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7/30/2019 GPON anritsufttx
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Abstract
References
Advantages of FTTx and PON
Components of a PON System
PON Installation
PON Specifications
PON Measurement Parameters
PON Troubleshooting
Selecting the Right Testing Instrument
Conclusion
Testing fiber-to-the-X (FTTx) networks that include passive optical network (PON) architectures presents unique
challenges to service providers. During installation, the network must meet certain standards parameters. Once the FTTx
network is deployed, each subscriber connection requires additional tests to ensure service quality. Maintaining the
operation of the PON network and troubleshooting potential problems also requires specialized testing procedures and
equipment. Anritsu offers a complete line of FTTx and PON test equipment to ensure your networks will perform at their
highest levels. The MT9083 Series OTDRs are high performance, all-in-one testing tools to ensure the quality of your
optical fibers including PONs featuring up to a 1x128 split. The MT9090A with MU909011A Fault Locator module is the
first tester designed specifically for short fiber such as drop cables.
Table of Contents
Abstract
2
3
4
5
7
6
9
11
12
14
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B-PON
For more information on ongoing PON Recommendation activities, including Gigabit-PON (G-PON), please check the ITU-T Study
Group 15 website at: www.itu.int/ITU-T/com15
G.983.1 Broadband optical access systems based on Passive Optical Networks
Specifies an optical access system with symmetrical line rates of 155.520 or 622.080 Mbit/s and asymmetrical line rates of 155.520Mbit/s upstream and 622.080 Mbit/s downstream.
G.983.2 ONT management and control interface specification for B-PON
Specifies requirements for the OMCI, managed entities of a protocol-independent Management Information Base and protocol/detailed
messages for the ONT management and control channel.
G.983.3 A broadband optical access system with increased service capability by wavelength allocation
Adds an additional wavelength band to a G.983.1 B-PON to enable the distribution of unidirectional or bidirectional video broadcast or
data services.
G.983.4 A broadband optical access system with increased service capability using dynamic bandwidth assignment
Specifies the enhancements to a G.983.1 B-PON to allow the use of dynamic bandwidth assignment.
G.983.5 A broadband optical access system with enhanced survivability
Specifies protection features for a G.983.1 B-PON.
G.983.6 ONT management and control interface specifications for B-PON system with protection features
Specifies the OMCI for a B-PON system with protection features.
G.983.7 ONT management and control interface specification for dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA) B-PON system
Specifies the OMCI for a B-PON system using dynamic bandwidth assignment.
G-PON
For more information on ongoing G-PON Recommendation activities, please check the ITU-T Study Group 15 website at:
www.itu.int/ITU-T/com15
G.984.1, Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (G-PON): General characteristics
This Recommendation provides examples of services, User Network Interfaces (UNI) and Service Node Interfaces (SNI) that are
required by network operators. In addition, it shows the principal deployment configuration. Wherever possible, this Recommendation
maintains characteristics from the ITU-T G.982 and G.983.x series Recommendations in order to promote backward compatibility with
existing Optical Distribution Networks (ODN) that comply with these Recommendations.
G.984.2, Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (G-PON): Physical Media Dependent (PMD) layer specificationThis Recommendation specifies the physical layer requirements and specifications for the Physical Media Dependent (PMD) layer. It
covers systems with nominal line rates of 1244.160 Mbit/s and 2488.320 Mbit/s in the downstream direction and 155.520 Mbit/s,
622.080 Mbit/s, 1244.160 Mbit/s and 2488.320 Mbit/s in the upstream direction. Both symmetrical and asymmetrical (upstream /
downstream) Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (G-PON) systems are described.
G.984.3, Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (G-PON): Transmission Convergence Layer Specification
This Recommendation specifies the frame format, media access control method, ranging method, OAM functionality and security in G-
PON networks.
References
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Service providers are running optical fiber much deeper into the access network in order to deliver higher bandwidth that
makes it possible to offer multiple high performance voice, video and data services to customers. The diffusion of fiber
into the access network is often called the Fiber-to-the-X (FTTx) network. There are two basic types of FTTx
architectures. In a point to point (P2P) network, laser transmitters in the central office (CO) are dedicated to individual
users. A more popular alternative, because of its high performance to price ratio, is a passive optical network (PON) in
which the transmitters are shared among multiple users.
FTTx networks are designed to deliver high performance Triple Play services to users by bringing fiber directly to or near
the customer premises.
FTTx Acronyms
FTTH - fiber to the home
FTTP - fiber to the premise
FTTU - fiber to the user
FTTC - fiber to the curb/cabinet
FTTB - fiber to the business
FTTN - fiber to the node
The PON architecture is commonly used for FTTx networks because it employs optical splitters to deliver signals to
multiple users without conversion or intervention. Unlike traditional networks where services are direct point-to-point links
between customer and provider, PONs share a common distribution segment before being split to several users,
therefore reducing installation costs. FTTx networks feature active and passive components. The OLT and ONT
segments are active while the PON, as the name states, is passive.
PONs enable service providers to provide virtually unlimited bandwidth for applications such as high definition television
(HDTV), video on demand (VOD), streaming video, gaming and peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing that require large
amounts of bandwidth. PON equipment costs have dropped to the point where they are competitive with copper
networks and new products such as bend-resistant fibers and easier-to-use cable management systems have simplified
PON installation. With each 1080 pixel HDTV channel requiring up to 6 megabytes, triple play services typically require
about 20 MB per home, just about the limit of what can be provided with copper but well within fiber's capabilities.
ADVANTAGES OF FTTx and PON
FTTx and PON
ADVANTAGES
4 | ADVANTAGES
Internet
Leased Line
Frame/Cell Relay
Passive Optical Splitter
Optical Fiber
Telephone
Interactive Video
Operation System
Service Node
PON
FTTH
FTTB
FTTC
FTTCabONU NT
ONU NT
ONT
ONT
xDSL
Twisted Pair
OLT
Figure 1:
Types of FTTx
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COMPONENTS
www.us.anritsu.com 5
Components of a PON System
The termination equipment for a PON system in the central office (CO) is called the Optical Line Termination (OLT)
which multiplexes voice and video for downstream transmission to the splitter. The OLT uses a traditional card and
chassis architecture, housing the laser transmitters that are shared among the users. The OLT combines the signals into
a single fiber at the CO using WDM techniques. A fiber distribution frame (FDF) at the CO integrates a number of OLTstogether with splicing trays and connectors that connect the OLT to the backbone network.
Headend(Video)
Residential Residential
High-Rise MDU
Mid-Rise MDU
Horizontal MDU
Low-Rise Garden MDU
FDP Pedestal
DistributionCentral Office
FDH
FEEDER
FIBER ROUTES
DISTRIBUTION
DROP
Figure 2:
Possible PON Architectures
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The distribution cable terminates at the OLT and runs to the pad or pole mounted fiber distribution hub (FDH) which
houses the optical splitter. The splitter is a passive component that requires no maintenance and no power but has a
high relatively high insertion loss, typically 15 dB for 32 port splitter. The FDH typically accommodates up to 10 splitterseach of which typically has up to 32 branches.
Applications where the fiber runs all the way to the customer premise normally use a distribution cable running from the
FDH to the Fiber Distribution Pedestal (FDP) which serves as a splice or connection point close to the customer
premises and contains fiber management. A drop cable with a typical length of several hundred feet runs from the FDP
to the ONT in the customer premises.
The ONT splits the signal into the voice, video and data services used by the customer. The ONT uses various interfaces
including RJ-11 twisted pair jacks for voice service, RJ-45 Ethernet jacks for high speed data and 75 ohm coaxial ports
for video service.
In applications in which the fiber terminates prior to the CP and then converts to some other transmission medium, the
distribution cable runs from the FDH and terminates at an Optical Network Unit (ONU) located at the curb (Fiber to the
Curb (FTTC)) or cabinet (Fiber-to-the-Cabinet or FTTCab). In some cases, the distribution cable is deployed to the
customer premises. In other cases, the drop cable runs all the way from the FDH to the customer premises.
COMPONENTS
Components of a PON System
CATV - VIDEO EMITTER TRIPLEXER MODULE
DIPLEXER MODULE
OLT SIDE PON ONT SIDE
Figure 3:
Typical PON Layout with a Video Overlay
External
WDM
One SM
Fibre
1 to N
Splitter
Digital
1310 nm
Rx
Digital
1490 nm
Tx
Analog
CATV1550 nmTx
Digital
1490 nm
Rx
Digital
1310 nm
Tx
AnalogCATV
1550 nmRx
6 | COMPONENTS
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Typically PONs are installed in two segments by two different groups with different testing requirements. The first phase
is the installation of the feeder cable from the CO to the FDH or FDP and the distribution cable to the FDP. This segmentis typically installed by a contractor and is certified after installation by measuring the total loss and evaluating splices
and connectors. This segment requires a PON capable optical time domain reflectometers (OTDR) with high dynamic
range and the ability to test multiple wavelengths and provide detailed reporting needed for certification.
The second last mile segment runs from the FDH or FDP to the ONT. Testing during installation and maintenance
typically requires a fault location, connectivity check and isolation. The highly capable instruments used to certify the
feeder cable are not required for testing this segment and so it is possible to use a less expensive and more user-friendly
drop cable fault locator.
PON INSTALLATION
INSTALLATION
www.us.anritsu.com 7
FDP
ONT
Feeder Cable Drop Cable
Figure 4:
Possible PON Architecture
OLT
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The International Telecommunications Union Standardization Sector (ITU-T) has created several standards for optical
access systems based on the PON architecture. Broadband PON (BPON) uses Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cells
for transmission to a maximum of 32 customers and has a maximum access speed of 155 Mbps upstream and 622 Mb/s
downstream. Gigabit PON (GPON) was later developed to increase access speed to 1.2 Gbps downstream and 622
Mbps upstream, making it possible to serve a maximum of 128 customers. The Ethernet PON (EPON) standard uses
standard 802.3 frames with symmetric 1 Gbps upstream and downstream rates. Since EPON is active Ethernet based ituses a powered switch in the outside plant and dedicated switches and fiber runs. Advantages of EPON include the fact
that no encryption is needed since lines aren't shared and that bandwidth can be easily changed. On the other hand,
EPON is more expensive due to switch power costs and dedicated fibers. DPON is a DOCSIS standard based for
multiple system operators (MSOs) that allows use of the current head-end and customer premises equipment.
Video transmission downstream from the CO OLT to the premise ONT is 1550nm at 622Mbits/sec (BPON) or
1.2Gbits/sec (GPON).
Voice/data and IP Video (if used) transmission downstream from the CO OLT to the premise is 1490nm at
622Mbits/sec (BPON) or 1.2Gbits/sec (GPON).
Transmission upstream from the premise ONT to the CO OLT is 1310nm at 155Mbits/sec (BPON) or 622Mbits/sec(GPON).
Most PONs today are using an ATM protocol with access to bandwidth using time division multiple access (TDMA)
upstream and, TDM downstream. IP and Gigabit Ethernet based PON systems are also beginning to see widespread
deployment.
Total End-to-End Optical Budget
25 dB for a Class B PON Network
30 dB for a Class C PON Network
PONs present major testing challenges, largely because the presence of the relatively high-loss optical splitter means that
testing from the CO does not provide a dedicated optical path as with traditional point-to-point fiber networks. The PON is
shared by multiple customers so the situation frequently exists where one or a few customers are down while the rest are
still operating. This makes troubleshooting more difficult to perform because it must be done without disrupting service to
the customers that are up and running. Another complicating factor is that 1490 nm and 1550 nm transmissions are both
possible in the downstream transmission while 1310 nm upstream transmissions are not present unless the downstream
transmission is there to stimulate it.
The Typical Network Planning Specifications for a PON System
PON SPECIFICATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS
8 | SPECIFICATIONS
Figure 5:
PON Architecture (BPON)
Maximum End-to-End Length
20 km determined by the 1310 nm optical budget
25 dB - 12 dB splitter = 13 dB
13 dB - 6 dB (connector and splice loss) = 7 dB
7 dB / 0.35 dB/km (1310 nm fiber loss) = 20 km7dB / 0.20 dB/km (1550 nm fiber loss) = 35 km
FTTH
FTTCab
CENTRAL
OFFICE
Maximum Length: 20 km
155.62/622.08 Mbit/s (1.5 um wavelength)(1.49 um wavelength)
155.52Mbit/s (1.3 um wavelength)
Single Mode Optical Fiber (G.652)
Maximum Divergence Number: 32
Optical Splitter
ATM 25M Etc.
xDSL
OLT
ONU
ONT
NT
NT
NT
Optical Loss Range (Class B:10-25dB, Class C:15-30dB)
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A number of parameters must be measured during installation and maintenance and verified against network
specifications. The end-to-end loss budget of the fiber span at each transmission wavelength is the most crucial
measurement of the physical medium. The measurement should be taken at each transmission wavelength and should
include the end connectors. To ensure accurate results, the test should be performed directionally using a loss test set
(LTS) with the results averaged together to yield the true loss budget.
End connectors should be tested for both loss and reflectance using an OTDR with a lead-in fiber against the individual
connector specifications. If the loss or reflectance of an individual connector does not meet specifications then it should
be repaired or replaced. Documenting the location of each connector is important for future maintenance of the network.
If problems arise on the network, knowing the exact location of each connection point will significantly reduce
troubleshooting time.
Each individual average splice loss should also be verified bi-directionally for maximum loss values, even if the total end-
to-end loss passes the network specification. If the loss of an individual splice does not meet specification, it may signify
a poor quality splice that could cause future problems in the network resulting in network down time and maintenance
costs. This must be done using an OTDR on each feeder fiber before termination to the PON coupler.
The quality of the individual fibers between splice points should be verified to meet average loss specifications from the
supplier at the specified wavelength. Macrobends that may have been introduced during cable installation can be
identified by comparing a shorter 1310 nm OTDR trace with a longer wavelength 1550 nm ODTR trace on the same
fiber. If the losses vary by more than 0.3 dB on the same splice point between different wavelengths, this indicates that
macrobends may be present.
PON Measurement Parameters
PARAMETERS
Maximum Average Splice Loss (Bi-Directional)(Ea) 0.20 dB
Recommended Splice Loss Specifications
Connector Loss (Each Mated Pair)
Connector Reflectance
Super Polish
Ultra Polish
Angled Polish
0.20-0.50 dB
-45 dB
-50 to -55 dB
-55 to -65 dB
Recommended Connector Specifications
Fiber Type
9/125 Corning (SMF-28e)
1490 nm
0.25-0.35 dB/km
1310 nm
0.33-0.35 dB/km
1550 nm
0.19-0.20 dB/km
Attenuation (dB/km)
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PON Measurement Parameters
PARAMETERS
10 | PARAMETERS
Optical return loss (ORL) should be measured between the termination fibers located at the customer premise (ONT or
ONU) and the CO (OLT) after the entire network is completed from end to end but before connection to any termination
equipment. Typical ORL specifications values are +30 dB to +35 dB.
In deploying new connections to a live PON system, verify optical power at 1550 and 1490 nm and splice the assigneddrop cables to their respective coupler outputs. At the customer premises, test for live PON receiver power with an
optical power meter at the 1550 nm setting with a 1550 nm pass filter. If the optical power meets the approved -28 dBm
level, connect the ONT. A green light will confirm OLT and ONT communication and equipment operation can be verified.
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If all customers connected to a PON system are out of service, testing can proceed at the CO without danger of
interfering with existing service. System diagnostics will usually detect a problem with the OLT and the solution is
normally a line-card replacement. The OLT manager will usually identify a broken fiber on the main leg as all branches
associated with the OLT will become nonresponsive. Troubleshooting can then proceed with an OTDR or a simpler
break indicator.
Figure 6 outlines a methodology for troubleshooting PON networks in the more difficult situation where one or some
customers connected to the PON are out of service. When a fault occurs in the subscriber's FTTH service, if other
subscribers sharing the OLT are not experiencing the same fault, then the problem is either in the drop cable betweenthe FDH and the ONU/ONT, in the ONU/ONT or in the subscriber's home network. The technician should begin by
disconnecting the optical fiber from the ONU/ONT and checking the optical signal level with a power meter.
If no power is measured on the drop cable, the chances are that the problem is either a break in the fiber or a high loss
event such as a bad splice. Since no power is being received at this ONT location, there is no danger of interfering with
traffic on the PON when testing the fiber using an OTDR. But to be safe it's a good idea to troubleshoot with an OTDR
using the 1650 nm wavelength to avoid interfering with the ONT in the event of a mistake.
If the optical power level is lower than the specification, there is a good chance that that there is a break or damage in
the drop cable. Maintenance of a PON drop cable requires care when the rest of the network is still in service. One
approach is to isolate the drop cable under test from the rest of the network but this is not easy because the connectionsare often high on utility poles and wires, and disconnecting fiber splices is difficult. The solution is to use a short
wavelength OTDR such as the Anritsu MT9090A or MT9083 series with test pulses at a wavelength of 780 nm. Testing
from the subscriber's side at 780 nm has no effect at all on the in-service customers. The dynamic range at 780 nm is 8
dB so faults in a 2 km or shorter drop cable can be accurately pinpointed.
If the power is OK, then test down the stream from the coupler with an OTDR and bare fiber adapter to pinpoint the
attenuation.
PON Troubleshooting
www.us.anritsu.com 11
TROUBLESHOOTING
One or more
customers are out
Dispatch
Technician to
Locations in Failure
Connect 780 nm or
1650 nm OTDR to
Fiber at PremiseNo Fiber Issue
Found:Bad Coupler Port
or Connector, Try
Alternate Unused
Splitter Port
Fiber Issue
Found:Repair or Replace
Drop Cable
Clean Connectors
and Connect
the Fiber to the ONT
Connect 1550 nm
OTDR to Distribution
Cable to Locate Fault
Verify Power
at Customer Premise
Power OK
If Still Out of Service
Replace ONT
Power Low
Fault Locate to
Find Fiber Fault
No Power
All ONTs
Are Down
OTDR Test From CO
to Isolate Fiber Fault
on Feeder Cable
All customers out(PON system is in
complete failure)
Figure 6:
PON Troubleshooting Overview
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SELECTION
12 | SELECTION
An OTDR is the universal tool used to pinpoint faults and certify the workmanship in a fiber installation. OTDRs find and
characterize both reflective and nonreflective events in optical fiber runs by sending laser pulses of different widths.
There are two main parameters that measure the performance of an OTDR. The dynamic range determines the length of
fiber link that the OTDR can test - higher values enable testing longer lengths. The event dead zone is the minimum
distance of separation between two different optical reflective events that the OTDR can resolve - shorter values enable
resolving more closely spaced events. Dynamic range and event dead zone both increase with longer pulse widths sotuning the OTDR normally requires a tradeoff between these two parameters.
Not all OTDRs are capable of testing splitter based PONs. To perform well in measuring and certifying PONs, OTDRs
need a small dead zone to allow measurement of near end connectors within the CO in riser cables and at the customer
premises. They also need a high dynamic range in order to measure the high losses that are typically involved in PONs.
Figure 7 compares the measurements provided by a conventional OTDR (blue) and the Anritsu MT9083, a PON capable
OTDR (red). The splitter is easily identified by the large losses at 2.5 km and 2.7 km. The conventional OTDR lacks
dynamic range, resulting in a large amount of noise at distances greater than the splitter and making it impossible to
accurately test through the splitter. On the other hand, the MT9083 OTDR has no difficulty in testing through the splitter.
After initial construction of a PON system it is necessary to accurately and completely characterize the fiber link from the
OLT to the FDH and, most important, to measure loss and ORL. A PON-capable OTDR such as the MT9083 makes this
task easier through its ability to distinguish between the loss properties of the individual PON branches, making it
possible to test the feeder cable from the ONT end.
Selecting the Right Testing Instrument
BLUE:
Normal OTDR
PON Capable OTDR
RED:
Figure 7:
Traces from Traditional and PON-Capable OTDRs
Not OKOK?
OK!
Other OTDRs
Undefined WaveformDue to Poor Dead Zone
Performance
Very sharp waveform,even between close splittersZOOM IN
Figure 8:
MT9083 Offers Excellent Resolution
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SELECTION
Selecting the Right Testing Instrument
A dual mode design enables the MT9083 OTDR series to offer excellent dynamic range and dead zone resolution. The
user can simply select high resolution or enhanced range mode based on the task at hand. When HR mode is
selected, the MT9083 series provides good measurement range with an industry leading deadzone of less than 1 meter.
When ER mode is selected, the MT9083 provides unparalleled performance for measurement distance, measurement
speed and deadzone. The MT9083B and MT9083C provide up to 45 dB dynamic range, providing a measurement range
of over 200 km and making it possible to test a 100 km fiber in less than 10 seconds. The combination of a high dynamic
range with a short pulse makes it possible to test the entire fiber path through the splitter. Splitters up to a single 1x128
or closely spaced, cascaded splitters are completely and accurately measured with industry leading resolution. TheMT9083 series also offers a full SCPI command support for remote operations or automated testing.
Traditional tools have not provided the right solution for the technicians charged with maintaining and troubleshooting
local access networks. Handheld OTDRs and Fault Locators lack the resolution needed for short drop cable spans while
mini-OTDRs were too large, too expensive and too complicated. The new MT9090A from Anritsu finally addresses this
need by providing all of the features and performance required for installation and maintenance of short fibers in a
compact, modular test set. Realizing that short fiber premise applications such as FTTx drop cables, intra-building riser
cables and cell towers have different testing requirements, Anritsu designed the MT9090A from the ground up. It features
5 cm resolution for accurate mapping of events, deadzones of less than 1 meter (3 feet) and a built-in 10 m (30 ft) launch
fiber to ensure everything is evaluated. Since multiple users share the common feed fiber, FTTx maintenance becomes
difficult when only one or two users are down. To address this need, Anritsu also offers a 780 nm Fault Locator module
that can be used to troubleshoot in-service FTTx networks without costly filters and without disruption to other customers.
www.us.anritsu.com 13
The MT9083 Series is theonly OTDR That Can Detect
a Fault in This Zone
Figure 9:
MT9083 Offers Excellent Resolution
MT9083 Series MT9090A/MU909011A Fault Locator
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CONCLUSION
FTTx networks with PON architectures provide the opportunity to deliver dramatic increases in bandwidth. Service
providers are using this bandwidth to deliver new value-added services such as HDTV, VOD and gaming to customers.
But the deployment and maintenance of PON architectures presents some significant challenges to service providers.
For example, the presence of the splitter complicates testing because there is no longer a dedicated optical path from
CO to the customer. Installation of a PON requires carefully measuring key performance parameters against network
specifications. Once the FTTP network is deployed, each subscriber connection requires additional tests to ensureservice quality. Overcoming testing challenges is critical to delivering high-performance and reliable service to customers
at a low cost. The correct test equipment and knowledge can quickly result in a trouble-free FTTx network. Anritsu offers
the expertise and the optimized FTTx test equipment to meet these challenges.
Conclusion
14 | CONCLUSION
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