Dr. Michael Dzieia, DarmstadtHeinrich Hubscher, LuneburgDieter Jagla, NeuwiedJCirgen Klaue, RoxheimHarald Wickert, Emmelshausen

Handbook forElectriciansPower Engineering &Building Systems

Translated by Richard Worgan

westermannULB Darmstadt

16354368

I A!

The Business Environment H

Foundation of a Company 6Legal forms of Companies 7General terms of Business 8Transfer of Ownership 8Legal transactions 9Business Processes 10Award of Contract 11Procurement 12Tender 13Requirement Specification,System Specification 14Delayed Delivery 15Defects and Liability 16Packing and Packaging 17Prices 18Cost Accounting 19Calculation and Costs 20Advertising 21Conversing with the Customer .... 22Work Report 23Labour Organisation 23

Team Development, Team Work .. 24Project Management 25Quality Management 26Workshop Equipment 27Industrial Safety 28Ergonomics 29Ladders and Scaffolding 30Lifting and Carrying 31Sources of Information 32Knowledge Management,Learning 33Presentation 34Visualisation 35National and InternationalStandardisation 36

Basic

Basic quantities and formulas of electricalengineering 38Electrical resistance 39Rated voltages in V 39Rated currents in A 39Circuits with resistors 40Circuits with voltage sources 42Thermal efficiency 42Electric field, capacitor 43Magnetic field 44Induced voltage 45Switching action of capacitors and coils 46Alternating voltage and alternating current 47Load circuits in three phase network 48Resistors in AC circuits 49Resistors 51Temperature- and voltage dependentresistors 52Areas of applications and characteristicdata of capacitors 53Rated voltages and tolerances ofcapacitors 54Capacitors for operation of dischargelamps 54Marking of components 55Colour coding of components 56Semiconductor markings 57Semiconductor packages 57Diodes 58Thyristors 58

Transistors 59Basic transistor circuits 60Opto-electronic components 61Operational amplifiers (Op amps) 62Switches 63Faultfinding 64Dynamic fault finding 65Static fault finding 65Basic terms of measurement technique 66Scale symbols 66Measurement of electrical quantities 67Measurement Resistors 68Instrument transformer 69Measuring of pulsating voltages andpulsating currents 69power- and power factor measurement 70Electricity meter tariff time switches 71Electricity meter circuits 72Digital measurement technology 73Cathode-ray oscilloscope 74Measuring with the cathode-rayoszilloscope 75Electrical measurement of non electricalquantities 76

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Technical Documentation

Line diagrams 78Architectural drawings 79Documents of electrical engineering 80Circuit diagram 81Block diagram 82Functional schematic and diagram 83Wiring plan 84Installation plan 85Information processing 86Classification of ElectricalEquipment 87Symbol elements and qualifyingsymbols 89Passive components 90Semiconductors 90Cables and connectors 91Contacts 92Electrical installations 92Alarm- and signalling devices 94Graphical symbols for EuropeanInstallation Bus (EIB 94

Switching devices and protectionequipment 95Measuring and protectionequipment 96Generation and conversion ofelectrical energ 97Binary logic elements 99

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" SERVER S B f

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Information Technoli

PC-componentsand interfaces 102Monitor 103Projectors 104Microprocessor 105Data input /output devices 106Memory and memory modules ... 108Hard disks 108Magnetic data storage 109Optical data storage 110Operating systems 111Software 112Interfaces 113Business software 114PC-networks 115Structured cabling 116Fibre optic cables 117Installation of fibre optic cables ... 118Data security, data protection 119Data security 120

101

Classification of materials 122Material numbers 122Physical characteristic of purechemical elements 123Material prosperties 124Plastics 126Recognition of plastics 127Insulation classes 128Ceramic or glass insulatingmaterials 128Drilling 129Thread cutting 130Screws and nuts 131

. Wall plugs 132| Wall plugs types 133IWelding 134|Soldering 135

ole selection 136ale for fixed installation 137ole for flexible installation 138ble core identification 139Itage drop and power loss 139

Cables 140Overhead lines 141Installation of cables 142Cable handling 143Cable connections 145Installation principles 146Cable protection 146Assignement of over-currentprotective device 147Load carrying capacity of cables 149Low-voltage switchgear andcontrolgear 150Distribution boards 151Earth electrode 153Potential equalisation 154Circuit breakers 155RCD 155Fuses 156Elektrical installation inresidential buildings 157Installation areas 158

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Power generation 162Combined heat and power (CHP) 163Fuel cell 164Wind power generator 165Photovoltaic 166Lead-acid accumulators 168Primary (galvanic) batteries 169Rechargeable batteries 170Charging of sealed accumulators 171Uninteruptable powersupply (UPS) 172Emergency stop 173Power transmission 174Low-voltage system 175Distribution systems 176Transformers 177Three phase transformer 178Special transformer 179Cable fittings 180Fire prevention 181Functional integrity 182

Circuits for reactive-currentcompensation 183Electricity tariffs 184Over-voltage protection 185Lightning protection system 187Protective measures 188Protection against electric shock 189Protection against indirectcontact 190Verifying protective measures 191Protection by RCD 192General conditions for tariffcustomers 192Testing installations with an RCD 193Degrees of protection provided byenclosures 194Explosion protection 195Rules for working on electricalinstallations 196

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v'V.;

Sensors 198Field bus systems 199Control engineering 200Time response 201Control systems 202Digital closed loop control 202Choice of closed loop control . . . 202Boolean algebra 203Digital circuits 204ProgrammableLogic Controllers 206Programming a PLC 207Control relays 208Building systems engineering . . . 209Powernet EIB 213LON 214LCN 214

197

Motor overview 216Formula symbols 216DC Motors 217AC Motors 218Three phase asynchronousmotors 219Rating plates 220Maintenance 220Motor protection 221Starting motors 222Motor failure modes 223Motor stylesand mountings 224Operating modes 224Converter 225Identification codes for converterconnections 226Identification codes for convertersets and equipment 226DC converter (chopper) 227Power supplies 228

Mains rectifiers 229Inverter 230Frequency converter 230Electronic drives 231Electronic speed controlof poly-phase motors 232AC power controller 233Filter 234Braking resistors(braking rheosat) 234

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indication Systei

Communication networks 236Internet 237In house communications 238House communicationcircuits 239Frequency and wavelengthranges 240Regulations for reception anddistribution systems 241Attenuation, transmissionand level 242Terrestrial aerial installations . . . . 243Satellite reception 245Satellite aerial installations 246Multi-switch for satellite reception 247Connection examples for receivers 248Aerial cables and connectors . . . . 249Broadband communication 250Analogue telecommunicationsnetwork 251

Connection of analoguetelecommunication equipment... 252ISDN services and interfaces . . . . 253Connection of ISDN devices . . . . 254DSL 255TC installation cables 256Intruder alarm sensors andsignal lines 257Intruder alarm systems 258Video surveillance 259Components of a video surveillancesystem 260

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Technology in the home

Energy saving decree 262Pictorial markings on electricalequipment 264Approval symbols on electricalequipment 265Maintenance 266Testing of electricalequipment 267Radio interference suppression .. 268Electromagnetic compatibility(EMC) 269Supply integrity 270Plugs, socket outlets andcouplers 271Hot water supply 272Electric cooker 273Microwave appliances 274Refrigerating and freezing 274Device consumption 274Electric heating 275Air conditioning 276Mechanical ventilation 277Heat pumps 278Lighting engineering 280

Indoor lighting calculations 281Colour of light 282Luminous intensity distributioncurve 283Classification of luminaires 284Designation of luminaires 284Lamp designations 285Compact fluorescent lamps 286Halogen lamps 286Fluorescent light circuits 287Arc lamp circuits 288Controlling fluorescent light 288Circuits with switches 289Circuits with electromagneticswitches 291Dimmer circuits 292Sensor circuits 293Low voltage systems 294Emergency lighting 296Light control systems 298

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Mathematical symbolsand terms 300Roman numerals 300Greek alphabet 300Calculation of percentages 300Interest calculation 300Exponentiation 301Powers of ten 301Extracting the root 301Logarithms 302Binary andhexadecimal powers 302Numbers and number systems . . 303Angular functions 304Vectors 304Pythagorean theory 304Area and volumecalculations 305Physical quantitiesand units 306Formula symbol and units . . . . 307

Mechanical quantities 309Heat 310Basics of chemistry 311Disposition by electrolysis(galvanising) 312Corrosion protection measures... 312

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