Upload
aleccohen
View
572
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Citation preview
Grammar Book
By:Alec Cohen
Table of Contents• Preterite
• Preterite trigger words
• Car, gar, zar
• Spock
• Cucaracha
• Snake
• Snakey
• Imperfect
• Imperfect trigger words
• Preterite vs imperfect
• Ser vs estar
• Verbs like gustar
• Comparatives/superlatives
• Transition words
Conditional + irregulars Perfect Tenses
Present Past
Present perfect irregulars Subjunctive perfect
tanto y tanImpersonal ‘se’
Saber vs. Conocer Los Mandatos
Informal/Formal Affirmative Negative Irregular
DOP + IOP placement Nosotros command
-mono verbs Subjunctive + irregulars
Trigger phrases □ Impersonal expressions □ Expressions of emotion
□ Conjunctions of time Demonstrative Adjectives +
Pronouns
• Future
• Future trigger words
• Future irregulars
• Por
• Para
• Demonstrative adjectives,
• Demonstrative pronouns
Preterite Tense
• Preterite tense is a completed action in the past and not ongoing. Verbs end in ar, ir, or er have different endings.
• Ar: Er/Ir: Example: Comí mi pizza al mediodía.
• E í
• Aste iste
• Ó ió
• Amos imos
• Aron ieron
• Uses of preterite: used to express complete actions and to express the beginning or end of a past action
Preterite trigger words
• Ayer
• Año pasado
• Anoche
• Anteayer
• El mes pasado
• Ayer por la tarde
• La semana pasada
• El otro día
Que
camos
Caste casteís
Cócaron
Car, Gar, Zar
• In the car, gar,and zar verbs the endings of the conjugations are varied.
• Verbs ending in:
• -car: -gar-zar:
Gue
gamos
Gaste
gasteís
Gógaron
Cézamos
Zaste
zasteís
Zózaron
Spock Verbs
Ir Ser
Dar Ver
Hacer
The verbs Ir (to go) and ser (to be) are conjugated the same way.
Fui Fuimos
Fuiste Fuisteis
Fue Fueron
The verbs dar (to give) and ver (to see) are also conjugated the same way.
Í imos
Iste isteis
Ió ieron
The verb hacer (to make or do) is conjugated differently from the rest of the “Spock” verbs.
Hice Hicimos
Hiciste Hicisteis
Hizo Hicieron
Cucaracha Verbs
• Andar- anduv__
• Estar- estuv__
• Poder- pude__
• Poner-pus__
• Querer-quis__
• Saber- sup__
• Tener- tuv__
• Venir- vin__
• Conducir- conduj__
• Producir- produj__
• Traducir- traduj__
• Decir- dij__
• Traer-traj__
Changes into:
E
Iste
Imos
Isteis
Ieron
“j” verbs drop the “I”-
eron
Snake Verbs
• Snake verbs are verbs that only change in the third person.
• The verbs that change from e to I are: pedir, preferir, competir, repetir, servir, sentir, and venir.
• The verbs that change from o to u are dormir and morir.
Snakey Verbs
• Snakey verbs are also irregular preterite verbs that change in third person only.
• In these verbs either an I or an E changes to a y.
• In the verb oír the I changes to a y.
• In the verbs leer and creer the E changes to a y.
Imperfect Tense
• Imperfect tense is a tense in spanish that is an imperfected or uncompleted action in the past that does not have a definite beginning or an end.
• Ar: Er/Ir:
• Aba ía
• Abas ías
• Aba ía
• Abamos íamos
• Aban ían
• Uses of the imperfect: describes an ongoing past action with no definite beginning or end, to express habitual, and to describe physical or emotional states or characteristics.
Imperfect irregulars
• The irregular verbs for the imperfect tense are the verbs ir, ser, and ver. The conjugation is below.
• Ir: Ser: Ver:
• Iba era veía
• Ibas eras veías
• Iba era veía
• Íbamos éramos veíamos
• Iban eran veían
Imperfect trigger words
• Siempre
• A veces
• Mientras
• Frecuentamente
• A menudo
• Todos los dias
• Cada dia
Imperfecto vs Preterito
Definition: An imperfect or uncompleted action in the past that has no sure beginning or end and is
ongoing.Verbs ending in ar and er/ir :
Aba íaAbas íasAba ía
Abamos íamosAban íban
Ex: Ayer , comía mi pizza al mediodía.
Irregulares: Ser, Ver, and Ir
Era iba veíaEras ibas veíasEra iba veíaÉramos íbamos veíamosEran iban veían
Definition: A completed action in the past that has a sure beginning and end and is not ongoing.
Verbs ending in ar and er/ir:E í
Aste isteÓ ió
Amos imosAron ieron
Ex: Comí mi pizza al mediodía.
Irregulares:Yo tú él, ella, usted nosotros ellos, ellas, ustedes
Andar: anduve anduviste anduvo anduvimos anduvieron Conducir:* conduje condujiste condujo condujimos condujeron
Decir:* dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijeron Estar: estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvieron
Hacer: hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicieron Poner: puse pusiste puso pusimos pusieron
Poder: pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudieron Querer: quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisieron
Saber: supe supiste supo supimos supieron Tener: tuve tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvieron Traer:* traje trajiste trajo trajimos trajeron
Venir: vine viniste vino vinimos vinieronDar: di diste dio dimos dieron
Ser/Ir: Fui fuiste fue fuimos fueronVer: vi viste vio vimos vieron
VS
Ser vs. Estar
• Both of these verbs mean to be but are used in different contexts. Ser is used for to express time or the day, place of origin, to express nationality, to express relationship, to express where an event is taking place, and to express possession. Estar is used to express geographical or physical location and to express state or condition.
• Ser: Estar:
• Soy estoy
• Eres estás
• Es está
• Somos estamos
• Son están
Verbs like gustar
• aburrir to bore
• fascinar to be fascinating
• bastar to be sufficient
• importar to be important
• caer bien (mal) to (not) suit
• interesar to be interesting
• molestar to be a bother
• disgustar to hate something
• parecer to appear to be
• doler (o:ue) to be painful
• picar to itch
• encantar to "love" something
• quedar to be left over, remain
• faltar to be lacking something
• volver loco to be crazy about
Comparatives/Superlatives
• In order to say something is more than another you use más + ajective+ que.
• In order to say something is the most you use el/la más + adjective+ de.
• In order to say something is less than another you use menos+ adjective+que.
• In order to say something is the least you use el/la menos+ adjective+ de.
• The irregular forms of certain adjectives are: bueno-> mejor, malo->peor, viejo->, and joven -> menor.
Transition Words
• Aunque- even though
• Mientras-while
• Por lo tanto-therefore
• A pesar de- in spite of
• También-also
• No obstante- nevertheless
• Sin embargo- nevertheless
Futuro
• In the future tense is an infinitive plus an ending.
• All the endings are the same for -ar,-ir, and -er verbs.
• É emos
• Ás éis
• Á an
Futuro trigger words
• Mañana
• En (numero) días, semanas, horas, años, minutos…
• El proximo día, hora, año, semana, minuto etc..
Future irregulars
• Caber-> cabr
• Decir -> dir
• Haber -> habr
• Hacer-> har
• Hay-> habrá
• Poder -> podr
• Poner -> pondr
• Querer ->querr
• Saber -> sabr
• Salir -> saldr
• Tener -> tendr
• Valer-> valdr
• Venir -> vendr
Por
• Por has many things that its used for:
• To express passing through
• To express general rather than specific locations
• To express a period of how long something lasts
• To express the cause of something
• To express an exchange
• To replace something
• To express a means of transportation
Para
• Para is used to express many things such as por. Para is used for:
• To express for whom something is done.
• A specific rather than general location
• To express the purpose for which something is done
• To express an opinion
• To contrast or compare
• To express the idea of a deadline
Conditional + Irregulars
• To express probability, possibility, wonder, or conjecture (an inference).
Endings:
ía íamos
ías ían
ía
Used to make polite requests
What would happen
Past habitual action = imperfect
Conditional probability- conjecture, probability, past (event, action)
Would, should, could, wondered if, must have been, probably was
Irregular stem verbs and ending:
Hacer- haría haber- habría
Saber- sabría tener- tendría
Perfect Tenses
• Perfect tense consists of a helping verb + past participle.
• Three main perfect tenses: past, present, and future.
• Portrays an action or state as completed from a different point of view.
Present Perfect
• The present perfect tense is one of seven compound tenses, which means you use the helping verb haber (to have), in the present tense with a past participle.
• he hemos
• has habeís
• ha han
• Past perfect is haber (conjugated in the preterite) + past participle
• Había habíamos
• Habías
• Había habían
Past perfect
• The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle.
• Because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.
Present Perfect Irregulars
• Abrir- abierto poner- puesto
• Cubrir- cubierto resolver- resuelto
• Decir- dicho romper- roto
• Escribir- escrito ver- visto
• Hacer- hecho volver- vuelto
• Morir- muerto ir- ido
Subjunctive Perfect
• The present perfect subjunctive is a compound verb formed with the subjunctive of the auxiliary verb haber + the past participle of the main verb.
• used when a verb or expression requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect
• SALIR
• yo haya salido nosotros hayamos salido
• tú hayas salido
• Él/ella/Ud. haya salido
• Ellos/ellas/Uds. hayan salido
Tanto y tan
• Tanto is used to form comparisons of equalities with nouns.
• Tanto (os, as, a) + noun + como
• Tan is used to form comparisons of equlaities with adjectives or adverbs
• Tan + adjective/adverb+como
Impersonal se
1) Use se to avoid specifiying a person who is doing the action of the verb
Ex: Se vende fruta en la frutería
2) When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person
- Aquí se habla español
3) Se can be used in all tenses
- Se hizo mucho- Se hará mucho- Se había hecho
Saber v. Conocer
• Saber: to know facts, information, or how to do something
• Conocer: to know people, places, literary works
Saber Conjugation:
Sé Sabemos supe supimos
Sabes saben supiste supieron
Sabe supo
Conocer Conjugation:
Conozco conocemos
Conocí conocimosConoces
conocenconociste conocieron
Conoceconoció
Los mandatos
• Used to directly address someone and give them an order
• Can be formal or informal
• Can be affirmative or negative
• Can be used in the nosotros form
Informal and formal commands
• Informal commands are given in the tú form and can be affirmative or negative.
• Formal commands are given in the usted form and can be affirmative or negative.
Affirmative Informal and Formal Commands
Informal:
Conjugated in the same form as the present subjunctive. Conjugate in the yo form, drop the ending and add the opposite vowel.
Ex: Comer-> Coma
Formal:
Conjugated in the same form as the usted present indicative . Conjugate in the yo form, drop the ending and put an a for –ar verbs and e for –er/ir verbs
Ex:Comer-> come
Negative Informal and Formal Commands
• Informal: uses the same form as the present subjunctive.
• Ex: no hable
• Formal: uses the same form as the formal affirmative
• Ex: No hables
Irregulars
• Decir-> di
• Hacer-> haz
• Ir-> ve
• Poner-> pon
• Salir-> sal
• Tener-> ten
• venir-> ven
DOP and IOP Placement
• DOPs: are placed before the verb and answers the questions of who and what.
• yo-> me tú-> te él/ella/ud.-> lo, la nosotros-> nos ellos/uds-> los, las
• IOPs: are placed before the verb and answers the questions for whom and to whom.
• Yo-> me tú-> te él/ella/ud.-> le nosotros-> nos ellos/uds.-> les
Nosotros Commands
✦Nosotros commands are used when a speaker is included in the command and are used to express “let’s” plus a verb
✦Has the opposite nosotros ending, -ar verbs: emos/imos, -er/ir verbs: amos
✦To make it negative, just add no in front
Mono Verbs
• For affirmative nosotros commands, the ending “s” of the verb is dropped and then you add the pronouns “nos” or “se”.
• Ex: comemos+ nos is comemonos
• For negative nosotros commands, the pronoun comes before the verb.
• Ex: no nos comemos
Subjunctive
• The subjunctive form is used to express everything but uncertainty and objectivity.
• To conjugate it, start with the yo form of the present indicative, drop the o, and add the opposite ending. Ar verbs: e, es, e, emos, en Ir/Er verbs: a, as, a, amos
• Ex: hablar-> hable, hables, hable, hablemos, hablen
Irregulars
• -car, -gar, -zar(s)
• TVDISHES
• Ex: Estar-> esté, estés, esté, estemos, estén
• Ex: Ir-> vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan
• Ex: Ser-> sea, seas, sea, seamos, sean
Trigger phrases
• A menos que…
• Es malo que…
• Es impossible que…
• Es mejor que…
• Sin que…
• Es posible que…
• Es bueno que…
Impersonal Expressions of the Present Subjunctive
• Es necessario que…
• Es mejor que…
• Es importante que…
• Es malo que…
• Es facíl que…
• Es bueno que….
Expressions of Emotions
• alegrarse de que to be happy that
• es bueno que it's good that
• es difícil que it's hard
• es extraño que it's strange that
• es fácil que it's easy
• es increíble que it's incredible that
• es justo que it's fair that
• es mejor que it's better that
•
•es peor que it's worse that •es triste que it's sad that
•estar contento que to be happy that
•estar triste que to be sad that •extrañarse que to be amazed
that•más vale que it's better that
•sentir que to regret, be sorry that •sorprenderse que to be
surprised that
Conjunctions of time
• Cuando- when
• Tan pronto como- as soon as
• Luego que- as soon as
• Depues de que- after
• Así que- as soon as
• En cuanto- as soon as
• Hasta que- until
Demonstrative Adjectives
• Adjectives that describe a noun
• éste- this
• Aquel- that over there
• ése- that
Demonstrative Pronouns
• Like demonstrative adjectives, demonstrative pronouns also describe a noun.
• esto (this matter, this thing)
• aquello (that matter/thing over there)
• eso (that matter, that thing)