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1.O 1.1 (GPS) - 30 20 . Global Position system (GPS) , , , GPS -, , . GPS ( ) .K 24 NAVSTAR . 1978., 1980., . 2000. , 100. 15. , GPS . GPS . .
, GPS , . GPS , 1983. , . GPS, . ,
,, . , , , . GPS (. ) (. ) . . 1985. 1.2 NAVSTAR E
NAVSTAR-GPS(Navigation System using Timing And RangingGlobal position System). . (), . : , .
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. . , ,, , . . , . ,, 80- 90- (CPHC, GPS) : NAVSTAR . NAVSTAR , (DoD). . GPS . . , GPS . ( ) DoD, 100, 1 2 (,knot,kn- =0,5144 m/s) 95%. (SA-Selective Availability) .
. . DGPS ( GPS) SA. GPS , . GPS . . , . -. , , . , DGPS , North star, 3 0,1( 95% ). . - , NAVSTAR . . NAVSTAR , . GPS : . NAVSTAR 1993., 1996. GPS , . GPS GPS.
. CD1000+GPS GPS . . GPS ; -. , . GPS . , . 1.3. - GLONASS-(Global Navigation Satellite System) , 3D , ; GLONASS? - GLONASS ; - - - - . GLONASS : (SP) (HP). SP
5770(99,7% ), 70(99,7% ), 15/. (99,7% ) 1mks (99,7% ). . 2.1. GPS , . (CHPC/GPS) : (). . 60- CPHC : Transit () (). - , 1000 . (), , 5 15 : ; ( 2s) ; - . , .
() . : - , ; - (=70..100) , ; - 2 . : ( , , ) . , , , () : . (), 2000 . () . . () . , , ,
. , , ( ). , ( - ) : - (, , ) (DGPS); - ; - ; - - , . NAVSTAR , . NAVSTAR-GPS. , , . NAVSTAR , GPS , , . (.1). NAVSTAR .
60- 1979, , ,,BLOCK-1''. . 1974. ,,ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL ,,Block-1, . 1977. NTS-2( 8 ). BLOCK-1. 1978. , . 1979. , . 1979. , . ,,Block 2( Rockwell International) (HP-international machines) business (Collins).
,,Rockwell International 1983 28 . ( 1958.) NAVSTAR. ,,BLOCK 1 . 10 1989. . ,,BLOCK 2A.
,,General electric 20 ,,Block 2 . 1996 ,,Block-2-R. ,,Block 2F,
. GPS GPS : (), ( ) . , , . . (. 1).
. 1. 4 GPS . , , , , . , -
. ". (X, Y, Z), , , ( ) . , . () . , . : , , , .
.1. GPS . . , (.2). GPS 24, 12 . .2. GPS 24- , , . , . , , 24 ( 4- ). 4 , 60. 55. 5 8 (. 3). 24 - , 120 60. 70- 18 3 , . , 80- , 6 60 . 10 Block-1", 63 20 000 km. 1993 ., . 1994-. 1995 . 21 3 Block-2 2",
( ) 20-200 km, 55
12 . , . (24-) 1994 . 1994 . 1995 . , GPS. . , . . , , , . NAVSTAR ". Block-2" , .
GPS-NAVSTAR 27 27 1998 . 24 ( ) 00:00:00 29.09.1998 00:00:00 30.09.1998 . . 3.
VSTAR NA
15 4 . , , , , . "NAVSTAR , . : ; ( ) ; ; . , , , . NAVSTAR ". Block-2U , . 15 4 . , , , , . NAVSTAR , . : ; ( ) ; ; .
; ; . . , . . , . . - . ( ), , ( ). - - . , , , - . - . : ( ) ; , , ; . ( 5x10 ) (2x10~ 13) . . , , , .
NAVSTAR , , , . ,31-2 2" 180- , 2-3 , . 14 ( 400 ). Block-2R" 180 , AUTONAV. . , , - . . : Block- _ 440 W, 1-2 2" - 710 W, Block-2R" - 1,25 kW. - .
3.2. , . (MCS - Master Control Station) Schreiber, (Colorado Springs) (. 4). (2S0PS). , . () .
~fc -> I 1 *
. 4. GPS . GPS, () . (. 4) NAVSTAR : , . . , ; . ( ), , . ( , ) , .
. 5. GPS : 10 m, , , - . - (.5). , , . : , , , , . .
.. ( GPS ), . GPS , . : 3 . GPS , , . GPS. , , . () (DGPS - ). GPS : , . GPS .
. 6. GPS
GPS , . GPS , . (), , ( , ) . : , , , , . ( , , , , -" .). - ( ), , , . . . . 7. ,
. 7. GPS
, .
, ( ), , , , . L1 (1575,42 MHz) L2 (1227,6 MHz), (Y), L1 ( /). ( ) , - . . NAVSTAR , . , , , . , . 1988 . 1990- Collins" 4300 . , Texas Instruments Inc" Trimble Navigation Ltd". . Bell Communications Systems Division" . - , . AN 498A, L1 L2, 76 g, 5x5x0,75 cm 3 dB. , " (), . , . . , .
, . , . , ( All in View"). B , . , . , (, ), - , . - ( ) . 150-240 ms, . , ( ), -, , . . , . , . . - , . , .
, . , . , , . : - , . GPS . . - . - : , - ( 12). - , - . , . , , . . . - ' . - - . , . ( ) . : , - 30,
, 90. , . NAVSTAR " (PDOP -Position Delusion of Precision). PDOP, - 6, . .
4., GPS, 4.1. (PPS - Precise Positioning Sen i) , , PPS. , . PPS : - 22m; - 27,7 ; - 100 ns.
4.2. (SPSStandard Positioning Service) NAVSTAR . SPS . (SA).
SPS : - 100m, -156 , - 340 ns. GPS 1994 . (Federal Radio navigation Plan). 95 % () , : () 5 PDOP , - 6. 95 % 2 dims (2 ). 95 % . , . (, RMS) (68 %) , . () , 50 % . (SEP) , 50 % . 2 dims, dims, RMS , - . (RMS) (). - , - .
5. GPS : LI (fj = 1575,42 MHz) L2 (f2 = 1227,60 MHz), f0 = 10,23 MHz. 154 120 f0. L1 85 (). L2 PPS . (Y), / (Coarse Acquisition - , ). (Y), ( - precision, ) , V. L1 / L2 . / L1 (. 8). / 1 MHz (PRN). , , L1 , " 1 MHz. 1023 bits (I ms). / . GPS PRN , . / L1 , (SPS). , . , . 1 ms, 1023 . L1 L2 (. 8 9). (PRN), ( ) 10 MHz. - (AS) Y -
. Y AS
.8. GPS , . P(Y) (PPS) . P(Y), 267 , , 7 . , . P(Y) (PPS), a L1 L2 , . ( ). " . / , . - (SPS). ,
PPS 0,95 22 , 22,7 m 0,09 {is, SPS 100 , 140 0,34JIS .
( ) PPS 8 , SPS 40 m ( , ). SPS 300 m .
.9. ( - SA) . , SPS NAVSTAR. P(Y). P(Y) /, . ( 2000 ) SA . 50 Hz ( 50bits/s), , .
NAVSTAR. (, ). , (. 8). 90 , fo = 10,23 MHz. L1 / . 180, fCA = 0,1 f0. , , 100 Hz ( ) 20,46 MHz ( ) 2,046 MHz ( /).
.10. , , (Block 2 2R) -160dB, a / -163dB (.9). , -
(. 10).
5.1. - , . 11 . - . , . . 5.10"13, 10.10"14, - 1.10"14. , , , - , - . . (. 11). .(), . Dj(t). i :
180 (0-180 -90 +90) [XPj( t) + Di(t )]; , AG , / fj f2; (] , , I .
LI c f] / . L2 f2 , (. 8). / / , (. 11), .
.11. NAVSTAR fo= 10,23 MHz, 154 120 10 20. (PRN) Pj(t) . 12. , PRN XI (t) X2j(t), f0:
), 0