I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

KHOA K THUT HA HC

B MN CNG NGH THC PHM

Tiu lun qun tr cht lng thc phm:

XY DNG HACCP CHO QUY TRNH SN

XUT C NG NG HP

SVTH:

Nguyn Vn Phng 60701855

Mai Th Tnh 60702499

Nguyn Vn Vit 60702948

Ph Ton 60702510

GVHD: PGS. TS ng Th Anh o

Tp. HCM, thng 5-2011

MC LC Trang

1.Tng quan ..................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. . nh ngha ........................................................................................................... 1

1.2. . Ngun gc HACCP. ............................................................................................ 1

1.3. V sao phi p dng HACP. ................................................................................. 1

1.4. p dng HACCP c li g ............................................................................... 2

1.5. iu kin p dng HACCP ............................................................................. 2

1.6. Cc nguyn tc HACCP ....................................................................................... 2

1.7. Cc bc p dng HACCP .................................................................................. 3

2. H thng HACCP cho sn phm c ng ng hp .................................................... 6

2.1. Thnh lp i HACCP ......................................................................................... 6

2.1.1. Yu cu i vi thnh vin i HACCP ..................................................... 6

2.1.2. C cu i HACCP .................................................................................... 6

2.1.3. S lng thnh vin i HACCP ................................................................ 6

2.1.4. Th tc thnh lp i HACCP .................................................................... 6

2.2. M t sn phm ................................................................................................... 8

2.3. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut c ng ng hp .................................................... 8

2.4. Thuyt minh quy trnh ......................................................................................... 9

2.4.1. R ng, phn loi ..................................................................................... 9

2.4.2. S ch, ra ................................................................................................. 9

2.4.3. Hp chn, lm ngui ................................................................................... 9

2.4.4. Xp c vo hp ........................................................................................... 10

2.4.5. Rt dch ..................................................................................................... 11

2.4.6. Ghp m ..................................................................................................... 12

2.4.7. ng code .................................................................................................. 12

2.4.8. Tit trng ................................................................................................... 12

2.4.9. Hon thin .................................................................................................. 15

2.5. Phn tch mi nguy .............................................................................................. 17

Ti liu tham kho ........................................................................................................... 20

1

1. Tng quan.

1.1. nh ngha.

HACCP l vit tt ca cm t Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point System, v c

ngha l "h thng phn tch mi nguy v kim sot im ti hn", hay h thng phn tch, xc

nh v t chc kim sot cc mi nguy trng yu trong qu trnh sn xut v ch bin thc

phm".

HACCP l h thng qun l cht lng da trn c s phn tch cc mi nguy v cc im

kim sot trng yu. l cng c phn tch nhm m bo an ton v sinh v cht lng thc

phm. HACCP bao gm nhng nh gi c h thng i vi tt c cc bc c lin quan trong

quy trnh ch bin thc phm, ng thi xc nh nhng bc trng yu vi an ton cht lng

thc phm. Cng c ny cho php tp trung ngun lc k thut, chuyn mn vo nhng bc ch

bin c nh hng quyt nh n an ton cht lng thc phm.

1.2. Ngun gc HACCP.

Cng ty Pillsbury chuyn sn xut thc phm cung cp cho chng trnh v tr M cho

rng k thut kim tra cht lng m h ang p dng khng m bo chng gy nhim

cho sn phm trong sn xut thc phm. H thy rng h phi kim nghim qu nhiu thnh

phm ti mc ch cn li rt t sn phm c th cung cp cho cc chuyn bay vo v tr do

cng ty Pillsbury kt lun: Ch c cch xy dng h thng phng nga, khng cho mi nguy xy

ra trong qu trnh sn xut mi m bo c an ton thc phm v u nhng nm 1960 h bt

u p dng khi nim HACCP i vi cng tc sn xut thc phm ca h.T h thng qun

l cht lng thc phm ca cng ty Pillsbury c cng nhn trn ton th gii nh mt bin

php ti tn kim sot an ton thc phm. N khng phi l h thng hon ton khng c ri

ro nhng n c thit k gim thiu ri ro ca cc mi nguy i vi an ton thc phm. Nm

1973 ln u FDA yu cu kim sot HACCP trong ch bin hp chng Clostridium

Botulinum l loi gy ra ng c tht.

Ti Vit Nam, khi nim HACCP mi c tip cn t nhng nm u ca thp k 90, tuy

nhin do trnh kinh t k thut cn thp nn iu kin tip cn vi h thng HACCP cn rt

hn ch. Ngy nay, vi mc tiu bo v sc khe nhn dn, m rng th trng, gia tng kim

ngch xut khu, cc ngnh c rt nhiu hot ng thit thc thc y qu trnh i mi h

thng qun l cht lng v an ton v sinh thc phm, c bit l p dng HACCP, tng bc

thay th cho cch kim sot cht lng truyn thng l da trn kim tra sn phm cui cng.

1.3. V sao phi p dng HACP?

HACCP l mt cng c c hiu qu m bo cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm, c kh

nng ngn nga mt cch ch ng nguy c nhim trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm to ra

thc phm an ton.

i hi ca xu th qun l cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm ang din ra trn phm

vi ton cu vi c im:

i tng qun l: Chuyn t thnh phm sang qu trnh sn xut. Phng thc qun l: Chuyn t kim tra sang chng nhn, cng nhn. Ch tiu qun l: Chuyn t ch tiu cht lng sn phm sang iu kin v yu t nh

hng ti qu trnh sn xut.

2

Mc tiu qun l: Chuyn t loi b sn phm hng sang phng nga nguy c dn ti sai li trong qu trnh hnh thnh sn phm.

p ng yu cu ho nhp v i hi ca th trng nhp khu: T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO) yu cu cc nc thnh vin p dng h thng HACCP nh mt

phng tin kim sot an ton thc phm. Lin minh Chu u, M, nhiu nc khc

quy nh mun nhp khu vo cc nc trn phi p dng HACCP.

1.4. p dng HACCP c li g ?

Vi ngi tiu dng:

Gim nguy c b ng c thc phm v cc bnh ly truyn qua thc phm Nng cao nhn thc v v sinh an ton thc phm. Tng s tin cy vo cung cp thc phm Ci thin cht lng cuc sng (sc kho - kinh t - x hi).

Vi ngnh cng nghip:

Tng s lng ngi tiu dng, m bo gi c, tng kh nng cnh tranh v tip th,

gim chi ph do sn xut hng v phi thu hi, tng c hi kinh doanh, to iu kin pht trin

bn vng.

Vi doanh nghip: Nng cao uy tn, cht lng sn phm ca mnh, tng tnh cnh tranh, kh nng

chim lnh v m rng th trng.

c s dng du chng nhn, ph hp h thng HACCP qung co, cho hng, gii thiu sn phm.

L iu kin tin hnh t cng b tiu chun v sinh an ton thc phm. L c s cho vic m phn, k kt hp ng thng mi. L c s cho vic u tin u t. L cn c gim tn sut kim tra.

Vi Chnh ph : Ci thin sc kho cng ng, nng cao hiu qu v kim sot thc phm. Gim chi ph cho sc khe cng ng. To iu kin cho pht trin thng mi. Tng lng tin ca nhn dn vo vic cung cp thc phm.

1.5. iu kin p dng HACCP. Lnh o c s phi quyt tm v u t thch ng v c s vt cht k thut. C mc

ch r rng, ng c ng n, khng chy theo hnh thc.

Hu t ngun lc cho vic nh gi, xy dng k hoch, t chc p dng... C s ch o, ng h, hng dn ca cp trn. Kh nng trin khai mt chng trnh v sinh tin quyt: GMP (thc hnh sn xut tt)

hoc GHP (thc hnh v sinh tt), tc l trin khai thc hin cc quy phm v sinh ti c

s.

T chc o to gio dc tt v HACCP. 1.6. Cc nguyn tc HACCP. 1.6.1. Nguyn tc 1:

Phn tch mi nguy v cc bin php phng nga. Tin hnh phn tch mi nguy. Chun

b s quy trnh sn xut bao gm cc bc din ra trong quy trnh. Xc nh l lp danh mc

cc nguy hi. Ch ra cc bin php phng nga cho tng mi nguy.

3

1.6.2. Nguyn tc 2:

Xc nh cc im kim sot trng yu (CCPs) trong quy trnh bng vic phn tch cc mi

nguy theo cy quyt nh.

1.6.3. Nguyn tc 3:

Thit lp cc ngng ti hn. y l cc mc t ra v mc sai bit c th chp nhn

c m bo cho cc im CCPs nm trong vng kim sot c.

1.6.4. Nguyn tc 4:

Gim st im kim sot ti hn. Thit lp h thng theo di, gim st m bo kim sot

cc CCPs bng cc th tc xt nghim, trc nghim.

1.6.5. Nguyn tc 5:

Thit lp cc bin php khc phc kp thi. Tin hnh nhng hot ng iu chnh mt khi

cc quan trc theo di cho thy mt im CCP no b trch ra khi vng kim sot.

1.6.6. Nguyn tc 6:

Thit lp h thng kim tra nh gi. Tin hnh nhng th tc thm tra xc nhn khng

nh l h thng HACCP hot ng hu hiu.

1.6.7. Nguyn tc 7:

Thit lp b h s v ti liu HACCP. T liu ha tt c cc th tc tin hnh v cc

b h s lin quan n cc nguyn tc v qu trnh vn dng nhng nguyn tc ny.

1.7. Cc bc p dng HACCP. 1.7.1. Lp nhm cng tc v HACCP

Vic nghin cu HACCP i hi phi thu thp, x l v nh gi cc s liu chuyn mn.

Do , cc phn tch phi c tin hnh bi nhm cn b thuc cc chuyn ngnh khc nhau

nhm ci thin cht lng cc phn tch v cht lng cc quyt nh s c a ra. Cc thnh

vin phi c o to v c hiu bit v nhng vn lin quan trong cng vic xy dng v

p dng chng trnh HACCP.

1.7.2. M t sn phm.

Phi m t y nhng chi tit quan trng ca sn phm s nghin cu, k c nhng sn

phm chung gian tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut sn phm c xt c lin quan n tnh an

ton v cht lng thc phm.

1.7.3. Xc nh mc ch s dng

Cn c vo cch s dng d kin ca sn phm i vi nhm ngi s dng cui cng hay

ngi tiu th xc nh mc ch s dng ( phng thc s dng, phng thc phn phi,

iu kin bo qun v thi hn s dng, yu cu ghi nhn ).

1.7.4. Thit lp s quy trnh sn xut

S ny v s mt bng, b tr thit b phi do nhm HACCP thit lp bao gm tt c

cc bc trong qu trnh sn xut. y l cng c quan trng xy dng k hoch HACCP.

1.7.5. Thm tra s quy trnh sn xut

Nhm HACCP phi thm tra li tng bc trong s mt cch cn thn bo m s

th hin mt cch ng n qu trnh hot ng ca quy trnh trong thc t. Phi kim tra s

ny ng vi hot ng ca quy trnh c vo ban ngy ln ban m v nhng ngy ngh. S

phi c chnh sa cn thn sau khi nhn thy nhng thay i so vi s gc.

4

1.7.6. Xc nh v lp danh mc cc mi nguy hi v cc bin php phng nga

Nhn din tt c cc mi nguy hi c th xy ra. Nhng nguy hi c xem xt phi l

nhng nguy hi m vic xa b n hay hn ch n n mc chp nhn c s c tm quan

trng thit yu n cht lng an ton thc phm xt theo nhng yu cu c t ra

(nguyn tc 1)

1.7.7. Xc nh cc im kim sot ti hn CCP

xc nh cc CCPs c th c nhiu cch tip cn khc nhau trong ph bin l s

dng "cy quyt nh". "Cy quyt nh" l s c tnh lgic nhm xc nh mt cch khoa hc

v hp l cc CCPs trong mt chu trnh thc phm c th. R sot li cc kt qu phn tch mi

nguy hi v cc bin php phng nga c lp. Loi b cc mi nguy hi c th kim sot bng

vic p dng cc PP. Cc mi nguy cn li l cc mi nguy khng th kim sot y bng cc

PP th tin hnh phn tch xc nh CCPs.

(

Hnh 1.7.7: Cch xc nh CCP

1.7.8. Thit lp cc ngng gii hn cho tng CCP

Ngng ti hn l cc gi tr c nh trc cho cc bin php an ton nhm trit tiu

hoc kim sot mt mi nguy ti mt CCP trong sut qu trnh vn hnh. Mi im CCP c th

c nhiu ngng ti hn. thit lp chng, cn cn c vo cc quy nh v sinh, an ton ca

5

nh nc, cc tiu chun quc t, cc hng dn kin ngh quc t FAO, WHO, cc c liu khoa

hc, cc ti liu k thut, cc thng s quy trnh cng ngh, cc s liu thc nghim.

m bo cc ch tiu cn kim sot khng c c hi vt ngng ti hn, cn xc nh

gii hn an ton ti phi tin hnh iu chnh qu trnh ch bin nhm ngn nga kh nng

vi phm ngng ti hn. Trong thc t, a ra khi nim ngng vn hnh l gi tr ti ca ch

tiu cn kim sot, ngi iu khin phi kp thi iu chnh thit b hay quy trnh m bo

gi tr khng qu ngng ti hn. Nh vy, ngng vn hnh lun lun c h s an ton cao

hn ngng ti hn v c gi tr lun nm trong vng an ton ca ngng ti hn. (nguyn tc 3)

1.7.9. Thit lp h thng gim st cho tng CCP

Gim st l o lng hay quan trc theo lch trnh cc thng s ca CCP so snh chng

vi cc ngng ti hn. H thng gim st m t phng php qun l s dng m bo cho

cc im CCP c kim sot, ng thi n cng cung cp nh h s v tnh trng ca qu trnh

s dng v sau trong giai on thm tra. Vic gim st phi cung cp thng tin ng hiu

chnh nhm bo m kim sot qu trnh, ngn nga vi phm cc ngng ti hn. (nguyn tc 4)

1.7.10. Thit lp cc hnh ng khc phc.

Cc hnh ng khc phc c tin hnh khi kt qu cho thy mt CCP no khng c

kim sot y . Phi thit lp cc hnh ng khc phc cho tng CCP trong h thng HACCP

x l cc sai lch khi chng xy ra nhm iu chnh a qu trnh tr li vng kim sot.

(nguyn tc 5)

)

1.7.11. Thit lp cc th tc kim tra.

Hot ng thm tra phi c tin hnh nhm nh gi li ton b h thng HACCP v

nhng h s ca h thng. Tn sut thm tra cn phi khng nh l h thng HACCP ang

hot ng c hiu qu.

Cc phng php thm tra c th bao gm cc h thng ni b, kim tra v mt vi sinh cc

mu sn phm trung gian v cui cng, tin hnh thm cc xt nghim ti nhng im CCP c

chn lc, tin hnh iu tra th trng pht hin nhng vn sc khe khng bnh thng do

tiu th sn phm, cp nht s liu t pha ngi tiu dng sn phm. chnh l c s b

sung, sa i chng trnh HACCP. Th tc thm tra bao gm:

-Xem xt li nghin cu HACCP v nhng h s ghi chp.

-nh gi li nhng lch lc v khuyt tt sn phm.

-Quan st nu cc im CCP cn ang kim sot c.

-Xc nhn nhng ngng ti hn c xc nh.

-nh gi li chng trnh HACCP v tnh hnh s dng sn phm ca ngi tiu

dng hin ti trong tng lai.(nguyn tc 6)

1.7.12. Thit lp b ti liu v lu gi h s HACCP

Vic lu gi h s c hiu qu v chnh xc ng vai tr quan trng trong p dng h

thng HACCP. Cc th tc HACCP phi c ghi thnh vn bn. Vic lp b ti liu v lu gi

h s phi ph hp vi tnh cht v quy m ca qu trnh hot ng.

Ngoi cc bc nu trn, thc thi k hoch HACCP hiu qu th vic o to nhn

thc ca cng nhn vin trong c s v nguyn tc v cc ng dng h thng HACCP l nhng

yu t quan trng. (nguyn tc 7)

6

2. H thng HACCP cho sn phm c ng ng hp.

2.1. Thnh lp i HACCP.

2.1.1. Yu cu i vi thnh vin i HACCP.

c hun luyn c bn v HACCP.

Hiu bit v c kinh nghim v mt vi lnh vc sau:

Sinh hc, ha hc, vt l.

Cng tc v sinh.

Cng ngh ch bin.

Kt cu nh xng.

Trang thit b, my mc.

Cc lnh vc khc.

Am hiu tnh hnh thc t ca x nghip.

2.1.2. C cu i HACCP

i din ban gim c ti x nghip.

B phn kim sot cht lng.

Mt s b phn khc nh:

B phn qun l iu hnh sn xut.

B phn qun l thit b.

Chuyn gia t bn ngoi(nu cn).

2.1.3. S lng thnh vin i HACCP

Khong t 3-9 ngi(ty iu kin c th ca x nghip).

2.1.4. Th tc thnh lp i HACCP

Quyt nh thnh lp(nu r phm vi hot ng v quyn hn ca i HACCP).

Danh sch cc thnh vin v phn cng trch nhim c th.

Lnh o, ph duyt,thm tra chng trnh HACCP.

Xy dng t chc, trin khai p dng k hoch HACCP.

T vn vn VSV, xy dng t chc vic thc hin tham gia v gim st vic thc hin SSOP v GMP.

T vn nhng vn v my v thit b, gim st vic vn hnh v bo dng ton b my, thit b trong ton b x nghip

Gim st k hoch HACCP.

2.2. M t sn phm.

Tnh cht Chi tit

7

Tn sn phm C ng ngm du ng hp

Nguyn liu chnh C ng

Nguyn liu ph Du thc vt, mui n.

Kch thc khi c - B dy: 1,2cm

- ng knh: 5 - 6 cm

Thnh phn ha hc - Histamin < 10mg/100g sn phm.

Bao b - Hp thp trng Crom, th tch 215ml, trng

lng tnh 185g trong trng lng c l

150g.

- Cc m np: truyn thng.

S dng Sn phm ch bin sn s sng ngay khi m

np.

i tng s dng Ngi khng b d ng vi Histamin

Hn s dng 3 nm

Yu cu ghi nhn Theo TCVN 6388:2006

Ni sn phm c bn Siu th v xut khu.

Yu cu v nguyn liu c ng:

Ch tiu cm quan:

Bng 2.2.1: Ch tiu cm quan ca c ng.

B phn Yu cu

Thn c Co cng, trn bn tay thn c khng b qun xung

Ming c Ngm cng

Mang c Dn cht xung hoa kh, khng c nht

Mt c Nhn cu li v trong

Bng v hu mn Bng khng phnh, hu mn tht su vo, mu trng nht

Phn ng giy qu Acid

Ngoi ra, cn mt s yu cu sau:

- Mnh c sch khng bm nhiu bn ct, c t cht nhn vi mu trong t nhin, khng

c.

- C chm hn trong nc

- Nu m c th rut, mt cn nguyn vn, khng c mi tanh hi.

Ch tiu ha l (i vi c ti):

- Hm lng NH3: 15 25 mg/100g

- pH ca m c: 6,6 6,9 lm cho giy qu xanh chuyn thnh mu hng.

- M c khng c hin tng thy phn v oxi ha.

Yu cu i vi du thc vt:

8

Trong sn xut c hp ngi ta dng du t hoa hng dng, du t ht cc cy h

uh nh: u nnh, u lc hay du t cy oliu. Tnh cht ha l ca du thc vt ph thuc

ch yu vo thnh phn v t l cc acid bo no v khng no trong du s dng.

Trong quy trnh sn xut c ng ng hp du thc vt c s dng l du nnh

c tinh luyn, ng trong thng phuy, vi cc ch tiu cht lng sau:

- Mu trong, sng khng c mi hi

- Ch s acid < 2, ch s iod t 101 106 .

Tc dng ca du trong sn phm thc phm ngm du :

- To cm quan: Tht c sn, khng b b.

- Bo qun: Lp bo v chng nhim vi sinh v ngn cn s hot ng ca Enzyme.

- Chng n mn hp.

Yu cu v mui n:

Mui tinh ch, tinh th mu trng, u, sch, khng cn tp cht, khng cn v l, m

khng qu 12%, khi ho tan trong nc ct nhn c dung dch trong vt v ng nht.

2.3. Quy trnh sn xut c ng ng hp.

Hnh 2.3: Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut c ng ng hp.

C ng

R ng phn loi

Ra

Hp

Ct tht

Xp hp

Rt dch

Tit trng

Hon thin

Sn phm

Du thc vt,

mui

Hp v trng

9

2.4. Thuyt minh quy trnh.

2.4.1. R ng, phn loi.

C ng nh bt t bin ln c lnh ng trn tu, sau khi a vo nh my c ng c

em r ng ch bin ngay hay c th tin hnh bo qun trong thi gian ngn theo hai cch

sau y: thi gian bt u ch bin khng qu 24 gi sau khi nhp liu th ch p , nu t 24 -

48 gi p bng nc v nc mui c nng 2 - 3%, nu trn 48 gi th em cp ng.

Mc ch cng ngh: lm tan cc tinh th bng trong cu trc m c ca c, qua lm cho

c mm hn gip cho cc qu trnh tip theo din ra d dng.

Cch thc hin: tip nhn c ng ti hoc c ng lnh . Tin hnh r ng bng cch

dng nc phun vo cc st lm tan ,sau phi phn loi c v ra s b.

Phn loi loi b c khng cht lng ng thi phn theo kch c:

- C ln : > 16 kg/con

- C trung : 5 - 12 kg/con

- C nh : < 5 kg/con

- C nh nht : < 1 kg/con

Cc bin i xy ra trong qu trnh: nhit ca c c tng ln trong qu trnh r

ng, tinh th bng trong c bt u tan ra. S bin i ny dn n: trng lng c gim, cu

trc m tht tr nn mm hn

Thit b: ng hm r ng, gia ng hm c bng ti. Mt u bng ti nhp

nguyn liu (c ng ng lnh), u cn li l u ra sn phm c ng r ng, vn tc bng ti

khong 0,15m/s. Pha trn c 1 ng ng cp nc, nhit nc 200C. Vn tc nc chy

trong ng khang 0,5 m/s. Pha di c 2 rnh that nc that nc thi.

2.4.2. S ch, ra.

Mc ch ca qu trnh: loi b cc mi nguy vt l (vy c, vy c) v sinh hc (ni

tng c, mu, cht nht), ng thi ra sch cht bo chy ra ngoi trnh hin tng oxy

ho gy i thi bin mu. Ngoi ra qu trnh ny cn to ra kch thc c ph hp cho cc giai

on gia cng tip theo v ph hp vi tiu dng.

Thi gian ra ph thuc vo nhit v loi nguyn liu, tuy nhin phi din ra trong thi

gian ngn nhm trnh lipid b oxy ha.

Thit b: bn ra, trn l 1 ng dn nc c 15 vi phun nc xung bn. Nhit nc

khong 200C. Vn tc nc khong 0,5 m/s.

Cch thc hin: c ng theo bng ti chuyn xung bn. Cng nhn ngi xung quanh bn

ra c. Sau c c sp xp ln xe vn chuyn v a qua qu trnh tip theo.

Cc bin i: c c lm sch, ch yu l thay i tnh cht vt l ca c: gim trng

lng, gim kch thc, thay i hnh dng bn ngoi. Ngoi ra qu trnh cn gim ng k mt

lng vi sinh vt trong nguyn liu.

2.4.3. Hp chn, lm ngui.

Mc ch cng ngh: lm mm c gip qu trnh ct din ra dng. Ngoi ra qu trnh ny

cng gp phn tiu dit vi sinh vt trong c.

Cch thc hin: c c xp vo khay, cc khay c xp trn 1 gung c bnh xe. Gung

cha c ny c cng nhn y n thit b hp lm ngui.

Thit b: s dng bung hp vi nguyn tc hat ng nh sau: thit b gm c 2 bung:

bung hp v bung lm ngui. Hi s dng c gia nhit n nhit khong 95 - 1000C, sau

c dn vo bung hp, pha di bung hp l b phn phn b hi. Thi gian hp khong

30 - 40 pht. Sau khi hp hi thot ra ngoi theo ng thot hi pha trn. C c chuyn t

10

ng t bung hp qua bung lm ngui bng 1 dy xch. Nc lnh c x t trn xung, nc

thi theo ng ng phi di ra ngoi.

Cc bin i :

- Vt l: Khi lng ca nguyn liu gim.

- Ho l: Trong qu trnh hp di tc dng ca nhit, protein ca c b ng t, dn n

mt kh nng gi nc ca protein ca c lm cho tht c tr nn sn chc hn.

- Sinh hc:tiu dit mt phn vi sinh vt ch yu l vi sinh vt bm trn b mt nguyn

liu.

- Ho sinh: nhit lm c ch v v hot mt s enzyme trong c.

- Cm quan: Gim mi tanh ca c, tht c sn chc li, hnh thnh trng thi bn ngoi tt

hn, to mi v ring cho c, gi tr thnh phm tng ln.

2.4.4. Ct tht.

Mc ch cng ngh: loi b nhng phn khng hoc cha t cht dinh dng ca sn

phm. Qu trnh ct lu khng ly c tht sm (hm lng histamin cao), ch ly c tht trng.

Cch thc hin: nhng ci khay ng c ng chn c t trn 1 ci bn c bng ti

chy xung quanh, nhng ngi cng nhn s b u, co da, ly xng theo nhm. C b u ri

chuyn n khu co da, c phi c co theo chiu ca tht, trnh lm tht c gy hao ht,ta s

loi c vy c da c m khng lm gy vn. C c cn sau ly xng ra, ch tch xng

sng ca cc khc c cn cc xng khc vn gi nguyn. Sau c c lm sch s b mt

ln na.Tch xng tng gi tr cm quan khi xp c vo hp. Cui qu trnh ngi ta c

hai loi tht trng v , nhng ph phm s c b sung vo thng cha bn ngoi.

- Nhm 1: b u.

- Nhm 2: co da.

- Nhm 3: ly xng.

Phn tht trng dng ng hp t nhin, hp, hoc hun khi ngm du .Phn tht

ch hp v ngm du. Phn tht trng c cht lng cao hn.

Thit b: bn lm sch c bng ti (Cleaning table). Chiu di ca bn v tc bng ti

ph thuc s lng c v s lng cng nhn nhiu hay t, c th iu chnh bng b phn iu

chnh.

Cc bin i:

- Vt l: khi lng c gim do c s tn tht cht kh.

- Sinh hc: s pht trin ca cc h vi sinh vt c th b nhim khi tin hnh qu trnh

Ct tht.

2.4.5. Xp c vo hp.

Hp trc khi s dng phi tin hnh kim tra li phm cht v ra sch. Khi kim tra phi

ht sc cn thn, trnh dng nhng loi hp khng t cht lng nh:

- Hp c mp cun ln khng ng tiu chun.

- Hp b n mn, c mu vng r.

- Hp b bin dng.

- Np b hng vng cao su.

Sau khi kim tra xong, chuyn hp n my ra. Nc ra c nhit 80 - 850C nhm ra

sch hp, loi b tp cht l, bi bn, tiu dit vi sinh vt bm trn thnh hp v np hp, chun

b tt cho giai on xp hp. Hp sau khi kim tra xong th a vo dy chuyn xp hp.

Khi cho c vo hp phi t cc yu cu sau y:

- m bo khi lng c v khong khng gian rt dch ng t l quy nh.

11

- m bo cc yu cu v iu kin v sinh.

- m bo h s truyn nhit v c iu kin thun li tit trng v bo qun.

- Khng ln cc tp cht vo trong hp.

Khi lng tnh ca hp l tng s khi lng sn phm ng trong bao b. Mun m

bo khi lng tnh ngi ta phi cn sn phm trc khi xp vo hp, hoc xp y hp ri cn

v iu chnh khi lng tnh ca tng c hp, c php c sai s:

- Np v hp c dung lng trn 1kg th sai s c php l : 3%.

- Np v hp c dung lng di 1kg th sai s c php l: 5%.

Ngoi vic m bo khi lng tnh, khi xp sn phm vo hp phi bo m t l gia hai

thnh phn ci v nc,thng thng t l ci l 60-70%.

Khi xp vo hp c th dng tay hoc dng my. Sau khi xp xong phi kim tra vic xp

ny, dng tay sa li nhng khc c lm cho b mt khng phng, nhng khc c trc da hay cn

st huyt, rut

Mc ch cng ngh: hon thin.

Cch thc hin: c th c lm bng phng php th cng hay dng my. Nhng lon

rng c a vo, thit b va xp c vo lon va cn nh lng v sau c a ra ngoi

bng 2 bng ti song song.

Thit b: c trang b c cu ng c v b phn di chuyn lon. Ngoi ra cn c thm b

phn iu chnh iu chnh tc v nhng chc nng khc. Nng sut ti a 400 lon/pht.

thit b c kh nng lm vic c vi cc loi lon c kch thc v hnh dng khc nhau.

Cc bin i: trong qu trnh cho c vo hp, hu nh khng c bin i su sc no din ra

trn nguyn liu.

2.4.6. Rt dch.

Mc ch cng ngh: lm tng gi tr cm quan ca sn phm, to mu sc v hng v c

trng cho sn phm c ng hp. Bn cnh cn gp phn tng cng kh nng bo qun cho

sn phm do lp y ch trng trong hp loi bt kh trong hp, trnh hin tng phng hp

sau ny.

Cch thc hin: trc khi rt vo hp th dung dch phi c gia nhit ti 80 900C

tng h s truyn nhit ng thi tin hnh bi kh cho sn phm, lng dch rt vo hp tu

thuc vo lng c c trong hp sao cho m bo khi lng tnh ca thnh phm. Khng rt

qu y m nn lun cch mp hp 5mm hay 1/10 chiu cao ca hp.

Thit b: b cha dch rt bn trong c phao ni gip duy tr mc dch rt trong b khng

i. Dch rt thng qua b phn van iu khin s chy vo ng phn phi dch rt . Trn ng

phn phi dch rt c gn u rt c inh vt iu chnh v cn kha t ng. Hp s c y t

ng trt trt trn b mt ca b phn khung nm ngang . Thit b hot ng nh h thng

truyn ng gm motor, vnh ai, bnh rng, a quay.

Cc bin i trong qu trnh rt dch vo hp:

- Vt l :

Nhit v th tch ca c tng ln .

- Ho hc :

C s thu phn cht bo trong du.

- Ho sinh:

t c bin i nhiu do enzyme b v hot.

12

- Ho l:

Cu trc c: c mm hn.

- Sinh hc :

c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt do to c mi trng c nhit cao v nng mui thch hp.

- Cm quan:

Mu sc, mi v ca c hp ph thuc vo mu sc, mi v ca dch rt vo hp.

C s bin i v mu sc v hng v ca c do s tng cng kh nng khuch tn ca dch rt vo trong c.

Tin hnh rt nng nhm bi kh cho sn phm.

2.4.7. Ghp m.

Mc ch cng ngh : qu trnh ny nhm cch ly sn phm vi mi trng nn c tc dng

bo qun, ngoi ra qu trnh ny cng gp phn lm tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm qua bao

b s dng.

Cch thc hin: ton b qu trnh ghp m c t ng ho bng my ghp t ng, nng

sut 120hp/pht. My gm c c cu a hp vo v ly hp ra, c cu y np, bn a hp

ln xung, h thng ghp, ng c in v ai truyn ng. Khi my hot ng,hp a vo my

, y np, tin n v tr ghp ri ng yn. Cp con ln cun s tin vo hp cun mp thn v

mp np, sau cp con ln ghp cht mi ghp li. Sau khi ghp xong hp c a ra khi

my.

Khng c bin i ca nguyn liu.

Nu cc c cu ghp np lm vic khng bnh thng v kch thc hp khng ng quy

nh s gy ra h hng mi ghp.

2.4.8. ng code.

Sau khi ghp m sn phm c ng code. Code thng ghi: tn cng ty, ngy, thng,

nm,gi sn xut, hn s dng,loi nguyn liu g..

Tn sn phm: C ng ng hp.

2.4.9. Tit trng.

a. Ra hp trc tit trng:

Sau khi ghp np hp, hp c ra sch du m dnh trn thn v np bng nc nng c

nhit 800C-85

0C, sau em i tit trng vi ch thch hp. y l khu quan trng, n

nh hng n cht lng v kh nng bo qun thc phm.

Thit b c thit k ra hp sau khi ghp m. Du dnh bn ngoi hp c tch ra v

a xung ch d tr phn di my. ng hm ra c trang b thm nhng vi phun

phng ra nhng tia nc nng. Thit b c lm bng thp khng r AISI 304. Nc s dng

ra s c lc v hi lu tr li.

b. Tit trng

Mc ch cng ngh : ch bin, bo qun.

Cch thc hin: tin hnh tit trng trong thit b tit trng autoclave, nhit tit trng

115-1210C. Thng s dng thit b tit trng dng nm ngang v thun li cho vic np v tho

nguyn liu.

13

Cng thc tit trng:: 10 45 10

121

Nguyn l hot ng: m np, dng h thng xe y np kt sn phm vo. Cho hi nng

vo, ui ht kh trong thit b ra. y np. Khi thit b t p sut cn thit th kho van hi. Sau

mt thi gian nht nh th x van hi. Chm nc lnh vo lm mt sn phm v nhit

thng. M np, tho sn phm ra ngoi.

B

A

E

B

D

C

CF

DE

PT

A : Hi nc

B : Nc

C : Nc ngng hoc nc c tho ra

D : Van

E : Khng kh

F : Van an ton v iu chnh p

Hnh 2.4.9: Nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b autoclave.

Thit b: c lm bng thp khng r, c cch nhit bng si thy tinh, c 1 hoc 2 ca,

cha t 1 n 6 mm 1 m.

Cc yu t nh hng n ch tit trng:

i)Vi sinh vt:

Trong mi loi hp ngi ta chn ra i tng vi sinh vt nguy him nht tiu dit.

Trong hp tht c, vic tiu dit loi vi khun Clostridium Botulinum v bo t ca n c

xem l tiu chun tit trng ti thiu ca hp. Ngoi ra, trong hp tht c cn c loi vi

khun bn nhit hn Clostridium Botulinum nh: C.sporogenes, C.putrificum.

ii) c tnh sn phm:

14

Mi trng thc phm khc nhau th kh nng b tiu dit ca cc loi vi sinh vt cng

khc nhau. Nng mui cao lm cho vi sinh vt b yu i v d b tiu dit do hin tng co

nguyn sinh.

Tnh cht vt l ca sn phm cng nh hng ti ch tit trng. Do ngi ta xp

c trong mt cht lng sao cho khong cch dn nhit l nh nht. Ngi ta cn tm cch lm

tng tc d truyn nhit trong hp bng phng php xoay trn. Chuyn ng ca khong khng

trn nh hp trong khi quay s y nhanh s chuyn ng ca cht lng, ngha l s y nhanh

s i lu.

iii) Bao b sn phm:

Ch tit trng ph thuc vo vt liu lm bao b, hnh dng v kch c ca bao bi

vi bao b lm bng kim loi th b mt truyn nhit cng ln, thi gian tit trng cng nhanh.

iiii) Kh nng k thut ca thit b tit trng::

Thit b tit trng lm vic lin tc v c p sut cao th c nhiu u vit hn thit b gin

on.

Cng un nng hp trong qu trnh u ca tit trng ph thuc vo hiu s nhit

gia hp v hi nng trong thit b tit trng. Vn tc truyn nhit vo sn phm gim dn theo

mc gim dn s chnh lch nhit gia bn trong v bn ngoi hp. Nhit ca sn phm

trong hp tin dn n nhit ca thit b truyn nhit theo mt ng tim cn.

Cc bin i :

- Vt l:

Nhit ca c tng ln do s chnh lch nhit gia mi trng un nng v c. Tc tng nhit chm dn t ngoi vo trung tm do khong cch gia chng v

ngun nhit xa dn.

Th tch c tng ln.

- Ho sinh:

t c bin i nhiu do enzyme b v hot.

- Sinh hc:

c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt do to c mi trng c nhit cao.

- Ho l:

S bc hi nc do nhit cao.

- Cm quan:

Cht lng c tng ln do s bin i v mu sc v mi v. c. Lm ngui:

Mc ch cng ngh: bo qun, hon thin.

Mc ch ca qu trnh:

Lm ngui hp l khu quyt nh cht lng sn phm cui cng trong qu trnh sn

xut, lm ngui tt s trnh c cc tc hi sau:

- Gim mu sc, mi v ca sn phm.

- Phn hu kt cu,t chc ca thc phm.

- Tng tc dng n mn ca hp.

Cch thc hin:

15

Thc hin trong thit b tit trng. Sau khi tit trng xong, m x van hi v a nc

lnh vo lm ngui.

Qu trnh lm lnh cng nhanh th cng tt, nhng khi nhit bin i t ngt s gy ra

hin tng hp b bin dng, hay b h np.

Tc lm ngui ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: tnh cht ca thc phm, th tch hp

ln nh, hnh dng ca hp, vt liu lm bao b, hiu s nhit trong v ngoi hp.

Mi trng lm ngui l nc lnh, lm ngui n 18 - 200C. Nc lm ngui phi c

kh cng v kh trng. Nu nc c cng cao, thnh ni s ng mt lp cn lm gim h

s truyn nhit, nng st cao s dn n s r st. Mt khc hp c th b ht nc lnh vo

thng qua ng ni ch mi ghp. Nu nc cha cc vi sinh vt c th pht trin, s thm thu

ny dn n tnh trng hng do r r. Nc c tun hon v kh trng t ng bng Clo. T

lc b sung Clo vo nc cho n khi dng nc lm lnh cn t nht 20 pht Clo t do

lng trong nc. Mc Clo khng c qu cao, nu khng c th n mn hp.

Khi qu trnh lm lnh xong, cc hp c ly ra khi thit b. hp lc ny cn m

t nn khng c x l ngay v vn cn nguy c b nhim bn do r r ng ni.

Cc bin i: ch yu l bin i vt l: nhit c gim. Ngoi ra cng ca c c th

gim, s ngng t tr li ca hi nc trong hp lm cho dch rt b tch pha.

2.4.10. Hon thin.

a. Bo n:

Mc ch cng ngh: nhm kim tra cht lng sn phm sau mt thi gian bo qun. Kt

thc thi gian bo n, sn phm c kim tra, loi b nhng n v h hng. Nu sau khi bo

n, pht hin thy t l h hng, phng chy vt qu mc cho php, cn phi xem xt li qu

trnh sn xut, tm nguyn nhn h hng khc phc. Nu cn thit c th hu c l hng.

Cch thc hin: hp c em i bo n trong kho 400C, m tng i 70

80%.Thi gian bo n t 14 n 20 ngy.

Kho cn phi kn, kh ro, sch s, d thot nc, thng gi v thot nhit. hp c

xp theo tng l (cng loi, cng phm cp, ngy v ca sn xut), chiu cao khng qu 10m. Cc

hp trong l xp xen k nhau, cch trn t nht 0.75m v gia cc l hoc li i trc ca kho cch

2m, tin cho vic bc d hang hoc kim tra khi cn thit.

Cc bin i c th xy ra:

- Vt l:

Cc thnh phn trong hp tip tc khuch tn vo nhau tin ti cn bng v nng lm cho hp c hng v, mu sc ng u v tng ln r rt.

S phng hp do s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu kh do bi kh khng trit hoc do s thay i nhit bn ngoi.

- Sinh hc: Vi sinh vt c th pht trin gy phng chy trn nhng hp khng kn v tit trng khng t.

- Ho hc: xy ra khi lp vecni trng thnh hp, np hp b trc, nt nkhi nhng thnh phn thc phm c tnh acid tip xc vi kim loi, xy ra n mn.

- Cm quan: c b bin mu v c v kim loi.

b. ng thng:

Mc ch cng ngh : hon thin.

hp phi c lm kh ri mi em i ng thng.

16

2.5. Phn tch mi nguy.

Bng 2.5.1: Phn tch mi nguy c ng ng hp

Nguyn liu/ giai

on Mi nguy Gii thch Bin php CCP

C ng

Cm quan: c b

phn hu, h

hng.

Ha hc:

histamin>

10mg/100g

nh hng su

sc n cht

lng sn phm.

Bo qun tt.

nh gi cm

quan sn phm

bng cch nu th

c.

Kim tra hm

lng histamine

ca sn phm.

C

R ng-phn

loi

Vt l: khng.

Ha hc: khng.

Sinh hc: nhim vi

sinh vt

Khi r ng to

iu kin vsv

tip xc vi c

d dng.

R ng nhanh

trong iu kin

nc r ng phi

sch

Khng

Ra

Vt l: khng

Ha hc: khng

Sinh hc: vi sinh

vt

Qu trnh ra

to iu kin

vsv tip xc vi

c d dng.

Kim sot qu

trnh ra v mt

vi sinh mt cch

cht ch.

Khng

Hp

Vt l: nhit ,

p sut khi hp.

Ha hc: khng

Sinh hc: VSV

ym kh v k sunh

trng.

Nu nhit v

p sut qu trnh

hp khng t

yu cu dn n

cu trc c

khng c tt

khi ct tht, v

VSV ym kh

cng k sinh

trng vn cn

sng trong rut

c.

Kim sot qu

trnh hp

Lp bng theo di

nhit p sut

thi gian trong

qu trnh hp.

Kim tra nh k

thit b hp.

Khng

Ct tht

Vt l: khng

Ha hc: khng

Sinh hc: VSV

Vi sinh vt c

iu kin tip

xc vi m c

d dng.

Kim sot mi

trng lm vic

v cng nhn mt

cch nghim ngt.

Khng

Xp hp

Vt l: khng

Ha hc : khng

Sinh hc: khng

y ch l mt

khu t nh

hng n cht

lng sn phm

Khng

Rt dch

Vt l: tp cht

Ha hc: ph gia

vt qu gii hn

Vi sinh: khng

nh hng su

sc n cht

lng sn phm

gy tc hi n

ngi tiu dng.

Thit lp cn thn

cng thc phi

trn.

R sot cc tp

cht.

Khng

17

Tit trng

Vt l: nhit ,

thi gian , p sut

qu trnh tit

trng.

Ha hc: khng

Vi sinh: VSV vn

cn.

Nu nhit v

p sut qu trnh

hp khng t

yu cu dn n

cu trc c

khng c tt

khi ct tht, v

VSV vn cn

trong sn phm

v gy h hng

cho sn phm

sau ny.

Kim sot qu

trnh tit trng

nghim ngt.

Lp bng theo di

nhit p sut

thi gian trong

qu trnh tit

trng.

Kim tra nh k

thit b tit trng.

Hun luyn nhn

vin lm vic

trong qu trnh

tit trng.

C

Hon thin

Vt l: khng

Ha hc: khng

Sinh hc: Khng

y ch l mt

khu lm bn

ngoi sn phm

chng nh

hng g n

sn phm bn

trong.

Ch l mt khu

bn ngoi sn

phm hon thnh

nhng cng ch

cn thn khng

b vng vo sn

phm

Khng

18

Bng 2.5.2: Bng k hoch HACCP.

Qu

trnh

Loi

mi

nguy

Mi nguy CCP Bin php phng nga Gim st

Gii

hn ti

hn

Hnh

ng sa

cha

Thm tra H s lu

Nhn

nguyn

liu

Cht

lng

c, ha

hc.

C b phn

hy, b h

hi.

Histamin

>50ppm

Khu

vc tip

nhn

Kim sot ngun cung

cp, yu cu nh cung

cp cho bit nhit

bo qun ca c.

o nhit

khi

nhn mu,

nh gi

cm quan,

ly mu

kim tra

hm lng

histamine.

C

ng

lnh:

19

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. L Bch Tuyt v cng s. Cc qu trnh cng ngh c bn trong sn xut thc phm. Nh xut bn Gio dc, 1996.

[2]. Lng Hu ng. Mt s sn phm ch bin t c v cc lai hi sn khc. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, 1981.

[3]. Nguyn Hng nh, L Hong Lm, L nh Tng, Hunh L Tm, Nguyn Th Ngc Yn, Nhp mn HACCP cho cc nh my ch thy sn, 1999.

[4]. Nguyn Trng Cn. Cng ngh ch bin thy sn (1,2). Nh xut bn Nng nghip, 1990

[5]. Nguyn Xun Thm. K thut ch bin v bo qun c. Nh xut bn i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, 1979.

[6]. Nguyn Vn Thoa. Cng ngh sau thu hach v ch bin thy sn TP.H Ch Minh.

[7]. Nguyn Vn Thoa. C s thit k nh my hp thc phm. Nh xut bn i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, 1966.

[8]. Phm Cm Nam. Nghin cu cng ngh hun khi nng c ng, 1999.