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1 iii Jou GURUKUL SHODH SRIJAN A yearly Multidisciplinary Research Journal G S S Research Journal ISSN-2349-9702 VOLUME 01 | ISSUE 01 | YEAR 2014

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1

iii

Jou

GURUKUL SHODH SRIJAN

A yearly Multidisciplinary Research Journal

G

S

S

Research

Journal

ISSN-2349-9702

VOLUME 01 | ISSUE 01 | YEAR 2014

(lSSN-2349-9702)

1

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

(GSS)

ISSN – 2349-9702

VOLUME 01, ISSUE 01, YEAR 2014

ADMINISTRATIVE, EDITORIAL ADVERTISING AND SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE Gurukul Mahila Mahavidhyalaya

Kalibadi Road, Raipur (C.G.) Ph. No. 0771- 4053443, E-mail: [email protected]

(lSSN-2349-9702)

2

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

The members of editorial Board Editor - in- chief

Dr. (Mrs.) Sandhya Gupta Principal, Gurukul Mahila Mahavidhyalaya, Raipur (C.G.)

Editor Dr. Rajesh Agrawal

Head of Dept. Dept of Commerce

Gurukul Mahila Mahavidhyalaya, Raipur (C.G.)

Associated Editor's

Dr. Megha Agrawal Dept. of Science Gurukul Mahila Mahavidhyalaya

Dr. Jyotsana Agrawal Head of Dept. Dept. of History Govt. Himidiy arts & Commerce College Bhopal

Dr. Raziya Sultana Dept. of Science Gurukul Mahila Mahavidhyalaya

Dr. Madhu Kamra Dept. of English Durga Mahavidhyalaya Raipur (C.G.)

Mr. Sanjay Sao Dept. of Physics Gurukul Mahila Mahavidhyalaya

Dr. Sandhya Verma Principal Devendra Nagar Girl's College Raipur

(lSSN-2349-9702)

3

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

(GSS)

ISSN – 2349-9702

VOLUME 01, ISSUE 01, YEAR 2014

CCOONNTTEENNTT

S.No. PARTICULAR PAGE

1. Toxicity And Behavioural Changes in Freshwater Fish Labio

Rohita Exposed to Amlai Paper Mill Effluent

Vandana Agrawal 1

Neha Pandey2

1-5

2. Computer Crime Investigation

Amita Telang

6-8

3. Blood pressure Diagnosis

Razia Sultana

9-13

4. Thermoluminescence Properties of Ce Doped Ba2MgSi2O7

Phosphors

Sanjay Kumar Sao, Nameeta Brahme,

D.P. Bisen, Geetanjali Tiwari

14-16

5. A Study of flexibility between the College going Girls of urban

& Rural area of Raipur district

Rinku Tiwari

17-18

6. Soft Computing : An Overview

Mrs. Priyanka Tiwari

19-20

7. Comparative Study of Soybeans Data Using Supervised

Learning Technique

Guddi Singh

21-23

8. Cloud Computing at a Glance

Mrs. Deepshikha Sharma

24-25

9. A Overview of Grid Computing

Mrs. Rukmani Digraskar 26-28

10. A Study on Agriculture and Rural Development in Chhattisgarh

State with special reference to Baster Region

Ashok KumarJha / Dr. Manoj Mishra

29-32

11. Climatic Variability in Jharkhand state, India

Ms Anuja Tigga and B. Hema Malini

33-36

12. Economic Liberalisation, Affirmative Action and Social Justice

AC. Mohapatra. Shillong 37-41

13. Dr. Maya Angelou ( 1928 - 2014 ) : A Tribute to a True

Phenomenal Woman

Ms. Bhawana Paul

42-43

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4

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

14. dEiuh vf/kfu;e 2013 ds lhdEiuh vf/kfu;e 2013 ds lhdEiuh vf/kfu;e 2013 ds lhdEiuh vf/kfu;e 2013 ds lh----,l,l,l,l----vkjvkjvkjvkj---- uoçorZu dh ,d igyuoçorZu dh ,d igyuoçorZu dh ,d igyuoçorZu dh ,d igy MkW- jkts'k vxzoky

44-45

15. vYifodlhr vFkZO;oLFkk vYifodlhr vFkZO;oLFkk vYifodlhr vFkZO;oLFkk vYifodlhr vFkZO;oLFkk ds ekin.Mds ekin.Mds ekin.Mds ekin.M Mk vkjk/kuk “kqDyk] Mk oanuk frokjh

46-47

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48-53

17. Hkkjrh; Lokf/kurk laxzke eas NRrhlx<+ ds mxz jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dh Hkkjrh; Lokf/kurk laxzke eas NRrhlx<+ ds mxz jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dh Hkkjrh; Lokf/kurk laxzke eas NRrhlx<+ ds mxz jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dh Hkkjrh; Lokf/kurk laxzke eas NRrhlx<+ ds mxz jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dh Hkwfedk % ¼1905&1919 bZHkwfedk % ¼1905&1919 bZHkwfedk % ¼1905&1919 bZHkwfedk % ¼1905&1919 bZ---- rd½ rd½ rd½ rd½ MkW-iwue flag

54-58

18. ffff''''k{kk ds cnyrs ifjos'k{kk ds cnyrs ifjos'k{kk ds cnyrs ifjos'k{kk ds cnyrs ifjos'k esa vkS|k esa vkS|k esa vkS|k esa vkS|ksfxdj.k ds bl ;qx esa rduhdh f'ksfxdj.k ds bl ;qx esa rduhdh f'ksfxdj.k ds bl ;qx esa rduhdh f'ksfxdj.k ds bl ;qx esa rduhdh f'k{kk dh k{kk dh k{kk dh k{kk dh vkovkovkovko'''';drk ;drk ;drk ;drk jtauk Bkdqj

59-61

19. NRrhlx<+h dk orZeku Lo:i% ,d fo'ys"k.k NRrhlx<+h dk orZeku Lo:i% ,d fo'ys"k.k NRrhlx<+h dk orZeku Lo:i% ,d fo'ys"k.k NRrhlx<+h dk orZeku Lo:i% ,d fo'ys"k.k MkW- fxjtk 'kadj xkSre

62-64

20. orZeku ifjis{; esa f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ,d flagkoyksduorZeku ifjis{; esa f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ,d flagkoyksduorZeku ifjis{; esa f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ,d flagkoyksduorZeku ifjis{; esa f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ,d flagkoyksdu iq’is”k ik.Ms;] vfurk frokjh

65-66

* * *

(lSSN-2349-9702)

1

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

TOXICITY AND BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES IN FRESHWATER FISH LABIO

ROHITA EXPOSED TO AMLAI PAPER MILL EFFLUENT

Vandana Agrawal 1

Neha Pandey2

1. Research Scholar Department of Chemistry Govt. N.P.G.College of Science (C.G.)

2. Research Scholar Department of Zoology Govt. S.K.N. (P.G.) College, Mauganj, Rewa (M.P.)

ABSTRACT:

The aim of the present study is to

determine lethal concentration for 50%

mortality of paper mill effluent to fresh

water fish LABIO ROHITA for 24 to 96

hours using bioassay method. The LC50

values of the prepared concentration for 24,

48, 72 and 96 hrs were found at 11, 10.6,

10.2 and 9.6% respectively. At this

concentration, erratic swimming, jerky

movement, rapid opercular movement

leaping out of water and thick mucus

covering over the whole body surface were

observed during experiments.

Key words: Paper mill effluent Toxicity Behaviour Labio Rohita.

INTRODUCTION : Acute toxicity tests has been historically played an important role in assessing the effect of human activities on animals and such tests have wide applicability in evaluating the toxicities of various types and mixture of pollutant in fish and other aquatic species[1]. The parameters of short-term (toxicity) exposure are the most common measures of toxicity [2-3].

The importance of potential damage to aquatic ecology by effluent has been advocated and demonstrated [4], informing through various toxicity tests used in the management of water pollution as: to estimate environmental effect of waste, to compare the toxicity of different toxicants in animal, to regulate the amount of discharge pollutant [5].

Increase in industrialization currently is underway, but immediate hazard to mankind, domestic animal, fishes and wild life through its wastes is unpredictable. The pulp and paper Industry is one of the oldest industries in our country and there has been tremendous expansion of these industries during last 25 years. Controversially, the paper and pulp industry as it stand now, is one of the largest major Industries and contributes lot towards the pollution in our aquatic environment. Looking in to the serious nature of pollution the pulp and paper industries in India has been brought under 17th categories, is highly polluting industries.

Van Horn [6] reviewed the pulp and paper industry as it affects aquatic biology. Walden [7] published an excellent review on the toxicity of effluents from pulp and paper mills. Reported toxicity of Paper wastes to fish prior the work of Ebeling, [8] in Sweden. Many workers since then have confirmed that concentration of Paper mill effluents needed to kill fish ranged 10 to 100 percent.

The present paper deals with the toxicity and behavioral changes in Labio Rohita

exposed to lethal concentration of paper mill effluent MATERIAL AND METHODS

Fresh water fishes Labio Rohita were collected from Sone River flowing near Amlai Paper Mill Shahdol M.P. The live fishes were brought to the laboratory and kept in glass aquaria (size3*1*1* ft) under normal conditions for a week. During acclimatization fishes were fed with earthworm pieces. The

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

paper mill effluent was collected directly from the Amlai paper mill industries Pvt. Ltd. Amlai near Shahdol (M.P). The Physico-chemical characteristics of test water and paper mill effluent have been analyzed during experimentation [9] and the bioassay method [10] to know LC values of effluent. The fishes, Labio Rohita (7 to 7.5 cm in length and 4 to 5.2gm in weight) were selected for LC determination. 50 Preliminary experiments at different percentage of paper mill effluent was conducted to find percentage that resulted in 50% mortality in given time. For experimentation, laboratory acclimatized fishes were exposed to different dilution percentage of paper mill effluents.

The water in test aquaria was changed every 24 hours and was supplied with full aeration. A batch of 10 fishes was also maintained along with experimental fishes as control group. The changes in behaviour of Labio Rohita exposed to effluent were critically observed during the experiment. RESULTS

Fishes exposed to lethal concentration of paper mill effluent for a short-term exposure were studied in terms of general behaviour, rate of survival and mortality.

The LC50 values of freshwater fish Labio

Rohita exposed for 24, 48, 72 and 96hrs have been recorded at 11%, 10.6% and 10.2%. 9.6% dilution of effluent respectively. The LC50 value regression results have been calculated to support present observations in Table 2.

The fish, Labio Rohita when exposed for 24 hrs exhibited abnormal behaviour. It is noticed that at this concentration a sudden terse was laid on the animal, which entailed in erratic swimming, convulsion, jerky movement and rapid opercular movement. The fish struggled hard for breathing some time engulfing atmospheric air and avoided to toxic medium. The fishes were tried to leap out the toxic medium and thick mucus covering over the whole body surface.

DISCUSSION The freshwater environment is going to be

polluted by various pollutants which have adverse effects on aquatic organisms. The freshwater organisms particularly fishes are more susceptible to these pollutants. Since, their habitats are confined and escape from such polluted habitats is impossible.

The effects of pollutants are generally characterized on survival, reproduction or growth due to physiological alteration in the animal. The physical, chemical and biological components of the environment play an important role in manifestation of biological response to pollutants. The toxicity of particular pollutants depend upon many factors such as animal weight [11], developmental stages [12], period of exposure and temperature, pH, hardness of water and dissolved content of the medium, [13-14].

The response of animal to toxic medium is important since it reflect the internal changes. Muley and Karanjkar [15] reported the electroplating effluent was more toxic than that of tannery and textile wastes and imposed the disability in test fish Labeo Rohita. The treated fishes were shown adverse effects on body treated fishes were shown adverse effects on body posture and colour i.e. it turns pale white with opened mouth on toxicity of organophosphate manifested by inhibition of AchE [16]. On exposure to Nuvan in Clarias batrachus show significant change in opercular movement, locomotory, behavioural as well as body colour were observed [17]. Bhattacharya and Mukherjee [18] reported that the industrial effluent affect normal vision, proper body motion and behaviour of the organism.

During present study fish, Labio Rohita

showed hyper excitation, erratic swimming, convulsions jerky movement and rapid opercular movement and thick mucous covering over the whole body surface. Similar results were observed by Srivastava et al., [19]

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

when Labio rohita and Channa punctatus

exposed to paper mill effluent. Rajendra Kumar et al, [20] reported the

toxicity of paper mill effluent to fish Puntius

sophor. Tests were conducted in two groups. In first group dilution were aerated. Where, as in group second dilutions were not aerated. LC50for 96 hour was estimated at 1.5% whereas in second test it was recorded at 16.5%. Varadaraj and Subramanian [21] reported the toxicity of paper and pulp mill effluent to fingerlings of Oreochromis

mossambicus and reported LC50 for 96 hrs. The 96 hrs LC50 value of paper and pulp mill effluent was 6% respectively. Nanda et al., [22] studied toxicity of paper mill effluent. The LC50 values were found at 63.09, 80.35 and 8128 % for Anabus testudineus, Channa

punctatus and Clarias batrachus respectively. This indicates that Anabus testudineus is most susceptible, while Channa punctatus and Clarias batrachus were resistive.

Stalin et al, [23] calculated the LC50 of synthetic pyrethroid deltamethrin and a Neem based pesticides, azadirachtin to Poecilia

reticulata. The 96 hrs LC50 value of deltamethrin was 0.0019 and azadirachtin was 0.011 mg/l.

In the present study the LC50 values were calculated for different concentration of effluent for 24 to 96 hrs. exposure period. The data indicate that decrease in LC50 concentration is associated with increase in duration of exposure. Toxicity of the effluent mostly depends on the uptake of the effluent by the body. The rate of uptake is determined by the ratio of the permeability of body surface in contact with the medium to volume or weight of exposed animal and similar with relationship persists between the rate of metabolism and weight of animal [24].

During the estimation of LC50 value for survival rate of Labio Rohita was decreased as increase in the concentration of paper mill effluent. The exact cause of death is ill defined

as there are number of channels. The death may be the result of severe physiological stress at cellular level. The physiological stress may be responsible for the death of fish [25].

It is also noticed that, the toxicity of the paper mill effluent is attributed synergistically to the physical factors of medium i.e. high COD and BOD values besides low pH and low dissolved oxygen (DO).

Table 1 Showing Physico-chemical

Parameter. Sr.

No.

Parameter Testing

Water

Paper Mill

effluent

1 Temperature 26±2 °C 29±1 °C 2 pH 7.4 9.3 3 Dissolve Oxygen mg/l 7.0 0.96 4 Total Hardness (mg/l) 118 900 5 Alkalinity (mg/l) 33 80 6 Biological Oxygen

Demand (mg/l) 9.8 18

7 Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l)

2.7 87

8 Nickel (Ni) (mg/l) - 0.321 9 Zinc (Zn) (mg/l) - 0.04

10 Mercury (Hg) (mg/l) - 0.07

Table 2: Show % of mortality at different

concentrations of paper mill effluent to fresh

water fish, Labio Rohita S.

No

Exposu

re time

in

hours

LC

in %

conc.

No. of

fish

expose

d

% of

mortality

Regression

equation

Y =(y-bx)+bx

1 24 hrs 11 10 50 Y= 21.4657 + 25.4385x

2 48 hrs 10.6 10 50 Y= 17.1185 + 21.6510x

3 72 hrs 10.2 10 50 Y= 16.6830 + 24.456 x

4 96 hrs 9.6 10 50 Y= 15.8277 + 21.3678x

CONCLUSION:

Thus it is concluded that the effluent is not safe to non-target organisms like fishes. This type of study can be useful to compare the sensitivity of various species of aquatic animals and potency of effluent using LC values and to derive safe concentration. Changes in

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

behaviour of fish, Labio Rohita due to paper mill effluent stress can be used as a biological indicator of pollution as biological early alarm system of the paper mill effluent.

REFERENCE 1. Craddock, D.R., 1977.Use and limitations of

acute toxicity test- a review. In Malins, Dc (ed), Effect of petroleum on arctic and sub-arctic marine environment and organism. Academic press, New York, pp: 1-93.

2. Cowell, E.B., J.M. Barker and G.B. Crapp, 1972. The biological effect of oil pollution and oil cleaning material on littoral communities including salt marshes. In: Rouvio M(ed) Marine pollution and sea life, FAO Tech.Conf. Rome, pp: 359-364.

3. Krebs, C.T. and K.A. Burns, 1977. Long term effect of an oil spill on the salt marsh Crab Uca

pugnax Sci., 197: 484-487.

4. Sprague, J.B., 1969. Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish-I. Bioassay methods for acute toxicity. Water Res., 3: 793-821.

5. Buikema, A.L., R.R. Niedertehner and J.Cairns, 1982. Biological monitoring part IV-Toxicity testing. Jr. Water Res., 16: 239-262.

6. Van Horn, W.M., 1961. Aquatic biology and the pulp and paper industry (Rep, No. 2). Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improv; New York, N.Y. Stream improvement Tech. Bull., 251: 45.

7. Walden, C.C., 1976. The toxicity of pulp and paper mill effluent and corresponding measurement procedures. Water Res., 10(8): 639-664.

8. Ebeling, G., 1931. Recent results of the chemical investigation of the effect of waste water from cellulose plant on fish. Vom Wasser, 5: 192-200.

9. APHA, 1992. Standard methods for the examination of water and west water 18th Edition.

10. Finney, D.J., 1971. probit analysis. Cambridge University press London.

11. Pickering, Q.H., 1968. Some effects of dissolved oxygen concentrations upon the

toxicity of zinc to the blue gill Lepomis

macrochirus Water Res., 2: 187-194.

12. Kamaldeep, K. and H.S. Joor 1975. Toxicity of pesticides to embryonic stage of Cyprinus

carpio (Lmn.) Indian J. Exp.Biol., 15: 193-196.

13. Mc leese, D.W., 1974. Response of lobster, Homarus americanus to odour solution in the presence of bleached kraft mill effluent. J. Fish Res. Board Can., 30: 279-283.

14. Brungs, W.A., McCornic, Neiheisel, R.l. Spehar, C.E. Stephen and G.N. Stockes, 1977. Effect of pollution on freshwater fish. J. WPCF., 49: 1425-1492.

15. Muley, D.V. and D.M. Karanjkar, 2004. Acute toxicity of industrial effluent to the fresh water fish Labeo rohita. Abs. Nat. Conf. Fish and their environment, Aurangabad. 9 to11 Feb. 2004.

16. Vasalt, J.D. and V.T. Patil, 2005. The toxic evaluation of Organophosphorus insecticide Monocrotophos on the edible fish species Nemacheilus botia. Eco.Env. Cons., 8(1): (95-98).

17. 17. Trivedi and Sexsena, 1999. J. Environ. Pollution, 6(1): 53-57.

18. Bhattacharya, S. and S.M. Mukherjee, 1978. Histopathology in the brain of teleost exposed to industrial pollutant. Indian Biologist, 10(1).

19. Srivastava, S., Prabhakar, P. Singh and B.C. Srivastava, 2007. Toxicity and behaviour of the fish Labeo rohita and Channa punctatus

exposed to pulp paper mill effluent. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit. 17(3): 241-244.

20. Rajendra Kumar, M., Chouhan Sunita and K.D. Mishra, 1991. Toxicity th of paper mill effluent to fish, Puntius sophor. J. Tissue Res., 1 (1 and 2): 41-48.

21. Varadaraj, G. And M.A. Subramanian, 1991. Toxic effect of paper and pulp mill effluent on different parameters of bioenergetics in the fingerlings of Oreochromis anossambicus. Env. Eco., 9(4) :857-859.

22. Nanda, P., S. Panigrahi, B. Nanda and B.K. Behera, 2002. Toxicity of paper mill effluent to fishes. Env. Eco., 20(2): 496-498.

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23. Stalin Israel, S., S. Kiruba and S. Sam Manohar Das, 2008. A comparative study on the toxicity of a synthetic pyrethroid, deltamethrin and a new Neem based pesticide, azadirachtin to Poecilia reticulat Peters 1859 (Cyprinodonti-formes: Poeciliidae). Turkish J. Fisheries and Aquatic Sci., 8: 01-05.

24. Bertalonffy, V.L., 1957. Quantitative laws in metabolism and growth. Q. Rev. Biol., 32:217-31.

25. Abel, P.D. and J.F. Skidmore, 1975. Toxic effect of an anionic detergent on the gill of gill of rainbow trout. Water. Res., 9: 7559-765.

***

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

COMPUTER CRIME INVESTIGATION

Amita Telang

(Department of Computer Science) Gurukul Mahila Mahavidyalaya

ABSTRACT:

The field of computer crime

investigations is still in the early stages of development. This paper introduces you to

computer crime investigations and discusses

some problems and concerns prevalent in

the industry. This paper blends traditional

investigation methods with classic systems analysis problem-solving techniques and

applies them to computer crime

investigations.

Keywords : Computer Crime, Computer, Evidence, Computer Forensic Tools, Network Forensics, Preserve Evidence INTRODUCTION :

According to the American Heritage Dictionary, a crime is any act committed or omitted in violation of the law. This definition causes a perplexing problem for law enforcement when dealing with computer-related crime, because much of today's computer-related crime is without violation of any formal law.

In 1979, the Department of Justice established a definition for computer crime, stating that: a computer crime is any illegal act for which knowledge of computer technology is essential for its perpetration, investigation, or prosecution. This definition was too broad and has since been further refined by new or modified state and federal criminal statutes.

Some of the computer related crimes that are addressed by the new state and federal laws are:

• Unauthorized access.

• Exceeding authorized access.

• Intellectual property theft or misuse of information.

• Pornography.

• Theft of services.

• Forgery.

• Property theft (e.g., computer hardware and chips).

• Invasion of privacy.

• Denial of services.

• Computer fraud. • Viruses.

• Sabotage (i.e., data alteration or malicious destruction).

• Extortion.

• Embezzlement. • Espionage.

• Terrorism. History of Computer Crime Investigation

Thirty years ago, most people didn’t imagine that computers would be an integral part of everyday life. Now computer technology is commonplace, as are crimes in which a computer is the instrument of the crime, the target of the crime, and, by its nature, the location where evidence is stored or recorded.

By the 1970s, electronic crimes were increasing, especially in the financial sector. Most computers in this era were mainframes, used by trained people with specialized skills who worked in finance, engineering, and academia. White-collar fraud began when people in these industries saw a way to make money by manipulating computer data.

During this time, most law enforcement officers didn’t know enough about computers to ask the right questions or to preserve evidence for trial.

As PCs gained popularity and began to replace mainframe computers in the 1980s, many different OSs emerged. Apple released the Apple 2E in 1983 and then launched the

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

Macintosh in 1984. Computers such as the TRS-80 and the Commodore 64 were the machines of the day. CP/M machines (the 8088 series) and Zeniths were also in demand.

Disk Operating System (DOS) was available in many varieties, including PC-DOS, QDOS, DR-DOS, IBM-DOS, and MS-DOS. Forensics tools at that time were simple, and most were generated by government agencies, such as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) in Ottawa, which had its own investigative tools, and the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Most tools were written in C and assembly language and weren’t used by the general public.

In the mid-1980s, a new tool, Xtree Gold, appeared on the market. It recognized file types and retrieved lost or deleted files. Norton DiskEdit soon followed and became the best tool for finding deleted files. You could use these tools on the most powerful PCs of that time; IBM-compatible computers had 10 MB hard disks and two floppy drives, as shown in Figure 1-3.

In 1987, Apple produced the Mac SE, a Macintosh with an external EasyDrive hard disk with 60 MB of storage (see Figure 1-4). At this time, the popular Commodore 64 still used standard audiotapes to record data, so the Mac SE represented an important advance in computer technology.

By the early 1990s, specialized tools for computer forensics were available. The International Association of Computer Investigative Specialists (IACIS) introduced training on software for forensics investigations, and the IRS created search-warrant programs.However, no commercial GUI software for computer forensics was available until ASR Data created Expert Witness for the Macintosh. This software could recover deleted files and fragments of deleted files. One of the ASR Data partners later left and developed EnCase, which has become a popular computer forensics tool.

In recent years, a lawsuit was settled between the two partners, and ExpertWitness reverted back to the owner of EnCase. Most software for the Macintosh is now created by vendors such as BlackBag Technologies and SubRosaSoft.1

As computer technology continued to evolve, more computer forensics software was developed. The introduction of large hard disks posed new problems for investigators. Most DOS-based software didn’t recognize a hard disk larger than 8 GB. Because contemporary computers have hard disks of 40 to 400 GB and larger, changes in forensics software were needed. Later in this book, you explore the challenges of using older software and hardware.

Other software, such as iLook, which is currently maintained by the IRS Criminal Investigation Division and limited to law enforcement, can analyze and read special data files that are copies of a disk. AccessData Forensic Toolkit (FTK) has become a popular commercial product that performs similar tasks in the law enforcement and civilian markets, and you use it in several projects in this book.

As software companies become savvier about computer forensics and investigations, they are publishing more forensics tools to keep pace with technology. This book discusses as many tools as possible. You should also refer to trade publications and Web sites, such as www.ctin.org (Computer Technology Investigators Network) or www.usdoj.gov (U.S. Department of Justice), to stay current. UNDERSTANDING COMPUTER CRIME

INVESTIGATION

Incidents of computer-related crime and telecommunications fraud have increased dramatically over the past decade. However, because of the esoteric nature of this crime, there have been very few prosecutions and even fewer convictions. Computer crime investigation involves obtaining and analyzing

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

digital information for use as evidence in civil, criminal, or administrative cases.The Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) has controlled the use of digital evidence since 1970.

The FBI Computer Analysis and Response Team (CART) was formed in 1984 to handle the increasing number of cases involving digital evidence. By the late 1990s, CART had teamed up with the Department of Defense Computer Forensics Laboratory (DCFL) for research and training. Much of the early curriculum in this field came from the DCFL. DISCIPLINES IN COMPUTER CRIME

INVESTIGATION

Typically, investigating computers includes collecting computer data securely, examining suspect data to determine details such as origin and content, presenting computer-based information to courts, and applying laws to computer practice.

In general, computer forensics investigates data that can be retrieved from a computer’s hard disk or other storage media. Like an archaeologist excavating a site, computer investigators retrieve information from a computer or its component parts. The information you retrieve might already be on the disk, but it might not be easy to find or decipher. In contrast,network forensics yields information about how a perpetrator or an attacker gained access to a network.

Network forensics investigators use log files to determine when users logged on and try to determine which URLs users accessed, how they logged on to the network,and from what location. Keep in mind, however, that network forensics also tries to determine what tracks or new files were left behind on a victim’s computer or what changes were made.

Computer forensics is also different from data recovery, which involves recovering information from a computer that was deleted by mistake or lost during a power surge or

server crash, for example. In data recovery, typically you know what you’re looking for.

Computer forensics is the task of recovering data that users have hidden or deleted, with the goal of ensuring that the recovered data is valid so that it can be used as evidence. CONCLUSION

Computer crime investigation is more an art than a science. It is a rapidly changing field that requires knowledge in many disciplines. Although it may seem esoteric, most investigations are based on traditional investigative procedures. Planning is integral to a successful investigation. For the internal investigator, an incident response plan should be formulated before an attack occurs. The incident response plan help sets the objective of the investigation and identifies each of the steps in the investigative process.

For the external investigator, investigative planning may occur post incident. It is also important to realize that no individual has all the answers and that teamwork is essential. Finally, to be successful, the computer crime investigator must, at a minimum, have a thorough understanding of the law, the rules of evidence as they relate to computer crime, and computer forensics. With this knowledge, the investigator should be able to adapt to any number of situations involving computer abuse. References:

1. COMPUTER CRIME INVESTIGATION &

COMPUTER FORENSICS

Source: Information Systems Security,

Summer 97, Vol. 6 Issue 2, p56, 25p.

2. Issues in Computer Forensics : Sonia Bui

Michelle Enyeart Jenghuei Luong COEN 150

Dr. Holliday May 22, 2003 Issues in Computer

Forensics

3. Introduction to Computer Forensics David

Nardoni CISSP, EnCE

[email protected] Chi So

[email protected]

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

BLOOD PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS

Razia Sultana Gurukul Mahila Mahavidyalaya,

Raipur – 492010 (C.G.)

ABSTRACT :

The frequency of cardiovascular diseases

(CVD) is increasing day by day worldwide.

The CVD may take shape of an epidemic in

near future. The current quantitative methods

for blood pressure management seem to be

inadequate. In the Indian ancient Ayurvedic

system of blood pressure diagnosis, the

qualitative blood pressure analysis was in

practice called Nadi-pariksha. It is used to

diagnose several health dilemmas. However,

nadi-pariksha depends on personal skills of

the practitioner and the protocol varies from

practitioner to practitioner. Whether,

qualitative or quantitative measures of blood

pressure diagnosis, the draw-back must be

overcome for the correct diagnosis and

thereby correct treatment.

Keywords: Blood pressure; factors effecting blood pressure; Qualitative & Quantitative hypertension diagnosis INTRODUCTION:

Blood pressure- definition The blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of

blood fluid exerted upon the walls of blood vessels. During each cardiac cycle, the pressure rises to the maximum (systolic blood pressure, SBP) and falls to the minimum (diastolic blood pressure, DBP). The variation in DBP is less than that of SBP. Therefore, DBP value is believed to be more valuable measurement for clinical practice. The cutoff line between normal and abnormal blood pressure is arbitrary. There is no threshold level of DBP associated either with the lower risk of stroke or cardiovascular diseases; however, some cutoff measures of DBP may help in better evaluation of cerebrovascular events (Atanassova et al., 2008).

Both neural and hormonal mechanisms are involved in maintenance of blood pressure. The cardiac peptides and other hormones present in blood also participate in blood pressure regulation (Tervonen et al., 2002). Factors effecting blood pressure monitoring:

Age is one of the most important factors that influence blood pressure (Khattar et al., 2001). Normally, the systolic blood pressure of an individual should be age plus 90 mm Hg. Arteriosclerosis (stiffness in artery wall) is one of the common problems in old age and is associated with uncontrolled hypertension (Franklin et al., 1997). The gradual increase in systolic blood pressure and decrease in diastolic blood pressure with age is best predictor of coronary ailments (Asmar et al., 2001). In hypertensive middle-aged adults having systolic as well as diastolic hypertension, pulse pressure strongly predicts cardio vascular diseases (CVD) (Verdecchia et al., 2001).

Hypertension is better tolerated by women than their male counterparts. Therefore, prevalence of coronary mortality among women is low. The warning symptoms in women, such as shoulder pain, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and shortness of breath are later than men. Thus, women are more prone to silent heart attack and angina (http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?artclekey=11014).

The inheritability of hypertension is well established. The racial difference in proneness to hypertension is notable. Hypertension is higher in black than in Caucasians (Onwuanyi et al., 1998). This phenomenon is independent of diabetes and obesity (Ramirez, 1996). The Indian men and women whether living in India

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or abroad have higher propensity to develop heart diseases and development of arteriosclerosis (Enas, 2002). Cardiovascular mortality in American Indian women is much higher than that in other ethnic groups living in USA (Kotha, 2006). Therefore, during diagnosis, factors, such as age, gender, BSA, BMI, geographical and racial background are/ should be taken into consideration. Apart from these factors, sedentary life style, oral contraceptives, high intake of alcohol, high cholesterol, excess intake of salt, potassium, calcium and magnesium in diet and smoking greatly enhance vulnerability of humans to hypertension (Tortora and Grabowski, 2003). Influence of social status and modern life

style

Hypertension due to high social disruption is more in lower social classes (Dimsdale et al., 1986). On the other hand, in urban population modern life style induced stress is considered as an independent factor attributed to elevated arterial blood pressure (Dressler et al., 1987). Exercise and meditation is found to be positively associated with long term control of hypertension (Yeligar and Shah, 2010). A number of good beneficial life style and bad life style with respect to hypertension are identified. However, there is no guaranty of total prevention of inheritable hypertension. Inadequate knowledge of causal factors of hypertension leads to a number of clinical difficulties in blood pressure diagnosis and treatment. Geographical variations and blood pressure:

Whincup et al. (1992) found no geographical relationship between childhood blood pressure and adult cardiovascular mortality. Yet some studies reported significant geographical variation in the blood pressure in same ethnic population living in different continent. Ambiguity in diagnosis and treatment of

Hypertension

Hypertension is symptom less and hence many times remains undiagnosed. Clinical

environment also affect the diagnosis of blood pressure. The phenomenon is known as white coat effect (O’Brien et al., 2003). It may alter the normal blood pressure in both directions. Consequently instances of diagnosing a normotensive as hypertensive (white coat hypertension) and hypertensive as normotensive (masked hypertension or reversed white-coat hypertension) are common (Cornélissen et al., 1998; Padiyar and Rahman, 2007). Incorrect diagnosis may lead to wrong medication and serious health consequences (O’Brien et al., 2003; Calhoun et al., 2008).

Secondly, in case of resistant hypertension the patients show no response to medication. This is one of the leading problems in clinics (Taler et al., 2002; Calhoun et al., 2008). In addition, the antihypertensive drugs do not correct root the causes of hypertension; hence, one has to take medications lifelong for minimizing blood pressure. The side effects of drug also affect the quality of life in hypertensive patients (Raftrey 1983).

It is difficult to control hypertension (Wuerzner et al., 2003). Very often, the clinical measurements of pressure fail to tell the whole story. Research beyond the conventional clinical measurements has unveiled temporal characteristics of blood pressure variability. The underlying mechanism is now being investigated in order to lower the dosage of drug with an objective to minimize the side effects (Siegelova et al., 2006). Every physiological activity of our body remains temporally harmonious with other internal physiological variables as well as with our surroundings. The study of temporal organization of bodily functions falls in the realm of Chronobiology (Pati, 2001). Quantitative blood pressure monitoring

In 1733, Reverend Stephen Hales was the first who invented a method to detect blood pressure. He inserts a long glass tube upright into an incision in a horse's artery. The pumping action of the heart generated a

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pressure force, causing the blood level to rise in the tube. These early surgical procedures were dangerous for patients, due to the risk of infection and excessive blood loss. Instead, non-invasive (i.e. non-surgical) methods are safer, comfortable, and convenient for patient. However, the degree of accuracy is lower in non-invasive method than that of invasive method. After that a number of methods in 1905, Korotkoff described the AUSCULTATORY SOUND which became the foundation for the AUSCULTATORY TECHNIQUE, the most common method of blood pressure measurement today. The auscultatory technique is based on the ability of the human ear to detect and distinguish sounds. This is a great advantage since it allows the clinician to determine the quality of each measurement. However, inherent in this is the possibility for measurement error due to differences in hearing acuity from clinician to clinician. Unqualified or inexperienced personnel may be more susceptible to outside noise, other interference, or inconsistent assessment of Korotkoff sounds. In an attempt to increase reproducibility, some automated devices have replaced the human ear with a microphone. Therefore, later on automated ausculatory method was developed that apply sound-based algorithms to estimate SBP and DBP. The drawback of such an automated ausculatory method is that sound dependent algorithms may not adequately compensate in case of low blood pressure, where korotkoff sounds may be mute. To make automated measurement more reliable, oscillometric devices were created. The term "oscillometric" refers to any measurement of the oscillations caused by the arterial pressure pulse. These oscillations are the direct results of the coupling of the occlusive cuff to the artery. This method allowed blood pressure measurement of critical care and intensive care (ICU) patients with muted Korotkoff sounds. These devices do not use microphones.

Therefore, cuff placement and external noise are not significant problems. These devices are sensitive to patient movement and do not allow measurement validation. Nowadays, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring based on “oscillatory method” is been popularized for monitoring the circadian variation (typically 24 hours) of blood pressure in free living conditions (condition that represents the person’s lifestyle). In clinical conditions It has been well documented that blood pressures measured in a clinic are not always representative of everyday pressures. This led to the identification of white coat hypertension and the circadian rhythm of blood pressure. White coat hypertension is generally defined as "a persistently elevated clinic blood pressure and a normal pressure at other times." Although the general description of white coat hypertension is agreed upon, the exact definition varies. 20% to 40% of patients with mild to moderate hypertension in a clinical setting may actually be white coat hypertensive. Two salient issues that arise from white coat hypertension are: the effects of anti-hypertensive drugs on normotensive individuals, and the cost of administering those drugs. In order to avoid administering unnecessary therapy to white coat hypertensives, these individuals must be identified. ABPM is the only way to accomplish this. ABPM has also led directly to the discovery of the circadian rhythm of blood pressure: a decrease in blood pressure levels from periods of wakefulness to period of sleep (for convenience, daytime and night-time will be used for wakefulness and sleep, respectively). Most people exhibit this circadian rhythm, which consists of a blood pressure decrease of approximately 15-25% during the night-time, with increases to daytime levels again in the morning. Clinical studies classify people as either "dippers" or "non-dippers", depending on whether their blood pressure exhibits the circadian rhythm or

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remains close to its daytime level during night-time hours. Since hypertensive "dippers" may be normotensive during night-time hours, ABPM may prove helpful in optimizing treatment programs for hypertension. Clinical research in the field of ABPM has led to the application of additional analysis techniques that may allow the clinician to obtain a clearer assessment of a patient's hypertensive condition. ABPM may be cost effective by reducing the number of patients who are mislabeled as hypertensive and subsequently undergo hypertension management therapy. One twenty-four hour ABPM session using Pulse Dynamic technology may provide reliable information regarding blood pressure, arterial compliance, left ventricular contractility, and dipper/non-dipper classification. This decreases the need for exhaustive testing and allows quicker, easier diagnosis and treatment program development. Qualitative blood pressure monitoring

The definition and the method of diagnosis of blood pressure vary in different cultures. In fact, the ancient Ayurvedic therapy, almost every kind of disorder is detected non-invasively, only by observing the qualitative aspects of blood pressure by a simple method called “Nadi pariksha”. Nadi pariksha can be defined as the qualitative aspects of blood pressure and heart rate and was the chief measures of diagnosis, as it is believed that BP reflects many health dilemmas. “Nadi Pariksha is the examination of the rate of vibrations of the pulse at various levels on the radial artery. Unlike clinical pulse assessment that validates rate of pulse, nadi parisksha defines qualitative aspects of pulse as well. Pulse vibrations divides human body into three types; Kapha, Vata and Pitta. Any imbalance in this composition may cause some or other disorders. Nadi Pariksha ascertains the original constitution of the body ‘Prakruti’ and the patient’s current composition (http://nadipariksha.com/2009/03/15/what-is-

nadi-pariksha/). Similarly, the contemporary Chinese pulse diagnosis is believed to be highly sensitive and extensive technique with 28 pulse position, displaying 80 qualities (Rosen and Stickley, 2008). Qualitative measurement of pulse was more emphasized in ancient therapies than blood pressure measurement. These techniques were rarely learnt and needs lots of patients, skill and practice to become a master. This could be the reason of disappearance of such practices. We certainly feel that such kind of diagnostic measure is in grey area and need extensive scientific research.

The blood pressure in ayurveda (a Vedic lineage of Indian therapy) defines elevated blood pressure as ‘Rakta Gata Vata’

(http://www.ayushveda.com/health/hypertensio

n.htm). The method of treatment of hypertension (Rakta Capa Vriddhi) is also very interesting, that includes improvement in digestion, detoxification of heart channels and relaxation by herbs and pranayama (yoga). These methods do not complement modern antihypertensive therapies (Sharma et al., 2012; http://www.ayushveda.com/ayurvedic-medicines/anti-hypertensive-drugs.htm). Reference

• Atanassova P. A., Chalakova N. T. and Dimitrov B. D. (2008). Diastolic blood pressure cut-off predicts major cerebrovascular events after minor ischaemic stroke: a post-hoc modelling study. Cent. Eur. J. Med. 3: 430-437

• Calhoun D. A., Jones D., Textor S., Goff D. C., Murphy T. P., Toto R. D., White A., Cushman W. C., White W., Sica D., Ferdinand K., Giles T. D., Falkner B. and Carey R. M. (2008). Resistant Hypertension: Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment. A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension 51:1403-1419

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• Cornélissen G, Tarquini B, Tarquini R, Perfetto F, Otsuka K, Halberg F. (1998). White-coat hypertension: diagnosis or misdiagnosis? 29.

• Dimsdale J. E., Pierce C., Schoenfeld D., Brown A., Zusman R., and Graham R. (1986). Suppressed anger and blood pressure: the effects of race, sex, social class, obesity and age. Psychosomatic

Medicine 48: 430-436. • Dressler W. W., Santos J. E. D., Gallagher

P. N. and Viteri F. E. (1987). Arterial Blood Pressure and Modernization in Brazil. American Anthropologist 89: 398–409.

• Enas E.A. (2002). Clinical implications: Dyslipidemia in the Asian Indian population. 20th annual convention of the American association of physicians of Indian origin (AAPI).

• Franklin S.S., Gastin W.IV, Wong N.O., Larson M.G., Webe M.A., Kannel W.B., Levy D.L. (1997). Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure. The framiongham heart study. Circulation 96: 308-315.

• Gupta M., Singh N. and Verma S. (2006). South Asians and Cardiovascular Risk What Clinicians Should Know. Circulation. 113: 924-929

• Khattar RS, Swales JD, Dore C, Senior R, Lahiri A (2001). Effect of aging on the prognostic significance of ambulatory systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure in essential hypertension. Circulation 104: 783-789.

• O’Brien E., Asmar R., Beilin L., Imai Y., Mallion J-M., Mancia G., Mengden T., Myers M., Padfield P., Palatini P., Parati G., Pickering T., Redon J., Staessen J., Stergiou G. and Verdecchia P. (2003). European society of hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement. Journal of hypertension, 21: 821-848.

• Onwuanyi A., Hodges D., Avancha A., Weiss L., Rabinowitz D., Shea S. and Francis C. K. (1998). Hypertensive Vascular Disease as a Cause of Death in

Blacks Versus Whites: Autopsy Findings in 587 Adults Hypertension 31: 1070-1076.

• Padiyar A. and Rahman M., (2007). Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: an argument for wider clinical use. Cleveland

clinic journal of medicine, 74 : 831-838. • Raftrey EB (1983). The effects of beta-

blocker therapy on diurnal variation of blood pressure. European Heart Journal 4: 61-64.

• Ramirez JA (1996). Isolation of Chlamydia pneumonia from the Coronary Artery of a Patient with Coronary Atherosclerosis. Ann

Intern Med 125: 979-982. • Siegelova J., Fiser B., Brazdova Z., Forejt

M., Vank P., Havelkova A., Hollan J., Cornelissen G. and Halberg F. (2006). Disturbance of circadian rhythm in blood pressure by lack of darhness at night. Sripta

medica. 79: 147-154. • Taler S. J., Textor S. C. and Augustine J. E.

(2002) Resistant Hypertension Comparing Hemodynamic Management to Specialist Care. Hypertension 39: 982-988.

• Tervonen V, Ruskoaho H, Lecklin T. Ilves M, Vuolteenaho O (2002). Salmon cardiac natriuretic peptide is a volume-regulating hormone. Am J Physiol

Endocrinol Metab 283: 353–361. • Tortora GJ, Grabowski SR (2003).

Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 10th edition. (eds. John Wiley & Sons) 706-715.

• Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Reboldi G, Gattobigio R, Borgioni C, Pearson TA Ambrosio G (2001). Left ventricular hypertrophy as an independent predictor of acute cerebrovascular events in essential hypertension. Circulation 104: 2039-2044.

• What is nadi pariksha (Ayurvedic Pulse Diagnosis) http://nadipariksha.com/2009/03/15/what-is-nadi-pariksha/, assessed on 14/02/13.

• Wuerzner K, Hassler C, Burnier M (2003). Difficult blood pressure control: watch out for non-compliance. Nephrol Dial

Transplant 18: 1969–1973. • Yeligar RR, Shah KA (2010). The most

reliable approach to defeat ‘a silent killer’. International Journal of Pharmaceutical

sciences and research 1: 115-118.

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THERMOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF CE DOPED BA2MGSI2O7

PHOSPHORS

Sanjay Kumar Sao, Nameeta Brahme,

D.P. Bisen, Geetanjali Tiwari School of Studies in Physics And Astrophysics,

Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (C.G), India

ABSTRACT :

The Ba2-xMgSi2O7:xCe Phosphor of

different concentration of Ce has prepared

using solid state reaction method. We have

observed the TL glow curve which reveals

that the TL intensity is maximum for 25

minutes UV-irradiation time for 0.05 mole

of Ce.

Keywords: Dibarium magnesium disilicate, Cerium, Thermoluminescence INTRODUCTION :

Use of rare earth in luminescence as luminescence materials is one of the latest applications of rare earth elements. Aluminate based phosphors activated by Eu2+, Tb3+, ions have recently attracted much attention because of their excellent properties, e.g. high quantum efficiency, long persistence of phosphorescence and good stability [1]. In the mid -1990s, alkaline earth aluminates (Mal2O4, M= Ca, Sr, Ba ) doped with Eu2+ and co-doped with ions e.g. Nd3+, Dy3+ were introduced as new commercial persistent luminescence materials [2]. Unfortunately, expositions to water may impair the luminescence properties of these aluminates materials, which limit their use, e.g. in the paints as a pigment [3]. In recent times, rare earth doped akermanites (Ba, Ca, Sr)2MgSi2O7 have been extensively investigated as red phosphors because of their chemical stability. It is well known that Eu3+ is a excellent activator, with a good emission spectrum in the red region, although it is necessary to choose a good host material for synthesis a red phosphors. Co-doping of Ce in Ba2MgSi2O7:Eu

enhances its luminescence properties. Silicate is

an excellent host matrix for phosphors because of its low cost, stable crystal structure, high physical and chemical stability, and strong water persistence compared with other materials [4]. In this work, the Thermoluminescence properties of the prepared phosphors Ba2MgSi2O7 doped with Ce3+ were studied using TL glow curve. Experimental

Synthesis

Solid state reaction is widely used to prepare phosphor because sample prepared using these methods have good luminescence and very good morphology also. The sample prepared of Ba2-xMgSi2O7:xCe phosphor by solid state reaction. The starting reagents were BaCO3 (99.0%), Mgo (99.0%), SiO2 .H2 O (99.0%) and rare earth oxide CeO2 (99.0%) and also used 0.05 mole of H3BO3. The raw materials were weight stoichiometrically and mixed thoroughly ground for approximately 2 h in a agate mortar, then sintered at 12000C for approximately 4h.

The reagents reaction formula is, 2 BaCO3 + MgO + 2SiO2 .H2 O + CeO2 = Ba2MgSi2O7:Ce + 2 H2 O +2CO2 + O2

Characterization

XRD

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Fig.1 XRD pattern of Ba1.95MgSi2O7:0.05Ce3+ phosphor.

Fig.2 Crystal Structure of Ba2MgSi2O7

Table 1 Cell parameters, particle size and structure of the phosphor

Material Cell parameters

(nm)

Size

(nm)

Structure

Ba2MgSi2O7 :Ce(5%)

a = 0.8437, b=1.0727 c = 0.8443

52.18 monoclinic

The XRD pattern were collected in the range of 20°<2Θ<70°.The doped Ce3+ ions did not change significantly the lattice structure of the host. Particle size is found 52.18 nm, for (0 2 2) peak using Debye-Sherrer equation. TL measurement has been collected by TL-1009 I. Result and Discussion

Ba2MgSi2O7:Ce Phosphors were synthesized with different dopants. The doping concentration for TL was optimized. Fig.3 shows the TL glow curve of Ba2MgSi2O7:Ce with different concentration of Ce with UV irradiation for 25 min. It is clear that the TL intensity is maximum for 5 mole% concentration of Ce. Two TL bands are found in the glow curve between room temperature and 300°C. Trap depths for two main peaks were calculated using different heating rate method, which are 0.08704 eV for shallow trap and 0.4105 eV for deep trap, respectively. The TL intensity is maximum for 25 minutes irradiation time. Since UV irradiation excites the atoms at the surface only hence initially the TL intensity increases with irradiation time and becomes maximum for 25 min after that the bleaching of color centers takes place and TL intensity decreases on further increase of

irradiation time. The TL glow curve for UV-irradiated Ba2MgSi2O7:Ce(5%) is shown in fig. 4. The irradiation time was varied from 1 min to 30 min.

Fig. 3 Plot between % Ce concentration and Total TL Intensity with UV dose For 25 min.

Fig 4 TL glow curve for Ba2MgSi2O7: Ce(5%) for

Different UV radiation time.

Conclusions

The Ce doped Ba2-xMgSi2O7:xCe Phosphor of different concentration of Ce has prepared using solid state reaction method. We have investigated the XRD for different concentration of Ce. From XRD we found that the structure of Ba2-xMgSi2O7:xCe is monoclinic and the particle size is 52.18nm.

We observed the Thermoluminescence. The TL intensity is maximum for 25 minutes irradiation time. Since UV irradiation excites the atoms at the surface only hence initially the TL intensity increases with irradiation time and becomes maximum for 25 min after that the bleaching of color centers takes place and TL intensity decreases on further increase of irradiation time. The irradiation time was

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

varied from 1 min to 30 min which found that the TL properties were found maximum for 5% Ce. The maximum TL intensity was at 400nm. The PL result shows the emission at 415 nm wavelength purplish-blue band, originated from the 5d to 4f transition of Ce3+ ion in Ba1.95MgSi2O7:0.05Ce3+. From the above results it is clear that the Ce doped Ba2MgSi2O7 phosphor is a good luminescent phosphor. Its application part can be extended.

References:

[1] T. Aitasalo et. al., J. Solid State Chem. 171, 114-122 (2003)

[2] Y. Murayama, Luminous Paints, in; S. Shiyonoya, W.M. Yen (Eds.), Phosphors Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Roton, USA, 1999, pg.651.

[3] Tumus Aitasalo et al. persisitent luminescence of Ba2MgSi2O7:Eu2+, Journal of Luminescence 122-123, (2007) 110-112.

[4] Y. Zhai, Z. You, Y.Liu, Y. Sun, Q. Ji, J. rare Earths 30(2), 114-117 (2012)

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“A STUDY OF FLEXIBILITY BETWEEN THE COLLEGE GOING GIRLS”

OF URBAN & RURAL AREA OF RAIPUR DISTRICT

Rinku Tiwari

Sports Officer, Gurukul Mahila Mahavidyalya, Raipur

ABSTRACT :

The purpose of the present study to find

out the Flexibility Between the college going

Girls of Urban & Rural area of Raipur

District. For the study of present status of

flexibility 100 Girls selected. Range of the

age was 19 to 25.Subject’s Flexibility was

measured bySit & Reach test. All the

necessary instructions were given to girls.

To find out the difference independent t-

Test was used at 0.05 level of significance.

Calculated value (4.31) was grater then

tabulated value.

Keyword:- Flexibility; fitness; urban-rural women population

INTRODUCTION:

Today, life of a person is directly affected with his Health. Hence in modern developing era the individual health’s are also discuss in health conscious society. The term, Fitness’ widely used in present day. Now people have realized that the importance of fitness in today’s routines is as important as their life’s. The term Fitness is also denotes a person status of physique in relation to its physical achievements. Today the scientific evidencealso edict the fact that physical fitness is necessary.

Physical fitness has long been accepted as a worthy goal of the physical education curriculum in the public school (Bucher, 1983; Pate,1983). Throughout the 20th century, physicians, educators, and even political leaders have expressed support for the physical fitness of children (Carter,1980).

The components of fitness are usually speed, power, agility, arm and shoulder

strength, abdominal strength, and cardiovas-cular endurance. (American Association for

Health Physical Education, and Recreation

Youth Fitness Test Manual, 1976; Bucher,

1983).

Fitness are studying in two way, first in term of skill related and second in Health related physical fitness. Health related physical

fitness is main concern for physical teacher, is depended on the skill related physical fitness of an individual. The main components of physical fitness are: Strength, Endurance,

Flexibility, & Coordination. Flexibility is being able to move without restricted by the tightness of our muscles and joints. Everyone’s level of flexibility may differ which depends on their lifestyle and body makeup.

Statement of the Problem:

The purpose of the study is to find out the Flexibility Between the college going Girls of Urban & Rural area of Raipur District.

Objective of the Study:

Present study is to find out the flexibility between the college going girls of Urban & Rural area of Raipur District. And present status of flexibility of college going girls.

Sample of the Study:

For the study of present status of flexibility 100 Girls selected. Range of the age was 19 to 25. Test Used: Sit &Reach- Flexibility

Procedure of Data collection:

The subjects of the study were in the age group between 19 to 25years from Urban & Rural area of Raipur dist. Total 100 girls selected.

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Statistical Analysis:

For purpose of the study to find out the flexibility between urban & rural college going girls, t- test calculated.

Result:

The presented data was analyzed by t-test. The calculations were performed using the

formula of t-test. ( ) all the

findings related Flexibility between Urban & Rural girls is depicted in Table No.01.

Table no. 01: Mean, S.D. and T- Value of

Flexibility of Urban & Rural Girls

Girls N Mean S.D. t-value

Urban 100 12.17 3.57

4.311*

Rural 100 10.23 2.92

*Significant at .05 level: Flexibility Result of Urban & Rural Girls is shown in Table no. 01. Which indicate the significant difference of Mean score between Urban & Rural, at .05 level

Figure-01: Mean Score of Flexibility in rural and urban women south-eastern region of

Chhattisgarh- Raipur District.

Conclusion:

There was significant difference found between urban & rural college going girls. References:

1. AAPHER. (1965) AAPHER, youth fitness test

manual. Washington, D.C. American Alliance for Physical Education and Recreation.

2. AAPHER. (1980) AAPHER, health related

physical fitness manual. Washington, D.C. 3. Blair sujaine, (1987), health related fitness in

high school girls, yearly winter,45(1),52-55. 4. Warmer pitter, durehumrik,(1988), health

related fitness benefit in upper elementary

school children in a daily physical education

programme, research spring, 45(2), 89-93.

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SOFT COMPUTING : AN OVERVIEW

Mrs. Priyanka Tiwari Asst. Professor

Dept. of Computer Science Gurukul Mahila Mahavidyalaya

ABSTRACT:

Softcomputing (SC) is an emerging

collection of methodologies which aims to

exploit tolerance for imprecision,

uncertainty, and partial truth to achieve

robustness, tractability, and low total cost. It

differs from conventional hard computing

(HC) in the sense that, unlike hard

computing, it is strongly based on intuition

or subjectivity. Therefore, softcomputing

provides an attractive opportunity to

represent the ambiguity in human thinking

with real life uncertainty. The central idea of

this paper is to present, analyze, compare

anddiscuss a few of the definitions that can

be found on literature; not trying to find the

best but to offer thereader arguments to

make his/her own decision. Keywords: Soft Computing, Computational Intelligence, Fuzzy, Neural, Evolutionary, Probabilistic, Hybridization INTRODUCTION:

Soft computing is foundation of conceptual intelligence in machines. Unlike hard computing,soft computing differs from conventional (hard) computing in that, unlike hard computing, it is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation. In effect, the role model for soft computing is the human mind. The guiding principle of soft computing is: Exploit the tolerance for imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation to achieve tractability, robustness and low solution cost. The basic ideas underlying soft computing in its current incarnation have links to many earlier influences, among them Zadeh's 1965 paper on fuzzy sets; the 1973 paper on the analysis of

complex systems and decision processes; and the 1979 report (1981 paper) on possibility theory and soft data analysis. The inclusion of neural computing and genetic computing in soft computing came at a later point. Future of Soft Computing:

Soft computing is likely to play an especially important role in science and engineering, but eventually its influence may extend much farther.

Soft computing represents a significant paradigm shift in the aims of computing a shift which reflects the fact that the human mind, unlike present day computers, possesses a remarkable ability to store and process information which is pervasively imprecise, uncertain and lacking in categoricity. Current Applications using Soft Computing

• Application of soft computing to handwriting recognition

• Application of soft computing to automotive systems and manufacturing

• Application of soft computing to image processing and data compression

• Application of soft computing to architecture

• Application of soft computing to decision-support systems

• Application of soft computing to power systems

• Neurofuzzy systems • Fuzzy logic control Importance of Soft Computing

The complementarity of FL( Fuzzy logic), NC(Neural Network control), GC(Genetic Control)and PR (Probabilistic reasoning) has an important consequence: in many cases a problem can be solved most effectively by

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using FL, NC, GC and PR in combination rather than exclusively. A striking example of a particularly effective combination is what has come to be known as "neurofuzzy systems." Such systems are becoming increasingly visible as consumer products ranging from air conditioners and washing machines to photocopiers and camcorders. Less visible but perhaps even more important are neurofuzzy systems in industrial applications. What is particularly significant is that in both consumer products and industrial systems, the employment of soft computing techniques leads to systems which have high MIQ (Machine Intelligence Quotient). In large measure, it is the high MIQ of SC-based systems that accounts for the rapid growth in the number and variety of applications of soft computing. Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy logic representation founded on Fuzzy set theory try to capture the way human represent and reasons with real world knowledge of uncertainty.

A fuzzy set can be defined mathematically by assigning to each possible indivisible in the universe of discourse, a value representing its grade of membership in the fuzzy set. It is support a flexible sense of membership of element to a set. Neural network

Neural network are simplified model of the biological nervous system and there for and therefore have drawn their motivation from the kind of computing performed by a human brain.An Neural Network, In general is a highly interconnected network of a large number of processing element called neurons in an architecture inspired by the Brain.

Some of the well-known Neural Network system include backpropegation network, adaptive resonance theory, perceptron, ADALINE, associative memory.

Neural Network have been successfully applied to problems in the fields of patter recognition, image processing, data compression, forecasting and optimization to quote a few. Summery: Soft Computing is dedicated to system solutions based on soft computing techniques. It provides rapid dissemination of important results in soft computing technologies, a fusion of research in evolutionary algorithms and genetic programming, neural science and neural net systems, fuzzy set theory and fuzzy systems. Soft Computing encourages the integration of soft computing techniques and tools into both everyday and advanced applications. Reference :

1 http://link.springer.com/journal 2. Li, X., Ruan, D. and van der Wal, A.J.

(1998): Discussion on soft computing at FLINS'96. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 13, 2-3, 287- 300.

3. Zadeh, L.A. (1994). Soft Computing and Fuzzy Logic. IEEE Software 11, 6, 48-56.

4. F. Chiclana, E. Herrera-Viedma, S. Alonso, and F. Herrera. Special issue on fuzzy approaches in preference modelling, decision making and applications. In- ternational Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems, 16(2 supp), 2008.

5. R. Cignoli, I. M. D’Ottaviano, and D. Mundici. Algebraic Foundations of Many- Valued Reasoning. Kluwer, 1999.

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOYBEANS DATA USING SUPERVISED

LEARNING TECHNIQUE

Guddi Singh

ABSTRACT : Data mining has become a research area

with increasing importance due to its capability

of helping end users extract useful information

from large databases. With rapid growth in

adapting high-technological tools, businesses

can now generate and collect massive amount of

data, which they could not have done before.

From this myriad collection of data, businesses

would like to "discover" certain useful and

interesting information, which could assist them

in marketing strategies, decision making, etc.

This can all be accomplished with various data

mining techniques, such as association rules,

characterization, classification, clustering, and

so forth. These patterns, associations, or

relationships between data can provide

information about a specific problem being

studied, and information can then be used for

improving the knowledge on the problem. Data

mining techniques are widely used in various

sectors of the economy.This paper used some

methodMultilayer Perception, Radial Basis

Function Network, Decision Tree etc.

Keywords: Multilayer Perception, Radial Basis Function Network, Decision Tree, Soybeans, Supervised Technique. INTRODUCTION :

Initially they were used by large companies to analyze consumer data from different perspectives. Data was then analyzed and useful information was extracted with the goal of increasing profitability. The idea of using information hidden in relationships among data inspired researchers in agricultural fields to apply these techniques for predicting future trends of agricultural processes. For example, data collected during wine fermentation can be used to predict the outcome of the fermentation

while still in the early days of this process. In the same way, soil water parameters for a certain soil type can be estimated knowing the behavior of similar soil types. Non-trivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown and potentially useful information from data Exploration & analysis, by automatic or semi-automatic means, of large quantities of data in order to discover meaningful patterns. Generally, data mining (sometimes called data or knowledge discovery) is the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information - information that can be used to increase revenue, cuts costs, or both. Data mining software is one of a number of analytical tools for analyzing data. It allows users to analyze data from many different dimensions or angles, categorize it, and summarize the relationships identified. Technically, data mining is the process of finding correlations or patterns among dozens of fields in large relational databases. 1. Soybeans Data Importance

The soybean (U.S.) or soya bean (UK) (Glycine max) is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean which has numerous uses. The plant is classed as an oilseed rather than a pulse by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Soybean variety selection is one of the most important decisions a producer makes each year. It is the foundation of your crop management plan. The variety you choose will determine the yield potential, the pest resistance, maturity, and grain quality of your crop, so spending time and effort on selecting the right variety for your specific conditions is a good investment. to plant a longer-season variety.

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Figure-1: Soybeans 2.0 Soybeans Classification

The genus name Glycine was originally introduced by Carl Linnaeus (1737) in his first edition of Genera Plantarum. The word glycine is derived from the Greek - glykys (sweet) and likely refers to the sweetness of the pear-shaped (apios in Greek) edible tubers produced by the native North American twining or climbing herbaceous legume, Glycine apios, now known as Apios americana. The cultivated soybean first appeared in Species. Plantarum, by Linnaeus, under the name Phaseolus max L. The combination Glycine max (L.) Merr. As proposed by Merrill in 1917, has become the valid name for this useful plant.Figure: 1.7 Varieties of soybeans are used for many purposes. Soybeans occur in various sizes, and in many hull or seed coat colors, including black, brown, blue, yellow, green and mottled. The hull of the mature bean is hard, water resistant, and protects the cotyledon and hypocotyl (or "germ") from damage. If the seed coat is cracked, the seed will not germinate. The scar, visible on the seed coat, is called the hilum (colors include black)

3. Uses

Approximately 85% of the world's soybean crop is processed into soybean meal and vegetable oil (Harbay February 18, 2012) Soybeans can be broadly classified as "vegetable" (garden) or field (oil) types. Vegetable types cook more easily, have a mild, nutty flavor, better texture, are larger in size, higher in protein, and lower in oil than field types. Tofu and soy milk producers.reaching maturity.

Figure- 3: Tofu and Soy sauce Oil

Soybean seed contains about 19% oil. To extract soybean oil from seed, the soybeans are cracked, adjusted for moisture content, rolled into flakes and solvent-extracted with commercial hexane. The oil is then refined, blended for different applications, and sometimes hydrogenated. Soybean oils, both liquid and partially hydrogenated, are exported abroad, sold as "vegetable oil", or end up in a wide variety of processed foods. The remaining soybean meal is used mainly as animal feed. METHOD

1. Multilayer Perception A Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) is a feedforward artificial neural network model that maps sets of input data onto a set of appropriate output. An MLP consists of multiple layers of nodes in a directed graph, with each layer fully connected to the next one. Except for the input nodes, each node is a neuron (or processing element) with a nonlinear activation function. MLP utilizes a supervised learning technique called back

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propagation for training the network. MLP is a modification of the standard linear perceptron, which can distinguish data that is not linearly separable. 2. Radial Basis Function Network A radial basis function network is an artificial neural network that uses radial basis functions as activation functions. It is a linear combination of radial basis functions. They are used in function approximation, time series prediction, and control. 3. Decision Tree Murthy (1998) provided an overview of work in decision trees and a sample of their usefulness to newcomers as well as practitioners in the field of machine learning. Thus, in this work, apart from a brief description of decision trees, we will refer to some more recent works than those in Murthy’s article as well as few very important articles that were published earlier. Decision trees are trees that classify instances by sorting them based on feature values. Each node in a decision tree represents a feature in an instance to be classified, and each branch represents a value that the node can assume. Instances are classified starting at the root node and sorted based on their feature values. Figure 2 is an example of a decision tree for the training set of Table 1.

Figure-3 : A decision tree

CONCLUSION

Data mining has become a research area with increasing importance due to its capability of helping end users extract useful information from large databases. With rapid growth in adapting high-technological tools, businesses can now generate and collect massive amount of data, which they could not have done before. Therefore Soybean data set was considered in this study. In this work presented applied various the supervised learning for Soybean data. The, Multilayer Perception and Radial Basis Function Network, Decision Tree were experimented and the accuracy was studied on basis of kappa statistics, relative root mean error etc. We observed that the accuracy of Multilayer Perceptron classifier is more accurate (99.85%) compare as other algorithms and method. Now the from the higher result with multilayer perceptron Table 3.1 accurate result of supervised learning method

Methods Correct

instance

Incorrect

instance

Multilayer Perceptron 682(99.8536) 01(0.1464%)

Radial basis function 664(97.2182%) 19(2.7818%)

References :

1. Auer P. & Warmuth M. (1998). Tracking the BestDisjunction. Machine Learning 32: 127–150.

2. Cancer Risk in Women". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (American Society for Nutrition) .

3. Canola Oil. Soyatech. Retrieved February 18, 2012

4. Cheng, J. & Greiner, R. (2001). Learning Bayesian Belief Network Classifiers: Algorithms and System, In Stroulia, E. & Matwin, S. (ed.), AI 2001, 141- 151, LNAI 2056,.

5. Cheng, J., Greiner, R., Kelly, J., Bell, D., & Liu, W.(2002). Learning Bayesian networks from data: An

6. D. K. Pratihar, “Soft Computing,” Narosa Publication,India , pp. 118-123.2007.

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CLOUD COMPUTING AT A GLANCE

Mrs. Deepshikha Sharma

Gurukul Mahila Mahavidyalaya

ABSTRACT :

When you store your photos online instead

of on your home computer, or use webmail or

a social networking site, you are using a “cloud

computing” service. Cloud computing refers to

the delivery of computing resources over the

Internet. Instead of protect data on your own

hard drive or updating applications for your

requirements, you use a service over the

Internet.

INTRODUCTION :

The term cloud computing refers to the delivery of accessible IT properties over the Internet, as opposed to introducing and operating those resources locally, such as on a college or university network. Those resources can include applications and services, as well as the set-up on which they operate. In its broadest usage, in its broadest usage. The origin of the term cloud computing is unclear. The expression cloud is commonly used in science to describe a large agglomeration of objects that visually appear from a distance as a cloud and describes any set of things whose details are not inspected further in a given context. In analogy to above usage the word cloud was used as a metaphor for the Internet and a standardized cloud-like shape was used to denote a network on telephony schematics and later to depict the Internet. The cloud symbol was used to represent the Internet as early as 1994 in which servers were then shown connected to, but external to, the cloud. What Is Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the Internet. Cloud services allow individuals and businesses to use software and hardware that

are managed by third parties at remote locations. The cloud computing model allows access to information and computer resources from anywhere that a network connection is available. Cloud computing provides a shared pool of resources, including data storage space, networks, computer processing power, and specialized corporate and user applications. Characteristic of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing has a variety of characteristics like:

1) Shared Infrastructure – it is use for virtualized soft were.

2) Dynamic Provisioning – it made high level of reliability and security.

3) Network Access –access the internet from a broad range such as PC, laptop and mobile devices.

4) Managed Metering- it is for reporting & billing information.

Many companies are delivering services from the cloud like- • Google — has a private cloud that it uses

for delivering many different services to its users, Like email, document applications, text translations, maps, web analytics, etc.

• Microsoft — Has Microsoft online service that allows for content and business cleverness tools to be moved into the cloud, and Microsoft currently makes its office applications available in a cloud.

• Salesforce.com — its application set for its customers in a cloud, and its Force.com and Vmforce.com products provide developers with platforms to build customized cloud services.

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Benefits of Cloud Computing

Reliability – it provide reliability for sites.Improves with the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes well-designed cloud computing suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery. Maintenance – these service provides the system maintenance becausecloud computing applications is easier they do not need to be installed on each user's computer and can be accessed from different places Flexibility – it allows companies to use extra resources as per need. Mobile Accessible – it access anywhere. Band width – it gives the facility of more band width. Security- it can improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources. As per there work we can differentiate cloud so there are some or many types of cloud Types of Cloud

Private Clouds- Private cloud is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third-party, and hosted either internally or externally. These type of cloud typically owned by the respective enterprise. Functions are not openlyshowing to the customer, in some cases services with cloud enhanced features may be offered and we can say that (Cloud) Software as a Service from the customer point of view. Example: eBay. Public Clouds-A cloud is called a "public cloud" when the services are rendered over a network that is open for public use. Public cloud services may be free or offered on a pay-per-usage mode.Some Enterprises may use cloud functionality from others, it offer their own services to users outside of the company.Provide reducing costs and effort to build up their own infrastructure. Example: Amazon, Google Apps, Windows Azure. Hybrid Clouds- Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community or public) that remain distinct

entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. Hybrid cloud can also mean the ability to connect collocation, managed and dedicated services with cloud resources. We can say that the hybrid cloud is composed of some combination of private, public and community cloud. Community Clouds-shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns. Typically cloud systems are restricted to the local infrastructure, i.e. providers of public clouds offer their own infrastructure to customers. Though the provider could actually resell the infrastructure of another provider. Special Purpose Clouds- In particular IaaS clouds originating from data centres have a “general purpose” .Special Purpose Clouds are just extensions of “normal” cloud systems to provide additional, dedicated capabilities. References

1. European Commission (2007), ‘building the e-Infrastructure: Computer and network infrastructures for research and education in Europe. A pocket guide to the activities of the Unit GÉANT & e-Infrastructure’ – available at ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/ict/docs/e-infrastructure/ leaflet-2006-building-e-infrastructure_ en.pdf

2. Wikipedia, ‘Cloud Computing’ - available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

3. Sims, K. (2009), ‘IBM Blue Cloud Initiative Advances Enterprise Cloud Computing’- available at http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/ en/pressrelease/26642.wss

4. Catteddu, D; Hogben, G eds. (2009), ‘Cloud Computing-Benefits,risks and recommendations for information security’, European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA) – available at http:// www.enisa.europa.eu/act/rm/files/ deliverables/cloud-computing-risk-assessment/at_download/fullReport

5. Webhosting Unleashed (2008), ‘Cloud-Computing Services Comparison Guide’ - available at http://www.webhostingunleashed.com /whitepaper/cloud-computing-comparison/

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A OVERVIEW OF GRID COMPUTING

Mrs. Rukmani Digraskar

Gurukul Mahila Mahavidyalaya

ABSTRACT: This paper provides an

overview of grid computing and its

applications. Grid computing can mean

different things to different individuals. Grid

computing is the method of harnessing the

power of many computers in a network to

solve problems requiring a large amount of

processing cycle and involving huge amount

of data. Most organization today deploy

firewalls around their computers networks to

protect their sensitive proprietary data.

Keyword: Grid Computing. INTRODUCTION: A Grid is a Resource sharing and coordinate problem solving in dynamic multi-institutional virtual organizations. Grid computing combines computers from multiple administrative domains to reach a

common goal, to solve a single task.It is the collection of computer resources from multiple locations to reach a common goal. The grid can be thought of as a distributed system with non-interactive workloads that involve a large number of files. What distinguishes grid computing from conventional high performance computing systems such as cluster computing is that grids tend to be more loosely coupled, heterogeneous, and geographically dispersed. Origins of Grid Computing: While the concept of Computing utility providing “Continues operations Analogous to power and Telephone” can be traced back to the 1960’s and the Multics Project, the origins of current grid revolutions can be traced to the late 1980’s and early 1990’s and the tremendous amount of research being done on parallel programming and distributed system. Grid computing System requires: At least one computer, usually a server, which handles all the administrative duties for the system.

A Network of computers running special grid computing network software. A collection of computer software called middleware. Why is grid computing?

The implications of Grid Computing are far reaching to say the least and here are some of them: • The ability to form virtual, collaborative

organizations that share applications and data in order to work on common problems.

• The ability to aggregate prodigious amounts of computing resources to tackle large problems, like those in the scientific and engineering worlds that may take teraflops of power and petabytes of storage; or in the e-business world where many millions may access an application.

Who can Use Grid computing

Scientists use grid computing for their

research. But what about you? And who else

might be interested? Who wants to invest

time and money in "resource sharing"? o Governments and International

Organisations? Problems like disaster response, urban planning and economic modeling are traditionally assigned to national governments or coordinated by International Organisations like the United Nations or the World Bank. Imagine if these groups could apply the collective power of the nation's fastest computers and share their data archives more simply and effectively...

o The military? It's a pretty safe bet that the military in many countries is already developing grid technology. The United States have traditionally used their most powerful computers for military

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applications. But this Virtual Organisation is unlikely to let other users access its grid!

o Teachers and educators? Education involves students, teachers, mentors, parents and administrators and so is a very natural application of grid technologies. E-libraries and e-learning centres are already benefiting from grid-based tools for accessing distributed data and creating virtual classrooms with distributed students, resources and tutors.

o Businesses? Global enterprises and large corporations have sites, data, people and resources distributed all over the world. Grids will allow such organisations to carry out large-scale modelling or computing by simultaneously using the resources at their many sites.

Grid Components

The major components that are necessary to form a grid. The components are as follows: • User Level This layer houses the Application and High level Interfaces. Applications can be varied and encompass a vast variety of problems from chemistry to Nuclear Engineering. The high level interfaces implement an interface and protocols allowing the applications and users to access the middleware services. • Middleware Level The major functionalities of grid systems normally occur in this layer. This layer provides many services like Resource discovery, resource scheduling and allocation, fault tolerance, security mechanisms and load

balancing. It should provide the users a transparent view of the resources available. • Resource Level This layer typically provides local services that render computational resources like CPU cycles, storage, computers, Network infrastructure, software etc. Grid Architecture

Grid Architecture The Layers of the grid are as follows: • Fabric Layer This layer provides the resources, which could comprise computers (PCs running Windows NT or UNIX), storage devices and databases. The resource could also be a logical entity such as a distributed file system or computer pool. Excellent fabric functionality could mean that sophisticated sharing operations can be accomplished. For this, it should support enquiry mechanisms to discover their state, structure and capabilities. It should also have resource management mechanisms that provide some control of delivered quality of service. • Connectivity Layer :This layer consists of the core communication and authentication protocols required for transactions. Communication protocols enable the exchange of data between fabric layer resources. Authentication protocols provide secure cryptographic mechanisms for identifications of users and resources. For communication transport, naming and routing are required. These protocols can be drawn from TCP/IP protocol stack.

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• Resource Layer

This layer builds on the Connectivity layer communication and authentication protocols to define Application Program Interfaces (API) and Software Development Kit (SDK) for secure negotiation, initiation, monitoring, control, accounting and payment of sharing operations.

• Collective Layer

This layer is different from the resource layer in the sense, while resource layer concentrates on interactions with single resource; this layer helps in coordinating multiple resources. Its tasks can be varied like Directory Services, Co-allocation and scheduling, monitoring, diagnostic services, and software discovery services.

• Application Layer

This layer consists of the user applications and programs and which call upon another layer.

Goal of grid computing:

Its goal is to provide a service-oriented infrastructures that leverage standardized protocol and services to unable pervasive access to and coordinate sharing of geographically distributed hardware , software and information resources.

CONCLUSION:

In this paper we have described about grid computing and its applications. In future we will discuss about the security issues of grid computing and try to provide specific solution for the problem of security.

References:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computing

2. Open Grid Forum. http://www.globalgrid

forum.org, 2008.

3. AnirbanChakrabarti. Grid Computing Security. Springer, 2007.

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A STUDY ON AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN

CHHATTISGARH STATE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BASTER

REGION

ASHOK KUMAR JHA/ DR.MANOJ MISHRA H.O.D. [MANAGEMENT] [PRINCIPAL] Vivekanand College, Raipur Vivekanand College, Raipur

ABSTRACT:

Agriculture is best, enterprise is

acceptable, but avoid being on a fixed wage is

a famous Indian proverb. India lived in

villages and villages are engaged in

agricultural work for their living. Any

country,s economy depends upon their

population works. The Indian Agriculture

Industry is on the brink of a revolution that

will modernise the entire food chain the total

food production in India is likely to double in

the next ten years. In this paper we examined

and analysed the agricultural and rural

development of Chhattisgarh State with

special reference to Baster Region.

INTRODUCTION :

Agriculture sector is the back bone of the Indian economy. It contributes about 14 per cent of National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and mostly half of India’s population is completely depend on agriculture and allied sectors. India is a home of 20 percent of the world’s poor. In first

four years of 11th Five Year Plan (2007-08 to 2010-11) annual growth rate averaged about 3.2

percent. The Indian Agriculture Industry is on the brink of a revolution that will modernise the entire food chain the total food production in India is likely to double in the next ten years. There is a likelihood of revolution in Indian agro industry unfolding the opportunities of profitable investment and agriculture-industry is providing B2B platform with agro related trades, that help you make ways to profit easy. World Bank Agriculture Action Plan- It is arranged around five key areas:

1. Raise agricultural productivity—including support to increased adoption of improved

technology (e.g., seed varieties, livestock breeds), improved agricultural water management, strengthened agricultural innovation systems.

2. Link farmers to market and strengthen value

addition—including continued support for the

Doha round, investments in transport infrastructure, strengthened producer organizations, improved market information, and access to finance.

3. Reduce risk and vulnerability—continued support for social safety nets, for better managing National food imports, innovative insurance products, protection against catastrophic loss, and reduced risk of major livestock disease outbreaks.

4. Facilitate agricultural entry and exit and

rural nonfarm income—including improved rural investment climates and upgraded skills.

5. Enhance environmental services and

sustainability—including better managed livestock intensification, improved rangeland, watershed, forestry and fisheries management, and support to link improved agricultural practices to carbon markets.

As per recent studies the turnover of the total food market is approximately Rs.250000 crores (US $ 69.4 billion) out of which value-added food products comprise Rs.80000 crores (US $ 22.2 billion). The Government of India has also approved proposals for joint ventures, foreign collaborations, industrial licenses and 100% export oriented units[EOU’S] envisaging an investment of Rs.19100 crores (US $ 4.80 billion) out of which foreign investment is over Rs. 9100 crores (US $ 18.2 Billion).

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METHODOLOGY-

COLLECTION OF DATA- The study is based

on secondary data.

SOURCES OF DATA - The data were collected

from the journals, magazine, news papers and

related websites.

ANALYSIS METHOD - The method of analysis

for this research are content analysis.

AREA OF STUDY - The area of study is

Chhattisgarh with special reference to baster area.

CHHATTISGARH- A land of opportunities- Chhattisgarh, a 21st century State, came into being on November 1, 2000. Larger than Tamil Nadu, it is just the right size, and is also fortunate to have a low population density. Chhattisgarh is truly a land of opportunities. In Chhattisgarh state average growth rate is 10.89% in last 5 years, which is fastest emerging state status in the country. The GROSS STATE DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH RATE IS 11.49%.The Chhattisgarh government forces a one per cent

rise increase next year in the state’s agricultural growth, which is currently showing five per cent, as said by honorable Chief Minister Raman

Singh. “While the national agriculture growth

rate is 2.5 per cent, Chhattisgarh has registered more than five per cent. This will further increase with an action plan that we have prepared,” he told. The state produces five million tons of paddy every year, though its annual requirement was not more than two million tones, implying there was no cause to worry about diverting farmlands for industrial purposes. Irrigation Average rainfall in the state is around 1400 mm and the entire state falls under Rice-agro-climatic zone. 80% population of the state is rural and the main livelihood of the villagers is agriculture and agriculture based small industries. Large variation in the yearly rainfall directly affects the main crop i.e. Paddy. Obviously, irrigation is the prime need of the state for its overall development and therefore the state government has given top priority to development of irrigation potential. Net sown area of the

Chhattisgarh state is 4.828 Million hectares and

the gross sown area is 5.788 Million hectares. With all major minerals including diamonds in abundance, it is the richest State in mineral resources. There are mega industries in Steel, Aluminium and Cement. Chhattisgarh contributes substantially to the Human Resources of India. In Summarized form Geographical Area

Total Area = 135.19 lakh hectares (4.14% of Country total Area) Area under Forest Cover = 59.77 lakh Hectares (44% of Total Area of State)

Climatic Conditions

Predominantly Sub Tropical with arid to Semi Arid Conditions

Population Total = 208.30 lakhs (As per 2001 Census) Urban = 41.66 lakhs Rural = 166.64 lakhs Tribal= 31.80% of the total Below Poverty Line = 32.00% of the total

Performance of Agriculture in Chhattisgarh Out of 137.00 lakh hectares geographical area of Chhattisgarh, 43 % area comes under cultivation.

ECONOMIC INDICATORS

Agriculture LAND UTILISATION Gross Cropped Area = 57.32 lakh Hectares Net Sown Area = 48.22 lakh Hectares Culturable wasteland = 3.36 lakh Hectares IRRIGATION Net Sown Area = 48.22 lakh Hectares Net Irrigated Area = 9.84 lakh Hectares Main Source of Irrigation = Canals (68.9%) MAJOR CROPS GROWN- Cereals = Paddy, Kodo Kutki, Maize, Wheat Pulses = Gram, Tiwra Oilseeds = Ramtil, Linseeds, Mustard, Groundnut

Infrastructure Roads Power

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On the basis of climate & topography the state is divided into 3 agro climatic zones. The Bastar Plateau comprises of Bastar, Dantewada, Beejapur & Narayanpur districts and a part of Kanker (excluding Charama, Narayanpur & Kanker Blocks). Varied ecological condition enables cultivation of various crops in different parts of the state. As per the census 2001, 83 % of the population of the state in engaged in Agriculture & allied sector, it reveals that Agriculture is still the backbone of state’s economy. National Tribal Policy-

Baster is known for tribal culture and heritage, which come under Scheduled V areas.

The Ministry of Tribal Affairs has formulated a draft “National Tribal Policy” identifying the strengths of tribal traditions and culture, covering all important issues of tribals. The Policy derives strength from the principles enshrined in the Constitution and the provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996. The draft Policy aims at addressing the crucial issues concerning tribals by adopting a strategy which includes mainly:- I Give more powers to local bodies in

Scheduled/Tribal Areas. II. Developing a quantifiable Tribal

Development Index. III. Prepare a separate Tribal centric strategy in

social and development sectors. IV. Adopt Area planning approach in the

Scheduled /Tribal Areas. V. to improve the Human Development Index by

industries VI. Empowerment of the community in planning

and implementation of programmed. Baster- Tribal heart of India-

The Tribal heart of India- Baster is located in the South corner of Chhattisgarh state, in national map, where the tribal culture, art and philosophy are still preserved in pristine form along with the natural settings in deep and thick woods. It is India’s third largest district. It is

larger than the state of Kerala. More than 1000 of its villages have less than 200 population. Altogether there are 3,388 villages and 7,033 sub villages and hamlets that are spread across the district in 32 development blocks or 42 police station areas, which are grouped into eight tahsils identified above .Baster people‘s major crops production is RICE they make LANDA wine

through rice. Another peculiar product is

SALPHI, AND TADI get it from trees. varieties of rice brand produced by BASTER PEOPLE LIKE BADSHASH BHOG RICE in the region of BASTER ODISHA WAY. Bastar, the land

of tribes and natural resources, is the largest tribal district of the newly formed Indian state of Chhattisgarh. About 70% of the total population of Bastar comprises of tribal’s, which is 26.76% of the total tribal population of Chhattisgarh. The major tribes of the Bastar region are the Gond,

Abhuj Maria, Bhatra, Halbaa, Dhurvaa,

Muria and BisonHorn Maria. The Gonds of Bastar are one of the most famous tribes in India, known for their unique Ghotul system of marriages. Gonds are also the largest tribal group of central India in terms of population. Slightly less than half of the geographical area of Chhattisgarh is covered by forest is an extremely valuable asset of the state Nearly one-third of the forests comprises Sal forest produce which provide livelihood to large numbers of our population. TEAKWOOD MAHUA, TENDUPATTA IMLI, KAJU CHIROUNJI. KOSA ARE ALSO important among the major

forest products found in BASTER region. It contributes about forty percent of the total forest

revenue. Nearly ten thousand industrial units depend on forests for their raw material base. THE BEST QUALITY IRON ORE IS DEPOSITED IN BALADILLA. IN ADDITION TO THIS 2 MAJOR STEEL PLANTS NAMLY TATA AND ESSAR GROUP CONTRIBUTING FOR UPLIFTING RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Baster is also known for its natural beauty, which is another sources of income for habitants. For the Scheduled V areas the Government has

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

passed an Act called “The Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996” (popularly known as PESA Act).The Act is meant to enable tribal society to assume control over their own destiny to preserve and conserve their traditional rights over natural resources. PESA requires the State Governments to change their existing laws, wherever these are inconsistent with the central legislation. In reality, however, in the decade since its passage, very little has happened. OBSERVATION AND SUGGESTIONS- 1. Government gives sufficient subsidy to start

new ventures for Baster areas to uplift rural economy.

2. Provides good infrastructures for rural development through various government schemes time to time.

3. Create strong marketing channels for rural crop producer of better product price.

4. For strengthening rural economy to setup small and medium scales industries with connecting links.

5. To optimum utilization of huge production of forest byproduct like casuewnut, chirounji. mahuaa through setup new technically efficient plant.

6. Uses of natural resources in optimum level which found baster region by the government and private sectors industrialist through various projects.

7. To provides new market for their famous brands in rice known as ‘’BADSHAS BHOG’’ and in wine sector famous brand ‘’LANDA’ is unknown for other people.

8. To increase the education levels in rural areas it is mus for their progress.

9. Baster is known for their natural beauty and especially in wood carving and sculptures, so government must provides subsidy and training facilitiesaccording to their needs.

10. Baster region is full of opportunities and prosperity we make a GOOD policy for them for development.

Conclusion- Chhattisgarh, a 21st century State, came into existence on November 1, 2000. According to the census 2001, 83 % of the population of the Chhattisgarh state in engaged in Agriculture & allied sector Baster is full of natural resources. If the optimum utilization of all the natural

resources existing in this region is done by both the government and private sectors then it will definitely change the rural economic scenario of the baster region. References-

♦ Sharma Vijay Paul - India’s Agricultural Development under the New Economic Regime:Policy Perspective and Strategy for the 12th Five Year Plan

- Impact Assessment of agriculture interventions

in Tribal Areas-.A REPORT BY CMC LTD.

♦ http://agricoop.nic.in ♦ http://agmarknet.nic.in

♦ http://agridept.cg.gov.in ♦ http://india.gov.in

♦ http://www.districtsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/baster/agriculture/index.aspx

♦ www.navbharat.org

♦ www.business bhasker.com ♦ www.patrika.com/e-paper

♦ www.business standard.com ♦ yojna mazanin

***

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

CLIMATIC VARIABILITY IN JHARKHAND STATE, INDIA

Ms Anuja Tigga and B. Hema Malini

Assistant Professor Departmept of Geography

Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

ABSTRACT:

Jharkhand is infant political state in

northeastern India. The present study deals with

the analysis of climate of entire Jharkhand state

based on 50 year of data. Analysis of decadal

average temperatures have indicated that there is

an increase of temperatures by 20 to 7

0C in the

northern parts and decrease by 10 to 6

0C in the

southern parts during the last decade. The

maximum temperatures, which represent day-time

temperatures are in the decreasing trend since

1980's except in the extreme northeastern parts

where there is an increase in the day-time

temperatures. Rainfall analysis of the state has

shown an increasing trend of rainfall since two to

three decades except in Ranchi. In the present study

these microclimatic variations were attributed to

the changes in the forested area. According to

Forest Survey Reports of India, Jharkhand had 2.6

million hectares of forest in 1997, which has

declined, to 2.2 million hectares by the year1999,

and the was continuous loss of dense forest in some

areas since then. At the same time replacement of

forest types is going on in areas where trees are

being replaced by money earning Teak plantations.

Earlier studies proved that deforestation,

reforestation and climate change are interrelated.

In order to find out whether it is true in the case of

Jharkhand state, three representative station

located in three different stages of forest cover were

analyzed. The study indicated that the forest cover

status well reflected in the distribution patterns of

temperature and rainfall.

Key Words: Rainfall, Temperature, Climatic variability, Forest cover INTRODUCTION:

Change is the principle of .nature. The climate, which is one of the elements of the earth has no exemption from this fact. The changes that

the earth has experienced through history were of long-term and attributable to the natural processes that are acting upon the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. On the other hand, the rapid variations in climatic elements from the normal during recent decades are definitely not due to natural processes. This rise in temperature is now-a days expressed by word wizards such as global warming; green house effects etc, and several studies suggested that those are due to inadvertent / advertent human activities rather than natural processes. Human activities like industrialization and urbanization, change of land use conditions, deforestation etc is greatly responsible for regional climate change. Industries use huge quantities of fossil fuels for combustion and the resultant emissions such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, methane, water vapour, chlorofluoro carbons etc. are released in the atmosphere causing green house effect and thereby warming the environment. Urbanization and industrialization both initiates the change in landuse /land cover conditions for want of space. As a result clearing of forest cover, encroachment of agricultural fields, filling up swamps and Bad Lands etc. is unavoidable. Lands berg (1984) indicated that when deforestation occurs and swamps or water bodies are drained; the climate is invariably altered due to change of albedo of the particular area. These changes in turn affect conventional currents, precipitation patterns, air temperature, absolute and relative humidity, wind speed, and evapotranspiration. Hence, it can be stated that man with his multitude of activities unknowingly and/or deliberately, directly and/or indirectly contributing towards alteration of his own atmosphere. Earlier studies on urban climates of Visakhapatnam by B. Hema Malini and

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

Nageswara Rao (1991), and in parts of Eastern Ghat region by B. Hema Malini and Udaya Bhaskara Rao (1994) have indicated changes in climatic element as a result of altered land use/land cover. Studies of Mihaly-Moscenyi (1985) have indicated that the temp ratures of the plants and soil during day time will be reduced because of the process of transpiration. This type of .cooling affect should also applicable to ambient atmosphere in areas, which are covered by vegetation. The reverse should also be true, that is, the day time temperatures should show an increasing trend in the areas of deforestation. Meher-Homji (1991), while reviewing several articles on the possible changes in rainfall patterns due to deforestation, has stated that the convectional type of rain is affected by vegetation. Several case studies have illustrated the reduction in convective type of rainfall due to deforestation. Warren (1974) for the Ranchi plateau, Sarma (1976) for Dibrugarh, Biswas (1980) for Andaman- Nicobar Islands, Mishra and Dash (1984) for Sambalpur, Mukherjee et al.

(1976) for Santa Cruz (Bombay), Raju (1981) Kannada district of Kamataka have indicated the effect of deforestation on waning tendency of rainfall (cf. Meher -Homji, 1991). Soman et al.

(1988) have observed decreasing rainfall over the highlands of Kerala following deforestation in recent decades. Nicholson (Ranganathan, 1949) observed that the Chhota Nagpur region which had a good area under forest towards the turn of the century, used to receive fairly frequent afternoon showers known as instability rain during summer, favoring tea plantations. Consequent upon the destruction of private forests, in spite of no apparent reduction in the monsoon rainfall, the instability rain has decreased so much that tea gardens have disappeared. However, the reverse will be true if the afforestation takes place. Earlier studies of B. Hema Malini (1995) have indicated that the afforestation in Visakhapatnam city resulted in reduction in daytime temperature and an increase in summer rainfall. An attempt is made in this paper to find out whether there is any link

between forest cover change and temperature as well as rainfall patterns in Jharkhand. Study Area

The State of Jharkhand extends approximately from latitude 210 58' to 250 18'north and from longitude 830 22' to 870 57' east. The state covers an area of 79,714 km2. It is the north-eastern continuation of stable peninsular block of India. Fig. 1 is showing the location map of Jharkhand in India. The state comprises a series of dissected hilly and plateau region having various elevations and are separated by distinct scarps. The average elevation of the plateau varies between 300-800 meters. The Tropic of Cancer passes through the State hence the climate is tropical with hot summers and cool winters. The average mean temperature of the region is 250C with the mean Maximum temperature and mean minimum temperatures being 310C and 190C respectively. The annual rainfall is 1328 mm. Eastern regions of the state receive comparatively more rainfall (1400mm). The study region receives maximum rainfall by southwest monsoon season (July to September), which accounts for more than 80-90 percent of the total rainfall in the state. Objective

The present attempt has been made to find out relation between forest cover and temperature as well as rainfall pattern in Jharkhand state. Data Sources and Methodology

Monthly data on rainfall and temperature for seven stations, namely Dumka, Hazaribagh, Daltonganj (Palamau), Ranchi, Chaibasa (W. Singhbhum), Jamsedpur (E.Singhbhum) spread over Jharkhand state were collected from Indian Meteorological Office. Decadal temperature as well as rainfall analysis were carried out in order to find out the climatic variations. Data on forest cover has been collected from the state forest map and forest reports from the websites. Forest Cover

The forest cover of Jharkhand state can be categorized into Tropical Moist Deciduous, Tropical Dry Deciduous, and Subtropical

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

Broadleaved Hill Forests. Sal (Shorea Robusta) is the major forest species. The extent of the forest

in Jharkhand through time is given in Table-I.

TABLE-1: AREA UNDER FOREST IN JHARKHAND STATE

Years Forest in thousand hectares Years Forest in thousand hectares

1987-88 3352 1993-94 2325 1988-89 2295 1995-96 2333 1989-90 2314 2001-2002 2360

Source: Jharkhand Ka Bhugol The extent of forest cover in Jharkand during

1997 was about 2.6 million hectares according to the assessment published in the state forest report of Forest Survey of India. The estimates indicated depletion 2.2 million hectares during 1999 of forest cover during 1999 out of which 1,400 hectares is of dense nature. In early fifties, afforestation of waste lands and degraded forests was taken up in Hazaribagh and other districts. Later, plantations of fast growing species like Eucalyptus sps., Acacia sps. and Bamboo were raised for increasing the supply of raw material for paper and pulp production. Teak plantations were raised in Singhbhum and Palamau districts. The plantation activities increased further after launch of social forestry project (SIDA aided) in 1985. A total of 1.33 million hectares of plantation has been done between 1951 and 1999. However, though afforestation works are being implemented in Jharkhand State to some extent there are certain places where deforestation is going on. Table-2 provides region-wise distribution of forest cover in study region. Loss of forest cover in Singhbhum as well as in Hazaribagh regions is mainly due to encroachments and also removal of about i km2 forest area in Singhbum district for mining activity (Kiriburu) and 7 km2 forest cover in Hazaribagh district for Piparwar Coal Project. In

the late 1970's, the Bihar State Forest Development Corporation started a large-scale exploitation of Sal (Shorea robusta). This was later replaced with Teak (Tectona Grandis) as these trees generate more money than Sal forests. The study revealed that the distribution of forest in the State is uneven. Western and Southern parts are more forested than other areas. For example in Daltonganj as much as 44 percent of

the total area is forested. In West Singhbhum it is 28 percent and in Dumka only 11 percent of the total area is under forest. The study has indicated change in the forestland cover in southern, northeastern and western parts of the State due to afforestation as well as deforestation. Hence, three stations namely Chaibasa, Dumka and Daltonganj were taken into consideration to represent southern, northeastern and western parts of the state respectively where the existing forest cover is exposed to three different conditions. Temperature trends

The decadal average temperature analysis has revealed an overall decrease in temperature in the most parts of the state since 1951-60 decade. The decreasing trend is prominent in the southern and eastern parts of the State. The temperature decrease is observed in Chaibasa, Jamshedpur and Dumka where it is between 10C to 1.20C. In the remaining parts of the state the average annual temperature is on increasing trend especially the northern and central parts. The analysis of decadal maximum temperature is showing remarkable decrease in temperature after 1951-60 decade in the entire Jharkhand state. The overall decrease in decadal maximum temperatures during 1981-90 from the previous decade (1971-1980) is ranging between 20C to 1.10C.

The maximum decrease in temperature is noticed in the extreme southern parts of the state, whereas in the in the northeastern parts of the state the maximum temperature was on their increase at the same time, it was revealed that the maximum temperature not showing any trend in the western parts of the state (Fig. 2). Comparison of maximum temperature with forest

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

cover has revealed that the impact of afforestation in the Chaibasa shown in Fig. 2 (a), which is representing the southern parts indicating the reduction of day-time temperature.

On the other hand, the trend in day-time temperatures is indicating, fluctuations in Daltonganj in the western region where the forest cover is not stable, as

TABLE-2 : DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST IN JHARKHAND STATE

Regions

Total

Geographical

area

Deciduous

Forest in

sq.km

Open

Forest in

sq.km

Total

Forest in

sq.km

Scrub in

sq.km

Change of

Forest in

1997

Dhanbad 2,996 7 94 101 44 -1 Hazaribagh 11,165 2,455 2,319 4,774 214 -18 Ranchi 18,266 2,083 2,420 4,503 218 -8 Singhbhum 13,440 2,964 1,562 4,526 260 -32

Fig. 2 : Decadal Maximum Temperature in Jharkhana tl Jl-7V/ it is evident from Fig. 2 (b). In contrast, as shown in Fig. 2(c) increase of day-time temperature is more pronounced in Dumka (southeastern) where forest extent is on depletion. Rainfall Trends

The analysis of decadal average annual rainfall of 5 decades (1941-90) indicates the trend of rainfall is more or less similar up to 1971-80 with little increase all over the state with some exceptions. Since 1981-90 the state has experienced reduction in rainfall amount in the entire state. This reduction is mostly due to excessive exploitation of forest cover.

Analysis of summer rainfall, which is a relevant indicator of vegetation cover, has revealed that there was a decline in the summer rainfall during 1951-60 in comparison with its previous decade in the entire State (Fig 3). However, increase in summer rainfall has noticed in the following decades up to 1981-90. This is due to afforestation that is taking place in the State. Fig 3 (a) shows the increasing rainfall pattern of Chaibasa, which might be the result of controlled exploitation and regular replacement of trees in the district. In Fig 3 (b) we can clearly notice the increasing amount of summer rainfall' in Daltonganj since 1950s when afforestation was taken up but this trend was disrupted in the 1981-90 decade as already existing tress were cut down in late 70s to give way for money fetching Teak. The lag in the growth may be the reason for a short-term decline in the rainfall. Depletion of

forest cover in Hazaribagh, and Ranchi is also reflected in the reduced amounts of summer rainfall. Fig 3(c) shows the summer rainfall pattern in Dumka where the increase is only marginal. Conclusion

Based on the above study, it may be concluded that the deforestation of a region reflects in the increase of temperature especially day time temperature and decrease in convectional rains. Similarly, afforestation associates with lowering of day time temperature and increase in convectional rainfall. References

♦ Hema Malini, B., Nageswara Rao K, (1991) : "Wanning of Urban Temperatures due to Change of land condition in Visakhapatnam City" India, Proc.symp. on environmental Change and GIS, Hokkaido University of Ashikawa, Japan, pp 37-46.

♦ Landsberg, H.E., (1984) : "Global Climatic Trends" The Resourceful Earth (Eds), Jullian L., Simon Hermann Khan, Basil Backwell Publishers, Ltd., New York, and pp 272-303.

♦ Meher Homji, V.M. (1991) : "Climate Change-The Forest Link'- a Survey of the Environment 1991" Madras: Kasturi & Sons Ltd., pp 88-91.

♦ Mihaly Moscenyi, (1985) : "The Effect of Urbanization on Landscape Elements and Woodland cover", Pollution Control and Conservation. (Ed.) Kovacs, M., Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, pp. 267-283.

♦ Tiwari Ram Kumar, (2002): "Jharkhand ka Bhugol", Rajesh Publications, New Delhi, pp 74-75.

* * *

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

ECONOMIC LIBERALISATION, AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

AC. Mohapatra. Shillong

Professor and Dean, School of Human and Environmental Sciences,

North-Eastern Hill Unversity, Shillong - 793014, INDIA

ABSTRACT:

In the last decade or so, Affirmative Action

as a concept in global political-economy has

been in currency both in for a of developed

nations as well as United Nations. Affirmative

Action could be defined as, .. providing

selective, discriminatory privileges to minorities

and socially under-privileged classes in a society

towards the goal of achieving equality and

social justice. Such classes of under-privilaged

are common to all large societies, arising out

of historical or political reasons .. even smaller

countries like Hungary or Fiji are no

exceptions. Traditionally dicatatorial regimes

world over have suppressed privileges

minorities, often ruthlessly. However,

democracies have been relatively more

receptive though by no means over-arching. In

fact, the failure of even older democracies like

the or United States of America to address

effectively the problem of minorities, whether

the Flemish or Welsh language question or the

American Indians or the Blacks have raised

questions on the age-old democratic dictum of

equality .. therefore, the question of protective

discrimination, though this pronouncedly goes

against the principle of equality (before law)

and thus, even a more complex issue.

INTRODUCTION:

The question of protective discrimination

based affirmative action in India is not a new concept. The constitutional safeguards of the rights and privileges of Scheduled Castes and Tribes under Schedule 5 and 6 of the Indian Constitution and the policy of reservations in Government jobs and parliament and state

lagislatures have contiuned for nearly half-a- century of independent India. However, a water-shed was the question of reviewing the reservation policy for Backward Classes fostered by the V.P. Singh Government in 1989 based on the Mabdal Commission Report. The politics in the aftermath of the reservation policy bas no doubt fragmented the Indian polity on caste lines. The results could, in a way, be viewed by the new phenomenon of hung-Parliment and hung-legislatures. Significantly, the Indian economy has embarked on a path of Economic

Liberalisation and consequently, global-integration of the economy since 1991, with mixed results (and no doubt, a fair amount of hopes). The objective of the paper is to analyse the linkages between the policy of affirmative action

and a liberalising economy, .. would a policy of protective discrimination affect economic performance of the economy? On the other hand, does political economy and welfare economics provide efficient methodogies in tackling such complex political and social issues, especially for countries like India? Does economic liberalization, for example, after all provide benefits to all? .. in which case, protective discrimination to a certain section, if it affects overall performance of the economy, may as well defeat the purpose by undermining welfare for all, thus, even to the particular section to which specific protection was provided. BACKGROUND

Democracy is not all about popular will or

popular rule, .. it is a process towards a just

society; .. as counterposed to autocracy,

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

monarchy or even fascism, it proposes to provide an alternative to arbirtrary action and

discrimination, .. a product of the Enilightenment

ideology but never the less, imperfect one. The question of affirmative action emerged, in recent times, as the a:ftennath of the American Civil Right Act of 1964, .. an affirmative legislation itself on American race relations, especially in the context of post Martin Luther King (Jr.) assassination. Affirmative action could be defined as, .. providing selective, discriminatory

privilileges to minorities and socially under-

privileged classes in a society towards the goal of

achieving equality and social justice. Such classes of under-priviileged are common to all large societies, arising out of historical or political contexts and reasons. To quote Hugh Murray, one of the front runners of the American Civil Rights Movement, "The 1964 law was passed to end discrimination and implement equal opportunity. The civil rights community endorsed the 1964 legislation."1 The American history is replete with bitter race relations between the whites and the blacks, with the backdorp of slavery and the civil war which proposed to eliminate the disctimination against the black, .. but., that continued and parbaps, continues. Many of e civil rights leaders, like Hugh Murray had-pinned hope on the 1964 Act. 2 Nothing really happened. Leaders like Murray, disillusioned, take quite the opposite position.3 Gonzales stated. "The earth's most developed country, does not seem able to deal with differences in skin pigmentation, to the point that its best intellectuals systematically make fools of themselves in explaining it. Far from being about peripheral policy detail, however, debates concerning race actually go to the heart of one of the most important political question today: the possibility of social engineering long standing recial conflicts out of existence. While there has been a wide consensus …. What has remained unsettled is what to do about the effects of past injustices. Can they be remedied and, if so how?

Are these remedied through social engineering? Further more, if past institutional parctices have caused great harm to same groups, should they not be compensated according to standard lagal precedents? If these social injustices can be socially engineered out of existence and it is at all possible to compensate its victims, then measures such as affirmative action or even outright "reparation" would seem unwarranted.4 The question that worries Gonzales is the end of institutional racism at one hand vs. continuance of personal racist attitude, the Iatter, impossible of remove through institutional, reforms or means.5 The relevant view taken by Gonzales in support of Murray and in criticism of Gottfried and Ost et al,6 is the social cinstruct theory

proposed by latter, flowing from the deconstruction theology.7 The parallelism drawn with the concept of affirmative action in the context of the pluralistic American society and that of the Indian society is ample, though in case of the latter, the history of disctimanation, subservience and oppression on lines of ethnicity goes back to, perhaps, a few thousand years. Independence movement brought the problem to focus, particularly the question of unteuchability and also, the caste question.8 Independence, with the dream of constructing a welfare society based on the principles of equality, justice and fraternity, removal of age-old opperssion, exploitation and discrimination, led to shaping of the Constitution of India with specific reformist legislation on untouchability (Art. 19), the Directive Principles (Chapter IV, Art 3651, particularly, Art. 46 for SC & ST and Art. 39-A)9 and various schedules, especially the Fifth and Sixth in relation to certain discriminatory privileges for the Scheduled Tribes .10 The constitutional provision, including those under the Fundamental Rights are non-discriminatory institutional provisions, .. they truly do not construe an affirmative agenda. Drawn parallel with the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the reservation policy of the V.P.Singh government (based on the Mandai Commission

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

Report) towards the backward classes would come closer to the American legislation, because the state intrevenes directly in engineering the

discrimination out of existence. The reservation policy has been an extermely contentious issue, .. daggers drawn by both the supporters of the policy and those who are sceptical about its wisdom. It is not the intention here, in this paper, to go into all aspects of the history of the backward class reservation policy, or for that matter, on the question of its successes or failures. The question before us, as a preliminary formulation, is about the possible effects of such a policy, if at all, on the efficiency of the Indian economy under the changed scenario of a reformist, globalizing economic agenda.1 WELFARE THEORY

Welfare Economics does provide alternative methodologies or options for adopting public policies that optimizes the social welfare function, as essentially a choice in- between economic efficiency 12 and equity. While efficiency crieteria are more direct and measurable, the equity is not, .. it is highly subjective (normative), but never the less, could be pivotal to social policies of a nation, as in the case of affirmative action policy.13 The equity, oftern is in conflict with economic efficiency. The resolution of such conflicts could be achieved by adopting such public policies that are both efficient and conform to the equity principle. One way of stating such a choice would be around the principle that while optimizing social welfare, it is to be ensured that while 'A" gains, 'B' is not penalized.14 This is the bottom-line. Where rights of equality of opportunity and equality before law is fundamental to our constitutional provisions15

, in the domain of public policy such equality is neither necessary nor desirable16, and the state is empowered to undertake declaration of desirable welfare policies. However, under the reservation policy, it is oftern argued that it would or could violate the Pareto optimality, e.g. the seat reservations in educational institutions or reservations in public

employment17 for some may affect or is likely to affect the welfare to others of other groups of citizens. It is also argued that such reservations18 would bypass merit, thus could affect labour efficiency, therefore labour productivity and ultimately, the competitveness of the economy.19 Under the changed circumastances of liberalisation of the Indian economy and its inrtegration with the global economy (globalisation), incerased labour productivity will hold key to its competitiveness and thus, a higher growth path. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICY AND

THE INDIAN ECONOMY

As stated earlier, the job reservation policy (in public employment) can be. classed under the affirmative action agenda. There is, of course, divided opinion (in the West) about both its efficacy as well as its intrinsic logic. 20 However, even if one accepts the social commitments to such a policy, it would be of interest to assess the economic interpertation of such policy. 1. If one accepts the inefficiency criteria under

quota recruiments in public employment, one way it could be interpreted is as a subsidy, i.e.

the difference between the expected service (value) and the actual service delivered. This could be perhaps, well justified under any such subsidy programs for public' good. However, such a subsidy could be dealt in an alternative manner, say by providing a direct subsidy than an indirect one, since a direct subsidy is a more efficient method.21

2. On the other hand, given that when 'A' is employed in public service under the quota reservation system and also, if one accepts that A is less efficient and there fore, suffers a lower productivity compared to 'B’ who is recrutied by open competition, the productivity of B is likely to fall to the level of A, since there would be no additional incentive for B to be more efficient than A. In an aggregative sense, then, the overall productivity will be pulled down to the level of A. Thus, loss to efficiency for the

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

economy. This can, perhaps, be remedied, if actually the productivity of A can be pushed up to the level of B or more, say through (i) additional training and capacity building, (ii) incentives on promotional avenues, or , and (ill) linking salary and wages to productivity and not to position held. The last is intrinsically difficult in public sector or even private sector because; of constitutional provisions and principles on equal pay for

equal work22

. It may be noted that the Superme Court has also rejected the carry

forward system in reservation for backward classes.23

3. The third aspect to be examined is that under the process of economic libera1isation and consequentely, globalisation, the actual component would get down-sized, both in government services as well as in public sector undertakings in the relative sense, if not, there is hardly any absolute cut-down in employment. In such a scenario, the job reservation policy, even if an inefficient one, will have only residual impact on the overall economy.

CONCLUSION

From policy objectives of a welfare society there is the need to address both the principles of efficiency and equity. Such a balance in the two principles in designing public policies would require credible economic evaluation and also assessment of implications of alternative strategies. It is not to take sides of one wisdom or the other. What matters ultimately depends on the credibility of alternatives based on hard facts. Very oftern, economic decision which prima facie may look irrational, could be acceptable, if the polity wishes so, .. but the cost could be well assessed prior to a conscious decision on the matter.

REFERENCES

♦ Hugh Murray (1996), "Response to Gottfiied. Faber and <>st." Telos (106 Winter), p.152.

♦ Hugh Murray (1975), Civil Rights History Writing and Anti-communism, AIMS, New Yark.

Hugh Murray (1995), "Race and Social Science", Telos (105), pp. 173-192.

♦ Moshe Gonzales (1996), 'Affirmative Action and its Discontents", Telos (106), p 157. ibid, p. 159.

♦ Paul Gottfried (1996), "On the Civil Rights Movement: Reply to Murray", Telos (106), pp. 139-142. Also see, Seth Faber (1996), "Murray and the Revolt of the Elites", (Telos (106),pp. 142-146 and David Ost (1996), "Race and Bad Social Science: Reply to Murray", Telos (106), pp. 147-151.

♦ 5Moshe Gonzales (1996), op. cit., pp. 161-62.

♦ Both. Mohandas K. Gandhi and Babasaheb Ambedkar fought against the caste and untouchability question but differed on solutions. Added by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976.

♦ Particularly, as under Art. 244(1),244(2) and 275(1) of the Consitution.

♦ C. Mohapa1ra(1996), "Marketing, Global Integration and Development: Scenario for Developing Countries with specific Reference to India" ,Proc. of International Seminar on

Marketing & Development, Saitama University, Japan, (ed) Dr. Kazuo Usui, Faculty of Economics, Saitama University, pp. 113-124.

♦ Effciencyin the sense of Pareto Efficiency ("Economic efficiency can be said to exist, when it is not possible to change the allocation of resources in any way which makes someone better off, without at the same time making someone else worse off." See, P. Hardwick et al(1982), Introduction to Modem Economica,

ELBs & Longman, Essex. UK. p.116), that must fulfill the criteria of( a) efficiency of production, (b) efficiency in exchange and ( c) efficiency of product mix. see, Harwick, op. Cit p.p. 122-124.

♦ Equity could be measured in light off our criteria, (a) egalitarian criteria, ... essentially dealing with redistribution of income and wealth. (b) 'social conscience' criteria, ... welfare of the rich, to some extent depends of the present generation, not at the cost of welfare of the future generations. See, Harwick et al, op. cit, pp 122-124.

♦ Gary Fromm and Paul Taubman (1973), Public Economic .Theory and Policy, Macmillan, New York, pp. 4-11 and 276-287.

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

♦ Atr. 14, 15 and 16 of Fundamental Rights (Chapter ill) of the Constitution of India.

♦ The provision of "reasonable restriction" under the above provisions.

♦ Art. 15(4) of the Constitution regarding the reservation for Backward classes, read with the 1 st. Amendment (1951), an enabling provision under Art. 46 under Chapter IV.

♦ The MandaI Case, the Supreme Court limited all categories of reservation to the limit of 50 per cent in the given year. Indra Sawhney Va.

Unionof India, 1993, SC 477. An interesting economic interpretation of the judgment could be that s, the trade off between efficiency and equity is at the secular level of 50 per cent.

♦ It may be noted that such reservation policy has on no more than 2 per cent of total employment in the economy.

♦ For example, Gonzales states, "The problem here is that such remedial preferential policues would benefit individuals who are not the one the ones who suffered the original injustice. In addition, the people who end of bearing the costs of this "reparation" are not the same responsible for the damage. " M.Gonzales (1996), op.cit. p.157.

♦ A direct subsidy way of an welfare cheque which is considered more efficient because the recipient puts it to the most efficient economic use.

♦ Under Art. 16 of the Constitution, SC Judgment in Randhir Singh bs. Union of Indian (AIR 1982 SC 879).

♦ SC over-turned its 1963 verdictoncany-forward system in the case of Balaji vs. State of Mysore (AIR 1963, Sc649). See, J.N, Pandey(1996). Constitutional Law of India, Central Law Agency, Allahabad, p. 116.

.

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DR. MAYA ANGELOU ( 1928 - 2014 ) : A TRIBUTE TO A TRUE

PHENOMENAL WOMAN Ms. Bhawana Paul

Vivekanand Mahavidhayala, Raipur ABSTRACT:

Will I write a sentence that will just float

off the page? Easy reading is damn hard

writing. But if it's right, its easy. It's the other

way round, too. If it's slovenly written, then its

hard to read it doesn't give the reader what the

careful writer can give the reader. Maya Angelou,

The Daily Beast interview, April 10, 2013

Maya Angelou represents one of the iconic women in America to idolize in our time. As a strong woman, she epitomizes the role of an alk round contemporary female of 21st century. She as a poet and activist reflect her can-do attitude about life, showing her inner strength and resilience. Her poem "Ships?" reveals her attitude. "... life? 'course I'll live it. Just enough breath, Until my death, And I'll live it..." She is called by some as a renaissance woman, the term cosmopolitian seems more fitting as she espoused a multinational perspective in life. Her poem depicts volumes about her own experiences in life granting us to visualise and feel the issues through her eyes .She has an innate talent to turn raw brutal life facts into words of beauty. Her 'Why the Caged Birds Sings" echoes the raw volience from the Civil rights movement in the 1960s. "... The caged bird sings with a fearful trill of things unknown and longed for still and his tune is heard on the distant hill For the caged bird sings of freedom."

Maya Angelou began life as Marguerite Ann Johnson on April 4, 1928 in St. Louise, Missouri, but spent much of her childhood in Stamps, Arkansas in the throes of racial discrimination. According to the Academy of Achievement, in later life, she became only the second poet after Robert Frost to accept invitations to the White House. Dr. Angelou read a poem " The Pulse of Morning" at the inaugration in 1993 of President Clinton. "... But today, the Rock cries out to us, clearly, forcefully, Come, you may stand upon my Back and face your distant destiny, But seek no haven in my shadow, I will give you no hiding place down here..." President Obama awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour in the U.S. Dr. Angelou lives each moment and demonstrate that women can be who they want to be. The poem "Phenomenal Woman " reveals her resolute inner strengrh and wisdom. "... Now you understand just why my head's not bowed. I don't shout or jump about Orr have to talk real loud. When you see me passing It ought to make you proud. I say, It's in the click of my heels, The blend of my hair, the palm of my hand, The need of my care, 'cause I'm a woman Phenomenally, Phenomenal woman, That's me."

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

Maya Angelou's ability to potray her identity, family and racism places her as a pathfinder for women. One knows she moved major issues against women to the forefront as her controversial work underwent challanges by conservative sections of our society. She is certainly a crusader for the downtrodden. She is admired by many and truely is a role model. She is one the 21st century's most famous black writers. She died on May 28, 2014 at the age of 86, news of her death resounds throughout the world, because one of the great one is gone. She is no more in this earthly abode but she has engraved her memories in minds of literary scholars and admirers.

Reference

♦ Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1998.

♦ ---,"Still I Rise" accessed on <http://www.poemh unter.com/poem/still- I-rise/> on 12.08.10.

♦ ---, " " Phenomenal woman" accessed on <http:// www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/178942>on 08.07.14

♦ ---,"Maya Angelou Interview".Academy of Achievement.p.2, retrived December 18.2013

♦ ---, "ships" accessed on<http://lovingnaana. tumblr.com/post/74398416963/ships-sure-ill-sail-them-poem-by-maya-angelou>on 08.07.14

♦ McGrath, Kim. "Remembering Dr.Maya Angelou. News Center.Wake Forest University. Retrived June 2, 2014

♦ Hall.

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izfr'kr fuxfer lkekftd nkf;Rizfr'kr fuxfer lkekftd nkf;Rizfr'kr fuxfer lkekftd nkf;Rizfr'kr fuxfer lkekftd nkf;Ro ¼lho ¼lho ¼lho ¼lh----,l,l,l,l----

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o"kZ esa CSR xfrfof/k;ks ij [kpZ djuk gksxkA CSR ds fy, dEifu;ks dh ;ksX;rk fu/kkZfjr djus ds ekudks esa fons'k fLFkr 'kk[kkvks vkSj Hkkjr fLFkr vU; dEifu;ks ls çkIr ykHkka'k dks ykHk ds nk;js ls ckgj j[kk x;k gSA fn'kk funsZ'kks esa Li"V dgk x;k gS fd CSR ifj;kstukvks ;k dk;ZØeks ds fy, fu/kkZfjr [kpZ esa ls dqN jkf'k cprh gS rks og dEifu;ks ds ykHk dk fgLlk ugha gksxkA dEifu;k viuh CSR xfrfof/k;kW VªLV] lkslk;Vh ;k buds fy, xfBr vyx dEiuh ds tfj, pyk ldrh gSA fu;eks ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh dEiuh CSR xfrfof/k;ks dks nwljh dEiuh ds lkFk feydj Hkh pyk ldrh gS ysfdu ml ij vkus okyk O;; dk fooj.k vyx ls çLrqr djuk gksxkA D;k gS 'kkfey &D;k gS 'kkfey &D;k gS 'kkfey &D;k gS 'kkfey &

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

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• Lohdr fd;s x;s ekin.M esa ls Js’Bre vk/kkj dkSu lh gSA

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• izfr O;fDr vk;

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2-e/;e vk;2-e/;e vk;2-e/;e vk;2-e/;e vk; 4-9764-9764-9764-976 72-1 72-1 72-1 72-1 18-5218-5218-5218-52 29-629-629-629-6 33-65633-65633-65633-656 44-144-144-144-1 3-7263-7263-7263-726 6-7506-7506-7506-750

3-mPp vk;3-mPp vk;3-mPp vk;3-mPp vk; 1-1271-1271-1271-127 16-316-316-316-3 43-68 43-68 43-68 43-68 69-8 69-8 69-8 69-8 42-07 42-07 42-07 42-07 55-155-155-155-1 38-7438-7438-7438-74 37-31 37-31 37-31 37-31

4-fo'o 4-fo'o 4-fo'o 4-fo'o 6-8946-8946-8946-894 100100100100 62-54 62-54 62-54 62-54 99-999-999-999-9 76-31 76-31 76-31 76-31 100-0100-0100-0100-0 9-0879-0879-0879-087 11-06 11-06 11-06 11-06

phu phu phu phu 1-3341-3341-3341-334 19-419-419-419-4 5-72 5-72 5-72 5-72 9-1 9-1 9-1 9-1 10-22 10-22 10-22 10-22 13-413-413-413-4 4-27 4-27 4-27 4-27 7-64 7-64 7-64 7-64

HkkjrHkkjrHkkjrHkkjr 1-1701-1701-1701-170 17-017-017-017-0 1-55 1-55 1-55 1-55 12-5 12-5 12-5 12-5 4-15 4-15 4-15 4-15 5-4 5-4 5-4 5-4 1-27 1-27 1-27 1-27 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4

oxZoxZoxZoxZ

tula[;ktula[;ktula[;ktula[;k dqy jk"Vªh; vk;dqy jk"Vªh; vk;dqy jk"Vªh; vk;dqy jk"Vªh; vk; dqy jk"Vªh; vk; dqy jk"Vªh; vk; dqy jk"Vªh; vk; dqy jk"Vªh; vk; ¼dz; 'kfDr ds ¼dz; 'kfDr ds ¼dz; 'kfDr ds ¼dz; 'kfDr ds

izfr O;fDr vk;izfr O;fDr vk;izfr O;fDr vk;izfr O;fDr vk;

fo”o cSad fjiksVZ] 2011fo”o cSad fjiksVZ] 2011fo”o cSad fjiksVZ] 2011fo”o cSad fjiksVZ] 2011 fo”o cSad us viuh Þfo”o fodkl fjiksVZ 2009ß esa ßizfr O;fDr dqy jk’Vªh; vk; ds vk/kkjß ij ns”kksa dk fuEu oxhZdj.k fd;k gS & • fuEu vk; okys ns”k ftudh jk’Vªh; vk; 936

Mkyj ;k blls de gSA

(lSSN-2349-9702)

47

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

• e/;e vk; okys ns”k ftudh jk’Vªh; vk; 936 Mkyj ls 11455 Mkyj ds chp gSA

• mPp vk; okys ns”k ftudh jk’Vªh; vk; 11456 Mkyj ;k blls vf/kd gSA rFkk tks ns”k vkfFkZd lg;ksx ,oa fodkl laLFkk ds lnL; ns”k gksA

rkfydk ls Li’V gksrk gS fd tgka fuEu vk; okys ns”kksa es 2010 esa dqy tala[;k dk 11-6 izfr”kr fuokl djrk gS ogka mUgs fo”o jk’Vªh; vk; dk dsoy 0-67 izfr”kr izkIr gSA blh izdkj e/;e vk; okys ns”ksa esa dqy fo”o tula[;k dk 72-1izfr”kr jgrk gS fdarq muds dqy fo”o vk; dk yxHkx 29-6 izfr”kr izkIr gSA ;fn bu nksuks ns”kksa dks ,d lkFk tksMrs gS rks ;s ns”k ,sls ns”k gS ftUgs vke Hkk’kk esa fodkl”khy vFkZO;oLFkk,a dgrs gSA vFkkZr~ bu vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa fo”o dh dqy tula[;k dh yxHkx 83-7 izfr”kr jgrk gS fdarq bUgs fo”o dh dqy vk; dk yxHkx 30-3 izfr”kr dh vk; gh izkIr gksrh gSA rkfydk esa fn, x, vkadMsa fofue; nj vkSj dz;”kfDr {kerk vk/kkj ij fn;s x;s gSA fuEu vk; okys ns”kksa dh tula[;k dk 11-6 izfr”kr gS fdUrq ;g dz; “kfDr lerk ds vk/kkj ij fo”o vk; dk yxHkx 1-4 izfr”kr izkIr djrsa gS blh izdkj e/;e vk; okys ns”k fo”o tula[;k ds 72-1 izfr”kr gS fdUrq budks fo”o vk; dk 44-1 izfr”kr izkIr gksrk gSA tfCd mPp vk; okys ns”kksa esa fo”o dh 16-3 izfr”kr tula[;k fuokl djrh gS ijUrq mUgs

fo”o vk; dk 55-1 izfr”kr izkIr gksrk gSA Li’V gS ;g varj dz; “kfDr lerk vk/kkj ij e;kZfnr gks tkrh gSA fu’d’kZ& fu’d’kZ& fu’d’kZ& fu’d’kZ&

• fodkl”khy ns”k rFkk fodlhr ns”kksa ds e/; xjhch vkSj le`f) dh xgjh fo’kerk gSA

• fodkl”khy vFkZO;oLFkk dh vdsyh ekin.M izfr O;fDr vk; dks ugha ekuk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd rsy fu;kZrd ns”k esa izfr O;fDr vk; mPp gksdj Hkh og ns”k xjhc gSA

• izzfr O;fDr vk; ds LkkFk lkFk ns”k dh tula[;k rFkk izkd`frd lalk/ku dk vYi fonksgu Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA

• fodkl”khy ns”kksa dh dsUnzh; leL;k buesa fon~eku O;kid fu/kZurk gS tks fodkl ds fuEu Lrj dk dkj.k Hkh gS vkSj ifj.kke HkhA

• fuEu lk/ku vk/kkj ds dkj.k xjhc vdq”ky] vf”k{khr ,oa vizf”k{khr jg tkuk gSA

lanHkZ lwph&lanHkZ lwph&lanHkZ lwph&lanHkZ lwph& 1. flUgk oh-lh ,oa nqcs vkj-,u-]vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa

fu;kstuA 2. feJ ,oa iqjh] Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkkA 3. ferry vk”kh’k] vkfFkZd fodklA 4. nRr ,oa lqanje~] Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkkA 5. çfr;ksfxrk niZ.kA

***

(lSSN-2349-9702)

48

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku Áo`fRr xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku Áo`fRr xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku Áo`fRr xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku Áo`fRr (RESEARCH TREND IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE)

Jherh vfnfr tks'kh

la{ksi 'kks/k % ftKklk ekuo dh ewy ila{ksi 'kks/k % ftKklk ekuo dh ewy ila{ksi 'kks/k % ftKklk ekuo dh ewy ila{ksi 'kks/k % ftKklk ekuo dh ewy izo`fRr gSA zo`fRr gSA zo`fRr gSA zo`fRr gSA ftKklk ds dkj.k gh ekuo Kku ds {ks= esa fujarj ftKklk ds dkj.k gh ekuo Kku ds {ks= esa fujarj ftKklk ds dkj.k gh ekuo Kku ds {ks= esa fujarj ftKklk ds dkj.k gh ekuo Kku ds {ks= esa fujarj vkxs c<+rk gS D;ksafd euq’; dh ekSfyd fo”ks’krk vkxs c<+rk gS D;ksafd euq’; dh ekSfyd fo”ks’krk vkxs c<+rk gS D;ksafd euq’; dh ekSfyd fo”ks’krk vkxs c<+rk gS D;ksafd euq’; dh ekSfyd fo”ks’krk jgh gS fd og jgh gS fd og jgh gS fd og jgh gS fd og ççççkIr Kku ls dHkh Hkh larq’V ugha kIr Kku ls dHkh Hkh larq’V ugha kIr Kku ls dHkh Hkh larq’V ugha kIr Kku ls dHkh Hkh larq’V ugha gqvk vkSj ,d {ks= dh lQyrk ds ckn Hkfo’; ds gqvk vkSj ,d {ks= dh lQyrk ds ckn Hkfo’; ds gqvk vkSj ,d {ks= dh lQyrk ds ckn Hkfo’; ds gqvk vkSj ,d {ks= dh lQyrk ds ckn Hkfo’; ds fy;s iqu% tqV tkrk gSA uohu Kku fy;s iqu% tqV tkrk gSA uohu Kku fy;s iqu% tqV tkrk gSA uohu Kku fy;s iqu% tqV tkrk gSA uohu Kku ççççkIr djus ds kIr djus ds kIr djus ds kIr djus ds fy;s ,d O;ofLFfy;s ,d O;ofLFfy;s ,d O;ofLFfy;s ,d O;ofLFkr iz;kl gh vuqla/kku gSA kr iz;kl gh vuqla/kku gSA kr iz;kl gh vuqla/kku gSA kr iz;kl gh vuqla/kku gSA ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ksa ds izR;sd Hkkx esa vuqla/kku dk ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ksa ds izR;sd Hkkx esa vuqla/kku dk ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ksa ds izR;sd Hkkx esa vuqla/kku dk ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ksa ds izR;sd Hkkx esa vuqla/kku dk egRo yxkrkj c<+ jgk gSA vuqla/kku ls lacaf/kr egRo yxkrkj c<+ jgk gSA vuqla/kku ls lacaf/kr egRo yxkrkj c<+ jgk gSA vuqla/kku ls lacaf/kr egRo yxkrkj c<+ jgk gSA vuqla/kku ls lacaf/kr ppkZvksa esa xzaFkkyf;Ro ijEijkxr xazFkky; foKku ppkZvksa esa xzaFkkyf;Ro ijEijkxr xazFkky; foKku ppkZvksa esa xzaFkkyf;Ro ijEijkxr xazFkky; foKku ppkZvksa esa xzaFkkyf;Ro ijEijkxr xazFkky; foKku rFkk uohu xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku dks i`Fkd rFkk uohu xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku dks i`Fkd rFkk uohu xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku dks i`Fkd rFkk uohu xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku dks i`Fkd ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ççççLrkokukLrkokukLrkokukLrkokuk % % % % vr% xzaFkky; ds y{; izkfIr gsrq rFkk lrr~ lsok iznku djus esa xzaFkky; ds fØ;kdykiksa esa bldh xq.koRrk esa o`f) djus gsrq vuqla/kku dh vko”;drk gqbZA xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku ,d varZfo’k;h {ks= gSA blesa fofHkUu leL;kvksa] O;kolk;dksa] laxBuksa ,oa ckSf)d mRrjnkf;Roksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku dh vuqla/kkRed xfrfof/k vauqla/kku ij ,frgkfld izdk”k Mkyrh gS] tksfd lwpuk lsokvksa esa o`f) djrh gSA bl gsrq xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku vuqla/kku ij izLrqr ys[k esa izdk”k Mkyk x;k gSA xzaFkky; xzaFkky; xzaFkky; xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku dk fodkl,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku dk fodkl,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku dk fodkl,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku dk fodkl% % % % xzFkkyf;Ro esa vuqla/kku dk bfrgkl cgqr cM+k ugha gSA fiNys dqN n”kdksa iwoZ ls gh xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku xfrfof/k;kWa fofHkUu ns”kksa tSls vefjdk] fczVsu rFkk Hkkjr esa izkjaHk gqbZ gSA 1930 bZ- ds n”kd esa xzaFkky; ls lacaf/kr ?kVukvksa ds v/;;u vesfjdk esa “kq# gks pqds FksA f”kdkxks fo”ofo|ky; ds Lukrd xzaFkky; Ldwy ftldh LFkkiuk lu~ 1926 esa igyh ckj ih-,p-Mh mikf/k ds fy, izLrko j[kkA igys 30 o’kksaZ ds vuqla/kku xfrfof/k;ksa ds nkSjku 129 “kks/k izcU/k rS;kj fd;s x;s ftlesa ls 80 f”kdkxks fo”ofo|ky; ds Fks

blesa lss 45 xzaFkksa ds bfrgkl] NikbZ izdk”ku ij] 13 xzaFkkyf;u “kklu ,oa izdk”ku ij] 3 rdfudh lsokvksa ds v/;;u ij] 9 v/;;u :fp;ksa ij] 8 v|ru fo”ys’k.k ij] 9 okM-E;kRed laxBuksa ij FksA ;wukbVsM fdazXMae dk igyk xzaFkky; Ldwy 1919 esa ;wuhoZflVh dkWyst yanu esa LFkkfir gqvkA ;gkaW 1969 rd fdlh ih-,p-Mh dk izLrko ugha FkkA 1963 igyh xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku dh v/;;u”kkyk “ksQhYM fo”ofo|ky; esa LFkkfir gqbZA Hkkjr esa xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku dh “kq#vkr cMksnjk xzaFkky; esa lu~ 1931 rd gks pqdh FkhA f}rh; fo”o ;q) ds ckn /khjs&/khjs ,d iw.kZ :is.k ;k ,d vyx foHkkx ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k rFkk fo”ofo|ky; esa Lukrd rFkk LukdksRrj ikB~;dze “kq# fd;s x;sA blds lkFk gh fofHkUu fo’k;ksa ij “kks/k xfrfof/k;ka Hkh izkjaHk gqbZA ml le; MkW jaxkukFku gh vdsys O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku ds “kks/k dk;ksaZ ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k tks fd enzkl fo”ofo|ky; ds xzaFkiky FksA MkW- Mh-ch- d`’.kkjko igys O;fDr Fks ftUgsa 1957 esa xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa ih-,p-Mh mikf/k ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA bUgksaus MkW- jaxkukFku ds funsZ”ku esa dk;Z fd;kA xzaFkky; ,oa lwpxzaFkky; ,oa lwpxzaFkky; ,oa lwpxzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa “kks/k dh vko”;drk%uk foKku esa “kks/k dh vko”;drk%uk foKku esa “kks/k dh vko”;drk%uk foKku esa “kks/k dh vko”;drk% xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku dh vko”;drk fuEu dkj.kksa ls iM+rh gS & 1- ns”k esa lwpuk ls lacaf/kr xfrfof/k;ksa ds

lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifjorZuksa ds dkj.kA 2- lwpuk dk ,d jk’Vªh; L=ksr ds :i esa fujarj

fodkl gksrk tk jgk gSA jk’Vªh; ,oa varjkZ’Vªh; usVodZ LFkkfir gksus ds dkj.k lwpuk dh mi;ksfxrk vR;f/kd izHkkfor gksrh gSA vr% lwpuk iz.kkyh esa vuqla/kku ,oa ekuo”kfDr dh vko”;drk iM+rh gSA

3- xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku ds {ks= esa uohurk ykus rFkk blds Lrj dks mPp djus vuqla/kku vko”;d gksrk gSA vuqla/kku dk;ksZ ds }kjk

(lSSN-2349-9702)

49

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

uohu midj.kksa ,oa rduhfd;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gS tks fd dkfeZd izf”k{k.k ds fy, vko”;d gksrk gSA

4- xzaFkky; dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku] ”kks/k izca/k dk vkykspukRed rFkk foLrr v/;;u dj xzaFkky; dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku fd;k tk ldrk gSA

5- vuqla/kku lacaf/kr fo’k; dk izek.k gksrk gS] ftlls ml {ks= ds vuqla/kku dk irk pyrk gS ,oa “kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dh Jsf.k;ksa dk Kku gksrk gSA

6- fo”ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx ds vuqlkj xzaFkky; foKku ds f”k{kdksa dks mudh ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij in iznku fd;k tkrk gSA blesa “kks/k mif/k izkIr f”k{dksa dks gh ekU;rk izkIr gksrh gS vr% vuqla/kku vko”;d gSA

7- mPp in rFkk ekU;rk izkIr djus ds fy, “kks/k mikf/k vko”;d gSA

8- xzaFkky; ds dk;Z esa o`f) ykus rFkk mi;ksxdrkZ dh vko”;drk dks larq’V djus ds fy, vuqla/kku vko”;d gSA

vr% xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku “kS{kf.kd izfdz;k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrk gS ftlls uohu Kku dk fuekZ.k ,oa xzaFkky; v/;{k] lwpuk oSKkfudksa] izys[kudrkZvksa dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku fd;k tkrk gSA xzFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku dh xzFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku dh xzFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku dh xzFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku dh mi;ksfxrkmi;ksfxrkmi;ksfxrkmi;ksfxrk %%%% xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku ds vusd mi;ksx gSa ftlesa dqN fuEu gS & 1- uohu Kku dk fu/kkZj.k rFkk Kku dh lhek dk

izlkjA 2- Kku ds vfLrRo ds uohu mi;ksxksa dks lqyHk

djukA 3- leL;kvksa ds lek/kku dks izkIr djus esa

lgk;dA 4- “kks/kkFkhZ ds “kks/k esa uohurk ykukA 5- ckSf)d rFkk O;olkf;d f”k{k.k foHkkx esa

fodkl djukA 6- vuqla/kku ls f”k{k.k foHkkx] “kks/k laxBu

“kks/kdrkZ rFkk Nk=ks dh mudh ;ksX;rkuqlkj vf/kdkj izkIr gksrk gSA

bl izdkj Kku ds foLrkj esa rFkk uohu [kkstks esa vuqla/kku egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA tks fd xzaFkky; ds laxzg ds fy, vR;ar vko”;d gksrk gSA fo”ofo|ky; ds ikzFkfed nks dk;ksZ esa f”k{k.k rFkk “kks/k egRoiw.kZ gSA “kks/k dk;Zdzeksa ds varxZr f”k{kd] xzaFkiky lwpuk fo”ks’kK viuh “kks/k mikf/k dks izkIr dj lgh ;ksX;rkuqlkj ekU;rk izkIr dj ldrs gSA xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku ds foHkkx esa ;s ;ksX;rk;sa vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA buds ek/;e ls vusd leL;kvksa ds lek/kku fd;s tk jgs gSaA xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku ds {ks=xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku ds {ks=xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku ds {ks=xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa vuqla/kku ds {ks=%%%% xaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku ds fofHkUu i{kksa dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, xzaFkky; ds fofHkUu {ks+=ksa dh vuqla/kku vko”;drk dk fu/kkZj.k vko”;d gS xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku ds fofHkUu i{kksa esa vuqla/kku ds fuEu {ks= fn;s x;s gSaA I. mi;ksxdrkZ v/;;umi;ksxdrkZ v/;;umi;ksxdrkZ v/;;umi;ksxdrkZ v/;;u lwpuk ds [kkst lacaf/kr fo”ys’k.k lkfgR; dk

mi;ksx xazFkky; ds mi;ksx dh i)fr rFkk mi;ksxdRrkZ f”k{k.k dks blds varxZr fy;k tkrk gSA

II. lwpuk izfdz;k rFkk laxBu iz.kkyhlwpuk izfdz;k rFkk laxBu iz.kkyhlwpuk izfdz;k rFkk laxBu iz.kkyhlwpuk izfdz;k rFkk laxBu iz.kkyh blds varxZr lwpuk izlkj rduhd] laxzg.k

rFkk iqu% izkfIr rduhd ,oa iz.kkyh] lwpuk iz.kkyh dk izca/ku rFkk jk’Vªh; ,oa varjk’Vªh; lwpuk iz.kkyh vkfn izfdz;kvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

III. vuqdzef.kdj.kvuqdzef.kdj.kvuqdzef.kdj.kvuqdzef.kdj.k “kCnkoyh fo’k;”kh’kZd] fFkykjkbZ ,oa mudk

laxBu] vuqdzef.kdj.k ,oa lkjdj.k izfdz;k dks blesa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

IV. oxhZdj.k ,oa lwphdj.koxhZdj.k ,oa lwphdj.koxhZdj.k ,oa lwphdj.koxhZdj.k ,oa lwphdj.k blds varxZr izys[kh; rFk vizys[kh;

oxhZdj.k] iqLrdksa rFkk vikB~; iqLrd lkekfxz;ksa dk lwphdj.k lacaf/kr izfdz;kvksa dk lfEefyr d;k tkrk gSA

V. ;a=hdj.k;a=hdj.k;a=hdj.k;a=hdj.k xzaFkky; dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk Lopkyu dEI;wVj

rduhd rFkk mldk lwpuk iquZizkfIr esa mi;ksx ,oa mlls iznku dh xbZ lsok;s lfEefyr gksrh gSA

(lSSN-2349-9702)

50

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

VI. ,sfrgkfld v/;;u,sfrgkfld v/;;u,sfrgkfld v/;;u,sfrgkfld v/;;u

blesa O;kolkf;d la?kksa] laLFkkvksa O;fDr;ksa rFkk xzaFkky; foKku dh f”k{kk vkfn dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA

VII. çççç”kklu ,oa izca/k”kklu ,oa izca/k”kklu ,oa izca/k”kklu ,oa izca/k

iz”kklu ,oa izca/k xzaFkky; ds izdkjks] xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk dsUnzksa }kjk yxkbZ xbZ rFkk izkIr dh xbZ dher dk fo”ys’k.k ykxr izHkko”khyrk dk fo”ys’k.k lsokvksa dks iznku djus dh ;kstuk iz.kkyh v/;;u ekuo “kfDr fu;kstu rFkk mudh vko”;drkvksa ds v/;;u dks mlesa fy;k x;k gSA

VIII. okMokMokMokM----e;kRed v/;;ue;kRed v/;;ue;kRed v/;;ue;kRed v/;;u

okM-e;kRed fu;a=.k jk’Vªh; xzaFklwph] fo’k; xazFklwph rFkk {ks= v/;;u vkfn dk v/;;u blesa lfEefyr gksrk gSA

IX. v/;;u dk varjfo’k;h {ks=v/;;u dk varjfo’k;h {ks=v/;;u dk varjfo’k;h {ks=v/;;u dk varjfo’k;h {ks=

xzaFkky; foKku dk lekt”kkL=] lkaf[;dh; ;k vU; fo’k;ksa ds lkFk laca/kksa dk v/;;u blds varxZr fd;k tkrk gSA

X. xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku f”k{kkxzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku f”k{kkxzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku f”k{kkxzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku f”k{kk

ikB~; iqLrdksa s dh lwph dh lajpuk] f”k{k.k rFkk ewY;kadu dh fof/k;kWa] xzaFkky; Ldwy ds }kjk tkus okyk izf”k{k.k rFkk fdz;kvksa ds izn”kZu ds chp laca/k mPpf”k{k.k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;s xzaFkky; dk LFkku fu/kkZj.k vkfn dk v/;;u djuk vko”;d gksrk gSA

XI. xzaFkferh; v/;;uxzaFkferh; v/;;uxzaFkferh; v/;;uxzaFkferh; v/;;u

lwpuk foKku dh u;h “kk[kk gS ftlds varxZr fofHkUu ikB~; lkefxz;ksa tSls iqLrdsa if=dk;sa] ys[k] i= rFkk vU; izys[k tks xzaFkky; ds laxzg esa o`f) djrh gS dk lkaf[;dh; ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA

XII. m)j.k fo”ys’m)j.k fo”ys’m)j.k fo”ys’m)j.k fo”ys’k.kk.kk.kk.k

vk/kkj ij if=dkvks dh mi;ksfxrk dh igpku djuk o ml vk/kkj ij xazFkky; esa mi;ksx fd;k tkuk gh m)j.k fo”ys’k.k gSA

XIII. oscksesfVªDloscksesfVªDloscksesfVªDloscksesfVªDl

osc ls lacaf/kr ?kVukvksa dk ifjek.kkRed v/;;u gh oscksesfVªDl dgykrk gSA bldh

mRifRr ys[kksa ds xzaFkfefr; v/;;u ls gqbZ gS orZeku esa ys[kks ds cgqr ls m)j.kks esa osc&lkbV gh vf/kd gksrh gS vr% mudk ewY;kadu dj mi;ksfxrk Kkr dh tkrh gSA

v/;;u dk mn~ns”; v/;;u dk mn~ns”; v/;;u dk mn~ns”; v/;;u dk mn~ns”;

bl v/;;u dk mn~ns”; fuEukuqlkj gS &

1- Hkkjr esa “kks/k mikf/k ,oa “kks/k dh mRikndrk esa o`f) dk v/;;uA

2- xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku vuqla/kku ds {ks= esa fofHkUu fo’k; {ks=ksa dh Hkwfedk dk v/;;u djukA

3- o’kkZuqlkj xzaFkky; esa “kks/k mikf/k dk v/;;u djukA

4- fo”ofo|ky;ksa ;k LFkkukuqlkj “kks/k mikf/k dk v/;;u djukA

ççççfof/kfof/kfof/kfof/k &&&&

fdlh Hkh vuqla/kku ds fy, vko”;d okLrfod rF;ksa dks ,df=r djus ds fy, dke esa yk;s x, fuf”pr o izek.kfl) rjhdksa dks izof/k dgrs gSA izLrqr v/;;u ds fy, vkdM+ksa dk ladyu “kks/kxaxk dh osc lkbV }kjk fd;k x;kA

bl v/;;u ds dqN Hkkx ds vkdM+ksa dk

ladyu University News if=dk ls rFkk

pUnz”ks[kju~ ,e rFkk jes”k lh-ih ds ys[k Library

and Information Science research in India ls fy;k x;k gSA tks fd Asia Pacific

Conference on Library and Information

Education and Practice, 2009 esa izdkf”kr gqvkA

vkadM+ksa dk fo”ys’k.k ,oa Li’Vhdj.k vkadM+ksa dk fo”ys’k.k ,oa Li’Vhdj.k vkadM+ksa dk fo”ys’k.k ,oa Li’Vhdj.k vkadM+ksa dk fo”ys’k.k ,oa Li’Vhdj.k %%%%

v/;;u ds varxZr~ xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa dqy 718 “ksk/k mikf/k iznku dh tk pqdh gSA lu~ 1957 ls 2008 rd ds vkdM+ksa dks eSlwj ;wfuoZflVh ds jhMj pUnz”ks[kju~ ,e rFkk jes”k lh-ih ds ys[k ls fy;k x;k gS rFkk lu~ 2010 ls 2014 rd ds dqy 111 vkdM+ksa dks buf¶cusV

dh lkbV www.shodhgagnga.co.in ls fy;k x;k gSA

1- o’kkZuqlkj “kks/k mikf/k dk forj.k

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51

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

2- fo”ofo|ky; ds vuqlkj o’kkZuqlkj “kks/k mikf/k dk forj.k

3- fo’k;kuqlkj “kks/k mikf/k dk forj.k rkfydk Øekad 1 ds vuqlkj izFke “kks/k mikf/k 1957 esa nh xbZA lu~ 1982 rd “kks/k dh xfrfof/k;ka cgqr gh /kheh FkhA vpkud 1983 esa “kks/k xfrfof/k;kWa c<+us yxhA ckn esa lu~ 2013 esa lokZf/kd 68 “kks/k mikf/k iznku dh xbZ rFkk ebZ 2014 rd 20 mikf/k iznku dh tk pqdh gSA rkfydk 2 ls Li’V gS fd lokZf/kd “kks/k mikf/k 20 cqansy[kaM fo”ofo|ky; }kjk nh xbZ] ftlesa ls 17] 2013 esa rFkk 3] 2014 esa nh xbZ gSA nwljs LFkku ij 17 “kks/k mikf/k;k¡ xq:?kklhnkl fo”ofo|ky; }kjk] rhljs LFkku ij 7 “kks/k mikf/k;k¡ dydRrk fo”ofo|ky; }kjk nh xbZA tcfd 2008 rd ds jhMj pUnz”ks[kju~ ,e rFkk jes”k lh-ih ds ys[k ds vuqlkj lokZf/kd “kks/k mikf/k dukZVd fo”ofo|ky; }kjk dqy 80 ]vka/kz fo”ofo|ky; 48 rFkk ftokth fo”ofo|ky; dk 41 Ánku dh xbZA rkfydk 3 fo’k;kuqlkj “kks/k mikf/k ds forj.k ls Li’V gS fd lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh esa lokZf/kd “kks/k mikf/k 17 iznku dh xbZA nwljs LFkku ij xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk lsokvksa esa 15 “kks/k mikf/k iznku dh xbZA rhljs LFkku ij lwpuk [kkst O;ogkj ,oa “kS{kf.kd xzaFkky;ksa ij “kks/k mikf/k 13 iznku dh xbZA tcfd 1957 ls 2008 dh panzz”ks[kju~ ,oa jes”k dh v/;;u ds vuqlkj lokZf/kd lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dk izfr”kr 3-12 izfr”kr FkkA tcfd xzaFkfefr; v/;;u dk 2010 ls vc rd dk izfr”kr 8-10 izfr”kr jgkA

rkfydk Øekad 2rkfydk Øekad 2rkfydk Øekad 2rkfydk Øekad 2 o’kkZuqlkj “kks/k mikf/k dk forj.ko’kkZuqlkj “kks/k mikf/k dk forj.ko’kkZuqlkj “kks/k mikf/k dk forj.ko’kkZuqlkj “kks/k mikf/k dk forj.k

(lSSN-2349-9702)

52

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

rkfydk Øekad 2rkfydk Øekad 2rkfydk Øekad 2rkfydk Øekad 2 fo”ofo|ky; ds vuqlkj o’kkZuqlfo”ofo|ky; ds vuqlkj o’kkZuqlfo”ofo|ky; ds vuqlkj o’kkZuqlfo”ofo|ky; ds vuqlkj o’kkZuqlkj “kks/k mikf/k dk forj.kkj “kks/k mikf/k dk forj.kkj “kks/k mikf/k dk forj.kkj “kks/k mikf/k dk forj.k

NAME OF UNIVERSITY 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 TOTAL

ALI MU UNIVERSITY

4

4

ANDRA UNIVERSITY

3 3

BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY

2 1 3

BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY

17 3 20

GAUHATI UNIVERSITY

4 4

GULBARGA UNIVERSITY

1 1

GUJRAT VIDYAPITH

1 1

GURU GHASIDAS UNIVERSITY

16 1 17

GUU NANAK DEV

1

1

KARNATAK UNIVERSITY

3

3

KARUNYA UNI

1 2

3 MADHYA PRADESH BHOJ UNIVERSITY

1

1

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY

2

2

MAHARAJA KRISHAN UNIVERSITY

2

2

MANGALAYATAN UNIVERSITY

1

1

MIZORAM UNIVERSITY 2 2

OSMANIA UNIVERSITY

1 1 PT RAVISHANKAR SHUKLA UNIVERSITY

1 1

PUNJABI UNIVERSITY

1

2 3

SANT GADGE BABA AMRAVATI UNIVERSITY

5 5

SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY

1 1

SNDT WOMENS UNIVERSITY

1 4 5

SRI KRISHNADEV NARAYAN UNIVERSITY

3 3

TILAK MAHARASTRA VIDYAPITH

3

3 6

UNI OF CALICUT

1

6

7

UNIVERSITY OF MYSORE

1

3 4

UNIVERSITY OF KERELA

1

1

UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

6

6

TOTAL 2 5 16 68 20 111

rkfydk Øekad 3rkfydk Øekad 3rkfydk Øekad 3rkfydk Øekad 3 fo’k;kuqlkj “kksfo’k;kuqlkj “kksfo’k;kuqlkj “kksfo’k;kuqlkj “kks/k mikf/k dk forj.k/k mikf/k dk forj.k/k mikf/k dk forj.k/k mikf/k dk forj.k

(lSSN-2349-9702)

53

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

milagkjmilagkjmilagkjmilagkj orZeku le; varjfo’k;h vuqla/kku dk gSA blesa vuqla/kkudRrkZ dh v/;;u leL;k ,d ls vf/kd fo’k;ksa ls lacaf/kr gksrh gSA mijksDr v/;;u esa Hkkjr ds fofHkUu fo”ofo|ky;ksa esa xzFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa gqbZ “kks/k xfrfof/k;ksa ij izdk”k Mkyk x;k gSA dqy 718 ih-,p-Mh “kks/k mikf/k xzFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku ds {ks= esa gqbZ gSA ;s mikf/k xzaFkky; izca/k] xzaFkkfefr; v/;;u] “kS{kf.kd xzaFkky;] lkoZHkkSfed xzaFkky;] lwpuk [kkst O;ogkj] lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh] xazFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku f”k{kk ij jghA buesa ls lokZf/kd lwpuk izkS|kfxdh ij v/;;u gq, lu~ 2013 esa lokZf/kd xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk ij v/;;u fd;s x;sA ftlesa caqnsy[kaM fo”ofo|ky; ds 17 rFkk xq#?kklhnkl fo”ofo|ky; dh 16 “kks/k mikf/k;kWa jghA panz”ks[kju~ ,oa jes”ku ds v/;;u ls Li’V gksrk gS fd dukZVd fo”ofo|ky; esa lokZf/kd “kks/k mikf/k iznku dh xbZ tcfd 2010 ls 2014 dh “kks/k x.kuk ds v/;;u esa bl fo”ofo|ky; }kjk dsoy 3 “kks/k mikf/k iznku dh xbZA cgqr ls v/;;u dsk “kks/k xaxk dh osclkbV esa lfEefyr djuk vHkh “ks’k gSA vr% v/;;u ls Li’V gS fd xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku esa “kks/k izo`fRr;kW c<+rh tk jgh gS rFkk mUgsa “kks/kxaxk dh osclkbV esa lfEefyr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA lanHkZ lwph lanHkZ lwph lanHkZ lwph lanHkZ lwph

1. CHATTERJEE (Amitabha), RATH (Pravash Narllyan) and PODDAR (Ashok). Research

Trendsin Library and Information Science in India. Annals of Library Science and Documentation.42,2; 1995;54-60

2. CHANDRASHEKARA (M) and RAMASESH

(C.P.) LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH IN INDIA Asia –Pacific Conference on Library & Information Education & Practice, 2009,530-537

3. KANNAPPANAVAR (8 U) and VIJAYKUMAR (M). Fifty Years of LIS

Research in India: Trends and Developments. SRELS Journal of Information Management. 37,4;2000;267 -300

4. KUMAR(PSG) Doctoral Studies in Library and

Information Science in India:A Study DESlDOC Buletin of Information Techndogy,

V d 18, No. 1, January 1998, pp. 5-9

5. LAHIRI (Ramansu). Research in Library

Science in India (1950-95): An Account of Ph.D. Programme. Annals of Library Science and Documentation 43,2; 1996;56-68.

6. MAHAPATRA (R. K)., SAHOO (Jyotshna)

DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

IN INDIA 1997-2003: A STUDY Annals of Library and Information Studies 51, I; 2004; 58-63

7. MANJUNATHA(K) and SHIVALINGAIAH

(D). Library and Information Science(L1S) Research 1987-1997:A Decade of

Development. Annals of Library Science and Documentation.45,4; 1998; 137 -155.

8. www.shodhgagnga.co.in

9. UNIVERSITY NEWS, Association of Indian

Universities, New Delhi.

***

(lSSN-2349-9702)

54

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

Hkkjrh; Lokf/kurkHkkjrh; Lokf/kurkHkkjrh; Lokf/kurkHkkjrh; Lokf/kurk laxzke eas NRrhlx<+ ds mxz jk"Vªh; vkanksyu laxzke eas NRrhlx<+ ds mxz jk"Vªh; vkanksyu laxzke eas NRrhlx<+ ds mxz jk"Vªh; vkanksyu laxzke eas NRrhlx<+ ds mxz jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dh Hkwfedk % ¼1905&1919 bZdh Hkwfedk % ¼1905&1919 bZdh Hkwfedk % ¼1905&1919 bZdh Hkwfedk % ¼1905&1919 bZ---- rd½ rd½ rd½ rd½

MkWMkWMkWMkW----iwue flagiwue flagiwue flagiwue flag lgk;d izk/;kid&bfrgkl

ls- Qwypan vxzoky Lefr egk- u;kikjk&jkfte jk;iqj ¼N-x-½

la{ksi 'kks/k %la{ksi 'kks/k %la{ksi 'kks/k %la{ksi 'kks/k % Lku~ 1857 dk o"kZ Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk ,d Lku~ 1857 dk o"kZ Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk ,d Lku~ 1857 dk o"kZ Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk ,d Lku~ 1857 dk o"kZ Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk ,d egRoiw.kZ o"kZ FkkA bl oegRoiw.kZ o"kZ FkkA bl oegRoiw.kZ o"kZ FkkA bl oegRoiw.kZ o"kZ FkkA bl o"kZ gtkjksa yk[kksa Lokf/kurk "kZ gtkjksa yk[kksa Lokf/kurk "kZ gtkjksa yk[kksa Lokf/kurk "kZ gtkjksa yk[kksa Lokf/kurk izseh Hkkjrh;ksa us Økafr dh e'kky vius gkFkksa eas izseh Hkkjrh;ksa us Økafr dh e'kky vius gkFkksa eas izseh Hkkjrh;ksa us Økafr dh e'kky vius gkFkksa eas izseh Hkkjrh;ksa us Økafr dh e'kky vius gkFkksa eas Fkkedj fczVh'k nklrk ls eqfDr ikus ds fy, izFke Fkkedj fczVh'k nklrk ls eqfDr ikus ds fy, izFke Fkkedj fczVh'k nklrk ls eqfDr ikus ds fy, izFke Fkkedj fczVh'k nklrk ls eqfDr ikus ds fy, izFke iz;kl fd;k FkkA yksxksa esa LojkT; vkSj Lo/kEkZ dh iz;kl fd;k FkkA yksxksa esa LojkT; vkSj Lo/kEkZ dh iz;kl fd;k FkkA yksxksa esa LojkT; vkSj Lo/kEkZ dh iz;kl fd;k FkkA yksxksa esa LojkT; vkSj Lo/kEkZ dh dkeuk ls mRizsfjr gksdj fonzksg dk 'ka[kukn fd;k dkeuk ls mRizsfjr gksdj fonzksg dk 'ka[kukn fd;k dkeuk ls mRizsfjr gksdj fonzksg dk 'ka[kukn fd;k dkeuk ls mRizsfjr gksdj fonzksg dk 'ka[kukn fd;k FkkA bl Øakfr us fczfV'k lFkkA bl Øakfr us fczfV'k lFkkA bl Øakfr us fczfV'k lFkkA bl Øakfr us fczfV'k lkezkT; dh uhao dks kezkT; dh uhao dks kezkT; dh uhao dks kezkT; dh uhao dks fgyk dj j[k fn;kA lu~ 1879&80 eas Hkkjr dh fgyk dj j[k fn;kA lu~ 1879&80 eas Hkkjr dh fgyk dj j[k fn;kA lu~ 1879&80 eas Hkkjr dh fgyk dj j[k fn;kA lu~ 1879&80 eas Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd fLFkfr fcxM+rh ns[k lsokfuor ,d jktuhfrd fLFkfr fcxM+rh ns[k lsokfuor ,d jktuhfrd fLFkfr fcxM+rh ns[k lsokfuor ,d jktuhfrd fLFkfr fcxM+rh ns[k lsokfuor ,d vaxzst vf/kdkjh ,vaxzst vf/kdkjh ,vaxzst vf/kdkjh ,vaxzst vf/kdkjh ,----vksvksvksvks----áwe us 1857 dh Økafr dh áwe us 1857 dh Økafr dh áwe us 1857 dh Økafr dh áwe us 1857 dh Økafr dh iqujko`fRr dks jksdus ds mn~ns'; ls 1885 eas iqujko`fRr dks jksdus ds mn~ns'; ls 1885 eas iqujko`fRr dks jksdus ds mn~ns'; ls 1885 eas iqujko`fRr dks jksdus ds mn~ns'; ls 1885 eas Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk dhA izkjaHk eas Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk dhA izkjaHk eas Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk dhA izkjaHk eas Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk dhA izkjaHk eas dkaxzsl usdkaxzsl usdkaxzsl usdkaxzsl us fczfV'k ljdkj vkSj Hkkjrh; turk ds fczfV'k ljdkj vkSj Hkkjrh; turk ds fczfV'k ljdkj vkSj Hkkjrh; turk ds fczfV'k ljdkj vkSj Hkkjrh; turk ds chp lEidZ dh dM+h ds :i eas Hkwfedk vnk dhA chp lEidZ dh dM+h ds :i eas Hkwfedk vnk dhA chp lEidZ dh dM+h ds :i eas Hkwfedk vnk dhA chp lEidZ dh dM+h ds :i eas Hkwfedk vnk dhA fdUrq 20oh 'krkCnh eas turk us bl laLFkk ds fdUrq 20oh 'krkCnh eas turk us bl laLFkk ds fdUrq 20oh 'krkCnh eas turk us bl laLFkk ds fdUrq 20oh 'krkCnh eas turk us bl laLFkk ds ek/;e ls Lora=rk izkfIr ds iz;kl vkjEHk fd, ,oa ek/;e ls Lora=rk izkfIr ds iz;kl vkjEHk fd, ,oa ek/;e ls Lora=rk izkfIr ds iz;kl vkjEHk fd, ,oa ek/;e ls Lora=rk izkfIr ds iz;kl vkjEHk fd, ,oa fczfV'k 'kklu ds neudkjh d`R;ksa vR;kpkjkas o fczfV'k 'kklu ds neudkjh d`R;ksa vR;kpkjkas o fczfV'k 'kklu ds neudkjh d`R;ksa vR;kpkjkas o fczfV'k 'kklu ds neudkjh d`R;ksa vR;kpkjkas o 'kks"k.k ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkuh 'kq: dh'kks"k.k ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkuh 'kq: dh'kks"k.k ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkuh 'kq: dh'kks"k.k ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkuh 'kq: dh1111AAAA çLrkouk %çLrkouk %çLrkouk %çLrkouk % izkjaHk eas bl vkanksyu dh xfrfof/k /kheh jghA D;kasfd ;g dkaxzsl dk 'kS'kodky ¼1885&1905½ FkkA bl le; dkaxzsl ij mnkjokfn;ksa dk izHkko jgk bUgksusa ^^jktuhfrd fHk{kko`fRr** dh uhfr viukbZA bleas mUgsa okafNr larks"k ugha feykA Qyr% dqN jk"Vªh; dk;ZdRkkZvksa dk fo'okl mnkjoknh lk/kuks ij ugha jg x;kA lu~ 1905 eas yky&cky&iky ds usr`Ro eas mxzokfn;ksa dk izHkko c<+us yxk muds izHkko ls vc rd tks jk"Vªh; vkanksyu 'kgjks dh lhek esa dSn Fkk] og xzkeh.k vkapyksa dh vksj c<+us yxkA lu~ 1905 ls 1919 bZ- dk dky Hkkjrh; Lokf/kurk laxzke dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dky gSA bl

dky eas mxzokn dk fodkl gqvk ftUgksus izfrosnuksa dh txg Lons'kh vkanksyu] cfg"dkj vkSj LojkT; dk viuk dk;ZØe cuk;kA mxzokn vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds f}rh; pj.k ¼1905&1919½ ls NRrhlx<+ Hkh vNwrk ugha jgkA bl dky esa NRrhlx<+ eas Hkh vusd egROkiw.kZ dk;ZØe vkSj ?kVuk;sa ?kVhA Hkkjrh; Lokf/kurk laxzke eas NRrhlx<+ dh Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgha gSA cax&Hkaxcax&Hkaxcax&Hkaxcax&Hkax %& ykMZ dtZu us caxky eas c<+rh gqbZ jk"Vªh; psruk dks dqpyus ds mn~ns'; ls lu~ 1905 bZ- eas caxky dks nks vyx&vyx fgLlksa eas cakV fn;kA blls Hkkjrh;kas ds vkRelEeku dks dkQh vk?kkr igq¡pkA dtZu ds bl izdkj ds uhfr ls r:.k oxZ ds jk"Vªokfn;ksa dks mxzoknh cuk fn;kA lEiw.kZ Hkkjr o"kZ eas mRrstuk QSy xbZA NRrhlx<+ eas caxky foHkktu dk rhoz fojks/k gqvk jk;iqj] fcykliqj] nqxZ lHkh txg lHkk,¡ gqbZ ftleas cax&Hkax ds fojks/k eas oDrO; fn, x,2A NRrhlx<+ eas mxz jk"Vªh;rk dk izkjEHk lu~ 1900 bZ- eas ek/kojko lizs ds }kjk izdkf'kr ^^NRrhlx<+ fe=** ls 'kq: gqvkA lUk~ 1905 eas dkaxzsl ds v/;{kh; Hkk"k.k eas mnkjoknh usrk xksikyd`".k xks[kysa us Lons'kh vkanksyu dks ,d ,slk jktuhfrd gfFk;kj fu:fir fd;k ftldk mnn~s'; fczfV'k 'kklu dks Hkkjrh;ksa dh Hkkoukvksa ls ifjfpr djkuk Fkk3A Lons'kh vkanksyuLons'kh vkanksyuLons'kh vkanksyuLons'kh vkanksyu %& lu~ 1906 bZ- eas dkaxzsl dk vf/kos'ku dydRrk eas nknk HkkbZ ukSjksth dh lHkkifrRo eas lEiUu gqvkA bl vf/kos'ku eas okeujko yk[ks] ek/kojko lizs ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy vkfn Hkkx fy, FksA bl

(lSSN-2349-9702)

55

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

vf/kos'k eas Lojkt] Lons'k] cfg"dkj vkSj jk"Vªh; f'k{kk ds izLrko ikfjr gq, bu izLrkoksa ds izlkj&izpkj gsrq ^^jk"Vªh; e.Myksa** dk xBUk fd;k x;kA ukxiqj eas xfBr ^^jk"Vªh; e.My** esa NRrhlx<+ ds ia- ek/kojko lizs dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k Fkk4A blh ifjizs{; esa Lons'kh izpkj ds fy, NRrhlx<+ vapy dkQh lfØ; jgk gSA lUk~ 1906 bZ- eas ia- lqUnjyky 'kekZ us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl eas izos'k fd;kA blh o"kZ mUgksaus ^^lfUe= eaMy** dh LFkkiuk dhA ftldk mnn~s'; lekt&lq/kkj ds lkFk bl vapy esa jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk mRiUUk djuk FkkA lqUnjyky 'kekZ vius fe= ukjk;.k es/kkoysa ds lkFk Lons'khy vkanksyu dk lapkyu fd;kA mUgksuas vius mnn~s'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, Lons'kh nqdkussa [kksyhA Lons'kh oLrqvksa ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, bu nksusk fe=ksa us jkfte] /kerjh] egkleqUn ,oa jk;iqj eas nqdkusa [kksyh lkFk gh Lons'kh vkanksyu dks yksdfiz; cukus ds fy, mUgksaus /kerjh] jkfte] egkleqUn vkSj jk;iqj eas [kknh vkJe dh Hkh LFkkiuk dhA jktukanxkao eas Bkdqj I;kjsyky flag] f'koyky ekLVj vkSj 'kadj [kjs us [kknh izpkj&izlkj ds fy, vuojr iz;kl fd;kA blls Lons'kh vkanksyu dks xfr feyh os ,df=r gksdj lkjaxikf.k eqn~fy;kj ds ;gk¡ [kknh ds iz;ksx vkSj Lons'kh vkanksyu dks yksdfiz; cukus ds fy, fopkj&foe'kZ djrs Fks5A bl rjg Lons'kh vkanksyu NRrhlx<+ vapy esa dqN 'kh"kZLFk usrkvksa ds ek/;e ls lapkfyr gksrk jgkA e| fu"ks/k vkanksyue| fu"ks/k vkanksyue| fu"ks/k vkanksyue| fu"ks/k vkanksyu %& jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dh f{kfrt ij mfnr nwljk vkanksyu e| fu"ks/k vkanksyu FkkA Lons'kh vkanksyu dh Hkk¡fr NRrhlx<+ eas e| fu"ks/k vkanksyu dk Hkh izHkko iM+kA jk;iqj dh iqfyl QkslZ Hkh turk dks yqds&fNis izsfjr ,oa mRlkfgr djrh Fkh & ^^rqe fuMj gksdj dke djkas] ge iqfyl ds toku rqEgkjs lkFk gSa ;g ljdkjh onhZ rks flQZ fn[kkosa vkSj mnkjiwfrZ ds fufeRr gSA** mijksDr rF; iqfyl dh tkx:d jk"Vªh; Hkkouk vkSj ns'k HkfDr izdV djrh

FkhA jk;iqj ftys aeas e+| fu"ks/k vkanksyu dkQh tksjksa ij FkkA jk;iqj ds 'kjkc HkV~Bh eas jk;iqj dh turk us vkx yxk nh jk;iqj iqfyl us turk dk LkkFk fn;k FkkA bl le; izns'k dh jktuhfr eas mxzokfn;ksa dk opZLo c<+rs tk jgk FkkA fryd dh izsj.kk ls ukxiqj eas lkoZtfud x.ks'kksRlo vkSj f'kokth t;afr ds dk;ZØe vkjEHk gq,A bu nksuksa mRloksa us Hkh r:.kksa ds laxBUk eas ewY;oku ;ksx iznku fd;k6A bu mRloksa us Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; vkanksyu eas rFkk jk"Vªh; Hkkouk c<+kus eas ,d egROkiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dh gSA egkjk"Vª ds x.ks'kksRlo vkSj f'kokth mRlo ls izsj.kk ysdj NRrhlx<+ {ks= eas jk;iqj ftyk ds /kerjh rglhy eas ukjk;.kjko es/kkoysa us lkoZtfud x.ks'kksRlo izkjEHk fd;k ftldk ,dek= mnn~s'; loZlk/kkj.k eas ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk mRiUu djuk gh FkkA ;g mRlo izfro"kZ jk"Vªh; Lo:i /kkj.kk djrk tk jgk Fkk7A jk;iqj eas izkarh; jktuhfrd lEesyu & 1907jk;iqj eas izkarh; jktuhfrd lEesyu & 1907jk;iqj eas izkarh; jktuhfrd lEesyu & 1907jk;iqj eas izkarh; jktuhfrd lEesyu & 1907 %& 29 ekpZ 1907 dks jk;iqj esa izkarh; jktuhfrd lEesyu j?kqukFk jko eq/kksydj dh v/;{krk eas Vkmugky eas vk;ksftr fd;k x;k gSA csfjLVj gfjflag xkSj Lokxr lfefr ds v/;{k Fks8A jk;iqj ds bl izkarh; vf/kos'ku eas 1907 ds lwjr dkaxzsl dh QwV dk izHkko Li"V :i ls fn[kkbZ fn;kA bleas nknk lkgc [kkiMsa vkSj muds lkFkh oans ekrje ls dk;kZjaHk djuk pkgrs Fks fdUrq MkW- eqUts vkSj MkW- gfjflag xkSj us bldk fojks/k fd;kA blls vf/kos'ku dk okrkoj.k mxz gks x;kA nknk lkgc [kkiMsZ vius mxzoknh lg;skxh;ksa ds lkFk oans ekrje~ dk mn~?kks"k cqyanh ls djds iaMky ls ckgj pys x,A ml fLFkfr eas ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy dh e/;LFkrk eas mnkjokfn;ksa dks oans ekrje~ xhr ls lHkk izkjEHk djus ds fy, jkth dj fy;kA mlh fnu rkR;kikjk fLFkr guqeku eafnj ds lkeus nknk lkgc [kkiMsZ dk Lons'kh vkSj ck;dkV fo"k; ij Hkk"k.k gqvk9A iqu% nknk lkgc [kkiMsZ dk Hkk"k.k QwVh ds ckM+s eas gqvk vkSj mlh fnu izkarh; lEesyu dk lekiu gqvkA ijUrq ;g¡k dh ?kVukvksa ls Li"V gks x;k Fkk fd vc mnkjokn vkSj mxzokn nksuksa

(lSSN-2349-9702)

56

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

i{k ,d lkFk feydj dk;Z ugha dj ldrsA lwjr dkaM dk igyk lw=ikr jk;iqj eas gqvkA lwjr QwVlwjr QwVlwjr QwVlwjr QwV %& 1907 ds lwjr vf/kos'k eas NRrhlx< ls ia- lqUnjyky 'kekZ vkSj ukjk;.k jko es/kkokys lfEefyr gq,A yksdekU; fryd fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas lwjr vf/kos'ku eas la?k"kZ ds nkSjku fojksf/k;ksa ds chp f?kj tkusa ,oa gkFkk ikbZ dh ukScr ds le; ukjk;.k jko es/kkoys vkSj ia- lqUnjyky 'kekZ us chp& cpko djrs gq, mUgsa ?ksjs ls ckgj fudkyk vkSj ;gha ls lqUnjyky 'kekZ vkSj es/kkoys dk fryd ds lkFk thou Hkj ds fy, lg;ksx cuk jgk10A ;gk¡ ls ujeny vkSj xjeny eas Li"V :i ls QwV iM+ x;kA fryd dh fxj¶rkjh ,oa mxzokfn;ksa dk neufryd dh fxj¶rkjh ,oa mxzokfn;ksa dk neufryd dh fxj¶rkjh ,oa mxzokfn;ksa dk neufryd dh fxj¶rkjh ,oa mxzokfn;ksa dk neu %& vaxzst ljdkj lwjr QwV dk ykHk mBkdj mxzokfn;ksa dk neu djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA 13 tqykbZ 1908 dks fryd dks jktnzksg ds vkjksi eas iwuk eas fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k vkSj 6 o"kZ dkjkokl dh ltk nsdj ekaMys tsy Hkst fn;kA mxzokn ds lHkh cM+s usrkvksa dks ljdkjh dksi dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+kA 1907 eas ^fgUn dsljh* eas Økafrdkjh ys[k & ^^ns'k dh nqnZ'kk** vkSj ^^ce ds xksys dk jgL;** fy[kus ds vijk/k eas lizs th dks 1908 eas fxj¶rkj fd;k x;kA oLrqr% ;s ys[k fczfV'k ljdkj dh dVq vkykspuk eas fy[ks x;s FksA RkFkk muds vR;kpkjh neudkjh dkjukeksa dk inkZQk'k fd;k x;k FkkA bleas Hkkjrh;ksa dks jk"Vª ds izfr vius dRRkZO;ksa ls tw>us dh izsj.kk nh xbZ FkhA dkykaRkj eas lizs th dks fczfV”k “kklu ls {kek ;kpuk djuh iM+hA Nk= vkanksyuNk= vkanksyuNk= vkanksyuNk= vkanksyu %& yksdekU; fryd dks fxj¶rkjh ds fojks/k eas bl izkar eas nqdkusa can jghA NRrhlx<+ ds jk;iqj] fcykliqj] nqxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa us vkanksyu fd;kA blh le; jktuk¡nxk¡o LVsV dh izfrfØ;koknh f'k{kk O;oLFkk ds fo:) Bkdqj I;kjsyky flag Nk=ksa dh lQy gM+rky djokbZA LVsV gkbZLdwy ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa frjaxk >.Mk ysdj jktukanxkao xkao eas twywl fudkyk11] ftlls NRrhlx<+ eas fo|kFkhZ vkanksyu dk lw=ikr gqvk12A lEiw.kZ ns'k eas neu pØ py jgk FkkA bl ;qx eas jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk mxz :i ls cyorh gks xbZA

lu~ 1909 eas MkW- I;kjsyky flag us jktukanxkao dss fuokfl;ksa eas jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk mRizsfjr djus ds fy, ^^ljLorh iqLrdky;** dh LFkkiuk dhA ;gha ls jk"Vªh; psruk dh /kkjk izokfgr gksrh Fkh13A 1910 cLRkj dk vkfnoklh la?k"kZ1910 cLRkj dk vkfnoklh la?k"kZ1910 cLRkj dk vkfnoklh la?k"kZ1910 cLRkj dk vkfnoklh la?k"kZ %& Lok/khurk dh Hkkouk lqnwj vkfnoklh {ks=ksa eas Hkh fodlhr gks jgh FkhA vkfnokfl;ksa dk 'kks"k.k ,oa mu ij dh tk jgh 'kks"k.k uhfr eas yxkrkj o`f) gksrh jgh ftlus fonzksg dk tUe fn;kA vkfnokfl;ksa }kjk fd;k x;k ;g l'kL= fonzksg mudh c<+rh tkx:drk vkSj laxBu 'kfDr dk ifjpk;d FkkA lu~ 1911] 1912] 1913] 1914 ds o"kZ jk;iqj eas lHkk rFkk lgdkjh lfefr dh LFkkiuk ds o"kZ gSA izFke fo'o ;q)izFke fo'o ;q)izFke fo'o ;q)izFke fo'o ;q) %& vxLr 1914 eas izFke fo'o ;q) izkajHk gqvk bl ;q) eas ;|fi Hkkjr dk dksbZ LokFkZ ugha FkkA ijarq bl ?kks"k.kk ls dh ;s ;q) Lora=rk vkSj yksdra= ds fy, gSA Hkkjrh; tuekul eas uohu mRlkg dk lapkj gqvkA fd ;q) ds ckn Hkkjr dh fLFkfr eas lq/kkj ds ckjs esa lkspk tk;sxkA jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dk 19oka vf/kos'ku fnlEcj 1914 dks gqvk14A xak/khth us turk ls vuqjks/k fd;k fd os lsuk eas HkrhZ gksus ds fy, vius vki dks izLrqr djsa rFkk fryd us ?kks"k.kk dh fd ;q) eas Hkkjr fczVsu dk lkFk ns ,oa lg;ksx djsa15A NRrhlx<+ eas Hkh izFke fo'o ;q) ls uohu mRlkg dk okrkoj.k mRiUu gqvk rFkk 27 twu 1914 dks fryd dh fjgkbZ ds i'pkr~ muds vfHkuanu esa lHkk;sa dh xbZA NRrhlx<+ esa blh o"kZ ugjkas dk dke izkjEHk gqvk16A jk;iqj ds tulHkk eas eqfLye lEiznk; }kjk izFke fo'o;q) eas fczfV'k ljdkj dks lg;ksx nsus dh uhfr viukbZ xbZ] tks fd jk"Vªh; xfrfof/k dk vuqlj.k FkkA prqFkZ izkarh; jktuSfrd lEesyu 1915prqFkZ izkarh; jktuSfrd lEesyu 1915prqFkZ izkarh; jktuSfrd lEesyu 1915prqFkZ izkarh; jktuSfrd lEesyu 1915 %& 1907 dsa dkaxzsl ds lwjr vf/kos'ku eas mxzokfn;ksa dks dkaxzsl NksM+uh iM+h Fkh17 1908 ls 1914 ds e/; ljdkjh neu ds dkj.k mxzokfn;ks dk viuk dksbZ vyx vf[ky Hkkjrh; laxBu ugha cuk ldasA lu~ 1915 ds izkjaHk eas e/;izkar ds uje ny vkSj xjenyksa eas esy djkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA

(lSSN-2349-9702)

57

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

bl mnn~s'; ls nksuks nyksa ds chp 7 twu 1915 dks ,d le>kSrk ij gLrk{kj dj ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd e/;izkar vkSj cjkj jktuhfrd ifj"kn dk prqFkZ vf/kos'ku uoEcj eas gks18A bl vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k Jh fo".kqnRr 'kqDy pqus x;sA bl izkarh; ifj"kn dh lcls mYys[kuh; ckr ;g Fkh fd dkaxzsl ds ujeny vkSj xjeny ds dk;ZdrkZ iqu% ,d eap ij vk x;s bl ,sfrgkfld vf/kos'ku eas NRrhlx<+ ds izeq[k usrk lh- ,e- BDdj] ek/kojko lizs] ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy] ia- lqUnjyky 'kekZ] MkW- b- jk?kosUnzjko cSfjLVj Nsnh yky] ?ku';ke flag xqIr] Bkdqj I;kjsyky flag vkfn mifLFkr FksA NRrhlx<+ eas gkse:y vkanksyu ,oa izHkkoNRrhlx<+ eas gkse:y vkanksyu ,oa izHkkoNRrhlx<+ eas gkse:y vkanksyu ,oa izHkkoNRrhlx<+ eas gkse:y vkanksyu ,oa izHkko %& fryd vkSj ,suh cslsUV us gkse:y yhx dh LFkkiuk dj gkse:y vkanksyu dk lw=ikr fd;kA lu~ 1917 eas gkse:y yhx dh 'kk[kk,¡ e/;izkaar eas

[kksyh x;h] nknk lkgc [kkiMsZblds v/;{k Fks19

A NRrhlx<+ eas Hkh gkse:y vkanksyu dh i`"BHkwfe rS;kj dh jk;iqj eas gkse:y yhx dh LFkkiuk 26 vxLr 1916 dks cSfjLVj BDdj dh v/;{krk eas gqbZA ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy blds iz/kku laxBd euksfur gq,20A rFkk ia- ek/kojko lizs] ewypan ckxM+h ,oa y{ehjko mn~xhj ds iz;Ruksa ls gkse:y yhx dh LFkkiuk gqbZA MkW- jk?kosUnzjko fcykliqj] ?ku';ke flag xqIr nqxZ] MkW- I;kjs yky flag us vius&vius lg;ksxh dk;ZdrkZvksa ds lkFk yhx 'kk[kk dh LFkkiuk dh21A gkse:y ds ek/;e ls ikfyZ;keasV ls Lo'kklu dh ekax dh xbZ bl izdkj ;g vkanksyu laiw.kZ ns'k lfgr NRrhlx<+ eas Hkh QSy xbZA lu~ 1918 eas jk;iqj eas jktuSfrd ifj"kn lu~ 1918 eas jk;iqj eas jktuSfrd ifj"kn lu~ 1918 eas jk;iqj eas jktuSfrd ifj"kn lu~ 1918 eas jk;iqj eas jktuSfrd ifj"kn dh lHkkdh lHkkdh lHkkdh lHkk % 30 ,oa 31 ekpZ 1918 dks NBosa e/;izkrha; jktuhfrd ifj"kn dh jk;iqj eas lHkk gqbZ ftleas fryd ds gkse:y vkanksyu dk iw.kZ leFkZu fd;k x;kA bl cSBd ds v/;{k [kaMok ds ckcw gfjnkl pVthZ FksA bleas izLrko Lohdr fd;k x;k fd tc rd ljdkj LojkT; nsus dks rS;kj ugha gks tkrh fo'o ;q) ds dk;ksZa eas lg;ksx ugha fn;k tk;sxkA lu~ 1918 eas /kerjh rglhy eas jktuhfrd ifj"kn lu~ 1918 eas /kerjh rglhy eas jktuhfrd ifj"kn lu~ 1918 eas /kerjh rglhy eas jktuhfrd ifj"kn lu~ 1918 eas /kerjh rglhy eas jktuhfrd ifj"kn lEesyulEesyulEesyulEesyu %&

17 o 18 ebZ 1918 dks /kerjh rglhy Lrj ij Hkh izFke jktuSfrd lEesyu dk dk;ZØe j[kk x;kA bl lEesyu dh v/;{krk okeu jko yk[ks us dh FkhA bl ifj"kn eas Hkh LojkT; dh ekax dh xbZA jkWysV ,DV dk fojks/kjkWysV ,DV dk fojks/kjkWysV ,DV dk fojks/kjkWysV ,DV dk fojks/k %& lu~ 1917 eas gh ekaVsX;w psElQksMZ fjiksVZ izdkf'kdr gksus ds i'pkr~ fczfV'k ljdkj us Økafrdkjh xfrfof/k dks lekIr djus ds fy, fnlEcj 1917 dks jkWysV dh v/;{krk eas ,d lfefr fu;qDr dh ftlds vk/kkj ij jktnzksg ds vkjksih ij fcuk eqdnek tsy Hkstus ;k utjcan dk vf/kdkj 'kklu dks izkIr gks x;kA bl ,DV ds fojks/k esa ns'kO;kih gM+rky gqbZA NRrhLkXk<+ eas Hkh bl gM+rky dk izHkko iM+k22A jk;iqj] /kerjh] fcykliqj] tkatxhj] nqxZ] jktukanxkao eas LFkkuh; dkaxzsl usrkvks us tulHkk,a vk;ksftr dj jksysV ,DV :ih dkys dkuwuksa dk fojks/k fd;k rFkk twywl fudkysaA 30 ekpZ 1919 dks lkjs ns'k ds lkFk NRrhlx<+ eas Hkh vke gM+rky dh xbZ rFkk dyk fnol euk;kA fcykliqj eas okeujko [kku [kskts] MkW- f'ko nqykjs feJ] ;nquanu izlkn JhokLro cSfjLVj Nsnhyky] MkW- bZ- jk?kosUnzjko us vke gM+rky dk vk;kstu fd;kA mUgksuas ipjh ?kkV eas Luku dj] dkys oL= /kkj.k dj ,d fo'kky twywl fudkyk vkSj jksysV ,DV fojks/kh ukjs yxk;s23 bu lHkkvksa eas {ks= ds usrkvksa eas ljdkj ds fo:) tuer tkxr djus dk iz;kl fd;k24A tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM dk vapy ij izHkkotfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM dk vapy ij izHkkotfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM dk vapy ij izHkkotfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM dk vapy ij izHkko %& jksysV ,DV dk fojks/k lEiw.kZ Hkkjr eas fd;k x;kA bl ,DV ds fojks/k Lo:i 13 vizSy 1919 dks verlj ds tfy;k¡okyk ckx eas ,d vke lHkk j[kh xbZ FkhA ftleas 20 gtkj yksx mifLFkr FksA tujy Mk;j us ;gk¡ Hkh"k.k ujlagkj fd;kA ftlus leLr ns'k dks Øks/k ls Hkj fn;kA 19 viSzy 1919 dks [k.Mok eas ,d jktuhfrd lEesyu gqvk ftleas NRrhlx<+ ls ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy] ba- jk?kosUnzjko us Hkkx fy;k] bUgksuas vius oDrO; ds ek/;e ls tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM dh ?kksj fuank dh25 bl ifj"kn eas 6 vizSy ls 13 vizSy rd tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM dh Le`fr eas jk"Vªh; lIrkg dks ,d ioZ ds :i eas eukus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA

(lSSN-2349-9702)

58

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

lu~ 1919 esa /kerjh eas f}rh; jktuSfrd lEesyulu~ 1919 esa /kerjh eas f}rh; jktuSfrd lEesyulu~ 1919 esa /kerjh eas f}rh; jktuSfrd lEesyulu~ 1919 esa /kerjh eas f}rh; jktuSfrd lEesyu % ebZ 1919 eas /kerjh rglhy eas f}rh; jktuhfrd ifj"kn ukV~;xg eas nknk lkgc [kkiMZs dh v/;{krk eas gqbZ26 bl lEesyu eas fczfV'k ljdkj ds jksysV ,DV vkSj tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM ij rh[kk vkØks'k O;Dr fd;k x;k27A

fu"d"kZr%fu"d"kZr%fu"d"kZr%fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gSA fd 1905 &1919 ds dky eas izkjaHk ;s fofHkUu vkanksyu vkSj ?kVuk,asa fczfV'k lkezkT;okn ds fo:) O;kid jk"Vªh; vkanksyu FkkA ftlus fczfV'k lkezkT;okn dh tM+s fgykdj j[k nhA e/;izns'k ds iwokZapy eas fLFkr NRrhlx<+ vapy us Hkh bl ns'kO;kih jk"Vªh; vkanksyu eas viuk fof'k"V ;ksxnku nsdj Hkkjr ds Lokf/kurk laxzke ds bfrgkl dks fpjLej.kh; cuk fn;kA lanHkZ xzaFklanHkZ xzaFklanHkZ xzaFklanHkZ xzaFk ¼1½ MkW- lqjs'kpanz 'kqDy@MkW- ¼Jherh½ vpZuk 'kqDy&

NRrhlx<+ dk lexz bfrgkl ¼f'k{kk nwr izdk'ku½ 2003] i`- 48] 65A

¼2½ iwoksZDr] i`- &68A ¼3½ tSnh] ,- ,e- ,aM ,l- th- ¼laik-½ n

bulkbDyksihfM;k vkWQ bafM;u us'kuy dkaxzsl] [kaM &1] i`- & 695&96A

¼4½ lqjs'k panz 'kqDy & iwoksZDr] i`- &68A ¼5½ gfjBkdqj & R;kxewfrZ I;kjsyky flag] i`- & 7 ¼6½ 'kqDy vfHkuanu xazFk] bfrgkl [kaM] i`- 139A ¼7½ 'kksHkkjke nsokaxu & Hkkjr ds Lora=rk vkanksyu

eas /kerjh vkSj rglhy dk ;ksxnku ¼gLrfyf[kr vizdkf'kr ik.Mqfyfi½ i`- 16&19A

¼8½ fMfLVªDV xtsfV;j jk;iqj] lu~ 1973 i`-76&77A ¼9½ iz;kxnRr 'kqDy & Økafr ds pj.k] i`- 84&85A ¼10½ 'kksHkkjke nsokaxu &iwoksZ/kr~@ MkW- jesUnzukFk feJ

& N-x- dk jktkuhfrd lakLd`frd bfrgkl] i- 130A

¼11½ MkW- lqjs'k panz 'kqDy iwoksZn/kr] i`- 70A ¼12½ egkdks'ky nhikoyh fo'ks"kkad] 1971] i`- 108A ¼13½ MkW- lqjs'k panz 'kqDy iwoksZ/krA ¼14½ iV~Vkfe lhrk jeS;k] dakxzsl dk laf{kIr bfrgkl]

i`- 119A

¼15½ Qkby ua vkj II, 9@2 uksV~l vku dkaxzsl QzkWe 1885&1919 i`- 8A

¼16½ egkdks'ky nhikoyh fo'ks"kkad 1971] i`- 108A ¼17½ iz;kxnRr 'kqDy] iwoksZDr] i` 84] 85A ¼18½ iwoksZDr] i`- 127A ¼19½ Qkby ua- vkj II] 9@2 uksV~l vku dkaxzsl

fifj;M QzkWe 1885&1919] i`- 8A ¼20½ iz;kxnRr 'kqDy] iwoksZDr] i`- 124A ¼21½ Vh- ,e- tks'kh] def'kZ;y ,.M tujy vkWQ lh-

ih- ,.M cjkj] i`- 127A ¼22½ MkW- lqjs'kpanz 'kqDYk] iwoksZDRk] i`- 74A ¼23½ iwoksZZDr ¼24½ }kjdk izlkn feJ& e- iz- ds Lok/khurk

vkanksyu dk bfrgkl] i`- &284&285A ¼25½ MkW- lqjs'kpanz 'kqDy] iwoksZDr] i`- & 74A ¼26½ 'kksHkkjke nsokaxu] iwoksZDr i`- & 14A ¼27½ MkW- lqjs'k panz 'kqDy iwoksZDRk] i`- 74

***

(lSSN-2349-9702)

59

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

f’kf’kf’kf’k{kk ds cnyrs ifjos’k esa vkS|ks{kk ds cnyrs ifjos’k esa vkS|ks{kk ds cnyrs ifjos’k esa vkS|ks{kk ds cnyrs ifjos’k esa vkS|ksxxxxhhhhdj.k ds bl ;qx esa dj.k ds bl ;qx esa dj.k ds bl ;qx esa dj.k ds bl ;qx esa rduhdh f’k{kk dh vko’;drkrduhdh f’k{kk dh vko’;drkrduhdh f’k{kk dh vko’;drkrduhdh f’k{kk dh vko’;drk

jjjjaa aatuk Bkdqjtuk Bkdqjtuk Bkdqjtuk Bkdqj lgk;d izk/;kid&¼f”k{kk½

ds-Mh- :xaVk foKku ,oa rduhdh egkfo|ky; jk;iqj ¼N-x-½

la{ksi 'kks/k %la{ksi 'kks/k %la{ksi 'kks/k %la{ksi 'kks/k % f”k{kk og çdk”kf”k{kk og çdk”kf”k{kk og çdk”kf”k{kk og çdk”k gS] ftlds }kjk ckyd dh gS] ftlds }kjk ckyd dh gS] ftlds }kjk ckyd dh gS] ftlds }kjk ckyd dh leLr 'kkjhfjd] ekuleLr 'kkjhfjd] ekuleLr 'kkjhfjd] ekuleLr 'kkjhfjd] ekufffflllldddd] lkekftd rFkk ] lkekftd rFkk ] lkekftd rFkk ] lkekftd rFkk vvvv/;/;/;/;kfRed 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA Kku dkkfRed 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA Kku dkkfRed 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA Kku dkkfRed 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA Kku dk eq[; lzksr f'k{kk] gS] ogh Kku lR; gS tks euq"; eq[; lzksr f'k{kk] gS] ogh Kku lR; gS tks euq"; eq[; lzksr f'k{kk] gS] ogh Kku lR; gS tks euq"; eq[; lzksr f'k{kk] gS] ogh Kku lR; gS tks euq"; dks vlR; ls lR; dh vksjdks vlR; ls lR; dh vksjdks vlR; ls lR; dh vksjdks vlR; ls lR; dh vksj] va/kdkj ls izdk'k dh ] va/kdkj ls izdk'k dh ] va/kdkj ls izdk'k dh ] va/kdkj ls izdk'k dh vksj eR;q ls vejRo dh vksj vksj eR;q ls vejRo dh vksj vksj eR;q ls vejRo dh vksj vksj eR;q ls vejRo dh vksj yyyys tkrk gSA f'k{kk ds s tkrk gSA f'k{kk ds s tkrk gSA f'k{kk ds s tkrk gSA f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls gekjs vanj fofHkUu izdkj ls Kku dk ek/;e ls gekjs vanj fofHkUu izdkj ls Kku dk ek/;e ls gekjs vanj fofHkUu izdkj ls Kku dk ek/;e ls gekjs vanj fofHkUu izdkj ls Kku dk mn; gksrk gSAmn; gksrk gSAmn; gksrk gSAmn; gksrk gSA IysVks ds vuqlkj %IysVks ds vuqlkj %IysVks ds vuqlkj %IysVks ds vuqlkj % ^^f'k{kk ls esjk vfHkizk; ml izf'k{k.k ls gS tksfd mfpr vknrks ds }kjk ckydksa dh uSlfxZd ewy izo`fr;ksa ds xq.k dk fodkl djus ds fy, fn;k tkrk gS & tks fd izkjaHk ls var rd gesa ?kf.kr ls ?k.k rFkk fiz; ls izse djus dks izsfjr djrk gSA esjs n`f"Vdks.k ls blh dk uke f'k{kk gSA** blds fy;s ijaijkxr :i ls nh tk jgh rduhdh f'k{kk dk psgjk cnyus dh dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gSA vfHkHkkodks vkSj Nk=ksa dks Ldwyh f'k{kk ls rduhdh f'k{kk dh rjQ eksM+us dh dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gSA izkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk Lo:i vf/kd O;kid FkkA izkphu Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dks izdk'k dk lzksr] vUrZn`f"V] vUrZT;ksfr] Kku ;{k] vkSj euq"; dk rrh; us= ekuk tkrk FkkA bl ;qx esa Hkkjrh;ksa dk fo'okl Fkk fd f'k{kk dk izdk'k O;fDr ds lc la'k;ks dk mUewyu vkSj mldh lc ck/kkvksa dk fuokj.k djrk gSA Lokeh foosdkuan ds vuqlkj &Lokeh foosdkuan ds vuqlkj &Lokeh foosdkuan ds vuqlkj &Lokeh foosdkuan ds vuqlkj & ^^gesa ml f'k{kk dh vko';drk gS] ftlds }kjk pfj= dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS efLr"d dh 'kfDr c<+rh gS] cqf) dk fodkl gksrk gS vkSj euq"; vius iSjksa ij Lo;a [kM+k gks ldrk gSA** fdlh Hkh ns'k dh lkekftd O;oLFkk] 'kklu iz.kkyh ogk¡ ds /kkfeZd O;ogkj] nk'kZfud fparu]

izfØ;k,¡] oSKkfud fodkl lH;rk] laLd`fr vkfn Li"V :i ls f'k{kk ds {ks= dks izHkkfor djrs gS vkSj mlls izHkkfor gksrs gSA vkt f'k{kk ekuoh; psruk dk T;ksfreZ; lqlaLdr i{k gS ftlls O;fDr ds O;fDrRo dk cgqeq[kh fodkl gksrk gS ;g lef) izkIr djrk gS] mlds thou esa iw.kZrk vkrh gSA f'k{kd ,oa f'k{kk nksuksa feydj Nk=ksa esa ,sls ln~xq.kksa] vknrks] vfHk:fp;ksa ,oa pkfjf=d xq.kksa dk fodkl djrs gS] ftlls og vPNk ukxfjd cu ldsA orZeku le; esa vkS|ksfxdj.k ds bl ;qx esa cnyrs thou ewY; rFkk lekt ,oa ifjokjksa dh c<+rh gqbZ vkdka{kkvksa us gesa bl vkSj /;ku nsus ij foo'k dj fn;kA vki ckyd ds thou ds lokZaxha.k fodkl ds fy, rduhdh f'k{kk esa fuR; u;s 'kSf{kd rduhdh midj.kksa dk iz;ksx fujarj c<+rk tk jgk gS] ;g dkj.k gS fd Nk= rduhdh f'k{kk dh vksj vf/kd vkdZf"kr gks jgs gSA izkphu le; esa O;fDr dh vko';drk,s lhfer Fkh muds ikl lk/ku lhfer Fkh] mudh bPNk;sa mlesa iwjh gks tkrh Fkh] fdarq le;] dky ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj cnyko vk;k] ,oa mudks ml izkphu f'k{kk i)fr ds }kjk viuk thou Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus esa dfBukbZ vuqHko gksus yxh] vr% mUgksusa blds fy;s ,d mik; f'k{kk dks le>k] rFkk os lkekU; f'k{kk dh vis{kk fof'k"V f'k{kk dh vko';drk vuqHko djus yxs] rkfd mudk tho Lrj lq/kj ldsA vr% bl cnyrs ifjos'k esa ijaijkxr f'k{kk ds }kjk thou&;kiu laHko ugha gS] D;ksafd vkt ge dsoy d`f"k ij gh fuHkZj gksdj viuk thou&;kiu ugha dj ldrsA gesa jkstxkjewyd f'k{kk dh vko';drk gSA ;g jkstxkj ewyd f'k{kk gesa csfld f'k{kk ¼O;kolkf;d f'k{kk½

(lSSN-2349-9702)

60

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

ds }kjk fey ldrh gS] ftlesa rduhdh lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx gks jgk gSA vkt foKku thou 'kSyh dk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ vax cu x;k gSA foKku dk vFkZ gS fof'k"V KkuA ,d ls vusd cuus dk KkuA dSls gksrk gS l`f"V foLrkjA Hkkjrh; thou i)fr iw.kZ :i ls oSKkfud gS] bldks le>us ds fy, laLdkj pkfg;sA izd`fr dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg;sA izd`fr dSls gekjs 'kjhj] eu] cqf) vkSj vkRek dks izHkkfor djrh gS] bls le>uk gksrk gSA orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa d{kk var%fØ;k ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k tkrk gS] ftlesa f'k{kd yxkrkj Nk= dk ewY;kadu djrk jgrk gS ftlesa v/;;u dh izHkkfodrk c<+rh gSA blh n`f"Vdks.k ls lkekU; f'k{kk dh vis{kk rduhdh f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;k gS D;ksafd tSlh gekjh f'k{kk iz.kkyh gksxh oSlh gh f'k{k.k ,oa v/;;u dk dk;Z gksxk] vr% blds fy;s rduhdh f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls uohu f'k{kk iz.kkyh viukdj f'k{kk ,oa f'k{k.k ds nks"kksa dks de djds ckydksa ds lokZxh.k fodkl ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA f'k{kk lkekftd O;oLFkk dk ,d vfHkUu vax gSA lekt ,oa f'k{kk ijLij ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj gSA cnyrh gqbZ lkekftd O;oLFkk ds dkj.k f'k{kk esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrs jgrs gSA ifjorZu ds ifj.kke&Lo:i vusd leL;k;s mRiUu gksrh gSA bUgha leL;kvksa ls fuiVus ds fy;s gesa ckydksa dks jkstxkjksUeq[kh f'k{kk dh vko';d gS] ges vius ijaijkxr f'k{kk esa cnyko ykuk gksxk rHkh lekt dk fodkl gks ik;sxk ,oa Nk=ksa dks 'kh?kz jkstxkj fey ldsxkA vkt f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; ckyd ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] uSfrd ,oa vk/;kfRed xq.kksa o {kerkvksa dks fodflr djuk gS] ftlls ckyd vius dk;ZHkkj ,oa mRrjnkf;Ro dks le>saA rduhdh f'k{kk dk edln &rduhdh f'k{kk dk edln &rduhdh f'k{kk dk edln &rduhdh f'k{kk dk edln & rduhdh f'k{kk dk ;g edln gS fd ckyd T;knk ls T;knk rduhdh f'k{kk gkfly djsaA blls muds fy;s ns'k esa gh ugha fons'kks esa Hkh jkstxkj ds volj c<+sxsaA ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; ds ,d v/;;u ds vuqlkj 14 djksM+ cPps izkFkfed f'k{kk esa izos'k ysrs gSA buesa ls ikapoha ikl djrs&djrs 50&55

Qhlnh cPpsa Ldwy NksM+ nsrs gSA tksa djhc 7 djksM+ cPpsa fefMy Ldwy esa igq¡prs gSA ysfdu vkBoha ikl djrs&djrs 60 Qhlnh cPpsa i<+kbZ NksM+ nsrs gSA uoeha ,oa nloha d{kkvksa esa ldy izos'k nj ¼th-bZ-vkj-½ 40 Qhlnh nh gSA tcfd 14&18 lky ds mez oxZ esa vHkh djhc 9-70 djksM+ cPps gSaA eryc ;g gqvk fd buesa ls lk<+s rhu djksM+ cPpsa gh uoeh esa izos'k ys ikrs gSA nloha ikl djus ds ckn X;kjgoh mPprj ek/;fed esa izos'k dh nj vkSj Hkh de egt 28 Qhlnh gSA bu Nk=ksa dks ;fn foKku] dkWelZ] vkWVZl vkSj vU; fo"k;ksa dh i<+kbZ ds fglkc ls foHkkftr dj ns rks lkbal i<+us okys cPpksa dh laLFkk 70&75 yk[k ds djhc cSBrh gSA ,sls esa lkbal dks vk/kkj cuk;k x;k rks rduhdh f'k{kk ds fy;s Nk=ksa dh Hkkjh deh iM+ tk;sxhA bUgha ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, blh dM+h esa ns'k ds lHkh Ldwyksa esa vxys lky ls foKku ,oa xf.kr dk ikB~;Øe leku gksus tk jgk gSA blds ckn dkWelZ vkSj vkWV~lZ ds flyscl Hkh ,d tSls gks tk;sxsaA blds vkxs ;g Hkh ;kstuk gS fd 12oha djus ds ckn lHkh Nk=ksa dks flQZ ,d VsLV esa cSBuk gksxk ftlesa mUgsa vius vkWi'kal ¼ilan½ nsus gksxsaA blh ds vk/kkj ij fo'ofo|ky; ls ysdj vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- rd esa izos'k gksxsaA ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=h dfiy flCcy dk dguk gS fd vesfjdk esa blh rjg dk izko/kku gS ftls ;gk¡ Hkh 'kq: fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftlls fd gekjs ;qodksa dks mPp rduhdh f'k{kk ls voxr djk;k tk;sxk ,oa mudks Hkfo"; ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa [kM+s gksus dk jkLrk feysxkA bl vksj gekjh ljdkj bldh cqfu;knh <kapk rS;kj djus esa tqVh gqbZ gSA rduhdh f'k{rduhdh f'k{rduhdh f'k{rduhdh f'k{kk dk cqfu;knh <kapkkk dk cqfu;knh <kapkkk dk cqfu;knh <kapkkk dk cqfu;knh <kapk ijaijkxr ikB~;Øe dh lhVsa 20 yk[k ls c<+kdj 1-20 djksM+ djus ds fy;s O;kid cqfu;knh <kaps dh Hkh t:jr iM+sxhA ljdkj dh rjQ ls vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh-] ,u-vkbZ-Vh-] vkbZ-vkbZ-,e-] ,El vkfn [kksys tk jgs gSA blds ckotwn deh cjdjkj jgsxhA bl deh dks nwj djus ds fy;s gekjs HkwriwoZ iz/kkuea=h MkW- eueksgu flag us lHkh jkT;ksa ds eq[; lfpoksa dks i= fy[kk Fkk fd os Ldwyks&dkWystksa esa

(lSSN-2349-9702)

61

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

NqV~Vh ds ckn tc Ldwy [kkyh jgrs gS] muds Hkouksa dk bLrseky dksbZ nwljh ,tsalh 6 ekg ls ysdj 1 o"khZ; lfVZfQdsV ;k fMIyksek dkslZ djus ds fy;s dj ldrh gSA dsUnzh; fo|ky; iz'kklu us vius ,d gtkj Ldwyksa dks bl dkslZ ds fy;s izLrqr Hkh dj fn;k gSA [kcj gS fd jkT;ksa us Hkh bl fn'kk esa igy vkjaHk dj nh gS rFkk ljdkjh Ldwyksa] dkWystksa esa NqV~Vh ds ckn rduhdh dkslZ pykus okyksa ls vkosnu ekaxs x;s gSA ljdkjh uhfr;k¡ &ljdkjh uhfr;k¡ &ljdkjh uhfr;k¡ &ljdkjh uhfr;k¡ & 1- xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa foKku fo"k; okys Ldwy cgqr de gksrs gS ogk¡ cPps pkgdj Hkh lkbal ugha i<+ ikrs] blds foijhr 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa lkbal i<+us okys Nk=ksa dh la[;k bruh vf/kd gksrh gS] fd ogk¡ esfjV ds vk/kkj ij Nk=ksa dks izos'k fn;k tkrk gSA T;knkrj fo|kFkhZ pkgdj Hkh lkbal ugha i<+ ikrs] ,sls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk MkWDVj] bathfu;j ;k vU; izksQs'kuy dkslZ esa tkus dk liuk VwV tkrk gSA vr% Ldwyksa dh laLFkk esa o`f) djus pkfg, ,oa bl vksj gekjh ljdkj yxkrkj iz;Ru'khy gSA 2- HkwriwoZ ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=h dfiy flCcy us dgk gS] fd vesfjdk dh rjg ;gk¡ Hkh ns'k ds lHkh Ldwyksa esa vxys lky ls foKku ,oa xf.kr dk ikB~;Øe leku fd;s tkus ij fopkj fd;k tk jgk gS] blh rjg dyk ,oa okf.kT; dk ikB~;Øe Hkh ,d tSls gh fd;k tk;sxk] ,oa vkxs ;kstuk ;g Hkh gS] fd 12oha ikl djus ds ckn lHkh Nk=ksa dks flQZ ,d ijh{kk esa cSBuk gksxk] ftlesa mUgsa vius vkWi'kal nsus gksxsaA blh ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa fofHkUu rduhdh egkfo|ky;ksa esa izos'k feysxkA orZeku le; esa vkS|ksxhdj.k ds bl ;qx esa jkstxkj gkfly djus dk ;g ,d l'kDr ek/;e rduhdh f'k{kk gS] rFkk ns'k ,oa lekt ds fodkl esa bl izdkj dh f'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS] D;ksafd mPp f'kf{kr ¼rduhdh f'k{kk½ O;fDr gh ns'k dks vkxs c<+kus esa viuk ;ksxnku ns ldrs gSA gekjs vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh-,l- vc jkstxkj iSnk djsxsaA vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh-ls pkj o"khZ; ch-Vsd dkslZ ikl dj fudysa Nk=ksa dks jkstxkj ds fy;s ukeh&fxjkeh dEifu;ksa esa IysleasV dh vkl ij gh dsoy fuHkZj ugha gksuk iM+sxk cfYd muds ikl Lo;a m|eh

cuus dk fodYi gksxk] ysfdu blds fy;s ;g O;oLFkk gS fd mUgsa ,d o"kZ dh vfrfjDr i<+kbZ djuh gksxhA laLFkku ds funsZ'kd MkW- nkeksnj vkpk;Z ds usr`Ro esa fMtkbu bl ikap o"khZ; M~;wy fMxzh bu bathfu;fjax ,aM ,e-,l- bu bUVjizsU;wjf'ki ¼m|ferk½ uked dkslZ ds tfj, Nk= Hkfo"; esa vkSjksa ds fy;s ukSdjh ds volj iSnk djus esa l{ke cu ldsxkA laLFkku dh vksj ls ,sls Nk=ksa dks dkjksckj dh 'kq:vkr djus ds fy;s 15 yk[k ls ,d djksM+ :i;s rd dh lgk;rk jkf'k ¼lhM&euh½ nh tk,xhA vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- [kM+xiqj ds izoDrk vkSj fQuySaM fLFkr LVhy dEiuh vksVksdEiw ds bafM;k gsM ;frnajiky lwjh us gekjs lekpkj i= ^if=dk* ls HksV esa ;g tkudkjh nhA mUgksusa crk;k fd bl dkslZ esa izos'k ds bPNqd Nk=ksa dks ch-Vsd ds nwljs o"kZ ls gh m|ferk ls tqM+s fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa izkstsDV fn;s tk;sxsaA ;g flyflyk vxys 3 lky rd tkjh jgsxk] rkfd ikaposa lky os ,UVjizsU;wjf'ki ¼m|ferk½ dkslZ ds fy;s iwjh rjg rS;kj gks ldsA ;g gekjs ljdkj dh vksj ls 'kq: fd;k x;k ljkguh; ;kstuk gSA ftlls fd gekjh izfrHkk dks vius gh ns'k esa dk;Z djus dk ekSdk feysxk ftlls fd gekjk vkfFkZd lkekftd Lrj Å¡pk gksxk ,oa gekjh fxurh Hkh fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa dh txg fodflr jk"Vªksa esa fxuh tk;sxh ;gh gekjk mn~ns'; gSA lanHkZ xazFkksa dh lwph lanHkZ xazFkksa dh lwph lanHkZ xazFkksa dh lwph lanHkZ xazFkksa dh lwph 1- feJk eatw & ¼'kSf{kd vko';drk ,oa izca/k½ 2- www.google.com 3- dksBkjh xqykc&foKku Hkhrj Hkh ¼lekpkj

i=&if=dk ist&1] 28 fnlacj 2011½ 4- prqosZnh dqlqe ¼1978½ f'k{kk ds vk/kkj] vkxjk] gj

izlkn HkxZo] iqLrd izdk'ku] ,@230 dpgjh ?kkV] laLdj.k&2] i`"B&25

5- HkVukxj lqjs'k&f'k{kk euksfoKku¼yk;y cqd fMiks esjB½ 6- HkVukxj] lqjs'k & vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj

mldh leL;k,¡ ¼lw;kZ ifCyds'ku esjB½ 7- dqekj vkuan & la;kstd lqijFkVhZ ¼fgUnqLrku

fnYyh 24&07&2011½ ¼izfrHkk'kkyh Nk=ksa dks Hkh feysxh bles ekSdk½

***

(lSSN-2349-9702)

62

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

NRrhlx<+h dk orZeku Lo:i% ,d fo'ys"k.k NRrhlx<+h dk orZeku Lo:i% ,d fo'ys"k.k NRrhlx<+h dk orZeku Lo:i% ,d fo'ys"k.k NRrhlx<+h dk orZeku Lo:i% ,d fo'ys"k.k

MkWMkWMkWMkW---- fxjtk 'kadj xkSrefxjtk 'kadj xkSrefxjtk 'kadj xkSrefxjtk 'kadj xkSre lgk;d çk/;kid] lkfgR; ,oa Hkk"kk v/;;u 'kkyk

ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj ¼N-x-½

la{ksi 'kks/k %la{ksi 'kks/k %la{ksi 'kks/k %la{ksi 'kks/k % ^NRrhlx<+h* NRrhlx<+ dh jktHkk"kk gSA ^NRrhlx<+h* NRrhlx<+ dh jktHkk"kk gSA ^NRrhlx<+h* NRrhlx<+ dh jktHkk"kk gSA ^NRrhlx<+h* NRrhlx<+ dh jktHkk"kk gSA ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls ;g v/kZ ekx/kh ls mRiUu ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls ;g v/kZ ekx/kh ls mRiUu ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls ;g v/kZ ekx/kh ls mRiUu ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls ;g v/kZ ekx/kh ls mRiUu nf{k.k dksly dh if'peh cksyh gSA Hkk"kk oSKkfud nf{k.k dksly dh if'peh cksyh gSA Hkk"kk oSKkfud nf{k.k dksly dh if'peh cksyh gSA Hkk"kk oSKkfud nf{k.k dksly dh if'peh cksyh gSA Hkk"kk oSKkfud n`f"V ls ;g ,d lEiUu Hkk"kk gS rFkk lkekftd n`f"V ls ;g ,d lEiUu Hkk"kk gS rFkk lkekftd n`f"V ls ;g ,d lEiUu Hkk"kk gS rFkk lkekftd n`f"V ls ;g ,d lEiUu Hkk"kk gS rFkk lkekftd n`f"V ls ;g ,d laLd`fr gSaA NRrhlx<+ ds n`f"V ls ;g ,d laLd`fr gSaA NRrhlx<+ ds n`f"V ls ;g ,d laLd`fr gSaA NRrhlx<+ ds n`f"V ls ;g ,d laLd`fr gSaA NRrhlx<+ ds lrkbZl ftylrkbZl ftylrkbZl ftylrkbZl ftyksa ds vfrfjDr bldk ç;ksx ksa ds vfrfjDr bldk ç;ksx ksa ds vfrfjDr bldk ç;ksx ksa ds vfrfjDr bldk ç;ksx lhekorhZ jkT; mM+hlk] egkjk"Vª rFkk >kj[k.M lhekorhZ jkT; mM+hlk] egkjk"Vª rFkk >kj[k.M lhekorhZ jkT; mM+hlk] egkjk"Vª rFkk >kj[k.M lhekorhZ jkT; mM+hlk] egkjk"Vª rFkk >kj[k.M ¼NksVk ukxiqj½ rFkk vle ds pk; ckxkuksa rFkk ¼NksVk ukxiqj½ rFkk vle ds pk; ckxkuksa rFkk ¼NksVk ukxiqj½ rFkk vle ds pk; ckxkuksa rFkk ¼NksVk ukxiqj½ rFkk vle ds pk; ckxkuksa rFkk e/; çns'k ds lhekorhZ dqN ftyksa esa cksyh tkrh e/; çns'k ds lhekorhZ dqN ftyksa esa cksyh tkrh e/; çns'k ds lhekorhZ dqN ftyksa esa cksyh tkrh e/; çns'k ds lhekorhZ dqN ftyksa esa cksyh tkrh gSA nwjn'kZu] jk"Vªh;&çlkj.k rFkk vkdk'kok.kh gSA nwjn'kZu] jk"Vªh;&çlkj.k rFkk vkdk'kok.kh gSA nwjn'kZu] jk"Vªh;&çlkj.k rFkk vkdk'kok.kh gSA nwjn'kZu] jk"Vªh;&çlkj.k rFkk vkdk'kok.kh bldk ç;ksx gksrk gS orZeku esa yxHkbldk ç;ksx gksrk gS orZeku esa yxHkbldk ç;ksx gksrk gS orZeku esa yxHkbldk ç;ksx gksrk gS orZeku esa yxHkx nks djksM+ x nks djksM+ x nks djksM+ x nks djksM+ tula[;k cksypky gsrq] O;kogkfjd thou esa djrh tula[;k cksypky gsrq] O;kogkfjd thou esa djrh tula[;k cksypky gsrq] O;kogkfjd thou esa djrh tula[;k cksypky gsrq] O;kogkfjd thou esa djrh gSA 11 tqykbZ 2008 esa NRrhlx<+h dks jktHkk"kk dk gSA 11 tqykbZ 2008 esa NRrhlx<+h dks jktHkk"kk dk gSA 11 tqykbZ 2008 esa NRrhlx<+h dks jktHkk"kk dk gSA 11 tqykbZ 2008 esa NRrhlx<+h dks jktHkk"kk dk nt+kZ fn;k tk pqdk gS rFkk 14 vxLr 2008 dks nt+kZ fn;k tk pqdk gS rFkk 14 vxLr 2008 dks nt+kZ fn;k tk pqdk gS rFkk 14 vxLr 2008 dks nt+kZ fn;k tk pqdk gS rFkk 14 vxLr 2008 dks ^NRrhlx<+h jktHkk"kk vk;ksx* dk xBu fd;k x;kA ^NRrhlx<+h jktHkk"kk vk;ksx* dk xBu fd;k x;kA ^NRrhlx<+h jktHkk"kk vk;ksx* dk xBu fd;k x;kA ^NRrhlx<+h jktHkk"kk vk;ksx* dk xBu fd;k x;kA 3 flrEcj 2010 dks jktHkk"kk fo/ks;d dks 3 flrEcj 2010 dks jktHkk"kk fo/ks;d dks 3 flrEcj 2010 dks jktHkk"kk fo/ks;d dks 3 flrEcj 2010 dks jktHkk"kk fo/ks;d dks fo/kkulHkk esa eafo/kkulHkk esa eafo/kkulHkk esa eafo/kkulHkk esa eatwjh feyh ftlesa bl ckr twjh feyh ftlesa bl ckr twjh feyh ftlesa bl ckr twjh feyh ftlesa bl ckr dk Li"V mYys[k gS fd fgUnh ds ckn NRrhlx<+h dk Li"V mYys[k gS fd fgUnh ds ckn NRrhlx<+h dk Li"V mYys[k gS fd fgUnh ds ckn NRrhlx<+h dk Li"V mYys[k gS fd fgUnh ds ckn NRrhlx<+h dks jktHkk"kk ds :i esa vaxhdr fd;k tk dks jktHkk"kk ds :i esa vaxhdr fd;k tk dks jktHkk"kk ds :i esa vaxhdr fd;k tk dks jktHkk"kk ds :i esa vaxhdr fd;k tk ldsxkAldsxkAldsxkAldsxkA çLrkouk %çLrkouk %çLrkouk %çLrkouk % jktHkk"kk cukus ds ckn jkT; 'kklu bls vkBoha vuqlwph esa 'kkfey djkus gsrq dr ladYi gSA çfro"kZ 28 uoEcj dks NRrhlx<+ ljdkj us ^NRrhlx<+h jktHkk"kk fnol* ds :i esa eukus dk fu.kZ; fy;k gS orZeku esa NRrhlx<+h jktHkk"kk vk;ksx ds v/;{k ia- nkus'oj 'kekZ rFkk lfpo in~eJh MkW- lqjsUnz nqcs th gSaA orZeku esa NRrhlx<+h 'kCndks'k cudj rS;kj gks pqdk gS blds igys Hkkx dk çdk'ku 16 tqykbZ 2012 dks fd;k x;k] NRrhlx<+h jktHkk"kk vk;ksx us rhu Hkkxksa esa ;g 'kCn dks'k rS;kj fd;k gSA 7500 ç'kklfud 'kCnkoyh dk ;g dks'k ç'kklu dks NRrhlx<+h esa dke dkt djus gsrq lgk;d fl) gksxkA

laLdr] fganh ds lkFk NRrhlx<+h us nsoukxjh fyfi dks Lohdkj fd;k gS] ¼/;krO; gS fd ,dkf/kd yksxksa us blds fy, ubZ fyfi dk fodYi çLrqr fd;k gS½ rFkk ftl çdkj fganh laLdr ds laiw.kZ o.kksZa dks xzkg~; ugha djrh mlh çdkj fganh Hkk"kk ds dqN Lojksa ,oa O;tuks dks NRrhlx<+h esa lkekU;r;k ç;qDr ugha fd;k tkrk gSA ekud fganh Hkk"kk esa 16 Loj] 33 O;atu rFkk 3 la;qDr O;atu gS ogha NRrhlx<+h esa 9 Loj vkSj 28 O;atu gSa ;s fuEukuqlkj gSa & NRrhlx<+h esa ç;qDr Loj & v] vk] bZ] bZ] m] Å] ,] ,s] vks rFkk ç;qDr O;atu & d] [k] x] ?k @ p] N] t] > @ V] B] M] < @ r] Fk] n] /k] u @ i] Q] c ] Hk] e @ ;] j] y] oA l g @ dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA NRrhlx<+h esa ³] ´] .k] 'k] "k] {k] =] K dk ç;ksx ugha feyrkA dqN 'kCn :i fuEufyf[kr gSa & _f"k] & fjlh] çd`fr & çfØfr] leh{kk & lehDNk] ijh{kk&ijhPNk foKkiu & foX;kiu] dY;k.k & dY;ku ftl çdkj fganh esa LFkkuh;rk ds dkj.k vusd :i çpfyr gS ysfdu ekudhdr Lohdr :iksa esa lekurk gS mlh çdkj NRrhlx<+h esa mPpkj.k xr vusd :i ns[kus dks feyrs gS & vuqHko & vuqHkksa] vuqHkkSa] dfgl& fdfgl NRrhlx<+h dk ekud :i rS;kj djuk vo'; dh dfBu dk;Z gS D;ksafd ewyr% v/kZ ekx/kh viHkaz'k ¼iwohZ fganh½ ls fu"iUu fganh dh 'kk[kk gSA yksd lkfgR; dk le) lkfgR; NRrhlx<+h esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA dyk ekufodh] rduhfd foKku bR;kfn {ks=ksa esa bl Hkk"kk esa xazFkksa dk çlkj vR;Yi gS rFkkfi ftl çdkj ^^fganh esa Hkys gh laLdr ds cgqr ls Hkk"kk ikfjokfjd rF; vkSj y{k.k fon~;eku gS ij ftl çdkj og laLdr ugha gS mlh çdkj NRrhlx<+h Hkh vc vius jkLrs bruk vkxs c<+ pqdh gS fd og vkt fganh ugha gSA**1 NRrhlx<+h

(lSSN-2349-9702)

63

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

dk laidZ Hkk"kk ds :i esa vf/kdkf/kd ç;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS] vkdk'kok.kh ,oa nwjn'kZu&dsUnzksa ds dk;ZØe rFkk lekpkj çlkfjr fd, tk jgs gS lekpkj i=ksa esa jktdkt esa f'k{kk ds ek/;e ds :i esa ç;ksx fd, tkus gsrq ç;kl fd, tk jgs gSA vc nf{k.kiwoZ jsyos us NRrhlx<+ ds jsy LVs'kuksa esa Vªsuks dh vkoktkgh dk lekpkj NRrhlx<+h esa nsuk çkjaHk dj fn;k gS ;Fkk xkM+h ua- ------------- IysVQkeZ ua- ------------- e vkor gs] orZeku esa 'kklu&ç'kklu dk dk;Z lwpuk rduhfd ds ek/;e ls ROfjr xfr rFkk ikjn'khZ rjhds ls laHko gSA lwpuk rduhfd nks 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gS & lwpuk vkSj rduhdh ysfdu tgk¡ v¡xjst+h ls dkedkt ugha pyrk ogk¡ Hkk"kk rhljk ?kVd cu tkrk gSA ftu {ks=ksa esa ekr`Hkk"kk LFkkuh; Hkk"kk gS]ml Hkk"kk esa lwpuk,¡ çkIr djkuk turk ds fy, lqfo/kk]xkSjo rFkk vkRe lEeku dhckr gksxhA lwpuk ls gekjk rkRi;Z ml dF; ;k lkekxzh ,oa lans'k ls gS tks gesa midj.kksa ds ek/;e ls çkIr gksrh gS] bUgsa baVjusV ,oa osc ds ek/;e ls Hkh çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA miyC/k lwpuk,¡ eq[; :i ls nks çdkj dh gksrh gS & ¼v½ lkekU; ¼c½ KkukRed ¼v½ lkekU; lwpuk,¡ & ;s rRdkyhd egRo dh

gksrh gS] ;Fkk & O;kikj okf.kT;] O;olk;] jktuhfr] lekt rFkk O;fDrxr lwpuk,¡A

¼c½ KkukRed lwpuk,¡ & Kku&foKku] ç'kklu] fof/k vkfn blds varxZr vkrs gSa] ;s lwpuk,¡ vf/kd LFkk;h çd`fr dh gksrh gSaA budk ç;ksx çk;% lanHkZ&xazFk dh rjg gksrk gSA tSls& 'kCn&dks'k] lekarj&dks'k] lkfgR;] laLd`fr] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] yksddyk vkfnA

baVjusV ds lanHkZ esa VsDukykWth ls rkRi;Z mu rduhdh lEidZ midj.kksa ls gS] tks n`'; JO; ¼ns[kus&lquus½ :i esa lwpuk ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd igq¡pkus dk ek/;e gksrs gSaA buesa dEI;wVj] baVjusV] eksMse] Ldsuj] ohfM;ks dSejk] lkÅaM dkMZ] VsyhQksu] fçaVj] loZj] lsVsykbZ vkfn lapkj ek/;e 'kkfey gSaA vkt bl rduhfd dk rho`xfr ls mPp xq.koRrkiw.kZ fodkl gks jgk gS] rFkk nks ls vf/kd VsDukykWth ;qfDr;ksa dks tksM+dj

,d djus dk ç;kl fof'kf"Vdj.k ds rkSj ij fd;k tk jgk gSA rduhdh ds bu u, ç;ksxks ls ubZ&ubZ lqfo/kk,¡ de le; vkSj fdQk;rh ewY; ij miyC/kgks jgha gSA tSls& baVjusV dks lh/ks Vh-oh- ij Vp LØhu esa ns[kukA

• eksckbZy ij baVjusV] cqfdax tSlh lqfo/kk,¡ çkIr djukA

• vkWu ykbZu çfr;ksxh ijh{kk esa 'kkfey gksukA

• ok;jysl MkVk dkMZ VsDukykWth dk ç;ksx djukA

NRrhlx<+h Hkk"kk dks l{ke vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh cukus ds fy, lwpuk 'kfDr dk csgrj ç;ksx djuk] turk vkSj ljdkj nksuksa dh ftEesnkjh gS ikjn'khZ 'kklu&ç'kklu rduhdh ek/;e ysdj mudh Hkk"kk esa lwpuk miyC/k djok, ftls turk lgtrk ls Lohdkj dj ldsA vc NRrhlx<+h dsoy gn; ds Hkko O;Dr djus okyh cksyh ugha oju~ og laLd`fr] laLdkj rFkk yksdtu dks tksM+s j[kdj O;kogkfjd cudj jkstxkj Hkh çnku dj jgh gS 'kklu&ç'kklu rFkk Kku foKku dh vfHkO;fDr djus esa iw.kZr% l{ke gSA NRrhlx<+ esa 'kkldh; tulsok ds dk;Z Pokbl dsUnzksa }kjk miyC/k djk;s tkrs gSaA bl lapkj ;qx esa ^Hkk"kk* rduhfd dk eq[ki`"B gS ftldhlgk;rk ls ç;ksDrk LØhu ij vafdr lwpuk dks xzg.k djrk gS lwpuk dks tkuus ds fy, mldh Hkk"kk dksle>uk vko';d gSA gekjs ;gk¡ vk¡pfyd cksfy;k rFkk Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx cgqrk;r esa gksrk gS vr% lwpuk,¡ NRrhlx<+h Hkk"kk esa miyC/k gks ;g vko';d gSaA lwpuk rduhdh dks çk;% lkekftd fodkl rFkk tudY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa ds lkFk tksM+dj ns[kk tkrk gS] vr% ;g vko';d gS fd baVjusV dh lwpuk lkekxzh yksxks rd mudh LFkkuh; Hkk"kk esa igq¡psA bl fn'kk esa dEI;wVj lkbZal us nks lek/kkuksa dh vksj /;ku vkd`"V fd;k gS & ¼1½ Hkk"kk dk ekudhdj.k ¼2½ rduhdh dk foLrkjhdj.k

(lSSN-2349-9702)

64

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

Hkk"kk dk ekudhdj.k &Hkk"kk dk ekudhdj.k &Hkk"kk dk ekudhdj.k &Hkk"kk dk ekudhdj.k & dEI;wVj vkSj Hkk"kk ds chp f}i{kh; rFkk nksgjs lEcU/k gSaA Hkk"kk dEI;wVj dk ç;ksx midj.k ds :i esa djrh gS rFkk dEI;wVj Hkh Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx ,d midj.k ds :i esa djrk gSA fcuk Hkk"kk ds lwpuk vke tu rd ugha igq¡p ldrh eqnz.k] Vad.k] dks'k fuekZ.k] Hkk"kk f'k{k.k tSls dk;Z Hkk"kk dEI;wVj ls çkIr dj djuk pkgrh gS rFkk dEI;wVj Hkk"kk ds O;kdj.k vkSj'kCn dks'k dk ç;ksx dj KkukRed ,oa d`f=e cqf) vk/kkfjr dk;Z lEiUu djrk gS & tSls & e'khuh vuqokn] ikB cks/ku] ekuo e'khu baVjQsl vkfnA dEI;wVj Hkk"kk ls dbZ vis{kk,¡ j[krk gS ftuesa lcls çeq[k gS & ^Hkk"kk dk ekudhdj.kA* lapkj ds {ks= esa bldk vFkZ gksxk & :iksa dh fofo/krk dks de djukA vr% tuHkk"kk NRrhlx<+h esa ftu 'kCnksa ds nks ;k vf/kd :i çpfyr gS ogk¡ fdlh ,d dks ekud :i ekudj mldk ç;ksx lqfuf'pr fd;k tk,A ç'kklfud 'kCn dks'k v¡xszth ls NRrhlx<+h esa reke 'kCn ,sls gS ftuds dbZ :i çpyu esa gSa & ¼1½ Access ds fy, ços'k 'kCn dk ç;ksx dsUnz

ljdkj] jktLFkku] mRrj çns'k] fcgkj] e/; çns'k jkT;ksa esa Lohdr gS ysfdu gekjs ;gk¡ Hkhrj vkuk] fHkrjh;kuk] ?kqljuk] fuxuk] lekuk 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx ns[kus dks feyrk gS

¼2½ Abinitio ds fy, dsUnz ljdkj vkfnr% rFkk dqN jkT; vkjaHkr% dk ç;ksx djrs gS ysfdu ;gk¡ pkj :i j[ks x, gS & lq:ys] lq:Pys] ifgyh ys] vk?kw ySA

¼3½ Abovepar ds fy, vf/kewY; dk ç;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS yfdu NRrhlx<+h esa ck<+r] vkxj] vxrgk] mijgk] T;knk nke ¼5½ dk ç;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA

¼4½ Accuracy - ;FkkFkZrk dk ç;ksx lHkh txg ysfdu NRrhlx<+h esa blds ç;ksx gSa &

tbls ds rbls] tl ds rl] lqn/krk ifr;k;s ybd] fljrksu ¼5½ Accurately - ;FkkFkZr% ds fy, & tbls ds rbls]

lgh&lgh] cjkscj] lPph e] fljrksu e] lgh e ¼6½ :i Lohdr fd, x, gSaA

/ofu çrhdksa rFkk vuqokn dh n`f"V ls NRrhlx<+h Hkk"kk ds ekudhdj.k gsrq gesa vke çpfyr 'kCnksa ds ç;ksx dks c<+kok nsuk gksxk rFkk cktkj dh t:jrksa] rFkk ç;ksDrkvksa dks cks/kxE; 'kSyh esa miyC/k djkuk gksxkA ç'kklfud 'kCndks'k O;kid vFkZ esa Hkk"kk dk ekudhdj.k djrk gS ysfdu blesa ekU; orZuh ds vusd :i ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA2

vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd vc NRrhlx<+h] {ks=Qy] tula[;k] lkfgR;] O;kdj.k vkfn dh n`f"V ls vkBoha vuqlwph esa 'kkfey dbZ Hkk"kkvksa ls csgrj gSA NRrhlx<+h jktHkk"kk vk;ksx us tks lk¡pk rS;kj fd;k gS og ekudhdj.k dh fn'kk esa ehy dk iRFkj gSA ftlesa tu Hkkoukvksa dks /;ku esa j[kk x;k gSA 'kkldh; dk;ksZa esa bldk ç;ksx c<+us ij Hkk"kk dk ifjo/kZu rFkk ifj"dj.k gksxk vkSj ekud NRrhlx<+h dk Lo:i fufeZr gksrk jgsxkA lanHkZ xazFk &lanHkZ xazFk &lanHkZ xazFk &lanHkZ xazFk & ¼1½ ç'kklfud 'kCndks'k Hkkx&II, vaxzsth ls

NRrhlx<+h ladyu% NRrhlx<+ fo/kkulHkk] çdk'kd& NÙkhlx<+h jktHkk"kk vk;ksx] i`"B&1] 2] 3] 4-

¼2½ yksdk{kj ¼if=dk½ % uanfd'kksj frokjh] fcykliqj ¼N-x½] tqykbZ & flrEcj] 2013-

***

(lSSN-2349-9702)

65

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

orZeku ifjorZeku ifjorZeku ifjorZeku ifjis{; esa fis{; esa fis{; esa fis{; esa f''''k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ,d flagkoyksdu,d flagkoyksdu,d flagkoyksdu,d flagkoyksdu

iq’is”k ik.Ms;iq’is”k ik.Ms;iq’is”k ik.Ms;iq’is”k ik.Ms; vfurk frokjhvfurk frokjhvfurk frokjhvfurk frokjh

Lkgk0 izk/;kid ¼f”k{kk½ jk;iqj ¼N-x-½

la{ksi 'kks/k %la{ksi 'kks/k %la{ksi 'kks/k %la{ksi 'kks/k % f”k{kk fdlh Hkh ns”k ds fodkl dh izkFkfed f”k{kk fdlh Hkh ns”k ds fodkl dh izkFkfed f”k{kk fdlh Hkh ns”k ds fodkl dh izkFkfed f”k{kk fdlh Hkh ns”k ds fodkl dh izkFkfed iafDr ds :Ik esa n`f’Vxkspj gksrh gSA vkt cnyrs iafDr ds :Ik esa n`f’Vxkspj gksrh gSA vkt cnyrs iafDr ds :Ik esa n`f’Vxkspj gksrh gSA vkt cnyrs iafDr ds :Ik esa n`f’Vxkspj gksrh gSA vkt cnyrs lkekftd ifjn`”;klkekftd ifjn`”;klkekftd ifjn`”;klkekftd ifjn`”;ksa ij lekt vkSj O;fDr dh sa ij lekt vkSj O;fDr dh sa ij lekt vkSj O;fDr dh sa ij lekt vkSj O;fDr dh vko”;drk,Wa lkoZHkkSfed iVy ij rsth ls vko”;drk,Wa lkoZHkkSfed iVy ij rsth ls vko”;drk,Wa lkoZHkkSfed iVy ij rsth ls vko”;drk,Wa lkoZHkkSfed iVy ij rsth ls ifjofrZr gks jgh gaSA vkt dsoy f”k{kk ds ifjofrZr gks jgh gaSA vkt dsoy f”k{kk ds ifjofrZr gks jgh gaSA vkt dsoy f”k{kk ds ifjofrZr gks jgh gaSA vkt dsoy f”k{kk ds lkoZHkkSfedj.k dh gh t:jr ugha gS] vfirq vkt lkoZHkkSfedj.k dh gh t:jr ugha gS] vfirq vkt lkoZHkkSfedj.k dh gh t:jr ugha gS] vfirq vkt lkoZHkkSfedj.k dh gh t:jr ugha gS] vfirq vkt lekt ftl rsth ls djoVsa ys jgk gS] gekjh f”k{kk lekt ftl rsth ls djoVsa ys jgk gS] gekjh f”k{kk lekt ftl rsth ls djoVsa ys jgk gS] gekjh f”k{kk lekt ftl rsth ls djoVsa ys jgk gS] gekjh f”k{kk uhfr;ksa] f”k{kk O;oLFkkvksa] izfdz;kvksa vkSj muds uhfr;ksa] f”k{kk O;oLFkkvksa] izfdz;kvksa vkSj muds uhfr;ksa] f”k{kk O;oLFkkvksa] izfdz;kvksa vkSj muds uhfr;ksa] f”k{kk O;oLFkkvksa] izfdz;kvksa vkSj muds “kSf{k“kSf{k“kSf{k“kSf{kd fdz;kdykiksa ds iquZfopkj vkSj ifjorZu dh d fdz;kdykiksa ds iquZfopkj vkSj ifjorZu dh d fdz;kdykiksa ds iquZfopkj vkSj ifjorZu dh d fdz;kdykiksa ds iquZfopkj vkSj ifjorZu dh vko”;drk Hkh mHkjdj lkeus vk jgh gSA blh vko”;drk Hkh mHkjdj lkeus vk jgh gSA blh vko”;drk Hkh mHkjdj lkeus vk jgh gSA blh vko”;drk Hkh mHkjdj lkeus vk jgh gSA blh ifjizs{; esa dsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa usifjizs{; esa dsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa usifjizs{; esa dsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa usifjizs{; esa dsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa us *fu%”kqYd *fu%”kqYd *fu%”kqYd *fu%”kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z cky f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vkSj vfuok;Z cky f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vkSj vfuok;Z cky f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vkSj vfuok;Z cky f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e*vf/kfu;e*vf/kfu;e*vf/kfu;e* 2009 dk izorZu fd;kA2009 dk izorZu fd;kA2009 dk izorZu fd;kA2009 dk izorZu fd;kA

izLrkouk%&izLrkouk%&izLrkouk%&izLrkouk%& fdlh Hkh ns”k dh loksZPp laifRr ml ns”k ds laHkkfor ekuo lalk/ku cPps gSaA f”k{kk fdlh Hkh ns”k ds fodkl dk vge~ ekinaM gksrk gS] ;wusLdks dh fjiksVZ 2009 ds vuqlkj fo”o lk{kjrk dh jSafdax esa ns”k dk 149oka LFkku vius vki esa ns”k esa mlds fodkl dk C;kSjk izdV djrk gSA oLrqr% f”k{kk vkt vius izkjaHk esa laoS/kkfud Lo:i ls vkxs vkdj ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh Js.kh esa izos”k dj pqdh gSA “kq:vkr esa ;g vf/kdkj vuqPNsn 41 ds rgr jkT; ds uhfr funsZ”kd fl)krksa esa “kkfey jgk] blds vuqlkj& **jkT; viuh vkfFkZd {kerk vkSj fodkl dh lhekvksa ds vuq:i f”k{kk] csjkstxkjh] o`)koLFkk] chekjh vkSj fodykaxrk ds ekeys esa lkoZtfud lgk;rk djus vkSj bl gsrq izHkkoh dne mBkus ds iz;kl djsxkA** eq¶r vkSj vfuok;Z f”k{kk dk vk/kkj jkT; ds uhfr funsZ”kd fl)krksa ds vuqPNsn ds 45 , esa “kkfey jgk gS] ftlesa izkjaHk ls 14 o’kZ rd ds cPpksa dks ,slh f”k{kk dk mYys[k gSA vkxs pydj 2002 esa lafo/kku ds 86osa la”kks/ku ds ckn ;g

vf/kdkj ekSfyd vf/kdkj ds :i esa igpkuk tkus yxkA f”k{kk laca/kh cPpksa ds bl vf/kdkj dks fu%”kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f”k{kk vf/kfu;e ds :i esa vizSy 2010 ls blds izHkko esa vkus ds ckn ls tkuk tkus yxkA rkRdkyhu jk’Vªifr izfrHkk ikfVy us bl fo/ks;d dks vafre eatwjh iznku dj jkti= esa blds izdk”ku ds lkFk gh ;g vf/kfu;e Hkkjr ds tEew vkSj dk”ehj jkT; dks NksM+dj iwjs jkT; esa ykxw dj vfLrRo esa vk x;kA D;k gS] fD;k gS] fD;k gS] fD;k gS] f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e%&”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e%&”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e%&”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e%&

• 6 ls 14 lky ds cPpksa dks eq¶r f”k{kk miyC/k djkbZ tk;sxhA

• futh Ldwyksa dks 6 ls 14 lky rd ds

25 izfr”kr xjhc cPps eq¶r i<+kus gksaxsaA

• bu cPpksa ls Qhl olwyus ij nl xquk tqekZuk

nsuk gksxkA

• “krZ ughs ekuus ij ekU;rk jí gks ldrh gSA

• ekU;rk fujLr gksus ij Ldwy pyk;k rks ,d yk[k vkSj blds ckn jkstkuk 10 gtkj tqekZuk vkSj yxk;k tk;sxkA

• fodykax cPpksa ds fy;s eq¶r f”k{kk ds fy, mez c<+kdj 18 lky j[kh x;h gSA

• izos”k ds le; dsfiVs”ku Qhl ekaxuk] ekrk&firk dk lk{kkRdkj ls xqtjuk] cPpksa dh Ldzhfuax] ,Mfe”ku dh bl izfdz;k dks cnyus dk oknk bl fo/ks;d esa gSA

• bl gsrq 25 gtkj dk tqekZuk] nksgjkus ij 50 gtkj dk tqekZukA

• f”k{kd ds izk;osV V~;w”ku ij jksdA

• bls gh “kkfey djrs gq, ;g vf/kfu;e 2009 yk;k x;kA

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66

Gurukul Shodh Srijan

f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e esa uhf”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e esa uhf”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e esa uhf”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e esa uhfgr iz”ufpUg%&fgr iz”ufpUg%&fgr iz”ufpUg%&fgr iz”ufpUg%&

• eq¶r vkSj vfuok;Z ls t:jh gS *leku *leku *leku *leku f”k{kkf”k{kkf”k{kkf”k{kk*& vPNk gksrk fd ljdkj eq¶r vkSj vfuok;Z f”k{kk dk fcy ykus ij tksj nsus ds ctk; dkWeu LdwydkWeu LdwydkWeu LdwydkWeu Ldwy dk fcy ykus ij igys /;ku dsafnzr djrhA

• ljdkj ;g ?kks’k.kk D;ksa ugha djrh fd ns”k dk gj cPpk ,d gh rjg ds Ldwy esa tk;sxk o ns”k esa ,d gh rjg ds ikB~;dze dks fy;k tk;sxkA

• f”k{kk ds tfj;s lekt esa xSj&cjkcjh ikVus dk xSj&cjkcjh ikVus dk xSj&cjkcjh ikVus dk xSj&cjkcjh ikVus dk vk/kkj flQZ 25 Qhlnhvk/kkj flQZ 25 Qhlnhvk/kkj flQZ 25 Qhlnhvk/kkj flQZ 25 Qhlnh lhVksa ij lekt ds detksj oxZ ds Nk=ksa ds nkf[kys ls dsoy liuk jgsxkA

• bl fo/ks;d esa f”k{kk ds fy, ctV dk f”k{kk ds fy, ctV dk f”k{kk ds fy, ctV dk f”k{kk ds fy, ctV dk izko/kkuizko/kkuizko/kkuizko/kku ;k mYys[k u gksuk egt ,d /kks[kk lkfcr gks ldrk gSA

• bl fo/ks;d esa 6 lky rd ds 17 djksM+ 6 lky rd ds 17 djksM+ 6 lky rd ds 17 djksM+ 6 lky rd ds 17 djksM+ cPpksacPpksacPpksacPpksa dk dksbZ ftdz ugha gS] ftUgsa larqfyr vkgkj] LokLF; vkSj iwoZ izkFkfed f”k{kk dk tks iwoZ izkFkfed f”k{kk dk tks iwoZ izkFkfed f”k{kk dk tks iwoZ izkFkfed f”k{kk dk tks vf/kdkjvf/kdkjvf/kdkjvf/kdkj fn;k x;k gS] og bl fo/ks;d ds vkus ls ckgj gks x;kA

• bl fo/ks;d esa Qhl ds lanZQhl ds lanZQhl ds lanZQhl ds lanZfHkr mYys[k dk fHkr mYys[k dk fHkr mYys[k dk fHkr mYys[k dk iz;ksxiz;ksxiz;ksxiz;ksx ,sls gqvk gS fd fofHkUu “kSf{kd Lrjksa ij budk mi;ksx euekus rjhds ls fd;k tk;sxkA

• bl dkuwu dk fdz;kUo;u dSlsdkuwu dk fdz;kUo;u dSlsdkuwu dk fdz;kUo;u dSlsdkuwu dk fdz;kUo;u dSls gksxk dk Li’Vhdj.k ugha gSA

• fu%”kqYd f”k{kk dsoy Qhl ds lanHkZ esafu%”kqYd f”k{kk dsoy Qhl ds lanHkZ esafu%”kqYd f”k{kk dsoy Qhl ds lanHkZ esafu%”kqYd f”k{kk dsoy Qhl ds lanHkZ esa j[kdj ns[kuk lehphu ugha gksxkA

• vkt vko”;d f”k{k.k lkexzh ls ysdj lEiw.kZ lEiw.kZ lEiw.kZ lEiw.kZ f”k{kk dh fLFkfr rdf”k{kk dh fLFkfr rdf”k{kk dh fLFkfr rdf”k{kk dh fLFkfr rd gj ,d igyw ij /;ku nsuk gksxkA

f”k{kk esa lq/kkj gsrq vU; lq>ko %&f”k{kk esa lq/kkj gsrq vU; lq>ko %&f”k{kk esa lq/kkj gsrq vU; lq>ko %&f”k{kk esa lq/kkj gsrq vU; lq>ko %&

• f”k{kd& izf”k{k.k o mudh v;ksX;rk dk fu/kkZj.k dh Li’Vrk gksA

• fofHkUu f”k{kd& izf”k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh] mudh ekWfuVfjax] vkfn ds fy, leqfpr uhfr dk fu.kZ;u gksA

• f”k{kd& izf”k{k.k dh xq.koRrk dk oSKkfudh; :i ls ewY;kadu vkt ds ifjis{; esa djukA

• v”kkldh; f”k{kd&izf”k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh O;olkf;drk] mudh HkjkZ”kkgh ij leqfpr fu;a=.k vkSj dlkoV ykukA

• mPp f”k{kk ds laoS/kkfud laLFkkvksa ls fofHkUu f”k{kd&izf”k{k.k laLFkkuksa o Ldwyksa dk mfpr leUo;u o lg;ksx dk dkjxj mik; ykuk gksxkA

• izR;sd ftys esa ,d ekWMy “kkyk ds ykus ij tksj nsus dh vis{kk “kklu gj Ldwy Lrj ij ,slh lqfo/kk,Wa miyC/k djk,Wa dh gj “kkyk ,d ekWMy ds :Ik esa mHkjdj lkeus vk;sA

• Ldwyh f”k{kk ds fy, fo’k;ijd uhfr fuekZ.k dk ekxZ iz”kLr djukA

• uohu f”k{kk uhfr;ksa ds lanHkZ esa iquZfopkj] vkt ds lkoZHkkSe ;qx esa djuk lehphu gksxkA

• ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- tSlh laLFkkvksa esa f”k{kk dh xq.koRrk ijd xfrfof/k;ksa dk vkadyu o le;&le; ij leqfpr ewY;kadu fd;k tk;sA

• lekt ls ,sls f”k{kkfonksa dk lg;ksx viukuk tks uhfr fuekZ.k esa ennxkj gksaA

vkt uSfrd f”k{kk vkSj ewY; viuk ewyk/kkj [kksrs tk jgs gSa] tks lkekftd fpardksa] euksoSKkfudksa] f”k{kkfonksa ds fy;s fur uohu pqukSfr;ksa dks ykdj j[k fn;s gSA D;ksa vkt ;qok&oxZ fnd~Hkzfer gks jgk gS] D;k f”k{kk vkt ds ;qokvksa dh vko”;drk dh izfriwfrZ esa lQy ugha gks jgk gSA D;k ge ,d lH; vkSj f”kf{kr lekt nsus esa lQy gks jgs gSa] D;kas “kSf{kd& uhfr;kWa vkSj O;oLFkk,W vkt lkeatL;iw.kZ thou”kSyh nsus esa vlQy gSaA uSfrdrk ls ijs] ewY;”kwU;rk] mPpJa[kyrk vkt lekt esa rsth ls iSj ilkj jgh gSaA vHkh Hkh le; gS] ;fn gekjs f”k{kkfon~] fpard] lekt fopkjdksa] “kklu& iz”kklu }kjk vHkh Hkh dksbZ Bksl dne ugha mBk;s x;s rks laHko gS vkus okyh ih<+h gesa viuh nqnZ”kk ds fy;s dHkh {kek ugha djsxhA lanfHkZr v/;;u%lanfHkZr v/;;u%lanfHkZr v/;;u%lanfHkZr v/;;u%

♦ f”k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 2005-

♦ cPpksa dks fu%”kqYd ,oa vfuok;Z f”k{kk vf/kdkj fu;e] 2010-

♦ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right to education.

***

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Gurukul Shodh Srijan

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