Grammar and usageGrammar and usage

Unit 3

Past perfect tense

Unit 3Unit 3 教学目标： 以观察—发现—讨论—归纳—运用为主要教学模式，充分利用本单元语言素材，通过多种图示和语法规则的呈现，让学生比较全面系统地掌握过去完成时的用法、一般过去时与过去完成时的用法区别及现在完成时与过去完成时的用法区别。

Lead in

Hong Kong ________ to China in 1997.returned

Macao ________ to China in 1999.returned

Hong Kong ____________ to China

before Macao came back to China.

had returned

Go through Page 48-51

The simple past tense talks about a

past action. When something happens

at an even earlier time in the past, we

use the past perfect tense

Past perfect tense

had done

PresentPast

build a garden

clean the house

I ___________ the house before I _____ a

garden.

had cleaned built

Friday

The following is what I did last week.

More examples of the Past perfect tense.

1. When we got to the station, the train

had left.

2. By the end of last year, my brother

had been a soldier for 10 years.

3. Before Tony went to work, he had

finished reading the novel.

4. Not until 10 years later did she know,

the diamond she had borrowed was

just made of glass.

• 主语 + had + 过去分词 （肯定式）• 主语 +had + not + 过去分词 （否定式）• Had + 主语 + 过去分词 （疑问式）• 主语 + had been+ 过去分词 ( 被动语态） e.g. We had not heard from him since we lef

t here.

自从我们离开以来一直没有收到他的来信。

Past perfect tense

1. 在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句。

e.g. She said (that) she had never been to

Paris.

她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。

2. 状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，

发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。

e.g. When the police arrived, the thieve

s had run away.

警察到达时，小偷们早跑了。

3. 表示意向的动词，如 hope, wish, exp

ect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原本……，未能……”。

e.g. We had hoped that you would co

me, but you didn’t.

那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。

4. 在 by, by the end, by the time, until, be

fore, since 后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句。

e.g. By the end of last year, we had

produced 20,000 cars.

The train had left before we

reached the station.

5. 表示“一……就”的几个句型： Hardly had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when

+ 一般过去时 No sooner had + 主语 + 过去分词 + th

an + 一般过去时 Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + befo

re + 一般过去时 e.g. No sooner had we been seated than t

he bus started. 我们一坐下，车就开了。

典型考题The students ___ busily when Miss

Brown went to get a book she ___ in the

office. 　A. had written, left 　 B. were writing, has left 　C. had written, had left

D. were writing, had left

答案 D 。 “把书忘在办公室”发生在”去取书”这一过去的动作之前，因此”忘了书”这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中 when 表示的是时间的一点，表示在“同学们正忙于……”这一背景下， when 所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。

1. The news is no surprise to me, I ___

for some time that the factory is going

to shut down.

A. had known B. know

C. have known D. knew 过去完成时不能孤立使用， 它必须以过去某一时间为基点，即“过去的过去”，因此只有在和过去某时或动作相比较时才用到它。

2. John and I ______ friends for eight

years. We first got to know each other

at a Christmas party. But we _____

each other a couple of times before that.

A. had been; have seen

B. have been; have seen

C. had been; had seen

D. have been; had seen

3. 我原打算来的，但太忙了。 (mean)

I had meant to come, but I was too

busy.

had meant/planned/intended to do

…, 表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算、想法等。

Amelia EarhartThe first woman pilot to fly across the Atlantic 生于 1897 年 7 月 24日， 1937 年 7 月 2 日失踪， 1939 年 1 月 5日被宣布逝世。

Amelia Earhart was born on 24 July 1897. She had an exciting childhood. Before she moved to Des Moines, she ⑴____ already _____ her first airplane. She

_______ to Chicago, six years later.⑵ She worked as a nurse in the First

World War and became interested in flying. She ______ already _______⑶ flying lessons before she bought her first plane.

had seen

had

moved

taken

Then her interest in flying really began to grow. In 1929, she organized an air race for women. A year earlier, she ________⑷____ the first woman air passenger to fly across the Atlantic. She married George Putnam in 1931. They ⑸ ___________ three years before when he interviewed her in New York. In 1932, she became the first woman to fly alone across the Atlantic.

had become

had met

On 1 June 1937, she __________ her ⑹round-the-world flight. The flight went well in June. She reached New Guinea on the 29th . She _____________ flying nearly ⑺a month earlier. When base tried to contact Amelia at 9.30 p.m. on 2 July 1937, she _______ ⑻already ________ missing.

started

had started

hadgone

When the Titanic was built, people assumed it would never sink. So, when it sank on its first journey, the news (1) __________ (surprise) everyone greatly.The Titanic was built in Belfast, Ireland. Its makers (2) _______ (spend) a great deal of money building the extraordinary ship. When it was finished, it was the largest and most comfortable ship ever built.

surprised

spent

The Titanic set sail on 10 April 1921. ‘I (3) _____________ (want) to set foot on the Titanic ever since it was built,’ said Molly Brown, a Titanic survivor. ‘I never imagined it would sink.’On 13 April, the Titanic was sailing at full speed towards New York. The captain, who (4)____________ (receive) warnings about icebergs all day, had missed the warnings as they (5)__________(arrive).

had wanted

had received

arrived

At 2.20 a.m., the Titanic sank into the sea. It (6) ________(hit) an iceberg just over two hours before. Of the 2,208 people aboard the ship, only 705 (7) _________ (survive).Explorer Robert Ballard (8)___________ (search) for the Titanic for more than 20 year before he found it. ‘When new technology was developed, we (9)______ (use) it to send cameras down

had hit

had searched

used

survived

into sea. Finally, we found the ship .’ With his cameras, he was able to find the hole along the side of the ship which (10)____________(cause) it to fill with water and sink.

had caused

The present perfect tense is used when

we are talking about a past event which

relates to the present time.

The past perfect tense is used when we

are discussing the past and want to talk

about an even earlier event.

Present perfect or past perfect?

Cai Lun is a famous Chinese inventor, known for inventing paper. Cai invented paper in AD 105, but (1) ____________ many times at first. Before his invention worked, Cai (2) ___________ many different parts of trees and plants to make

The inventor of paper

hear try catch fail show

had failed

had tried

paper --- even old fishing nets! After Cai invented paper, people all over China used it. At that time, however, no one (3) ___________ of Cai or paper in the West. Paper was spread to the West through the Arabs, who learnt how to make paper in AD 751. They (4) ____________ several Chinese paper makers during a war,

had heard

had caught

who then told them about Cai’s invention. Once the paper makers (5) ____________ people how to make paper, it came into widespread use all over the world.

had shown

1 、现在完成时表示发生在过去但对现在有影响的动作。e.g. 你听说过林则徐的故事吗？ Have you heard about the stor

y of Lin Zexu?

Summary

2 、表示从过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在（可能还会继续下去）的动作，常用于延续性动词，多带有延续性时间状语，如 : since, for three we

eks, so far, in recent years 等。e.g. 这座房子已闲置好多年。 The house has been empty for many years.

3 、表示将来，用于时间、条件等从句中。e.g. 我一完成工作就和你一起去。 I’ll go with you as soon as I have

finished my work.

注 * 终止性动词一般不与延续性时间状语连用，所以有些句子在汉语中成立， 在英语中则要适当变通。如：“他参军已经三年了。”不能翻译成：“He has joined the army for three years.”

但可变通为：“He has been a soldier/ in the army for th

ree years.”

“He joined the army three years ago.”

但是终止性动词的否定式则可以用于完成时。如： We haven’t seen each other for a lo

ng time.

* 在“ this is the first (second) time that

…” 句型中，从句谓语常用现在完成时。e.g. 这是我第三次来这里。 This is the third time that I have been

here.

*副词 before 常与现在完成时连用。 e.g. Have you ever met him before?

你以前见过他吗？

Practice

1. Tom was disappointed that most of

the guests __ when he __ at the

party. A. left; had arrived

B. left; arrived

C. had left; had arrived

D. had left; arrived

2. We ______ four thousand new

words by the end of last year.

A. had learned

B. have learned

C. learned

D. will have learned

3. When Mark opened the door, he saw

a woman standing there. He ____ her

before.

A. never saw B. had never seen

C. never sees D. has never seen

4. I can’t see any coffee in this

cupboard. _____?

A. Has it all been finished

B. Was it all finished

C. Has it all finished

D. Did it all finished

5. ______ my sister three times today but

her line was always busy.

A. I’d phoned B. I’ve been

phoning C. I’ve phoned D. I was

phoning

6. ----The window is dirty.

---- I know. It ________ for

weeks. A. hasn’t cleaned

B. didn’t clean

C. wasn’t cleaned

D. hasn’t been cleaned

7. The first use of atomic weapons

was in 1945, and their power ____

increased enormously ever since.

A. is B. was

C. has been D. had

been

8. More patients ___ in hospital this

year than last year.

A. Treated

B. have treated

C. have been treated

D. have been treated

9. They ___ on the program for almost

one week before I joined them, and

now we ___ it as no good results have

come out so far.

A. had been working; are still working

B. had worked;

were still working

C. have been working; have

worked D.

have worked; are still working

Homework

Workbook Exercise Page 104 C1, C2