Kasahara, H. Oya, Lunar Radar Sounder observation of subsurface layers under the Nearside Maria of the Moon, Science 323, 909 ,2009.

28. Tao, C., H. Fujiwara, Y. Kasaba, Jovian magnetosphere-ionosphere current system characterized by diurnal variation of ionospheric conductance, Planet. Space Sci., 2009. (accepted)

29. Tao, C., H. Fujiwara, Y. Kasaba, Neutral wind control of the Jovian magnetosphere-ionosphere current system, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A08307, DOI:10.1029/2008JA013966, 2009.

30. Tsuchiya, F., H. Misawa, K .Imai, A. Morioka, and T. Kondo, Multi-frequency total flux measurements of Jupiter's synchrotron radiation during a simultaneous spectrum and interferometer observation campaign. Adv. Geosci. (in press)

31. Y. Nishimura, T. Kikuchi, J. Wygant, A. Shinbori, T. Ono, A. Matsuoka, T. Nagatsum, and D. Brautigam, Response of convection electric elds in the magnetosphere to IMF orientation change J. Geophys. Res. DOI:2009JA014277RRR, 2009.



32. Yoshikawa, I, K. Yoshioka, G. Murakami, A. Yamazaki, S. Kameda, M Ueno, N. Terada, F. Tsuchiya, M. Kagitani, Y. Kasaba, Extreme ultraviolet spectroscope for exospheric dynamics explore (EXCEED) Adv. Geosciences, 2009. (accepted)

Non-Refereed Papers:

1. Kasaba, Y., M. T. Capria, D. Crichton, J. Zender, R. Beebe, and the IPDA, The International Planetary Data Alliance (IPDA): Activities in 2008-2010, Space Research Today, 176, 40-45, 2009.

2. Tsukamoto, K., Report on The Program Research, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University “Crystallization 4.6 billion years ago”, 1-212, 2009.

Books:

1. Advances in Planetary Sciences: AOGS 2007, Ed. Bhardwaj, A., Hartogh, P., Kasaba, Y., Wu, C.Y.R., Planet. Space Sci., 56, 13, Special Issue, 2008.



9. Newspaper, Press Lists

Prof. Fumihiko Imamura / COE Fellow Daisuke Sugawara [Press Reportingr]

July 27, 2009 The Sankei Shimbun １０００年間隔で襲う津波仙台内陸部まで遡上、対策急務

[TV Appearance] January 10, 2010 NHK NHK スペシャル「メガクエイク MEGA QUAKE」，第 1 回「巨大地震」 March 14, 2010 NHK NHK スペシャル「メガクエイク MEGA QUAKE」，第 2 回「死の波が都市を襲う」

Prof. Fumihiko Imamura

[Press Reporting] September 23, 2009 Kahoku Shimpou 駿河湾地震震源と別海域から津波東北大教授らが試算

Assoc. Prof. MotohikoMurakami

[Press Reportingr] December 21, 2009 Kahoku Shinpou 原始地球の深部に「重いマグマ」存在東北大で模擬実験

Prof. Noriyoshi Tsuchiya

[Press Reportingr] December 26, 2009 Asahi Shimbun 南極、地学調査隊が上陸隕石探査に朝日新聞記者同行

[Press Reportingr] December 28, 2009 Asahi Shimbun 南極観測の地学調査隊、隕石調査へ出発





10. Internship Student Reports

Helen King [Title of Research] An in-situ study of olivine dissolution at different surfaces using Real-Time Phase Shift Interferometry [The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments]

Olivine ((Mg,Fe)SiO4) carbonation is one of methods proposed to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. During in-situ carbonation, the dissolution rates at different olivine surfaces will determine how the reaction proceeds through the rock. Therefore, the dissolution of natural olivine surfaces between pH 1 and 6 were examined using Real-Time Phase Shift Interferometry. This technique requires atomically flat surfaces which were generated by spinning the growth surface, cut to the required size, in 0.11M HF. The experiments showed that each of the three surfaces examined had significantly different dissolution rates. The trend in the dissolution rates corresponded to the surface stabilities as the most stable surface had the slowest dissolution rate. Inspection of the data revealed that during the experiments precipitation of a secondary phase occurred on the surface of the crystals. This was expressed as an oscillation of height during the experiment which was still present after corrections for temperature fluctuations. Atomic Force Microscopy was used to examine the phase that had grown on the surface. The precipitated phase was smaller than the pixel size of the camera used with the interferometer (< 3 µm) and had an epitaxial relationship with the surface. The dependency on pH obtained from the interferometry experiments differed from those observed with flow-through experiments. Although the rate of dissolution increased with decreasing pH, there was a sudden leap in the dissolution rate between pH 4 and 3. This may have been due to the interplay between the growth and dissolution processes at the surface.

Anna M. Dymshits

[Title of Research] Melting crystallization of Na-bearing Majoritic Garnet and its solid solutions

Affiliated Department: Institut für Mineralogie, University of Münster, Germany

Academic Degree: MSci Chemistry / PhD student

Specialized Field: Olivine reactivity

Research Project: Studying olivine aqueous interactions over a range of length scales

Affiliated Department: Department of Petrology, Geological faculty, Moscow State University, Russia

Academic Degree: Bachelor student Specialized Field: Mantle petrology Research Project: Experimental study of Na-rich majoritic garnets



[The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments] Na-majorite is abundant inclusion in mental-derived diamonds and is known as mineral of rare ultra-deep

xenoliths in kimberlites. Our experimental studies at 7 and 8.5 GPa suggest that Na is incorporated in pyrope-rich garnet via the coupled substitution Mg+Al=Si+Na in different alumosilicate and carbonate-silicate systems.

Results of experimental study at 11–20 GPa and 1900–2300°C of the systems pyrope - NaGrt modeling solid solutions of Na-bearing garnets, and studying of NaPx-NaGrt stability conditions are presented.

Synthesized garnets are characterized by Na admixture depending on pressure conditions. Maximal Na2O concentrations are reached on the solidus of the system at 20 GPa. Clear correlation between Na and Si was established in synthesized garnets; this provides evidence for heterovalent isomorphism with the appearance of Na2MgSi5O12 component as a mechanism of such garnet formation.

Phase transformation from NaPx to NaGrt was astablished at pressure around 16 GPa and temperature 1700°C and approved by experiments at 17, 15 and 13 GPa and in a good correlation with computer simulation of this transformation. Presented at the V International School of Earth Science 2009

Igor Sharygin

[Title of Research] The role of carbonate, chloride and other minor components during evolution of kimberlite magma [The Purpose of Research and The Abstract of Accomplishments]

Studies of fluid inclusions in diamonds and other deep minerals indicate that some fluid components, other than those of COH-system, can be important in petrogenesis of deeply originated rocks, such as kimberlite and carbonatite. Chlorine-, sulfur- and phosphorus-bearing species, which are abundant in some fresh kimberlite and fluid inclusions in diamond may have intriguing importance. Recent results on some Yakutian kimberlites indicate that primary magmas of some kimberlite pipes can be chloride-carbonatite-bearing silicate melt. Although this hypothesis sounds like unrealistic it is important to test influence of chloride and carbonate on phase relations in the mantle and fractionation of kimberlite magma during emplacement and subsurface reactions and solidification.

The presence of chlorine-sulfur-phosphorus-bearing brine inclusions in altered oceanic crust is a testament to the potential for these elements to be subducted. The strongest evidence for significant activity of carbonate and other minor fluids in the mantle is provided by the study of microinclusions in fibrous and cloudy diamonds from kimberlites. These inclusions are exceptionally enriched by alkali chloride, water, and some other components. Chlorine and chloride geochemistry in the deep mantle is still poorly understood

Affiliated Department:

Laboratory of High Pressure Minerals and Diamond Deposits, V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Russian Academy of Sciences

Academic Degree: Master Degree / Ph.D. Student

Specialized Field: Mantle petrology

Research Project: Melt inclusions and interstitial assemblages in mantle xenoliths from kimberlites of Udachnaya-East pipe (East-Siberian platform)



mainly due to lack of experimental data on Cl-bearing systems at high pressures and temperatures. In this project we would like to test experimentally the origin of chloride-bearing fluids in diamonds and reveal role of chlorides in origin of kimberlite magmas and their reactions with mantle substrate observed in natural samples reported. Possible extension of experimental studies on complex mantle fluids may include addition of sulfur and phosphorus, which are also important parts of fluids preserved in the diamonds.

Major aim of this project was to complete several important studies on role of volatile components in kimberlite petrogenesis. 23 experiments were successfully performed to test phase relation in natural fresh kimberlite of the Udachnaya pipe and model Cl-kimberlite at 2-6 GPa. We observed following sequences (with decreasing temperature) of phase assemblages in kimberlite at 3, 4 and 6 GPa: olivine, Fe-spinel, perovskite, garnet, apatite, alkali carbonatite liquid. Model Cl-rich kimberlite show olivine, garnet, ilmenite, clinopyroxene, phlogopite, apatite, calcite, dolomitic melt, and brine at 3 GPa and olivine, garnet, ilmenite, magnesite, and dolomitic melt at 6 GPa. Stability of NaCl and KCl above the solidus is not clear at present. Melt composition in kimberlite changes from alkali-rich calcitic carbonatite to carbonate-silicate melt. Melt composition in Cl-rich system changes from alkali-free dolomitic to carbonate-silicate melt. Preliminary conclusions are as follows:

(a) olivine is re-equilibrating with carbonatite melt and became more magnesian (as is observed in natural samples); (b) carbonatite melt and brine are stable at very low temperatures of 900oC at 3-6 GPa; (c) chlorine has significant effect on phase relations and melt compositions and its solubility in carbonatite melt increases with pressure. (d) phlogopite in model composition contain 0.5-1.0 wt.% Cl, which is different from natural phlogopite from Udachnaya kimberlite.



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