Grammar and usage

Verb-ed form as anadjective or adverb

1. attribute( 定语 )

• The lost child was found at last.

• The child lost in the park was found at last.

单独及物动词的过去分词一般置于被修饰名词__，而过去分词短语则要位于名词之 __

前后

1 ） A single verb-ed can appear before a noun modifying the noun like an adjective. It can be changed into an attributive clause.

We should drink boiled water.We should drink water which has been boiled.

They took the woman who was injured to the nearby hospital at once.They took the injured woman to the nearby hospital at once.

• Scientific experiments carried out by the students without a teacher can be dangerous. _______________________________________________

Scientific experiments which are carried out by the students without a teacher can be dangerous.

The ground is covered with fallen leaves when autumn wind blows.

_________

The ground is covered with leaves which are fallen when autumn wind blows. ×

Find out the differences

which have fallen

the retired worker 退休工人 past

a widely used language passive

the highly praised scientist

passive

fallen leaves 落叶 past

及物动词的过去分词具有被动和完成意义 .

不及物动词的过去分词只表示 完成意义

.fallen leaves 落叶falling leaves 正在飘落的树叶the sun 升起的太阳

the sun 正在升起的太阳a country 发达国家a country 发展中国家

risen

rising

developed

developing

Compare the phrases

2) A verb-ed phrase can appear after a noun to modify the noun like an attributive clause does.The name mentioned in the letter was unknown to me.The name which was mentioned in the letter was unknown to me.The firemen were trying to rescue the people trapped in the fire.The firemen were trying to rescue the people who were trapped in the fire.

The main road ___________ will be completed next year.

The main road______________________will be completed next year

that/which is being built

The main road ________________(build) next week is benefical to our life.

to be built

cci

The main road ________________(build) lastyear is benefical to our life.

built

思考：不定式，现在分词，过去分词都可以做定语，那什么区别吗？

being built

_______ yesterday

The meeting ___________ now

__________ tomorrow

is of great importance. (hold)

held

being held

to be held

分析： 不定式作定语表示动作将要去做；现在分词作定语表动作正在进行，且分词和主语呈主动关系；而过去分词做定语表示动作已完成，且和主语之间是被动关系。

3) A verb-ed can also be used as a non-restrictive attribute ( 非限定性定语 ) which is separated from the noun it modifies by a comma( 逗号 ).The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. The books, which were written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.The meeting, which was attended by one thousand students, was a success. The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.

2. Predictive 表语

Edison became interested in science when he was very young.

The little boy was very excited when he heard that he could go to the party.

__________

________

总结：过去分词通常跟在系动词： be, seem, appear, look, sound ,feel, remain, stay, become… 等之后，表示“感到 ....” ，主语多数情况下是人。

• The window is broken.

• The room is deserted.

It was broken by Tim.

• She has been deserted by her husband.

被动结构 ( 表示动作 )

be+ 表语结构 ( 表示状态 )

3. Object complement1. As he knows very little English, he

finds it difficult to make himself understood.

2. I had my house painted yesterday

_______________

_________

总结：过去分词也可用在感官动词： see, hear, notice, feel, watch... 及使役动词 get, have, make, leave/ keep , find 之后做宾补。

• I saw Mary _______ (dance) in the gym yesterday.

• I saw Mary ________ (dance) in the gym at that time.

• I saw Mary _______ (praise) by her teacher in the classroom.

• He watched the bed ______ (carry )out of the door.

dance

dancing

praised

1)feel/hear/notice/see/watch+sb/sth+ do/doing/done

carried

•Keep your mouth _____ (shut) and your eyes open.

•They had the machine _______ (run) all the night.

•Every year, the landlord had the slaves ________ (pick) cottons.

•The manager told the workers to have the wall __________(paint) before the weekend.

running

pick

painted

2)get/have/make/keep/leave+sb/sth+do/doing/done

shut

with+宾语 +to doWith+宾语 +doneWith+宾语 +doing1.With so many difficult problems _____(solve),he could

travel with his wife.2.With so many difficult problems

___________(solve),he couldn’t travel with his wife.3.With so many difficult problems_____ (fill)his mind,he

couldn't solve these problems.4.He had to come back home with his

money_______/___( 用光）

solved

to solve

filling

running out run out of

1. Most of the artists _____ to the party were from South Africa. (’90NMET)

A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited

2. The disc, digitally ______ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. （’ 04 上海）A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded

3. I was very ____ to find all the tickets had been sold out when I got there.

A.disappoint B. to disappoint C. disappointing D. disappointed

1.Tired after the trip, he soon fell asleep.2.Given more time, I would have worked

out the problem.3.Lost in thought, he almost ran into a

car.4.The teacher came in, followed by

some students.5.Seen from the hill, the city looks like a

garden.

原因状语

原因状语条件状语

伴随状语

时间状语

过去分词作状语

过去分词短语作状语，可表示____ 、 ____ 、 _____ 、 _____ 等，相当于一个 _____ 从句。它与主句主语是被动关系，表示完成或被动的动作。

状语原因

时间条件 伴随

过去分词作状语过去分词作状语，修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情景，表示时间、条件、原因、让步、伴随情况等。一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。

Seen from the space, the earth looks blue.

When (it is ) seen from space, the earth looks blue.

Although (he was) beaten by the enemy, he refused to let out the secret.

Beaten by the enemy, he refused to let out the secret.

_____for a long time, the book looks old.

______the book, I find it useful. （ use ）He came into the classroom,_______ by some students.He came into the classroom,________ some students. (follow)

区别：现在分词与过去分词作状语

Used

Using

followed

following

exercises about V-ed

1. ____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.

A . Given B . To give

C . Giving D . Having given2. Climbing mountains was ____, so we all felt

____. A. tiring ; tired B. tired ; tiring C. tiring ; tiring D. tired ; tired3. The ____ morning, the father came into the

lonely house , ____ by his naughty boy . A. following ; following B. followed ;

followed C. following ; followed D. followed ; following

4. ____ these pictures, I couldn’t help thinking of those days when I was in Beijing.

____ from the top of a thirty-storeyed building, Beijing looks more magnificent.

A.Seeing ; seen B. Seen ; seeing

C. Seeing ; seeing D. Seen ; seen

5. I was fortunate to pick up a wallet ____ on the ground on the way home, but unfortunately for me, I found my colour TV set ____ when I got home. A. lying; stolen B. laying; stealing C. lay; stolen D. lying; stealing6. ____ better attention , the vegetables could have grown better with the sun shining brightly in the sky and ____ them light. A. Giving; given B. Given; given C. Giving; giving D. Given; giving

6. ____ he still could not understand it. A. Told many times B. Having been telling many timesC. He has been told many times D. Since he had been told many times7. On hearing the ____ news, I was too ____ to sleep. A. exciting ; excited B. excited ; exciting C. exciting ; exciting D. excited ; excited