Harold en Italie

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Harold en Italie,Symphonie en quatre parties avec un alto principal (English: Harold in

Italy,Symphony in Four Parts with Viola Obbligato), Op. 16, isHector Berlioz's second

symphony, written in 1834.

Contents

[hide]

1 Creation

2 Description

3 History

4 Recordings

5 Notes

6 Bibliography

7 Further reading

8 External linksCreation[edit]

Niccol Paganini(17821840) encouraged Berlioz (18031869) to write Harold en Italie. The two first

met after a concert of Berliozs works conducted byNarcisse Girardon 22 December 1833, three

years after the premiere of BerliozsSymphonie fantastique. Paganini had acquired a superbviola,

aStradivarius"But I have no suitable music. Would you like to write a solo for viola? You are the

only one I can trust for this task."

Berlioz began "by writing a solo for viola, but one which involved the orchestra in such a way as notto reduce the effectiveness of the orchestral contribution." When Paganini saw the sketch of the

allegro movement, with all therestsin the viola part, he told Berlioz it would not do, and that he

expected to be playing continuously.[1]They then parted, with Paganini disappointed.

Description[edit]

Harold en Italie is a four-movement work featuring an extensive part for solo viola.

Lord Byron's poemChilde Harold's Pilgrimageinspired the mood ofHarold. Berlioz wrote, "My

intention was to write a series of orchestral scenes, in which the solo viola would be involved as a

more or less active participant while retaining its own character. By placing it among the poetic
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memories formed from my wanderings in theAbruzzi, I wanted to make the viola a kind of

melancholy dreamer in the manner of Byrons Childe-Harold." That he had recycled some of the

material from his discarded concert overture, Rob Roy, went unmentioned.

The first movement ("Harold aux montagnes") refers to the scenes that Harold, the melancholiccharacter, encounters in mountains. In the second movement ("Marche des plerins"), Harold

accompanies a group of pilgrims.

The third movement ("Srnade") involves a love scene; someone plays a serenade for his mistress.

In the fourth movement, ("Orgie de brigands"), spiritually tired and depressed, Harold seeks comfort

among wild and dangerous company, perhaps in a tavern.Jacques Barzunreminds us that "The

brigand of Berliozs time is the avenger of social injustice, the rebel against the City, who resorts to

nature for healing the wounds of social man."[2]

Throughout the symphony, the viola represents Harold's character. The manner in which the viola

theme hesitantly repeats its opening phrasegaining confidence, like an idea forming, before the

long melody spills out in its entiretywas satirized in a musical paper after the premiere. It began

"Ha! ha! ha! haro! haro! Harold!"a cheeky touch that Berlioz recalled years later in his Memoirs.

In addition to the soloviola, the work calls for 2flutes(2nd doublingpiccolo), 2oboes(1st

doublingcor anglaisin Movement III), 2clarinetsin C (Movements I, III, and IV) and A (Movement II),

4bassoons, 4horns, 2cornets, 2trumpets, 3trombones,tuba,timpani,cymbals,triangle,

2tambourines,harpandstrings.

History[edit]

Harold in Italywas premiered on 23 November 1834 with theOrchestre de la Socit des Concerts

du Conservatoire,Chrtien Urhanplaying the viola part,Narcisse Girardconducting. Even though

the second movement "March of the Pilgrims" received an encore, this performance contributed to

Berlioz's decision to conduct his own music in the future.

Paganini did not hear the work he had commissioned until 16 December 1838; then he was so

overwhelmed by it that, following the performance, he dragged Berlioz onto the stage and there knelt

and kissed his hand before a wildly cheering audience and applauding musicians. A few days later

he sent Berlioz a letter of congratulations, enclosing a bank draft for 20,000 francs.

Franz Lisztprepared a piano transcription (with viola accompaniment) of the work in 1836 (S.472).

Notable performances

1842, 1 February, Paris, Salle VivienneJean-Delphin Alard(soloist); Berlioz (conductor)

1842, 26 September, BrusselsHeinrich Wilhelm Ernst(soloist); Berlioz (conductor)

1847, 5 May, Saint Petersburg premiereHeinrich Wilhelm Ernst(soloist); Berlioz (conductor)
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1848, 7 February, London premiere Henry Hill (18081846) (soloist); Berlioz (conductor);

Drury Lane Theatre[3]

1853, 22 November, BremenJoseph Joachim(soloist); Berlioz (conductor)

1853, 1 December, LeipzigFerdinand David(soloist); Berlioz (conductor);Gewandhaus

Orchestra

1868, 11 January, MoscowFerdinand Laub(soloist); Berlioz (conductor);Moscow

ConservatoryOrchestra

1868, 8 February, Saint PetersburgHieronymus Weickmann(soloist); Berlioz (conductor); final

performance under the direction of the composer

1937, 4 FebruaryLionel Tertis(soloist, his last public performance);Ernest Ansermet;BBC

Symphony Orchestra[4]

The first recording was made in 1946, byWilliam Primrosewith theBoston SymphonyOrchestraconducted bySerge Koussevitzky.

The piece was used inTerrence Malick's 2013 filmTo The Wonder, starringBen AffleckandOlga

Kurylenko. The film has several visual references to composition's content and history.

Recordings[edit]

William Primrose,NBC Symphony Orchestra,Arturo Toscanini, January 2, 1939 Live

Broadcast[5]

William Primrose,Boston Symphony Orchestra,Serge Koussevitzky, 1944

William Primrose,Boston Symphony Orchestra,Charles Mnch

William Primrose,Royal Philharmonic Orchestra,Sir Thomas Beecham

Wolfram Christ,Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra,Lorin Maazel

Pinchas Zukerman, Montreal Symphony Orchestra,Charles Dutoit

Yehudi Menuhin,Philharmonia Orchestra,Colin Davis, 1962 (EMI)

Joseph de Pasquale,Philadelphia Orchestra,Eugene Ormandy, 1965 (Sony)

Nobuko Imai,London Symphony Orchestra,Sir Colin Davis, 1975

Donald McInnes,Orchestre National de France,Leonard Bernstein, 1977 (EMI)

Yuri Bashmet, Frankfurt Radio Symphony Orchestra,Eliahu Inbal

Tabea Zimmermann,London Symphony Orchestra,Sir Colin Davis, 2003

Heinz Kirchner,Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra,Igor Markevitch, mid-1950s

Daniel Benyamini,Israel Philharmonic Orchestra,Zubin Mehta, 1970s

Ulrich Koch, SWF Symphony Orchestra Baden-Baden, Jan Lathan-Koenig, March 21, 1988

Rivka Golani, San Diego Symphony Orchestra, Yoav Talmi - Conductor. Naxos 8.553034

Grard Causs, Orchestre Rvolutionnaire et Romantique, John Eliot Gardiner - conductor,released mid-1990s (Philips).
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g/wiki/Charles_Dutoithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dutoithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dutoithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Pasqualehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Pasqualehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Ormandyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Ormandyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Ormandyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuko_Imaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuko_Imaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestre_National_de_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestre_National_de_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestre_National_de_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Bashmethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Bashmethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliahu_Inbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliahu_Inbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliahu_Inbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabea_Zimmermannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabea_Zimmermannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Philharmonikerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Philharmonikerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Philharmonikerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Markevitchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Markevitchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Markevitchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Benyaminihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Benyaminihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubin_Mehtahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubin_Mehtahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubin_Mehtahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivka_Golanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivka_Golanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Causs%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Causs%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Causs%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivka_Golanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubin_Mehtahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Benyaminihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Markevitchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Philharmonikerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabea_Zimmermannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliahu_Inbalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Bashmethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestre_National_de_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuko_Imaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Ormandyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Pasqualehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dutoithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinchas_Zukermanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorin_Maazelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Philharmonikerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Beechamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Primrosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M%C3%BCnchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Primrosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzkyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Primrosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_en_Italie#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Toscaninihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Primrosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_en_Italie?veaction=edit&vesection=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Kurylenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Kurylenkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Affleckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Wonderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Malickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzkyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Primrosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_en_Italie#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ansermethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Tertishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Weickmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Conservatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Conservatoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Laubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Joachimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_en_Italie#cite_note-3


4/4

Documents

Harold en Italie