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Resumen personal de la gramática inglesa necesaria en un nivel B1
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GRAMTICA INGLESA: NIVEL B1
MIGUEL GMEZ MARN E
IRENE GONZLEZ MORANO
1 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
CONTENIDO
1. Presente simple ............................................................................................................ 3
1.1 El Presente simple con el verbo to be (ser o estar) ............................................. 3
1.2 El Presente simple con el verbo have got (tener) ............................................... 3
1.3 El Presente simple con verbos modales (Ejemplo Can) ...................................... 4
1.4 El presente simple con el resto de verbos .............................................................. 4
1.4.1 Reglas de la 3 persona del singular ................................................................ 4
1.5 Verbo to have (Tener o Poseer) .......................................................................... 5
1.6 Preguntas con partcula interrogativa en presente simple .................................... 5
1.7 Distintas estructuras interrogativas ........................................................................ 6
1.7.1 Para preguntar la edad: .................................................................................... 6
1.7.2 Para pedir una cosa, algo: ................................................................................ 6
1.7.3 Para preguntar el precio de algo: ..................................................................... 6
1.8 Adverbios de frecuencia ......................................................................................... 7
2. Presente simple continuo ............................................................................................. 7
2.1 Reglas del gerundio ................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Action and Non-action verbs .................................................................................. 8
2.3 Gerunds and infinitives / Gerundios e infinitivos ................................................... 9
3. Imperativo .................................................................................................................. 10
3. Pasado simple ............................................................................................................. 11
3.1 Pasado simple con verbos regulares .................................................................... 11
3.2 Pasado simple con verbo to be e irregulares .................................................... 12
4. Pasado continuo ......................................................................................................... 15
5. Pasado perfecto .......................................................................................................... 15
6. Present and past habits and states ............................................................................ 16
7. Presente perfecto (present perfect) ........................................................................... 17
7.1 Palabras que acompaan al presente perfecto .................................................... 18
7.1.1 Presente Perfecto con For & Since .......................................................... 18
7.1.2 Presente perfecto con Ever ........................................................................ 19
7.1.3 Presente Perfecto con Just ......................................................................... 19
7.1.4 Presente Perfecto con Already & Yet ...................................................... 19
8. Presente perfecto continuo ........................................................................................ 20
9. Futuro ......................................................................................................................... 20
2 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
9.1 Futuro simple Will ............................................................................................. 20
9.2 Presente continuo con idea de futuro .................................................................. 21
9.3 Futuro prximo (going to) ..................................................................................... 21
10. Verbos modales ........................................................................................................ 21
11. Condicional ............................................................................................................... 23
11.1 Zero conditional .................................................................................................. 23
11.2 First conditional .................................................................................................. 23
11.3 Second conditional.............................................................................................. 23
11.4 Third conditional ................................................................................................. 24
11.5 Mixed conditionals .............................................................................................. 24
12. Otros modos de hacer condiconales ........................................................................ 24
12.1 Condicional con Wish + Sujeto + Pasado simple ............................................ 24
12.2 Condicional con Wish + Sujeto + Pasado perfecto .......................................... 24
12.3 Condicional con Wish + Would + Verbo en infinitivo sin to .............................. 25
12.4 Sustitutivos de If (Unless & As long as) ........................................................... 25
13. Pasiva ........................................................................................................................ 25
14. Estilo indirecto (Reported speech) ........................................................................... 26
14.1 Oraciones interrogativas indirectas (reported questions) ................................. 28
14.2 Otros verbos introductores del estilo indirecto ................................................. 28
15. Adjetivos Comparativos y superlativos .................................................................... 29
16. A / an, the, no artculo .............................................................................................. 31
17. There is / There are (Hay) ......................................................................................... 31
18. Quantifiers ................................................................................................................ 32
18.1 Large quantities .................................................................................................. 32
18.2 Small quantities................................................................................................... 32
18.3 More or less than you need or want .................................................................. 32
18.4 Zero quantity ....................................................................................................... 33
19. Relative clauses ........................................................................................................ 33
19.1 Defining relative clauses ..................................................................................... 33
19.2 Non-defining relative clauses ............................................................................. 33
20. Questions tags .......................................................................................................... 34
3 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
1. PRESENTE SIMPLE
Se utiliza para expresar acciones cotidianas, rutinas, etc. Los verbos to be (ser), to have got (tener), y modales como can (saber o poder), must (deber), etc. para negar simplemente aaden not. Ejemplo:
- She is not very tall / She isn't very tall - Our friends have not got a big house / Our friends haven't got a big house
Y para preguntar colocan detrs del verbo el sujeto Ejemplo:
- Have you got a calculator? - Is John an intelligent boy?
1.1 EL PRESENTE SIMPLE CON EL VERBO TO BE (SER O ESTAR)
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I am I am not / I'm not Am I?
You are You are not / You aren't Are you?
He is He is not / He isn't Is he?
She is She is not / She isn't Is she?
It is It is not / It isn't Is it?
We are We are not / We aren't Are we?
You are You are not / You aren't Are you?
They are They are not / They aren't Are they?
1.2 EL PRESENTE SIMPLE CON EL VERBO HAVE GOT (TENER)
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I have got I haven't got Have I got?
You have got You haven't got Have you got?
He has got He hasn't got Has he got?
She has got She hasn't got Has she got?
It has got It hasn't got Has it got?
We have got We haven't got Have we got?
You have got You haven't got Have you got?
They have got They haven't got Have they got?
4 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
1.3 EL PRESENTE SIMPLE CON VERBOS MODALES (EJEMPLO CAN)
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I can I cannot / I can't Can I?
You can You cannot / You can't Can you?
He can He cannot / He can't Can he?
She can She cannot / She can't Can she?
It can It cannot / It can't Can it?
We can We cannot / We can't Can we?
You can You cannot / You can't Can you?
They can They cannot / They can't Can they?
1.4 EL PRESENTE SIMPLE CON EL RESTO DE VERBOS
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I write I don't write Do I write?
You write You don't write Do you write?
He writes He doesn't write Does he write?
She writes She doesn't write Does she write?
It writes It doesn't write Does it write?
We write We don't write Do we write?
You write You don't write Do you write?
They write They don't write Do they write?
1.4.1 REGLAS DE LA 3 PERSONA DEL SINGULAR
Suelen aadir -s, excepto en los siguientes casos: Aaden -es las que acaban en -s, -h, -x, go (ir), do (hacer) Ejemplo:
- watch (ver) he/she watches - mix (mezclar) he/she mixes - go (ir) he/she goes - do (hacer) he/she does
Los que acaban en consonante + -y, cambia la y por i y despus aaden -es, es decir, se aade -ies Ejemplo:
- study (estudiar) he/she studies - cry (llorar) he/she cries
5 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
1.5 VERBO TO HAVE (TENER O POSEER)
To have sirve tambin para otros verbos que no signifiquen tener. Ejemplo:
- Have a bath / a shower (tomar un bao/una ducha) - Have breakfast / lunch / dinner (desayunar / comer al medioda / cenar) - Have a rest (descansar)
Cuando tenga estos significados, el verbo to have funciona como un verbo normal en presente simple, utilizando los auxiliares Do/Does para negar o preguntar. Ejemplo:
I have breakfast I don't have breakfast Do you have breakfast?
Yo desayuno Yo no desayuno T desayunas?
1.6 PREGUNTAS CON PARTCULA INTERROGATIVA EN PRESENTE SIMPLE
Las Partculas Interrogativas son:
What Qu? o Cul?
Which Qu? o Cul? Se utiliza cuando se trata de elegir entre varias cosas.
Where Dnde?
When Cundo?
How Cmo?
Who Quin? o Quines?
Why Por qu?
How much Cunto? o Cunta? (sustantivos incontables, como la leche)
How many Cunto? o Cuntas? (sustantivos contables)
Con los verbos to be / have got / can Se utiliza la siguiente estructura:
WHAT
+
am/are/is
+ Sujeto + Complementos WHICH have/has
WHERE can
etc.
Ejemplo:
- Where are John and Peter? Dnde estn John y Peter? - How many cars has your father got? Cuntos coches tiene tu padre? - What can you do? Qu sabes hacer t?
6 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
Y con los dems verbos la estructura es la siguiente:
WHAT
+
do
+ Sujeto + Verbo + Complementos WHICH does
WHERE (auxiliar)
etc.
Ejemplo:
- Where do your teachers live? Dnde viven tus profesores?
1.7 DISTINTAS ESTRUCTURAS INTERROGATIVAS
1.7.1 PARA PREGUNTAR LA EDAD:
How old + verbo to be + sujeto + complementos? Ejemplo:
- How old are you? I am 23 / I'm 23 Cuntos aos tienes? Tengo 23 - How old is your sister? She is 17 / She's 17 Cuntos aos tiene tu hermana?
1.7.2 PARA PEDIR UNA COSA, ALGO:
Can I have? Puede/s darme? Me da/s? Could I have? Podra/s darme? (ms formal)
1.7.3 PARA PREGUNTAR EL PRECIO DE ALGO:
Hay dos formas: 1) Utilizando el verbo to be y la partcula How much: How much is this sweater? It's 2 / That's 2 (Cunto cuesta este jersey? Son 2) How much are those jeans? They are 4 How much is it? It's 2 / That's 2 (Cunto cuesta? Son 2) How much are they? They are 4 2) Utilizando el verbo to cost (costar): How much does this sweater cost? It costs 25 (Cunto cuesta ese jersey? Cuesta 25)
7 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
1.8 ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA
ALWAYS (100%) Siempre
USUALLY (80%) Normalmente
OFTEN (75%) A menudo / Con frecuencia
SOMETIMES (50%) A veces
SELDOM Pocas veces
RARELY Rara vez / Muy pocas veces
HARDLY EVER Casi nunca
NEVER Nunca
Los adverbios de frecuencia se colocan delante de los verbos normales en el presente simple, pero detrs de los verbos to be / can Ejemplo:
- We usually go to bed at 11 o'clock/Normalmente nos vamos a la cama a las 11. - Do you always drink coffee for breakfast?/Siempre tomas caf para desayunar? - They are often tied / Ellos a menudo estn cansados
2. PRESENTE SIMPLE CONTINUO
El presente simple continuo se utiliza para expresar acciones que se estn realizando en el momento en el que est hablando, se forma: Sujeto + verbo TO BE + Verbo principal terminado en -ing (gerundio) Ejemplo I am playing football / Yo estoy jugando a ftbol
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I am playing I'm not playing Am I playing?
You are playing You aren't playing Are you playing?
He is playing He isn't playing Is he playing?
She is playing She isn't playing Is she playing?
It is playing It isn't playing Is it playing?
We are playing We aren't playing Are we playing?
You are playing You aren't playing Are you playing?
They are playing They aren't playing Are they playing?
8 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
2.1 REGLAS DEL GERUNDIO
Regla general: Se aade -ing al infinitivo: play playing Excepciones:
1. Los verbos de una slaba que acaban en consonante + vocal + consonante duplican la ltima consonante.
Ejemplo: run running swim swimming
2. Los verbos de 2 slabas que acaban en consonante + vocal + consonante y cuyo acento al hablar recae en la 2 slaba, y los de dos slabas que acaben en L, tambin duplican la consonante final.
Ejemplo: admit admitting travel travelling
3. Los verbos que acaban en e la pierden
Ejemplo: take taking
4. Los verbos que acaban en ie cambian la ie por y y aaden -ing
Ejemplo: lie lying (echarse) die dying (morir)
2.2 ACTION AND NON-ACTION VERBS
Los verbos que describen acciones, por ejemplo: cook (cocinar) make (hacer), pueden
ser usados en presente simple o continuo:
- Im making the lunch / I usually make the lunch at the weekend
Los verbos que expresan estados o sentimientos, no acciones, como por ejemplo: love
(amar), need (necesitar) no se usan en presente continuo. Los Non-Action verbs ms
frecuentes son: agree, be, believe, belong, depend, forget, hate, hear, know, like, love,
matter, mean, need, prefer, realize, recognize, remember, seem, suppose.
Hay que tener en cuenta tambin, que hay ciertos verbos que pueden presentarse de
las dos maneras como por ejemplo have (tener) y think (pensar):
- I have a cat now = posesin (non-action)
- Im having lunch = accin
- I think this musics great = opinion (non-action)
- What are you thinking about? = accin
9 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
2.3 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES / GERUNDIOS E INFINITIVOS
Usamos el gerundio en los siguientes casos: 1. Despus de preposiciones y Phrasal verbs:
- Im not very good at remembering names - Katies given up smoking
2. Cundo el verbo es el sujeto de la accin:
- Driving at night is quite tiring - Shopping is my favourite thing to do at weekends
3. Despus de ciertos verbos:
- I hate not being on time for things - I dont mind getting up early
Los verbos ms communes seguidos de gerundio son: admit, avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, feel like, finish, hate, keep, like, love, mind, miss, practise, prefer, recommend, spend time, stop, suggest y Phrasal Verbs, give up, go on, etc.
- I like travelling Me gusta viajar - She hates listening to the radio Ella odia escuchar la radio - Do you love swimming? Te encanta nadar?
Usamos el infinitivo con to en los siguientes casos: 1. Despus de adjetivos:
- My flat is very easy to find 2. Para expresar causa o proposito
- Liam is saving money to buy a new car 3. Detrs de ciertos verbos como (cant) afford, agree, decide, expect, forget, help, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, seem, try, want, would like.
- My sister has never learned to drive Para hacer la negacin del infitivo con to usamos la estructura not to + verbo
- Try not to make noise
10 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
4. Tambin usamos el infinitivo con to despus de ciertos verbos + persona: ask, tell, want, would like.
- She told him not to worry - Can you ask the manager to come? - I want you to do this now - Wed really like you to come
Adems, hay ciertos verbos que pueden usar indistintamente y con el mismo significado, el gerundio o el infinitivo con to: start, begin, continue.
- It started to rain / It started raining Ahora bien, del mismo modo, hay dos verbos try y remember que tambin pueden usarse con gerundio o con el infinitivo + to, pero el significado cambia:
- Try to be on time (hacer un esfuerzo para llegar a tiempo) - Try doing yoga (hacer yoga para ver si te gusta) - Remember to phone him (Acurdate de llamarlo) - I remember meeting him years ago (Me acuerdo de haberlo conocido)
Usamos el infinitivo sin to en los siguientes casos: 1. Despus de la mayora de verbos modales y auxiliares
- I cant drive 2. Despus de make and let
- She always makes me laugh - My parents didnt let me go out last night
3. IMPERATIVO
Se usa para dar rdenes, instrucciones, prohibiciones... y no lleva sujeto.
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA
Listen! (escucha!) Don't listen! (no escuches!)
Let's listen (escuchemos!) Let's not listen! (no escuchemos!)
Listen! (escuchad!) Don't listen! (no escuchis!)
11 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
3. PASADO SIMPLE
El Pasado Simple es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza para describir acciones que han sucedido en un tiempo anterior y que ya han finalizado, por ejemplo:
- She cleaned her house. - I broke the window.
Al expresar una oracin en Pasado Simple se entiende que la accin no guarda relacin con el presente, como vemos en los siguientes casos:
- He lost the keys. - She lent me a book.
Tambin es posible indicar el momento en que se desarrolla la accin para indicar el tiempo con mayor precisin:
- They saw the movie last night. - We went to London yesterday.
Para poder formar una oracin en tiempo pasado debemos distinguir dos tipos: Verbos regulares e irregulares. En el primero de los casos forman su Pasado Simple aadiendo la terminacin ED al infinitivo, mientras que los irregulares reciben ese nombre por no seguir un patrn determinado y en este caso deben estudiarse individualmente.
3.1 PASADO SIMPLE CON VERBOS REGULARES
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I played I didnt played Did I play?
You played You didn't played Did you play?
He played He didn't played Did he play?
She played She didn't played Did she play?
It played It didn't played Did it play?
We played We didn't played Did we play?
You played You didn't played Did you play?
They played They didn't played Did they play?
Tanto en la forma interrogativa como en negativa se utiliza como auxiliar DID que es la forma pasada del verbo TO DO y acompaa al verbo principal en su forma infinitiva. En las negaciones puede utilizarse la forma contrada de DID NOT o sea DIDNT.
12 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
3.2 PASADO SIMPLE CON VERBO TO BE E IRREGULARES
Ahora veremos la conjugacin del verbo TO BE en el Pasado Simple, tiempo verbal qu corresponde al equivalente en castellano del Pretrito Imperfecto y Pretrito Indefinido:
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I was I was not / wasnt Was I?
You were You were not / werent Were you?
He was He was not / wasnt Was he?
She was She was not / wasnt Was she?
It was It was not / wasnt Was it?
We were We were not / werent Were we?
You were You were not / werent Were you?
They were They were not / werent Were they?
Un detalle a tener en cuenta, es que las contracciones generalmente se usan durante una conversacin y no as en la escritura, salvo que se trate de un texto informal o que transcriba un dilogo. Ejemplo verbo irregular come / venir come came come
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I was playing I was not / werent playing Was I playing?
You were playing You were not / werent playing Were you playing?
He was playing He was not / wasnt playing Was he playing?
She was playing She was not / wasnt playing Was she playing?
It was playing It was not /wasnt playing Was it playing?
We were playing We were not / werent playing Were we playing?
You were playing You were not / werent playing Were you playing?
They were playing They were not / werent playing Were they playing?
En el siguiente cuadro aparecen algunos de los verbos irregulares del ingls utilizados con ms frecuencia. Se denominan irregulares porque no siguen una regla determinada para construir su pasado por lo que deben estudiarse de memoria. En este caso aparecer de izquierda a derecha su significado en espaol, su forma en presente, su forma en pasado simple y su participio pasado, el cual se usa para formar los tiempos perfectos (Present Perfect & Past Perfect):
13 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
Espaol Present Past Participe
ser, estar am / is / are was / were been
vencer, golpear beat beat beaten
convertirse, llegar a ser become became become
empezar begin began begun
morder bite bit bitten
romper break broke broken
llevar, traer bring brought brought
construir build built built
comprar buy bought bought
poder can could -
atrapar, coger catch caught caught
elegir choose chose chosen
venir, entrar, acercarse come came come
costar cost cost cost
cortar cut cut cut
hacer do / does did done
pintar draw drew drawn
beber drink drank drunk
conducir drive drove driven
comer eat ate eaten
caer fall fell fallen
sentir feel felt felt
encontrar find found found
volar fly flew flown
olvidar forget forgot forgotten
coger, obtener, tomar get got got
dar give gave given
ir go went gone
crecer grow grew grown
colgar, tender hang hung hung
tener, haber have / has had had
escuchar hear head heard
golpear hit hit hit
herir hurt hurt hurt
mantener keep kept kept
conocer know knew known
aprender learn learnt learnt
dejar, abandonar leave left left
14 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
Espaol Present Past Participe
prestar lend lent lent
dejar let let let
mentir lie lay lain
perder lose lost lost
hacer, fabricar make made made
significar mean meant meant
conocer, encontrarse meet met met
pagar pay paid paid
poner put put put
leer read read read
montar a, montar en ride rode ridden
sonar ring rang rung
correr run ran run
decir say said said
ver see saw seen
vender sell sold sold
enviar send sent sent
poner, colocar set set set
brillar shine shone shone
callarse shut shut shut
cantar sing sang sung
sentarse sit sat sat
dormir sleep slept slept
hablar speak spoke spoken
gastar spend spent spent
estar de pie, mantenerse stand stood stood
robar steal stole stolen
nadar swim swam swum
tomar, coger take took taken
ensear teach taught taught
decir, contar tell told told
pensar think thought thought
lanzar throw threw thrown
comprender undestand understood understood
levantarse wake woke woken
llevar puesto wear wore worn
ganar win won won
escribir write wrote written
15 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
4. PASADO CONTINUO
El Pasado Continuo, es un tiempo verbal que describe acciones que estaban siendo realizadas en un momento del pasado al que se hace referencia y que luego continuaron:
- Yesterday he was studying English. - John was playing tennis at 10 a.m.
El Pasado Continuo se construye con el verbo auxiliar to be en su forma pasada y el verbo principal en infinitivo con la terminacin -ing
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I was playing I was not / werent playing Was I playing?
You were playing You were not / werent playing Were you playing?
He was playing He was not / wasnt playing Was he playing?
She was playing She was not / wasnt playing Was she playing?
It was playing It was not /wasnt playing Was it playing?
We were playing We were not / werent playing Were we playing?
You were playing You were not / werent playing Were you playing?
They were playing They were not / werent playing Were they playing?
Tambin se puede utilizar este tiempo verbal para relatar dos acciones que sucedieron en el pasado y que una de ellas ya se ha completado. Para ello utilizamos el Pasado Simple para mencionar lo que ya finaliz y el Pasado Continuo para relatar lo que sigue ejecutndose.
- When I left, he was studying the lesson. - They were singing when I broke the window.
5. PASADO PERFECTO
El Pasado Perfecto es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza para referirnos a una accin que tuvo lugar en un momento anterior a otra accin, aunque ambas hayan sucedido en el pasado estableciendo un orden entre ellas, por ejemplo:
- The film had finished when she arrived at the cinema. La pelcula haba terminado cuando ella lleg al cine. (Primera accin: la pelcula haba terminado Segunda accin: ella lleg al cine)
- Sarah had prepared dinner when her husband got home.
Sarah haba preparado la cena cuando su esposo lleg a casa. (Primera accin: Sarah haba preparado la cena Segunda accin: su esposo lleg a casa)
16 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
Estructura: Had + Participio Pasado (Past Participle) Los participios pasados de los verbos regulares tienen la misma forma que el pasado simple (-ed). Los verbos irregulares deben ser estudiados a parte Ejemplo verbo regular study / estudiar
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I had studied I hadn't studied Had I studied?
You had studied You hadn't studied Had you studied?
He had studied He hadn't studied Had he studied?
She had studied She hadn't studied Had she studied?
It had studied It hadn't studied Had it studied?
We had studied We hadn't studied Had we studied?
You had studied You hadn't studied Had you studied?
They had studied They hadn't studied Had they studied?
Ejemplo verbo irregular come / venir come came come
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I had come I hadn't come Had I come?
You had come You hadn't come Had you come?
He had come He hadn't come Had he come?
She had come She hadn't come Had she come?
It had come It hadn't come Had it come?
We had come We hadn't come Had we come?
You had come You hadn't come Had you come?
They had come They hadn't come Had they come?
6. PRESENT AND PAST HABITS AND STATES
Para hbitos actuals usamos usually o normally + presente
- I usually get up at 8.00 during the week.
- I dont normally go out during the week.
- Do you normally walk to work?
Para hbitos del pasado usamos used to o didnt used to + infinitivo
- We used to go to France for our holidays when I was a child
- He didnt used to do any exercise, but now he runs marathons
17 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
A menudo se utiliza never used to en vez de didnt used to
- I never used to like football, but I watch it every week now
Como used to expresa una accin que solamos hacer en el pasado, pero no
actualmente, se suele enfatizar usando any more y any longer + presente simple
- I used to go to the gym, but I dont (go) any more / any longer
Por ltimo, hay que diferenciar entre used to, be used to y get used to
Used to es lo que ya hemos dado
Be used to significa estar acostumbrado
- I am used to getting up early every day
Get used to significa acostumbrarse
- Lola cant get used to living in the UK
7. PRESENTE PERFECTO (PRESENT PERFECT)
Estructura: Have / Has + Participio Pasado (Past Participle) Y significa haber hecho algo: I have studied Yo he estudiado Los participios pasados de los verbos regulares tienen la misma forma que el pasado simple (-ed) Ejemplo verbo regular study / estudiar:
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I have studied / I've studied I haven't studied Have I studied?
You have studied You haven't studied Have you studied?
He has studied / He's studied He hasn't studied Has he studied?
She has studied She hasn't studied Has she studied?
It has studied It hasn't studied Has it studied?
We have studied We haven't studied Have we studied?
You have studied You haven't studied Have you studied?
They have studied They haven't studied Have they studied?
18 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
Ejemplo verbo irregular come / venir come came come
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I have come / I've come I haven't come Have I come?
You have come You haven't come Have you come?
He has come / He's come He hasn't come Has he come?
She has come She hasn't come Has she come?
It has come It hasn't come Has it come?
We have come We haven't come Have we come?
You have come You haven't come Have you come?
They have come They haven't come Have they come?
Se usa para hablar de cosas que han ocurrido sin mencionar el momento Ejemplo:
- Susan has had an accident. - Susan had an accident last year
(al mencionar cundo ocurri se usa el pasado simple) Se usa con acciones que empezaron en el pasado y se mantienen en el presente o tienen una consecuencia en el presente.
7.1 PALABRAS QUE ACOMPAAN AL PRESENTE PERFECTO
7.1.1 PRESENTE PERFECTO CON FOR & SINCE
How long? Cunto tiempo hace que?
For | four years Desde hace | cuatro aos
three years tres aos
eight months ocho aos
five minutes cinco minutos
Since | 1990 Desde | 1990
last month el mes pasado
my birthday mi cumpleaos
Christmas Navidad
8th of April el 8 de Abril
Ejemplos: How long have you lived in Plasencia? / Cunto tiempo hace que vives en Plasencia? I have lived in Plasencia for twenty years / Vivo en Plasencia desde hace 20 aos I have lived in Plasencia since I was born / Vivo en Plasencia desde que nac
19 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
7.1.2 PRESENTE PERFECTO CON EVER
Se suele usar en preguntas. Y tiene el significado de alguna vez Ejemplo:
- Have you ever travelled abroad? / Has viajado alguna vez al extranjero? RESPUESTA CORTA Yes, I have / No, I haven't RESPUESTA LARGA (Cuando quieres dar ms informacin) No, I've never travelled abroad Yes, I went to Portugal last year Yes, I was in France two years ago
- Has he ever eatten Japanese food? No, he's never eatten it. l ha comido alguna vez comida japonesa? No, nunca la ha comido
- Have you ever been to Barcelona? No, I've never been there
Has ido alguna vez a Barcelona? No, nunca he ido (ir y volver se usa to)
7.1.3 PRESENTE PERFECTO CON JUST
Se suele usar en oraciones afirmativas, aunque tambin se puede ver en oraciones interrogativas. Significa acabar de hacer algo. Have / Has + Just + Participio Pasado (Past Participle) Ejemplo:
- I've just eatten / Yo acabo de comer - What have you just done? / Qu acabas de hacer? - I've just done my homework / Yo acabo de hacer mis deberes
7.1.4 PRESENTE PERFECTO CON ALREADY & YET
Alredy = YA. Se usa en oraciones afirmativas y SIEMPRE va entre medias del auxiliar y el verbo en participio I've already read the newspaper / Yo ya he ledo el perodico Yet = Ya o Todava, an. Se usa en oraciones negativas o interrogativas y siempre al final Have you finished yet? We haven't finished yet / Habis acabado ya? Nosotros an no.
20 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
8. PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO
Se utiliza para enfatizar o resaltar la accin que ha ocurrido y significa:
- haber estado haciendo algo - llevar tiempo haciendo algo
Puede utilizarse tambin para acciones inacabadas, empez en el pasado y se mantiene en el presente o justo acaba de terminar. Estructura: Have / Has + Been + Verbo principal en -ing (Gerundio) Ejemplo:
- How long have you been waiting for the bus? Cunto tiempo llevas esperando el autobs?
- I've been waiting for the bus for 15 minutes
Llevo esperando al autobs desde hace 15 minutos
9. FUTURO
Hay tres formas verbales para expresar futuro:
9.1 FUTURO SIMPLE W ILL
Se utiliza para:
Hacer promesas. I will love you forever (te amar para siempre)
Hacer predicciones, basadas en nuestra opinin o en un clculo sin fundamento real, sin tener en qu basarte para dar tu opinin.
Decisin tomada en el momento de hablar What would you like to eat? I will have soup and the steak Qu te gustara comer? Tomar sopa y el filete
Una amenaza o Un ofrecimiento Estructura: AFIRMATIVA: Sujeto + will + verbo sin to NEGATIVA: Sujeto + wont + verbo sin to INTERROGATIVA: Will + Sujeto + verbo sin to
21 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
9.2 PRESENTE CONTINUO CON IDEA DE FUTURO
Expresar planes de tipo agenda, totalmente organizados y a muy corto plazo. Se realiza utilizando el presente continuo seguido de un adverbio de tiempo que exprese un futuro cercano, at 10.00 a.m., tomorrow, this weekend. Ejemplo:
- I'm having lunch with my cousins at 1.00 p.m. Voy a ir a comer con mis primos a la 1
- Are you going away or are you staying in Plasencia tomorrow? I'm staying in Plasencia Te vas a ir fuera o vas a estar en Plasencia maana? Yo voy a estar en Plasencia
9.3 FUTURO PRXIMO (GOING TO)
Se utiliza para expresar:
- un plan o una intencin a corto plazo - una prediccin, basada en algo que est sucediendo en el momento, es decir,
con fundamento veo que hay muchas nubes y digo va a llover - una cita, una reunin
AFIRMATIVA: Sujeto + will + verbo sin to
NEGATIVA: Sujeto + wont + verbo sin to
INTERROGATIVA: Will + Sujeto + verbo sin to Ejemplo:
- What are you going to do tonight? I'm going to see a film on TV Qu vas a hacer esta noche? Voy a ver una pelcula en la televisn
10. VERBOS MODALES
CAN. Se ubica antes del verbo principal en infinitivo. Significa 'poder'. Se utiliza para expresar habilidad, permiso. COULD. El verbo 'Could' Expresa poca probabilidad o condicionalidad. Significa: podra, pude, poda, pudiera de acuerdo con el contexto: I could dance if I could practice. MAY. El verbo 'may' se utiliza para expresar cierto grado de probabilidad de una accin o grado de certeza: It may rain today. Significa: podra, quizs, puede que. MIGHT. El verbo 'might' expresa dbil probabilidad o posibilidad. Se utiliza cuando queremos decir: podra, quizs, puede que (They might come tomorrow).
22 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
MUST / MUSTN'T. El verbo 'must' expresa una prohibicin u obligacin fuerte as como cierta certeza: I must go. She must be crazy. En espaol significa debo, debo de. SHALL. Se usa para indicar una accin futura que se debera de hacer Se suele utilizar en la oracin con los pronombres personales YO o NOSOTROS, y normalmente se encuentra en sugerencias: "Shall we go?" Deberamos ir? SHOULD. Usamos 'should' para expresar grado de posibilidad o probabilidad, as como tambin para obligacin dbil. Significa: debera, tendra que. I should study. OUGHT TO. El verbo 'ought to' es igual al 'should' y expresa una obligacin dbil. Significa debera, tendra que. WILL. En ingls no existen los verbos en futuro, sino que al agregar will, convertimos en futuro al verbo que le sigue: I will come to see you tonight. (Ir a verte esta noche) WOULD. 'Would' es el pasado de will en algunos casos y verbo auxiliar en otros. Convierte en potencial al verbo que le sigue y va seguido del verbo en forma base. En espaol se corresponde con el condicional. Para dar consejo u opinin de otra forma: You could always... / If I were you, I would... Would rather. se usa para expresar preferencia. Significa would prefer preferira. Est seguido del verbo en infinitivo sin to
- I would rather go out than study / I'd rather go out than study - Preferira salir a estudiar
Had better se usa para dar consejo. Est seguido de infinitivo sin to
- You had better eat fruit and vegetables / You'd better eat fruit and vegetables. - Sera mejor que comieses fruta y verdura
FUNCIN VERBO MODAL
Obligacin Must (Have to) [Deber, tener que]
No Obligacin Needn't (don't have to) [No es necesario, no tener que]
Prohibicin Mustn't
(in) ability Can (can't) [s-puedo, no s-no puedo]
Possibility / probability Might (may, can, could)
Advice (consejo) Should [deberas] (ought to, could)
Permiso May (can, could)
Peticin Can, could
Ofertar Shall, could
23 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
11. CONDICIONAL
Las oraciones condicionales son oraciones subordinadas que expresan una condicin. Teniendo en cuento el tipo de tiempos verbales que se utilizan dividimos las condicionales en cuatro tipos:
11.1 ZERO CONDITIONAL
Se utiliza para expresar verdades universales.
Estructura:
If sentece (presente) Main sentence (presente)
- If you heat water, it boils at 100C (Si calientas agua, hierve a los 100C)
11.2 FIRST CONDITIONAL
Probable condition: Significa que es probable que la condicin se cumpla, debido al tiempo verbal que uses. (Si estudias, aprobars) Estructura: If sentence Siempre presente. Lleva Si (If) o A Menos Que (Unless) Main sentence Siempre futuro.
- If you study, you will pass Condicional de imperativo: If sentence presente main sentence imperativo
- If you drink, don't drive (Si bebes, no conduzcas.)
11.3 SECOND CONDITIONAL
Improbable condition: Significa que es improbable que la condicin se cumpla, debido al tiempo verbal que usas. Estructura: If sentence Pretrito imperfecto de subjuntivo (en ingls, el pasado simple) * En la 1 persona y 3 persona, se pone were If I were you... Si yo fuera t... Main sentence Condicional simple, would + verbo en infinitivo
- If you studied, you would pass (Si estudiaras, aprobaras) - If I were taller, I would join the army (Si fuera ms alto, me unira la armada)
24 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
11.4 THIRD CONDITIONAL
Impossible condition: Significa que es imposible que la condicin se cumpla, debido al tiempo verbal que usas. (Si hubieras estudiado, habras aprobado) Estructura If sentence Pretrito pluscuamperfecto (en ingls, el pasado perfecto) [had + participio] Main sentence Condicional compuesto [would + have + participio del verbo principal]
- If you had studied, you would have passed
11.5 MIXED CONDITIONALS
Se mezclan distintos tiempos verbales de las otras condicionales:
- If we had taken (3) a map when we left this morning, we would know (2) the way back home Si hubiramos cogido el mapa cuando nos fuimos esta maana, nosostros sabramos el camino para volver a casa
- If the island were (2) still a tourist attraction, last week's earthquake would have caused (3) more deaths Si la isla fuese todava una atraccin turstica, el terremoto de la semana pasada habra causado ms muertes.
12. OTROS MODOS DE HACER CONDICONALES
12.1 CONDICIONAL CON WISH + SUJETO + PASADO SIMPLE
Se usa para expresar un deseo sobre una situacin irreal.
- I wish I were rich (but I am not) / Ojal fuera rico (pero no lo soy) - I wish I could fly. / Ojal pudiera volar. - I wish I spoke English more fluently. / Ojal hablara ingls ms fludamente. - I wish I didn't have to work tomorrow. / Ojal no tuviera que trabajar maana.
12.2 CONDICIONAL CON WISH + SUJETO + PASADO PERFECTO
Se usa para expresar un deseo frustrado sobre el pasado.
- I wish I had learned English when I was younger. Ojal hubiera aprendido ingls cuando era ms joven.
- I wish I had stayed at the party. Ojal me hubiera quedado en la fiesta.
- I wish I hadn't seen Mark and Lucy together! - Ojal no hubiera visto a Mark y a Lucy juntos!
25 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
12.3 CONDICIONAL CON WISH + WOULD + VERBO EN INFINITIVO SIN TO
Se usa para expresar desagrado o irritacin sobre algo que pasa y que probablemente no se pueda remediar:
- I wish you would just shut up! Ojal te callaras!
- I wish Tom wouldn't snore so much... Ojal Tom no roncara tanto...
*Con el verbo stop (parar) de hacer algo el verbo que va detrs va en -ing
- I wish you would stop making that noise. Ojal dejaras de hacer ese ruido.
- I wish they would stop fighting. Ojal dejaran de pelear.
12.4 SUSTITUTIVOS DE IF (UNLESS & AS LONG AS)
Unless - a menos que (la oracin principal debe ir en negativo) - Unless we book now, we won't find a place to stay.
A menos que reservemos ya, no vamos a encontrar lugar donde alojarnos.
As long as - siempre y cuando - I'll help you with Biology, as long as you help me with French.
Yo te ayudo con biologa, siempre y cuando t me ayudes con francs.
13. PASIVA
Cuestiones generales sobre la voz pasiva
- La voz pasiva se utiliza mucho ms en ingls que en espaol. - La voz pasiva se utiliza ms en el lenguaje periodstico y cientfico. - Tambin se utiliza para poner mensajes en lugares pblicos.
Dogs are not allowed. No se permiten perros. - Algunas veces se suprime el verbo "to be".
Help wanted. Se necesitan empleados. Para transformar una oracin activa a pasiva tenemos en cuenta los siguientes puntos:
1. El objeto de la oracin activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva. 2. El verbo principal se sustituye por el auxiliar "to be", en su mismo tiempo, junto
al verbo principal en participio. 3. El sujeto de la oracin principal pasa a ser complemento agente de la pasiva. 4. Si hacemos mencin en la oracin del sujeto que realiza la accin (sujeto agente),
este ir normalmente precedido por la preposicin "by".
26 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
Verbo activo Verbo pasivo
Present is/are + verbo en participio
He loves her She is loved (by him)
Present Continuous is/are being + verbo en participio
They are making toys They (the toys) are being made (by them)
Past Tense was/were + verbo en participio
He killed them They were killed (by him)
Past Continuous was/were being + verbo en participio
They were making toys They (the toys) were being made (by them)
Present Perfect have/has been + verbo en participio
He has said it It has been said (by him).
La expresiones con "se" tales como: se dice, se habla, etc.; se expresan en ingls con la voz pasiva 2. Este tipo de construccin pasiva (utilizada cada vez con mayor frecuencia en los medios) se forma con la estructura:
It + to be + participio (participle)
- It is reported (Se informa) - It is said (Se dice) - It is known (Se sabe) - It is supposed (Se supone)
Aqu hay dos ejemplos dnde podemos apreciar las dos formas de pasiva:
ACTIVE: Everybody thinks Cathy works very hard. PASSIVE 1: Cathy is thought to work very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...) PASSIVE 2: It is thought that Cathy works very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...)
ACTIVE: They believed Tom is wearing a white pullover. PASSIVE 1: Tom was believed to be wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...) PASSIVE 2: It was believed that Tom is wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)
14. ESTILO INDIRECTO (REPORTED SPEECH)
Utilizamos el estilo directo cuando queremos comunicar a alguien lo que otra persona ha dicho usando las palabras exactas que sta utiliz. Se caracteriza porque la informacin va entre comillas y detrs del verbo introductor van dos puntos.
- They say: we are hungry Ellos dicen: Tenemos hambre Nosotros utilizamos el estilo indirecto para comunicar lo que otra persona ha dicho pero sin usar las palabras exactas que utiliz.
- They say that they are hungry. Ellos dicen que tienen hambre Cuando el verbo introductor (say) del estilo indirecto est en presente, pretrito perfecto o futuro, los tiempos verbales no cambian.
27 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
Sin embargo, cuando el verbo introductor est en pasado el otro verbo cambia a su tiempo correspondiente ms pasado.
ESTILO DIRECTO ESTILO INDIRECTO
Presente Simple Pasado Simple
He said: I live in a big house He said he lived in a big house.
Presente Continuo Pasado Continuo
He said: I'm doing my homework He said he was doing his homework.
Pretrito Perfecto (Present Perfect) Pretrito Pluscuamperfecto (Past Perfect)
They said: We have just arrived They said they had just arrived.
Pasado Simple Pretrito Pluscuamperfecto (Past Perfect)
He said: I saw them at the party He said he had seen them at the party.
Adems, algunos verbos modales y expresiones tambin varan:
ESTILO DIRECTO ESTILO INDIRECTO
Can Could
He said: I can play the guitar He said he could play the guitar
Will Would
He said: I'll answer the phone He said he would answer the phone
Must / Have to Had to
He said: You must be more tolerant He said I had to be more tolerant
May Might
He said: It may rain He said it might rain
This That
Here There
Today That day
Yesterday The day before / The previous day
Tomorrow The following day / The next day
Tonight That night
A week ago A week before
El verbo introductor en el estilo indirecto suele ser say, aunque cuando en el estilo indirecto el verbo introductor va seguido de un pronombre objeto se utiliza tell
- He said to me: I'm a bit sad He told me he was a bit sad
28 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
Los pronombres y adjetivos posesivos de primera persona cambian a tercera persona en el estilo indirecto.
- He said: I can't read with my glasses He said he couldn't read with his glasses. El pronombre personal You (T o Vosotros) cambia a I o We, en el estilo indirecto.
- He said: You are lucky He said I was lucky.
Adems de los verbos say y tell, otros verbos que pueden usarse en el estilo
indirecto son:
order (ordenar), advise (aconsejar), ask (preguntar o pedir), warn (avisar) Al pasar una orden, un consejo, una peticin, una amenaza... empleamos la siguiente estructura:
SUJETO + VERBO INTRODUCTOR EN PASADO + OBJETO + INFINITIVO CON TO He said to Jack: Open the door, please He asked Jack to open the door. He said to me: Don't talk He ordered me not to talk My mother said to me: You should study harder She advised me to study harder
14.1 ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS INDIRECTAS (REPORTED QUESTIONS)
Las oraciones interrogativas indirectas pueden ir introducidas por los siguientes verbos: Ask (pedir o preguntar), Want to know (querer saber), Wonder (preguntarse) Cuando una oracin interrogativa se pasa a estilo indirecto deja de tener el orden de las oraciones interrogativas. Los cambios de los tiempos verbales son los mismos, se pueden dividir las Interrogativas Indirectas en dos grupos:
a) Wh- questions (Preguntas con partcula interrogativa) He said: Where do you live? He asked me where I lived
b) Yes/No questions (Preguntas de S o No) van introducidas por If / Whether (si..) He said: Can you open the door? He asked if/whether I could open the door.
14.2 OTROS VERBOS INTRODUCTORES DEL ESTILO INDIRECTO
Admit (Admitir) Agree (Estar de acuerdo) Complain (Quejarse)
Explain (Explicar) Insist (Insistir) Reply (Contestar)
Claim (Reclamar) Promise (Prometer) Suggest (Sugerir)
Estos verbos llevan la oracin introducida con That Ejemplo: Why don't we go to the pub, he said He suggested that we could go to the pub He suggested that we went to the pub
29 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
De la lista anterior, los verbos promise y agree pueden ir seguidos tambin de infinitivo con to:
- I'll come back in two weeks, she said. She promised that she would come back in two weeks
- I'll come back in two weeks, she said She promised to come back in two weeks.
Por ltimo, los siguientes verbos exigen que si va otro verbo detrs, termine en -ing:
Admit Insist on Accuse someone of
Recommend Apologise for Suggest
- You have cheated in the exam, they said. They accused me of cheating in the exam.
- I was late for work, I know, he said. He admitted being late for work.
15. ADJETIVOS COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
Los adjetivos comparativos se utilizan para comparar dos personas, lugares, cosas etc. entre s, y los superlativos para compararlos con el resto de un grupo. Para formar el adjetivo comparativo normalmente aadimos -er al adjetivo. Para formar el adjetivo superlativo normalmente aadimos -est. Algunas excepciones a la regla son:
Adjetivo
Comparativo
Superlativo
Monoslabos terminados en -e. Ejemplos: wide, fine, cute
Aaden una -r: wider, finer, cuter
Aaden -st: widest, finest, cutest
Monoslabos terminados en vocal consonante. Ejemplos:
hot, big, fat
Doblan la consonante y aaden -er: hotter,
bigger, fatter
Doblan la consonante y aaden -est: hottest,
biggest, fattest
Monoslabos terminados en ms de una vocal o consonante.
Ejemplo: light, neat, fast
Aaden -er: lighter, neater, faster
Aaden -est: lightest, neatest, fastest
Bislabos terminados en -y. Ejemplo: happy, silly, lonely
Cambian -y por -i y
aaden -er: happier, sillier, lonelier
Cambian -y por -i y
aaden -est: happiest, silliest, loneliest
Palabras de dos slabas o ms no acabadas en -y. Ejemplos: modern, interesting, beautiful
Se coloca "more" o less antes del adjetivo: more
modern, more interesting, more beautiful
Se coloca "most" o least antes del
adjetivo: most modern, most interesting, most
beautiful
30 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
Ahora bien, tambin hay adjetivos irregulares:
- Good -> Better -> Best - Bad -> Worse -> Worst - Far -> Further -> Farthest
Para realizar la comparacin basta con colocar el adjetivo comparativo seguido de than entre los sustantivos comparados:
- My sister is a bit taller than me. - London is more expensive than Edinburgh. - This test is less difficult than the last one. - Olive oil is better for you than butter
En comparaciones negativas podemos usar (not) as + adjetivo + as:
- The new sofa isnt as confortable as the old one. - I dont have as many books as I used to
Para indicar que dos personas, cosas, lugares, etc. son idnticos usamos the same as:
- Her dress is the same as mine Por ltimo, hay que tener en cuenta que despus de than o as podemos usar un pronombre objeto (me, him, her, etc.) o un sujeto seguido verbo to be.
- Shes taller than me / Shes taller than I am - Theyre not as busy as us / Theyre not as busy as we are
A la hora comparar un sustantivo respecto al resto de un grupo se usa the + superlativo:
- Kevin is the tallest player in the team. - Oslo is the most expensive capital city in Europe. - The small bag is the least expensive. - Lucy is the best student in the class. - Who dresses the most stylishly in your family?
A menudo se usan los superlativos con el presente perfecto (present perfect) + ever:
- Thats the worst weve ever played (Eso es lo peor que hemos jugado) - Its the best book Ive ever read (Es el mejor libro que he leido)
Por ltimo, hay que tener en cuenta que se utiliza in y no of antes de lugares precedidos por un superlativo:
- Its the longest bridge in the world (not of the wordl) - Its the best beach in England (not of England)
31 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
16. A / AN, THE, NO ARTCULO
Se usa a / an con nombres contables singulares:
- La primera vez que se menciona una cosa o persona:
I saw an old man with a dog
- Cundo describes como es algo o lo que hace alguien:
Its a nice house. Shes a lawyer
- En exclamaciones con What!
What an awful day!
- En expresiones de frecuencia:
I have classes three times a week
Se usa the:
- Cundo hablamos sobre algo que ya ha sido mencionado:
I saw an old man with a dog. The dog was barking.
- Cundo est claro a lo que nos estamos refiriendo:
My father opened the door. The children are at school.
- Cundo slo hay uno de algo:
The moon goes round the Earth.
- Con lugares de una ciudad (cinema, theatre, etc.):
Im going to the cinema tonight
- Con superlativos:
Its the best restaurant in town
No usamos artculo:
- Cundo hablamos en general (con nombres plurales e incontables):
I love flowers (flores en general) / I love the flowers in my garden (concretas)
- Con algunos nombres despus de at / to / from:
Shes not at home today. I get back from work at 5.30
- Antes de las comidas, das y meses:
I never have breakfast
- Antes de next / last + day, week, etc.
See you next Friday.
17. THERE IS / THERE ARE (HAY)
There is se usa con singular o con incontables (Puede escribirse There's)
- There is a pen on the desk / Hay un bolgrafo en el escritorio (es singular) - There's some sugar in the cup / Hay algo de azcar en la copa (es incontable)
There are se usa con plural (Slo se puede escribir as)
- There are some children in the street / Hay algunos nios en la calle (es plural)
32 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
18. QUANTIFIERS
18.1 LARGE QUANTITIES
- Usamos a lot of o lots of en frases afirmativas:
My uncle and aunt have a lot of money / Nina has lots of clothes
- Cundo no hay sustantivo usamos a lot:
James eats a lot / He talks a lot
- Much / many se usan normalmente en frases negativas e interrogativas:
There arent many cafs near here / Do you have many close friends?
I dont eat much chocolate / Do you watch much TV?
- Usamos plenty of en frases afirmativas para expresar que es ms que suficiente:
Dont run. We have plenty of time
18.2 SMALL QUANTITIES
- Para expresar un poco o pocos, usamos a Little + nombres incontables y a few +
nombres plurales contables.
Do you want some more ice cream? Just a little
The town only has a few cinemas.
- Very little y very few = not much / many
Im so busy that I have very little time for myself.
Sarah isnt popular and she has very few friends.
18.3 MORE OR LESS THAN YOU NEED OR WANT
Para expresar que hay demasiado de algo usamos:
- Too + adjetivo
I dont like this city. Its too big and its too noisy.
- Too much + nombre incontable
Theres too much traffic and too much noise.
- Too many + nombres plurales contables.
There are too many tourists and too many cars.
Para expresar que no hay suficiente de algo usamos:
- Enough + nombre
There arent enough parks and there arent enough trees
- Adjetivo + Enough
The buses arent frequent enough.
- Adverbio + Enough
The buses dont run frequently enough
33 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1
18.4 ZERO QUANTITY
- Usamos any (+ nombre) en una negacin
There isnt any room in the car. We dont have any eggs
- Usamos no + nombre en una afirmacin
Theres no room in the car. We have no eggs
- Usamos none, sin ningn nombre, en respuestas cortas
How many eggs do we have? None. Ive used them all
19. RELATIVE CLAUSES
19.1 DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Da informacin importante sobre una persona, lugar o cosa. Podra traducirse en la
mayora de los casos por el que la que en el que
- Usamos el pronombre relativo who para personas, which para cosas y animales
y where para lugares:
Julias the woman who Works in the office with me (Julia es la mujer que trabaja
en la oficina conmigo)
Its a self-help book which teaches you how to relax (Es un libro de autoayuda el
que te ensea como relajarte)
Thats the house where I was born (Esa es la casa en la que nac)
- Usamos whose para expresar cuyo, cuya
Is Frank the man whose brother plays for Arsenal? (Es Frank el hombre cuyo
hermano juega en el Arsenal?
Its a plant whose leaves change color in spring (Es una planta cuyas flores
cambian de color en primavera).
- Who y Which pueden omitirse cuando los verbos de la oracin principal y la
relativa hacen referencia a sujetos diferentes.
Ive just had a text from the girl (who) I meet on the flight to Paris
This is the new phone (which) I bought yesterday
19.2 NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Da informacin extra y no esencial sobre una persona, lugar o cosa y puede traducirse
por el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales:
- Pueden ser omitidas, y la frase seguira teniendo sentido
This painting, which was painted in 1860, is worth millions of pounds
This painting is worth millions of pounds
- La oracin relative debe ir entre comas, o coma y punto y Who y Which no
pueden ser omitidos
Last week I visited my aunt, whos nearly 90 years old.
My neighbor, whose son goes to my sons school, has just remarried
34 Gramtica Inglesa: Nivel B1
20. QUESTIONS TAGS
Se utilizan para comprobar que algo que acabamos de afirmar o negar es cierto. Para
formar una Question tag hay que utilizar un verbo auxiliar correspondiente al tiempo
verbal de la frase principal y un pronombre.
En el caso de afirmaciones, el auxiliar estar en negativo. Para negaciones el auxiliar
estar en positivo
Positive verb, negative tag Negative verb, positive tag
It's cold today, isn't it? She isn't here today, is she?
You're Polish, aren't you You aren't angry, are you?
They live in Ankara, don't they They don't smoke, do they?
The match finishes at 8.00, doesn't it? Lucy doesn't eat meat, does she?
Your sister worked int he USA, did't she? You didn't like the film, did you?
We've met before, haven't we? Mike hasn't been to Rome before, has he?
You'll be OK, won't you? You won't tell anyone, will you?
You'd go on holiday with me, wouldn't you? Sue wouldn't quit her job, would she?
35 Gramtica inglesa: Nivel B1