GSM Vs CDMA

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

GSM & CDMA Technology Comparison

K. ManojWireless Networks

GSM CDMA Assessment - 2NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Technology Comparison Topics

• Global Technology Coverage Footprint

• GSM Highlights

• CDMA Highlights

• Comparative Assessment– Regulatory and Spectrum– Target and Competitive Market– Infrastructure and Terminal Capabilities and Cost– Features and Supplementary Services Comparisons– Data growth in Asia– 3G Evolution

• GSM-CDMA Roaming

• Conclusions


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Walk

Vehicle

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Fixed/Desktop

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MobilityType

1XE

V-D

O + U

MT

SE

DG

E 802.11a/g Wired LAN

802.11b

The Wireless Access Landscape

Mbps1 11 100+0.1cd

ma2000 1xR

TT

GS

M G

PR

S

54Throughput

Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)• Only Works On Licensed Wireless Spectrum • Large Metro/Geographical Coverage Areas• Ubiquitous Public Connectivity• “Always On” Wireless Data Services

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)• Works On Non-Licensed Spectrum• Only Provides Localized Coverage• For Public or Private “Hotspots”• Inexpensive Network Equipment


Global Technology Coverage

CDMA 200056 Networks in 29 CountriesOver 51 Million Subscribers

Subs growth 3.8 million/month

CDMA 2000CDMA 200056 Networks in 29 CountriesOver 51 Million Subscribers

Subs growth 3.8 million/month

GSM197 Countries / Areas

Over 863 Million Subscribers 70% of World Wireless Market

72% of World Digital Market

GSMGSM197 Countries / Areas

Over 863 Million Subscribers 70% of World Wireless Market

72% of World Digital Market


2Mbps384kbps114kbps

TDMA850

CDMA1xRTT

CDMA1xEV-DV

UMTSTDMA

1900

GSM/GPRS/EDGE

1900

CDMAIS-95

CDMA1xEV-DO

HSDPA??

~5 Mbps

Evolved DV ???

?

?

Technology Evolution Paths

Global operators making 3G migration decisions today

OFDM??


Technology Tension –There is a answer!

Lo

Mob

ility

Bandwidth

Hi

Hi

100Base-TT-1 10Base-T

CDPDGSM /GPRS

Edgecdma2000

1xEV-DO / UMTS

802.11a/HiperLAN2

Bluetooth802.11b

Dial-Up

Mobility optimized

Bandwidthoptimized

Leading

TheEdge

The Future:fully mobile hi bandwidth

TrueMobile

Multimedia

Mobility/bandwidthcompromise

Broadband


GSM Highlights

• Global Roaming– Mature, world-proven and open standard– Top technology throughout the world; half a billion

customers worldwide

• Wide Terminal Selection– Close to 70% of the wireless market worldwide

• End user services– Well defined standards for core networking and services


GSM / GPRS Architecture

BSC

GSM MSC

CCS7

Internet

Intranet

Circuit V

oice

Shasta 5000GGSN

Core Network

AAA, DNS, DHCP Servers

Packet Data

HLR

PCU

SGSN

SIG


GSM Capacity Solutions

• These CAPEX minimizing solutions are available to GSM operators today:– frequency hopping, – Reduced interference, – power control and– discontinuous transmission (DTX).

• In addition to providing standard GSM features Nortel Networks offers unique features such as:– Fractional Frequency Reuse, – Uplink Interference Cancellation, – Concentric Cells– Automatic Cell Tiering– AMR


Time

Th

rou

gh

pu

t

Mobility

3G

High speed data/Capacity

Per service and user QOS

2.5G2.5G

Always on Packet dataValidate business models

Data only114 kbps EDGEEDGE

2G

Digital voice, CS data, Fax

GSMGSM

UMTSUMTS

GPRSGPRS

GSM Evolution Paths

Data only 473 kbps

2Mbps


GSM evolution

• GSM players have a choice in evolution technologies– GPRS is a 2.5G solution, with peak speeds of 114kbps.

GPRS is a data-only system that will deliver lower capexcosts.

– EDGE is data-only system today, – W-CDMA and EDGE have the same backbone protocols,

leaving air interface the main technical difference between the two technologies.

Note: GPRS & EDGE do not increase voice capacity


GPRS data services

• All base applications are supported by GPRS, however it is better suited for the following type of apps:

• Suitable for short but frequent traffic generated by e-mail, MMS and UMS services. – higher raw data rate & requires less set-up time than SMS

• Suitable for Downloads & Uploads– GPRS can accommodate large file transfers efficiently by

theoretically concatenating up to eight radio time slots normally shared among multiple users


GPRS Data Rate Constraints

• Limited Cell Capacity for All Users

• Limited available bandwidth due to terminal constraints

• Sub optimal Modulation

• Transit Delays

• No Store and Forward

• Terminal constraints

GPRS Speeds Much Lower in Reality…Nortel Networks provides Industry Best Throughputs at

42kbps with 4+1 mobiles


EDGE Evolution

Ø Up to 3x data throughput for equal trafficGPRS

EDGE

GPRS

EDGE

Ø Up to 6.5x traffic for same bandwidth (15 kbps/slot)

DataThroughput

User Capacity

Equal Traffic ModelIncrease Revenue

Equal QoS ModelReduce Capex

HTTP traffic model UMTS 30.03, 4/12 TRX

Or

Significantly improves GPRS PerformanceSignificantly improves GPRS Performanceleveraging existing spectrum and existing Networkleveraging existing spectrum and existing Network

More Users with more Throughput

Ø Peak Throughput of 473kbps - Average Throughput 240 kbpsØ 3 x GPRS Throughput or 6.5 x GPRS traffic, or bit of both


CDMA2000 1X Highlights

• Increase Voice Capacity and Spectral Efficiency– Over 2x increase in spectral efficiency over GSM– Offers 163.2 kbps data in Rel 0

• Introduce packet data– No additional carrier / radio for data

• Evolution to 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV– In the same carrier bandwidth offers upto 2.4 Mbps data

• Mobile IP


cdma2000 Architecture

DMS-MTX

Internet

Intranet

Circuit V

oice

Shasta 5000PDSN

Core Network

AAA, DNS, DHCP Servers

Packet Data

BSC

CCS7

HLR


CDMA2000 1X features

• IS-95/IS-2000 technical standard improvement include:– Fast forward-link power control and variable power control

step sizes– Reverse link pilot– Quick paging channel– Dynamic threshold soft handoff– Supplemental channels– Enhanced Variable-rate Codec (EVRC) and Selectable

Mode Vocoder (SMV)


CDMA2000 Data Rates

• CDMA2000 provides Efficient Packet Throughput– Over 150 kbps ADT per sector per 1.25 MHz– Over 600 kbps ADT per sector with EV-DO

• Radio Resource Management algorithm for optimal sharing of capacity– Between voice and data users and amongst data users– Amongst IP applications


Time

Th

rou

gh

pu

t

Mobility

3G

High speed data/Capacity

Per service and user QOS

2.5G2.5G

Always on Packet dataValidate business models

153 kbps EVEV--DODO

2G

Digital voice, CS data, Fax

ISIS--9595

EVEV--DVDV

1xRTT1xRTT

CDMA Evolution Paths

2.4 Mbps

3 Mbps


1xRTT/1xEV Network Architecture

1xRTT BTS1xEV-DO AP BSC

1xRTT BTS1xEV-DO AP

PDSN

MSC

PDN

PSTNCircuit Voice & Data World

Packet DataWorld

PDSN AAAServer

Carrier IP Internet

Nortel Networks 1xRTT Network

• Add 1xEV-DO Module (DOM) to Metro Cell – Multiple T1/E1 & Ethernet backhaul to support high speed data services– Share GPS receiver & antenna, MFRM, radio antenna, duplexer with

Metrocell

• Add 1xEV-DO Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC)– Co-located with BSC– Interface with PDSN via open R-P, share core network elements (I.e.

PDSN AAA server) with 1xRTT network

• Add 1xEV-DO OAMP (DO-EMS)– Co-located with BSC

• AN-AAA – device level authentication

1xRTT Backhaul

Metrocell BTS & 1xEV-DO AP

1xEV-DOModule (DOM)

1xEV DO Backhaul

1xEV-DOEMS

1xEV-DORNC

AN-AAAOptional

NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL

Comparative Assessment CDMA2000 1X & GSM


Regulatory and Spectrum

• Operators have to follow country specific telecom policies– Regulatory and license requirements may call for specific

technology deployments– India under mobility license now allows CDMA and GSM for

Cellular services licenses– Western Europe only allows GSM and UMTS for mobile services

evolution– North America allows any technology under the banner of

cellular and PCS services.

• Spectrum availability may allow or restrict specific technology choices– GSM is available at 450, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz bands– CDMA is available at 450, 800 and 1900, 2100 MHz bands– Availability of proper and clean unused spectrum varies country-

by-country


Competitive Landscape

• Operator business case ultimately dictates technology choice• Top line revenue growth dependent on number of players in the

market with a particular technology– India has 2-5 GSM operators in every market– India has 1-3 CDMA players in different markets

• Different technology may offer some feature and branding differentiators to improve ARPU– GSM may offer global roaming, high end services and a global and

regional coverage lead over CDMA– CDMA may offer a better voice quality or service set for mass market

applications• Bottom-line costs may vary based on subscriber and services growth

expected– Number of vendors offering infrastructure, mobiles and OEM equipment

varies – GSM has larger number of vendors than CDMA– Mobile costs depends upon type of mobiles and number of players –

CDMA slightly lags behind GSM/GPRS in pricing and offerings• Vendor relationships help in meeting business requirements


CDMA 2000 1x GSM

1x vs. GSM Link Budget

• Reverse Link limited

• MS Tx Power 23dBm

• Depends on Traffic

• Benefits from Asymmetrical Data Rate

• Benefits from Soft Handover

• No Microcellular deployment

• Reverse or Forward Link limited

• MS Tx Power 33dBm

• Independent on Traffic

• No Benefit from Asymmetrical Data Rate

• No Soft Handover

• Microcellular hotspot deployment


Infrastructure Costs

• Core Network costs at par with similar voice and data switching requirements on both technologies

• CDMA 1x Data exhibits a 2 dB advantage over GPRS and Voice exhibits up to 8 dB advantage in critical uplink. – In a voice and data mixed service deployment, CDMA still reduces the

cell site requirements– Both technology face similar coverage issues due to urban terrain.

Difference in urban deployment is reduced.

• Spectral efficiency in GSM provides:– Up to 40 Erlangs/sector with 5MHz spectrum with full rate vocoder– Additional capacity can be gained by Microcellular underlay

deployments to cover hotspots.– The use of AMR Half Rate codec modes allows for an increased Erlang

level per radio delaying the need for additional equipment on the network.

• Spectral efficiency in CDMA2000 1X provides:– Up to 104 Erlangs/sector with 5MHz spectrum and MCTA


Mobile Capabilities

• Ease of subscriber provisioning– Use of SIM cards in GSM is a huge advantage to service

provider for easy & fast provisioning of subscribers– CDMA “R-UIM” is in testing/trial stages

• Limited number of mobiles are being introduced in the market• No change to infrastructure to introduce R-UIM

• GSM provides for global roaming, a well defined migration path and a wide availability of terminals– GSM adopted IMSI and other standard procedures for

international roaming quite early– CDMA networks started with same MIN/MDN, then MIN/

MDN separation features were adopted and slowly migrating to IMSI based network for international roaming


Terminal costs

0

100

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300

400

500

600

700

800

900

End01 Mid02 End02 Mid03 End 03 Mid04 End04 Mid05 End05

Edge L

UMTS H

1X PC

1X L

1X H

UMTS PC

EVDO H

GPRS PC

GSM / GPRS H

UMTS L

GSM/ GPRS L

EVDO PC

H: High End Data-Centric deviceL: Low end Voice-CentricPC: PC Card

Edge H


Feature Comparison

Under discussions

üInternational Roaming

üüOperator Thru-Connect

üüCalling Number Display

üüConference Call

üüCall Waiting

üüWAP

üüSMS Information Services

üüSMS Receptionist (Pager) Service

üüSMS MO & MT

ü

(CSD – 14.4 kbps)

1xRTT – up to 150 kbps

ü

CSD – 9.6 & 14.4 kbps

GPRS – 20-40 kbps)

Fax & Data

üüVoicemail

CDMAGSMFEATURE


Voice Quality Considerations

• Channel Quality– Target FER of cdma2000 networks is an input to the RF design process which

depends on both coverage and capacity– GSM channel quality is an output of the design process mainly based on link

budget based coverage

• AMR in GSM– Handover mechanisms between the 2 modes (AMR HR, AMR FR)– Real-time Adaptation of (Source, Channel) to the radio channel quality (C/I)– The AMR vocoder can be operated in eight different couple of speech coding and

channel modes

• SMV in CDMA2000– Mode 0, which produces same average data rate as the current EVRC, but with

improved voice quality– Mode 1, which produces the same voice quality as EVRC but at a significantly

reduced average data rate– Modes 2-3, maximise system capacity through ultra-low data rates.

• SMV may offer better background noise surpression than AMR


SMS features

• GSM has feature-rich SMS capabilities– Support of 160 alphanumeric characters– Well defined cell-broadcast for SMS broadcast

• CDMA has various types of SMS with use of traffic and control channels– SMS-MO using access channel supports 69 characters

and SMS-MT using paging channel supports 135 characters

– SMS MO/MT using TCH supports 225 characters– SMS broadcast defined but no mobiles available to support

the same


Other Services

• GSM leads in providing clear standards definition for providing Value Added Services

• Multiparty calls– GSM-MAP defines up to 6-party multi party calls– IS-664 defines only 3-way call as a conferencing facility in IS-41/CDMA

networks

• CUG groups– GSM networks have basic switch based CUG available– IS-664 doesn’t define any inherent CUG feature for CDMA networks,

use of IN mandatory for service

• Charging Supplementary Service– GSM supports Advice Of Charge (AoC) for instant billing functions– IS-848 AoC was defined at a later stage and most of vendors still don’t

support it on CDMA systems


Data and 3G In Asia

GPRSSaigon Postel (Viet Nam)

CDMA 2000 plannedEBT (Taiwan)

CDMA2000BFKT (Thailand)

CDMA2000Reliance (India)

GPRSBharti (India)

CDMA CSD, CDMA 2000 (Trial)Hutchison (Hong Kong)

PDCJ-Phone (Japan)

PDC (1500), UMTSNTT DoCoMo (Japan)

CDMA 2000KDDI (Japan)

GSM CSD, GPRS, CDMA CSD (MVNO)Optus (Australia)

CDMA 1XRTTSK Tel, KT Freetel (Korea)

CDMA 1xRTT (Trial)Hutchison (HK)

GSM CSD, GPRSSingtel, Starhub , MobileOne (Singapore)

GSM CSD, GPRS, CDMA 1XRTT (trial)China Unicom

GSM CSD, GPRS, UMTS (Planned)Sunday, SmarTone, Peoples, PCCW (Hong Kong)

CDMA CSD, UMTS (Planned)Hutchison (Australia)

GSM CSD, GPRS, CDMA CSD, CDMA 1xRTT (Trial)Telstra (Australia)

Data In Service TodayService Provider


Overall Comparison

+--++Spectrum cost

++-+Roaming with Asia

--

++

++++

++++

++UMTS

+++++Standards Availability

++Inter-working with AMPS

++++Roaming with America

++-Roaming with Europe

+++++Evolution to Higher Data Rates

+++Voice Quality

++++Spectral Efficiency

+++++Terminal Availability

+++++Number of Infrastructure Vendors

GSMCDMA 1x


Application Demands Changing

1xEV-DO / UMTS

Wir

eles

s D

ata

Ser

vice

Mat

urity

Infras

tructu

re Fo

cus

App

licatio

ns Fo

cus

Mobile Messaging:•E-mail•Intranet/Extranet

Personalized Services:•Infotainment: BREW and Java Downloads•Instant Messaging/MMS/PTT•Location Based Services

Simple•Internet Browsing (WAP)•Text Messaging (SMS))

Mobile Multimedia:• Video Telephony• Video Messaging / Streaming• Network Gaming• VoIP/Video Conferencing

Enhanced Capability and End User Experience

GSM / GPRS /1X

Documents

GSM Vs CDMA