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THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS: ÉLITE IDENTITY, URBAN SOCIETY, AND PUBLIC MEMORYIN ROMAN GREECEAuthor(s): JOSEPH L. RIFESource: The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 128 (2008), pp. 92-127

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Journal fHellenic tudies 28 2008) 92-127

THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS:ÉLITE IDENTITY,URBANSOCIETY,AND PUBLIC MEMORY INROMAN GREECE*

AbstractThispaperdiscusses heburial f HerodesAtticus s a well-attestedase of élite dentificationhroughmortuaryractices.tgives closereadingfPhilostratus'ccount fHerodes' nd nc. 179 VS2.1 15)alongsidehe

evidence farchitecture,nscriptions,culpture,ndtopographytMarathon, ephisiaandAthens. The intendedburial fHerodes nd he ctual urials fhisfamilyn theAttic states xpressed ealth nd erritorialontrol, hilehispreferenceorMarathon used ersonal istory ith ivichistory. heAtheniannterventionnHerodes'privatefuneral, hich ed to hismagnificentntermenttthePanathenaictadium,erved s a public eceptionor leadingcitizen ndbenefactor. erodes' omb hould e identified ith longfoundationnthe tadium's asthill hatmighthaveformedneccentricltar-tomb,hile nelegant linê arcophagusound earbymight avebeenhiscoffin. isepitaph as a traditionalistich hattressedhroughanguagendpoetic llusion isdeep ies oMarathonndRham-nous,hiseuergetismndhiscelebrity. lsofound erewas analtar edicated oHerodes theMarathonianero'witharchaizingeaturesIG II26791). The firstnd ast ines f he extwere rasedn deliberateffortoremove isnameandprobablyhename f a relative.A cemeteryfordinaryraves eveloped round erodes' urial ite, utbythe250s thesehad beendisturbed,longwith he ltar nd the arcophagus. his newsynthesisf textual ndmaterialsources or heburial fHerodes ontributesoa richer

nderstandingfstatus nd

antiquarianismnGreekurban

societynder he mpire.t lsoexamines ow he ublicmemoryf liteswascompositendmutable,hiftinghroughseparatehases f ctivityfuneral,ero-cult,efacement,iographytogenerateifferentmages f he ead.

HerodesAtticuss oneof those igures horepays tudy otonly s a luminousersonalitywithhis ownhistoryut lso as a mirrorolarger istoricalevelopmentsntheworld roundhim. IncomparisonootherGreek ristocratsftheRomanEmpire,we know great mountabouthimnot nly romhe ubstantialiographyyPhilostratusVS2.1) but lso from he ichepigraphicndarchaeological videnceforhis lifeandfamily.L. VibulliusHipparchus i.ClaudiusAtticus erodes e. 103-179),1 ho was born o a wealthy amily ith eepAthenianroots, ecame celebratedrator ndteacher,naristocratndpolitician ith road onnectionsathome ndabroad, nd a peerless enefactor. ike other rominent enofhisday,hewas

dogged ycruel ontroversyndpopular esentment.hilehewas anoutstandingndividualndmany fhisaccomplishmentsere uigeneris, erodes mbodied he ocialandculturalaluesofhisage,andheemployedommonmodes fself-presentation,ven fon a grandercalethanhiscontemporaries.

Onefascinatinghapternhisdistinguishedareer s thefinal neinc. 179,as recordedyPhilostratusVS2A.15):

Although edied atMarathonnd haddirected isfreedmenobury im here,heAthenianssnatched im waybythehands fthe phebes ndcarried im o the ity,ndpeopleof ll agescame forthogreet hebierwith ryingndapplause, ikechildren hohave ost goodfather.They uried im nthePanathenaicnd nscribedverhim his riefndnoble pitaph:

Herodes son ofAtticusfrom hedeme fMarathon,to whomll thisbelongs,lies inthistomb, enowned hroughout heworld2

* I delivered ersions fthis aper oattentiveudiencesattheUniversityfWashingtonnSeattle2005) and theInstituteorAdvanced tudynPrinceton2006). Mar-garetheillerbeck, lenBowersock,wenBowie,KevinClinton,hristianabicht, aja Harter-Uibopuu,hristo-pherJones,MireilleLee, AristeaPapanicolaou-Chris-tensen, avidPotter,nd wo eaders or heJournal avecommentednthis tudy,lways omybenefit. com-pletedt tthe nstituteorAdvanced tudy, here con-

sulted he queeze ollection f heMerrittibrary. alsoexamined heremains astof thePanathenaic tadium

under he uspicesoftheAmerican chool ofClassicalStudies tAthensndwith he ermissionf heHellenicMinistryfCulture.

1Ameling 1983a-b) s the uthoritativereatmentfHerodes' areer ndfamily;ee alsoByrne2003) 1 4-22.I followAmeling n Herodes'dates,but Swain 1990)shows hat he raditionalates101-177 emain ossible.

2 àrcoGavóvToçè auToö èv tcöiMapaÓcoviKaié7ciaicr|'|/avToçoîç nekevdépoic,keïGaTtxeivônvaîoi

xaîç tcòv (pr|ßcovepaiváprcáaavTeç ç aerei) íveyicavTcpoarcavccovTeccoiÀiêi rcâaa i'XiKÌaôaicpúoiç uxx

This content downloaded from 62.204.192.85 on Tue, 14 Jan 2014 18:49:04 PMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions






THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 93

Ofthe leven assages ecordingurialsnthe ivesof he ophists,his ne s second nly othedescriptionfPolemo's nd ndetail nd ength.3 otwithstandingtsbrevitynd audatoryone,the ccount f Herodes'death ndburial,iketheothers,s a valuablehistoricalource or heman ndhistimes.Philostratus,howaswritinguringhe ate230sorearly 40s,dependedn

first-handources, e knewAtheniannstitutionsromersonal xperiencend ocal monumentsfromutopsy,ndhewrote or knowledgeableudience bout ventsn ivingmemory. incehe was bornnthe160s,hemayhaveseenHerodes erform,r evenwatched is funeral.4

Thispassagecoincideswith bodyofmaterial vidence hat anclarifyndenlarge hilo-stratus' ccount,ncludingnscriptions, onumentsnd artefactsnMarathon, ephisiaandAthens. Several cholars ave addressedhe vidence, ut heir iscussions articularlyf thePanathenaictadium ave ncludedepeatedmisinformation,actual rrorsnd ncompleteover-age. No onehas ntegratedhe ull ange f extual nd rchaeologicalestimonynd tudiedt nthe ight fprevailingmortuaryustomsnHerodes'world. As theoreticalesearchnanthro-pologyhasdemonstrated,uneraryitual sa dynamicrenafor ommunicatingdentity,herebehaviours,materialsndspaces re mbuedwithmeanings a memoryfthedeceased s con-

structednd ometimesontested.5hestudyfdeath ndburial an reveal great eal about hesocialstructuresndprocesses fGreek ities uringheEmpire.Thispaper ives closereadingfthe iteraryndmaterialources or heburial fHerodes.

Thisnew ynthesisroduceseveralmportantbservationsnthe xtraordinaryife ndmind fHerodes, specially is use ofpropertyndbenefaction,isantiquarianismndhisrelationshipswithhisfamilyndcommunity. he broader oal is to understand etter hecentral ole offuneraryracticesnself-presentation,rban ocietyndpublicmemory. lites nd their om-munitiesntheRoman ast understoodndutilized uneralsndburials s effectiveontexts orexpressingealth, obilitynd minencenthe ivic phere.During uneraryctivities,heylsoselectedndmanipulatedrchitecture,andscape ndbehaviouro dentifyhedeceasedwith heculturalegacy f ClassicalGreece, specially thenianrt nd iteraturef thefiftho fourth

centuriesC. Commemorativeractices,s inthe ase ofHerodes, urtherhow hat hememoryof dead aristocratas not he mmutablereation f singlemind. twas anevolvingmage fideal statushatwasestablished,evisedndevenobliteratedhroughhe onfrontationetweenpersonalntentionsndpopularnterests.

I. THEANCESTRALHOMEAND BURIALATMARATHON

Philostratus'ccount fHerodes' eath eginswith iswishfor urial tMarathon,isbirthplaceand ancestral ome. His family elonged o theAttic enosKerykes,which temmed romHermes nd Herse nd tracedtsdescent ack toHeracles, heseus nd theAeacidae,proudlyclaimingn ts ineMiltiades ndCimon.6One ofHerodes'many illaswas located tMarathon,

where e receivedtudentsndhosted uestsFS 2.5.3;c/2.1 12), ndwhere eresided fter isreturnromhehearingtSirmiumn174. Thehistoryf his states not ecorded,ut resumably

Kai àveDqyrniowceç,aoc rcaîôeç %pr'GT0X)caxpòçXripeúaavTeç,Kai e'Gayav év xah riava6r|vaiKûhéTuypáxj/avTecúxcoi pa%')Kai noXv 7cíypa|Li(iaóÔe

ÄxxikoöHpcóôrjç apaOcovioç,v xaÔeTravia,KeîxaixcoiÔEáq>coi,iávxo0evúÔÓKiuoç

Thetext s CarlLudwigKayser's Teubner 871),withonechangenpunctuationseebelow); ll translationsremine.

31.22.4, .25.11, .26.6,2.1.15,2.16.1,2.20.3,2.22.1,

2.23.4, 2.25.6,2.26.6,2.30.1. Rife forthcoming)is-cusses hese assages.

4On thedateof VS,see Jones2002) (dedicated oGordianII,238-244); n themethods,ims ndhistoricalvalueof VS, ee Bowersock1969) 1-16,Jones1974),Anderson1986) 23-96, nd Swain 1991); on Philostra-tus'career,ee de Lannoy1997) 2372-91 born . 160-170, onnectedo thedeme fSteiria).

5 E.g. Morris 1992) 1-30;McHugh 1999) 12-17;Parker earson1999) 1-20.

6IG II23606.2 Marathon),G XIV 1389.30-3Trio-

pion,Via Appia, Rome), VS 2.1.1, Suda H 545; seeAmeling1983b)3-4 on Herodes' amily.







94 JOSEPHL. RIFE

Herodes nheritedtfrom is father tticus,ndpossiblytwas among he andsofhisgrand-father,ipparchus,hich omitian ad confiscatedVS 2.1.2).

Numeroustones nd nscriptionsndicate hat heMarathonianropertyas mpressive.7hemembersf n nscribedrchIG II251 9,SEG 23.121)foundnthe rea alledMandra isGrias

northwestftheplain eveal hat he state ncompassed precinctevoted oRegula,Herodes'wife,owhom erhaps ehadgiven he ract s awedding ift. everalnscriptionsamingmem-bers fhisfamilyavebeenfound earVrana t theplain'swesternnd.8Thisconcentrationftexts nd tsproximityoRegilla's precinct, hichwas only . 2 kmnorthwestptheAvlonaValley, tronglyupporthe dentificationf his reawithHerodes' state.Atthe lain's outhernendhavebeenfound n elaborateath nd anctuaryisplayinggyptiantatuary,lldatingothesecond entury.hemain tructuressurelyhe emple fCanopusmentionedyPhilostratusVS2.1.7),as PaulGraindorirstrgued.9A portraitroup fLuciusVerus,MarcusAurelius ndHerodes tticus ound ere inksHerodes othe ite, utwhethers owner rneighbournddonorcannot edetermined.he obvious arallel f heCanopusnHadrian's illa tTivoli nd he is-coveryfEgyptiantatuaryn Herodes' illa tLoukou end upportothe ormerdentification.

ThepropertyfHerodes hus overed henorthwesternnd westernimits f theplain, nd tmayhaveextendedoutheast. hedistributionf use remains ncertain,uttheestatewouldhavepossessed oth pen andfor asturagendcultivationndextravaganttructuresor nter-tainmentndhabitation.

Herodes' referenceor urialnthis egion fAttica an beunderstoodnterms fboth litebehaviour ndpersonal ircumstance. reek ristocrats,ncludingophists ortrayedyPhilo-stratus,ftenreferredurialmong heirncestorsnd ometimesnestates.10he Roman rea-tises n and-surveyingecord hat raves nrural statesignalledwnership,hile emoteurialscould erve odemarcateheirimitsGromaticieteresp. 139-40, 71-2). Thisuse offunerarymonumentsrcemeteriesnland division s welldocumentednthenorthwesternrovinces.11ArchaeologicalurveysnGreecehave lso foundumptuousombs n oradjacento villaerusti-

cae,such s intheBerbati ass northeastfArgos ndon the aconian lain outheastfSparta.12We canimagine hatHerodes' nticipatedurial ikewisewouldhave taken heform f a con-spicuousmonumentnhisfamily'sstatehatommunicatederritorialontrolnd andedwealth.It sunknown hethererodes'forebears ereburied t Marathon. nany vent, is choiceofburial here nderscoredisclose attachmento a family ith long ndprestigiousine.

Burial tMarathonmusthave carried special ignificanceor manwho boasted escentfromMiltiadesndpreservedheClassicalpast hroughis ntellectualndprofessionalchieve-ments.He evencalled hisfirstaughter lpinice, o far s we know uniquename t RomanAthenscf.LGPNÏI s.v.),but he ame s thedaughterfMiltiades ndstepsister,aterover, fCimonNep.Cim.1.2, 1.4;Plut.Cim.4.3-8). Herodeswas to ie somewhere earAthens'mosthallowed urial round,hegreatôrosorpoluandrionontaininghe remated ar-dead f490.

7Tobin 1997) 241-83 and Galli 2002) 134-8,178-203 summarizehe state's emains.

8IG II23973, 13205;Lenormant1866) 383-4,no.193;Petrakos1978) 55-6,fig.18a, d; Ameling1987);Petrakos1995) 109-12, ig. 2.

9Graindor1930) 186-8; f.Tobin 1997) 261-3 andGalli 2002) 188-93.

10Burialamong ncestors:VS 1.25.11 PolemoatLaodicea ad Lycum); .25.6 (HermocratestPhocaea);2.24.2,2.29.1 burial fAntipaterfHierapolisndQuir-inus fNicomedia athome' oi'koi)meaningntheir a-

tive and,presumablymong ncestors).Philostratus'mention f other ophists yingat home' 2.4.2,2.6.1,

2.9.3,2.17.1, .18.1, .27.6)seems o mply similar ur-ial location.Burial n estate: .23 4 Damianus uriedtEphesian state); f.2.30.1 (Philiscus mphaticallyotburied tAthenianstate).

11Behrends1992)242-3, 54-5;Ferdière'992>) as-sim Gaul);Esmonde leary 2000) 130-2 Britain); er-meulenndBourgeois2000) 144-5 Flanders).12HypogaeumSM 13)nearwest ndofBerbati ass:Wellsand Runnels 1996) 295, 336-40,fig.10. Mau-soleumM334) south fAphysou,ast of Eurotas iver:Shipley1996) 386, ill. 24.43, 2002) 294, 302, 335-6,

337; CartledgendSpawforth2002) 142;Mee and Ca-vanaugh2005) 10.







THE BURIALOF HERODES ATTICUS 95

This s markedytheprominentumulusnthe outh entralrea oftheplain.13 heAtheniansrecognizedhishistoric ite nthe econdhalfof the econdcentury .D.14 Pausaniaswrote(1 32.4)that he lacewas adorned ith têlainaminghedeceased ytribe,nd hat he hantomrumblefbattle ould till e heard tnight.He alsowrote hat herewas a separatemonument

forMilitiades,who had died inprison Plut.Cim.4.3) butwas remembereds a victoriousgeneral.15ineportraitsfHerodes, is foster-sonolydeucion,nd Faustina heYounger avebeen found ear he umulus.16n erectinghese culptures,erodes orhisassociates) nder-stood he ite's ommemorativeapacity.Regardless fwhether erodeswanted o be interredright longside he ombs f Miltiades nd thehoplites, is burial n a private statenear hereveredattlegroundndcemeteryffectivelyraftedispersonal istoryntoAthenianistory.The deliberatehoiceofsepulchralocation odraw topographicssociation ith istoricalrmythicalurialss alsoevidentn the ombs fEphesian lites long heÉmbolos, ndpossiblythegraveofApollonius,Athenianophist ndEleusinianhierophant,t theSacredFig (VS2.20.3). 7Travellersrom thens oMarathonntered landscape aturated ithmemoriesf acontinuousivicpast.Here hey iewed montageftexts,mages ndmonumentshat t once

called omind hepower nd wealth fHerodes, isancient amilyndthe biding lory f theClassical olis. The erectionfa tomb orHerodeswouldhaveamplifiedhe mpression.No decisive videncexists orwhereHerodeswantedobe buried. t was not ncommonor

aristocratsoprepareheirwn ombsndeven obegin onstructionefore eath, utwecannotknowwhethererodeswent hat ar. fhis tombwas tostand ear he dgeofthepropertys alandmarkor hose nteringr eaving,twasprobablyobe located ither ear he ite fOinoë,where hemain nland oute pproachedhePlainfromhenorthwest,rnear he oastal oad nthe icinityf heBrexisa.The formers moreikely ecause f tsproximityothe horoughfarebetween thensndMarathon.

Oneareathat asproducedvidence or urial fRomandate s c. 500m north-northwestfthe mall state fRegula. In 191 near he o-called rankish hurcht Oinoëa landowneris-

covered wohermswith urse nscriptionsnthenameof Herodes'foster-sonsIG II2 13195,13202), ogetherith marblemonument,ones nd têlai pparentlyelongingoa cemetery.19The exactnature ndcontext fthe emainsre ost, ut he urses iethem oHerodes ndhisproperty.nepossiblebutunprovable)nterpretations that hiswasa burial roundftenantsorgrounds-keeperstthe state's orthwesternxtremity.20fthemarblerchitectureas indeeda funeraryonument,tmayhavebelonged o anindividualfrank,uch s an administrator'(ôioiKT|Tr|ç,cpovoot)|LiEvoç)f theestate.21Greek rchaeologistsncoveredmore ntriguing

13Pritchett1985) 126-9;Petrakos1995) 19-22.14Accordingo G II21006.26-7,69-70 123/2BC),

the phebes lacedwreathsn the oluandreionnd om-

peted nfuneraryames n an annualfestivalHabicht(1997)336;Ekroth2002)75-7). The cultwasthrivingntheLateHellenisticeriod, ut ts tatusnRoman imesis uncertain.

15Somehave peculatedhat hismonumentas situ-atedc. 500m northf the ôrosatPyrgos,he iteof atower nClassicalfoundationsith polia from earbystructuresLeake 1841) 101;Papachatzis1974) 423 n.2); Petrakos1978) 56, fig.19a describes he remains.Cimonwasburiedn Greece fter he eturnfhismortalremainsrom yprusPlut.Cim.19.4),but he ocation fhismemorial(s)s unknown.

16Petrakos1995) 172-4, igs 01-3.17Rife forthcoming)iscusses hese ases oftopo-

graphicntiquarianismn burial lacement.

18Locals oncecalledtheruins f theEgyptianom-plexthe Tomb ofHerodes',presumablyrom distantmemoryfPhilostratusnd hediscoveryearhere ffu-

nerarytêlai Tobin 1997) 261). L.-F.-S.Fauvel 1792)misidentifiedhese ameremains s 'The Tombsof theAthenians'Petrakos1995) 68-9,figs 6-7). See Dod-well 1819)232-3 stêlai) ndGalli 2002) 191-3 sanctu-ary ontainedombmonumentfCanopus).

19Graindor1914) 355-60;Tobin1997) 270-1.20Cf. .g.EsmondeCleary2000) 131-2 cemeteries

nearboundariesfRomano-Britishillas). Von Moock(1998) 20,85proposes hat everal unerarytêlaidatingto the econdcenturyoundnthe outhernart f thePlainmight avebelonged o freedmennHerodes' s-tate; ee also Galli 2002) 181-8on funeraryemainsnthis rea. These scatteredinds annot epresentsingleburial round.

21SEG 29 127 I 49,82 refersothe dministratorsfHerodes' statess ôioncnxaí nd7cpovoot)U£voi.







96 JOSEPHL. RIFE

remainsnthe1970s fewhundred etresothenorth. ere hey ound marble uildingfun-known ydraulicunctionatingothe econd entury,ogetherithnscriptionsaming ibulliaAlcia,Herodes'mother,ndEucles, neofHerodes' aternalncestors,nd nexquisitelyarvedsarcophagusid of he arly econd entury.22hilenothingbout he uildinganbeassociated

with uneraryitual rknown epulchral orms,23he nscriptionsstablish connection ithHerodes' orebears,ndthe arcophagusoints o avish urial.This reamighte consideredcandidateor n ancestralemetery.

II. THE VILLAAND FAMILIAL BURIALSATCEPHISIA

Bythe ime f hisdeath, erodeshadalready uried everal amilymembers earhispropertynortheastfAthens.Likehis Marathonianstate, erodes sed hispleasant illa nthedeme fCephisia oteach tudentsnd to receiveguests rom ear ndfarAul.Gel. 1.2.1-2,18.10.1;Philostr. S2.1.12). Thevillacomplex an beconfidentlylaced long hebanks fthe ranquilPyrna.Numerousculpturesnd nscriptionsepictingndnaming erodes ndhisrelatives ave

beenfoundhere,n addition oa richlyppointedath nd columns.24oughly 00msouth fthePyrna avebeenfound uneraryemains ssociatedwith isfamily. uildersn1 66 foundvaultedmarble ypogaeumontainingour arcophagifAntonine ate.25An inscribed lock(SEG 26.290)builtnto he verlyinghurchfAghiaParaskevi tates hat mournful erodesdedicated lockofhair t thegrave f his threehildren. hechamberomb hat isplayedhisstone n itsfaçade r nthedromos26 ost ikely ontained egillus ndElpinice,with n un-known hird.27

Herodes learlynterredischildren ere ver spanoftime,ndhe wouldhave electedhespecificorm f heirurial.The short istancef his omb romhe emains f he illa uggeststhattwaseasily ccessiblefromhemainbuildings, erhaps ot t the state's oundary. herecent iscovery fa nearby ountainndicates hat he ombwas locatednext o or within

garden.28aulted ubterraneanhambersnd culptedarcophagi ere avouriteepulchralypesamongGreek lites fthe econd entury. nesarcophagus asundecoratednd the therwodisplayedonventionalmotifsgarlands nderôtes),butthe third howedunique mythicalimagery:eda strugglingith he wanon one end and Erosstringingis bow onthe ther,heDioscuri lankingelen nthe ront,nd TritonndNereid n the ack.EllenPerryascogentlyargued hat his arcophagus, hichprobably ontained lpinice ndperhaps erhusband .VibulliusHipparchus,as commissionedodisplay particularconographicalrogramme.hescenes ofLeda,Helenand theDioscurireferredoSpartan ultreliefs ndthecult-statuefNemesisatRhamnous,oth lacesto whichHerodess family as connected.29he creation fthis omb or is children as anopportunityorHerodes o advertise ot nlyhispaternal ietybut lsohis familial istory.

AnotherfHerodes' eadchildren,isfoster-sonibullius olydeucion,eceivedxceptionaltreatment.efinite rprobable edicationsoPolydeucionhe hero' npœç) nthree ermsnd

22Marinatos1972) 7,pis2-3;Themelis1974) 242,pis146-7; ravlos1988)217-18, 41-5, igs 94-301; e-trakos1995)95,177-80 o.107,182no.38,figs 1,107;Galli 2002) 199-202, igs 1-2,pl.25.4.

23Cf.Tobin1997) 269 n.83.24Tobin1997)214-19;Galli 2002) 162-74.25Tschira1948-49) s a filli iscussion fthe omb's

discoverynd form.26The block'sdimensionsndpurpose equire visi-

blesettingn he omb's ntrancewayrface. Galli 2002)153-4, ig. 6 reconstructshe ombwith he pigramn

thefaçade fterhefuneraryonumentfAureliaGe atTermessus.

27Ameling1983b)143-6, o. 140;Tobin1997)225-8; Skenteri2005) 76-81;Pomeroy2007) 138-40.

28Galli 2002) 154-7, 160-2,figs 4, 67,pis 16-18,identifyinghe rea as a icr|7iotá(piovndcomparinghetomb fTi. ClaudiusLycus tThessalonica,ated147/8(/GXI.2.Ì608).

29Perry2001), (2005) 66-76; see furtherelow on

Herodes and theSanctuary f Nemesisat Rhamnous.Galli 2002) 158-60 tresseshe culpture'srchaism.








threemarble ases,possibly uneraryltars, avebeenfound ear hePyrnaIG II23972,3974),inCephisia IG II23975),nearMarkopoulonsoutherntticaIG II23971),on theMarathonianPlain IG II23973)and nAthensIG II2 13194). The mostmportantvidence or is commem-orationsan nscribedtatue asebuiltnto he hurchfAghios emetrios,. 180msouth-south-

eastofthe omb orHerodes' hildrennCephisia IG II23968). This dentifieshehonorandsthehero olydeucion,ames sagônothetêsibullius olydeuces,n otherwisenknownelativeofHerodes,nd ists wentyumpires'pocßooqxSpoi).hetext as beenmuch iscussed,30ut tsbasicpurposesclear: hehero-cultfPolydeucionnvolved uneraryamespresumablyeld ta heroönnCephisia.These nscriptionsevealHerodes' pecial ttachmentoPolydeucion,hichwas rememberedhroughhe rectionfnumerousexts nd tatues.31 oreover,he xistencefposthumousedicationscross heregion s well as a funeraryult nvolvingompetitionstCephisia emonstrateowwidely n élitefamilyouldpreservendevenpromotehememoryofa deceasedrelative,articularlyneaccorded igh tatus.Polydeucion, ho was related oHerodes'maternaline ndheld questrianankIG II24774),32 njoyed ot nly nusual atherlyaffectionut lso considerableocialprestige.

Regulawas probably lso interredtCephisiaafter er ragic eath n c. 157or 160. Herburial s cited nthefamous oembyMarcellus f Side inscribedn two tilai found earSanSebastiano n theViaAppiaoutside ome IGXIV 1389= /Gt/ÄIII 155).Herodes aderectedthese t theTriopion,he anctuaryoDemeter, öreand theChthonian odsonhis suburbanestate.33 hepoemstates hatRegulawas neithermortal or mmortal, hich mpliesheroicstatus,ndthathertomb tAthens esembles temple'or''ia 'ievoxvi'(òi KeA,ovt||lIcûivA6r|vr|ç,ines43-7). Thetemple-tombas a common astern orm ftenssociatedwith ero-cult.34 erodes lsoconstructedcenotaphorRegula tRome, robablynthe state, herehededicationtatedhat hewas buriedn Greece IGXIV 1392= IGURII 341).35AlthougheitherRoman ext ecorded here xactly egilla's ombwas ocated, marble uneraryltar aming er

(IG II213200)was foundt ruinedhurchetweenmodern arousi ndKefisia.This tonemost

probablyamefrom erburial ite omewhereearby,outh fthevilla onthePyrna.36fso,Regulawas buried earherdeadchildrentCephisia, erhapsna familyemeteryn the outh-ern art f he state utnot nthe ame omb sthe thers.Hermaternalole alledfor his rox-imity,uther ingular istinctions thewifeofHerodesmeritedndividual urial ndheroiccommemoration.

While hese emainsroundheCephisian illa re nmanyways ypical ffuneraryracticesinéliteGreek amiliesf he mpire,he eparationf he urials fRegula nd he hildrenromthe ntendedurial fHerodes tMarathons striking.t s all themorenoteworthy,ecause ntwo nscriptionsostedongbefore isowndeathHerodes nnouncedis ntentionor urialwith

30Follet (1977); Robert 1979) 160-5; Ameling(1983b)166-9, o.172;Tobin1997)229-34;Galli 2002)148-9.

31An nscriptionrom elphinames olydeucion iththe specially ersonalHerodes'hero' ó HpcoÔoi)ípcoç,FD III.3 74). PortraitustsofPolydeucion ave beenfound t several ites n Greeceandelsewhere;Meyer(1985)andTobin1997) 101-7 rovideataloguesnddis-cussion.

32Ameling1983b) 169-71, o. 173.33Skenteri2005) 29-65.34Thepoetseemstohave n mind heroön,which

oftenook heform f a templePeek 1979) 82, citingSEG 16.666). Temple-tombsre standardypenRoman

Asia Minor Cormack 2004)); severalexamplesareknownnGreece, .g. at Carystus, haeronea, elphi,

Igoumenitsa, essene, arras, ikinos ndTheraGoette(1994) 296-300;Flämig2007) 45-51).35Pomeroy2007) 156-8 dentifiess Regilla's eno-

taph hepodium-templettheDeus Rediculus,nwhichsee Kammerer-Grothaus1974). Calza (1976) 209 im-probablydentifiesheFarnese arcophaguss her eno-taph.

36Cf.Guarducci1978) 231-2;Ameling1983b) 160,no. 147;Tobin1997) 125-6, 36-7,fig.10;Galli 2002)147. Pallis 2000-03)confirmshefindspotut eesnoevidence hat hedilapidated ghios oannesTheologoswasthe ite fa tomb.Nonetheless,he ltarwas surelydespoiled fromRegilla's burial site in the vicinity.Pomeroy2007) 137-8,158 speculates hatRegulawas

cremated,ndperhaps ven nterredithHerodes t thestadium.







98 JOSEPHL. RIFE

hischildrenSEG 26.290)37ndwithRegula IGXIV 1392).38Onemightrgue hat hese laimswere ommonplacesnrelatedo Herodes' enuinententions.he themef he ereavedpouseuniting ith hebeloved ead nburialwas anestablishediteraryndepitaphicopos.39 utthetopos xisted ecause tresonated ith he motionalxperiencefreaders. nerectinghesen-

scriptions,erodesmaywell havesympathizedith he ssential entimentshey xpressedparticularlyhe ongingorejoin amilial onds evered ydeath without akingpecific lansfor shared urial.Afterll,he couldnot e buriednboth laces. Epigraphynd iteraturettestvividlyoHerodes' xcessive amentationndmemorialsollowinghe eaths fhischildrenndwife.40 hatPlutarchecried nd Lucianmocked stentatious ourningroves hattwas notrare ccurrence.41nemightven rgue hat erodes verplayedis amentationfRegula ndclaimedhathewould hare is omb norder omaskhis ulpabilitynher eath uringate-termpregnancy;ndeed, ismourningasprominentlyitedndefencegainsthe harge fhomicide(VS2. 1 8). But t s mportantorecall hat erodes' ommemorationfRegula ndhis onspicu-ous,prolonged ourningesemble isresponseothe eaths f he hildrenndfoster-sons,hentherewas nohint f foul lay.Thisbehavioural atternuggestshat omepain aybehind he

formulaicanguagend the heatricalestures,hough e can never nowhow ntense r fleet-ing twas,andwhethert lso involved naggingenseofremorse ver riminal rongdoingrabuse ccidentallyurned atal.42

After roundwentyears,nyfeelingsf oss or concernso hideguiltmust avefaded,ndany rior xpectationsor urial ormndplacement aywellhave hanged.Ashis hildren,ifeandfoster-sonsiedduringhe150s- 60s,43erodeswasbuilding familialemeterytCephisia.Butbythe ate170s, he urviving amilyfHerodes ncluded nlyhisdimwittedon AtticusBradua,whomhedistrustedVS 2.1.10),and an otherwise nknowndopted onL. VibulliusClaudiusHerodesIG II23979). Intheyears ollowinghe rdeal hatulminatedtSirmium,heagingHerodesmust aveenjoyed is suburbanuietude, here ecouldcontemplateosterity.Burial n the state tMarathon ould howcase wnershipndwealth.Moreover,twas not n-

usualfor xceptionalristocratsoreceive singularurial,part rom heirpouse ndchildren,especiallywhen texpressed specialplaceinthe ommunity.his was the ase for . JuliusAntiochushilopappusnhis tomb ntheMouseion tAthensc. 114-116) ndTi.Julius elsusPolemaeanusnhis ibrarylongtheÉmbolosatEphesus c. 120). AlthoughheMarathonianestatewas not opublic site s these, monumentalomb here ouldhave onfirmederodes'

37'It sc.the fferingf lockofhair] s a true ign othe hreeoulsofyouchildrenhat omeday ouwillre-ceive he ody fyour athern the offins'af||ia eiDuovTtaíôcov|fu%oûç pioív, cóçtcotegcouix ôéêaO' év

0T|Kaiç)|ietépoio7caxpóç,ines5-6).38'Herodes built his] obe a memorial f bothhisownmisfortunendthevirtuef his wife. But t snottomb, or er ody s inGreece, nd nowbesideherhus-band' 'HpcoÔriçLivr|jLieîovai | toûto eivai xf|ç úxoOGuu<popâç al ifiç pe-|TTiçííçyvvaiKÓç. ecrav è o'>xáípoç- ò | yàpacoua évzf' EÀJLáÔiKai vvvrcapàtcpàvopí | éotiv, ines1-8). Pomeroy2007) 158attributesthededication oHerodes' on,Bradua, ut he ontentssurelyndicate erodes; f.Ameling1983b) 152.39On the losebondofdeadhusbandsnd wives nepitaphs,ee Lattimore1942) 275-80;e.g. MT Kaikos883b Pergamum,econd enturyD). The ointburialof overswas a recurrenthementhenovels nd related

worksof literature:.g. Char. 1.11.3, 3.3.6, 3.10.3-4,4.1.12;Xen.Eph.3.10.3,5.10.5;Perron. at. 112.6;Ach.

Tat.3.5.4;Luc. Tox. 3; [Luc] Am. 6;Apul.Met.8.7.4,8.13.5;Heliod.2.4.4,5.7.2,5.24.3,5.26.3,5.29.4,5.33.1,6.8.6,8.8.4,8.11.11, 0.19.2;Philostr. A .13,4.16.

40IG IP 12568/9mourninglpinice ?) andRegula

(?) atCephisia);G XIV 1389,1392 mourningegula tRome); SEG 23.121 (mourning egula at Marathon),26.290 (mourninghree hildren tCephisia);VS 2.1.8(mourningRegula), 2.1.10 (mourningPanathenaïs,Elpinice,Achilles,Memnon, olydeucion).The numer-ousstatues earingurses ound n his estateswerededi-cated ohisdead oved nes, speciallyhe oster-sonsseen.1 9). MaudGleasonwill ddress erodes' amentationsas a strategyfself-ashioningn a forthcominghapter,which hehasgenerouslyhownme.

41Plut.Mor.608F,114F;Luc. Luct.12-15, 9-20.42Pomeroy2007) 119-23 magines cold and con-

trollingerodes omplicitnmurder.43Thedates f their eaths redebated; eeAmeling

(1983b)7-9,16-22, 4-5,168-9 ndTobin1997) 231-3.








place nthe ong hain fAthenianistory.WhenHerodes hoseburial tMarathon atherhanCephisia, e was not ejecting ischildren rseeking istance rom egilla's ugly nd;he wasembracingis ancestral eritage.44

III. DYING WISHES AND A PUBLIC FUNERAL

Herodes directed'£7CiOKT|'|/ac)is freedmenosupervise is burial. Heretheverb 7tiaicr|7tTCûhas the pecificmeaningfexpressingne's will at the ime fdeathLSJs.v.II 2). ImperialGreek rose uthors sedtheword o ndicate yingwishes bout he reatmentfthe orpse,heplace ndnature fburial nd he ispositionfproperty.45lthoughhe erb 7iiaKr|7rxcuoesnot,strictlypeaking, ertainotestamentaryirectives,46ncient ills ttest o the copeofresponsi-bilities dying atronmightmpartohisdependants. he egal, conomic nd emotional ondsbetweenreedpersonsnd heir ormerwners ouldbe so closethatheywere ppointedeirs rlegateesntheir atrons' ills. Testatorsometimesrantedegacies o formerlavesonthe on-ditionhat hey ompleteertainervices,uch s arranginghefuneralndattendinghegrave;

often oothey ictatedhat reedpersonsrotectheir urials.47 reek ocumentsftheEmpirerecord he nvolvementffreedpersonsntheburial f formerwners nd themaintenanceftheir ombs.48 lthough erodes ad a reputationor busive reatmentVS2.1 4),hedevelopedcloserelationshipsith ertain reedmen,hoserved s hisagents ndcompanionse.g.2.1.8,2.1.11). It sunknown hetherhey eceivedny ension, sufructrother enefit henHerodesdied,or which pecific uneraryuties heywere tocarry ut. The sophistHeracleides, orexample, equeathed is farm'yr|iôiov) tSmyrnao his freedmenVS2.26.5). It s unlikelythat erodes' ast stateswent o hisfreedpersons.hilostratusnlywrote hat is solesurvivor,Bradua, eceived is mother'sstate,whilehispatrimonyas allocated o other eirs' exepoikXtìpovÓjxoi,.1.10),presumablyncludinghe dopted onClaudius.

DespiteHerodes' lan, heAtheniansverted is finalwishfor private urial.Accordingo

custom,49amilymembers,ervantsndfriends ouldhavepreparednddisplayedhe orpsenthebereaved ome,n this ase theMarathonianilla,for oughlywo to three ays. Atsomepoint heAtheniansemoved isbody othe ity, nacting funeralndcreating memory otaccordingowhatHerodes adplanned or imself ut ccordingo their wnnotion fwhathedeserved. heAtheniansadbeenoffended henHerodes efraudedhem fhispaternalnher-itance, hich adstipulatednannual isbursementoevery itizenVS2.1 4). Nonetheless,hecode ofreciprocityhatmoulded elations etween enefactorndcommunitynGreek rbansociety ictatedhat hepeople cknowledge erodes' ong ervice ndgenerosityhroughub-licritual,nthis ase,anhonoraryurial tAthens.

44Regilla'sdeadpresencetMarathon asat east n-dicatedby the ugubrious pigramSEG 23.121) thatHerodes ddedto thegreat rch t the enclosurentheupper vlonaValley; f.Galli 2002) 134-8, iewinghisas a funeraryrecinct otunlike he estate n theViaAppia. On thepoem, ee Skenteri2005) 66-72;MaudGleasonwilldiscuss he ransformationf he rch nherforthcominghaptern.40).

45E.g. Luc. Cat. 8,Dial. mort. 3;Athen. .159B;Cass.Dio 56.31.2;Diog.Laert. .28,1.62;Greg.Nyss.v.s. Macr. 13.18;Heliod.2.4.2. Philostratussed the ameverb o describe olemobidding is dearonesto entombhim live VS 1.25.11).

46But f.Cass.Dio 56.33.3 willofAugustusontainsvarious injunctions'£7iiaKT|'|/£iç)).otetoo that he

freedmenfAtticus ere nvolvednthepreparationndexecutionfhiswill Philostr.A' .1.4).

47Champlin1991) 131-6, 75-80, sp. p. 135, itingtheexamples f Herodes nd the testamentumasumii(CIL VI 10229,ViaAppia,AD 108).

48E.g. Cumont1913) no. 133,withWilhelm1951)494-6 (foundationfPraxeas,Acmonia,Roman);Her-rmann nd Polatkan1969) 7-36,withJ. ndL. Robert,BE 1970,no. 512 (willofEpicrates, acrason, irst en-tury); ones2004) willfrom earArchelais,appadocia,c. 50-150).

49Plut.Mor. 5C, 608F, 09B,609D, 612A;Luc. Coni.22,Luci. 12-15, 4,Merc. ond.28. Post-mortemuties

portrayedn thenovels: Char. .1.6; Xen.Eph.3.7.1-4;Apul.Met. .23.5-2.24.7,.14.3, .30.7;Hist.Apoll. 6.10.







100 JOSEPHL. RIFE

The usualprocedure or opularnterventionnprivate uneralss well documentedn in-scriptions. .P. Jones as lluminatedhephenomenonf interruptedunerals'nhis discussionof hreeesolutionsf he irsto econd enturiesromaunus, nidus ndAphrodisias.50nthesecases,the ntended urial f an élite esident asforestalled hen he ouncil, ometimes nder

pressurerom he eople, ecreed public uneralnd ometimesn ntramuralurial.Thecorpsewaseither etained r seized from hefamilyosatisfyopularwill. This s how theAtheniansinterruptedheprivate uneral f Herodes tMarathon.Acting s anofficialodyof theAthen-iandêmos,he phebessnatched'apnaoavxeq)the orpse; ere hilostratussedthe ameverbas was usedfor he eizure f hedead TatiaAttalis tAphrodisias.51heephebes ften erved sagents fcivichonournthe oleofpall-bearersor istinguishedolitical rmilitaryeaders rvictoriousthletes.52part romheirfficialarticipationnthe uneral,heyouthsfAthensmaywellhavefelt sense fobligationo thegreatmanwhohadhosted hem or hetoricalerform-ances tMarathonVS2.1 12)andbestowed n themwhite hlamudesIG II22090,VS2.1 5).53

Ancient uneralsould also be scenesofconfusionnd violence. Internalensions etweencompetingactionsould ruptnfierce ispute ver heultimatereatmentfpowerfulet on-

tested igures. he ocus classicusfor uch urmoils thefuneral fJulius aesar ntheRomanForum, hen he eoplehijackedhe orpse or pontaneousremationatherhaneavingt othemagistratesor ormalisposal,nd hen ttackedhehomes f he ssassinsSuet.Jul84-5, lut.Caes.68).54nLateAntiquity,he ife fStSymeonhe tylitendTheodoret'sistoria eligiosarecord nterventionsuringhefuneralsfholymenbyclashing roups mobs andofficials,neighbouringillages, lergyndnon-Christians.heyweremotivatednpart ya desire ocontrol heprestigiousnd ntrinsicallyowerfulemnantsf thedead,but lso bya concerntoensure ious nd ecure nterment.55

Although erodeswas a contentiousigure,heres nosign hat is funeralttractedorcefulortumultuousisruption.56hedegree fspontaneitynd fervours difficultogaugefromhebrief assage, ut he cenehas a distinctirofcivicorganizationndpeaceful articipation.he

action fthe phebes n behalf f civic nterests,he ongprocession nd tsreception,nd afuneraryrationy renownedrator llsuggest controlledventwith road upport.fPhilo-stratusad wished o enhance he mage fHerodes, ecouldnothaveexaggeratedr nventedthese ircumstantialetailsnd till iven credible,ccurateccount. ncertainuarters,isdainprobablywas simmeringeneath he urface fritual ormality.utthisdayofhonour nd

50Jones 1999): IKnidos71, esp. lines5-13,withRobert1968)91 anonymousoman, nidus, . late irst-early econdcenturies); eynolds ndRoueché 1992)153-60, sp. pp. 154, 155, 158-9 column1 lines14-15(TatiaAttalis, phrodisias,irst alf f the econdcen-

tury); errmann1971)36-9, sp. ines1-5,with . ndL.Robert, E 1972,no. 430 (Agreophon, aunus, econdcentury). heremight e a fourthnstance,ut lacunahides hekey nterruption:EG 28.953,esp. lines37-8,with ève 1979)338-9 ndvanBremen1996) 1-3 Apol-lonis, yzicus, arly irstentury).51Robert1968) 91-2;ReynoldsndRoueché 1992)155 column , ine15),158.

52E.g. Plut. Tim. 9.2 (Timoleon, yracuse, . 337BC),Aem. 9.7 L.Aemilius aullus, ome, 60BC); Cic.Flacc. 75 (Castricius,myrna,arlyfirstenturyC);Bean 1965)588-91, o.2, ines 2-46,with obert1968)89-93 (M. Alfidius,Naples,first entury D); IKyme19.44-6, 9-51 L. Vaccius abeo,AeolianCyme, ugus-

tan);Günther1975) 352, ines 14-20 Menogenes,hry-gianAezani, econd entury).

53Graindor1930) 133-4;vanBremen1996) 158-9n.59.

54One recent nalogy vokesthe same tension e-tween riledpublicandrigid fficialdom.A frenziedcrowd f housandsorcefullyeclaimedhe ody fYas-

sirArafat rom helicopterefore ts ntermentn theMaqata'a inRamallahS. ErlangerndN. MacFarquhar,'The death ofArafat: hefuneral; rafat s buried nchaotic cene ntheWest ank,'New York imes,ectionA,page 1,13November004).55E.g.Anton.Hag. v.Sym. tyl. 9 (cf.v.Syr. ym.133-4 rans. ietzmann),hdt.Hist,rei 26 (Antiochenebishopspreserved odyofSymeonfrom illagers ndArabs trivingo snatch taway, 59); various ontestedcorpsesnthefourth-fifthenturiesne.g.Thdt. ist, ei10.8 (TheodosiustheCilician), 16.4 + 14.2 (Maro inCyrrhestica),7.10 AbrahamnConstantinople),1.9,21.30 James fCyrrhestica).

56The use of the verb pTcaÇcooes not connote

violentonfrontationetweenhe phebes ndHerodes'freedmen,s Tobin1997) 184asserts.







THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS 1 1

mourning as not he ime orHerodes'detractorso voice their laims ndcomplaints. uststoday,he ulogistictmospherefmassfuneralsor ontroversialtatesmennd elebritiesendedtosanitize,t eastfor shortime,hepublicmemoryfpastresentments.

Theprocession ouldhave nvolvedmany thers esides he phebes, utwe canonlyguess

who heywere. Professionalnd ntellectualolleagues ometimesarticipatednthe uneralsfgreathinkers,57ndsophistsmaywell have oined n Herodes'procession. erhaps he ortègeincluded theniansrganized yoffice ndage inroughlyescendingrder,s was typicalnpublicfuneralsfthis eriod,uch s theprocessionsorApollonis tCyzicus nd thefictionalbut ealistic uneralfCallirhoenChariton'sovel.58t was not hefirstime heAthenians adturnedut nnumbersopay ributeo Herodes.Accordingo a longversenscriptionound earMarathonIG II23606), uponhis returnrom irmium, henoppositionohimhadpeaked,Herodeswas received tEleusisbya large rowd anked ccordingooffice, rom riests oephebes oAreopagitesoregularitizenslines 12-29).Atsuch vents,he rrangementfcit-izensby trata f ivicobligationnd egal tatusxpressedhe nanimouscclamationf n out-standingndividual ya communityithmanyparts.59 ouis Roberthas discussed everal

examplesf uch eremoniesf greeting'àrcáviriGiç,rcáviriaiç,)7ca7távTr|Giç)neasternitiesduringheHellenisticndRoman ras.60heparallel etween erodes' ublic uneralndhispub-licreceptionfewyears arliersespeciallylose, ecausePhilostratussed he erb ipoaTcavxácotodescribehe reetingf he ier. nepigraphicsage, hewords cvttigiçndàvxáco ould akeonprepositionalrefixes ith o essentialhangenmeaning. hevariant po(c)anavxá(udoesnot ccurn nscriptions,ut tdoes n mperialndLateAntiqueiteratureo describerowdswel-comingn mportanterson n arrivalt a settlement.61ccordingoPhilostratus,heAtheniansmet he pproachingier n argenumbersnd with utpouredmotion,ustas theywould anarrivingignitary.hementionf peopleof llages' naca T|ÀiKÍa)was a stock eaturef uchscenes,wherehrongssuallyapplauded'aveixprniouvxec)he isitorike leader.62he funeralofHerodes erved s an ultimateeremonyfreception,nethat eturnedhebenefactoro the

public, rban pherefter isretreatnto private,uburbanaven.Theprocessionothe urial ite,withts ong ndclamourousrain, ust ave mpressedpec-

tatorsndparticipantslike.Theephebeswouldhave arriedhe ody ll thewayfromMarathontoAthenshroughhe assbetween arnés ndPentelicon,distancef some35km, erhapsnstages.As theywent astHerodes' prawlingandholdings,e can maginehat esidentsameout o seetheir ead ord ndbenefactor,ot ogreet im, s they adprobablyonemany imes

57Luc. Demon. 7 (fictitious); arinus .Proc. 36.58SEG 28.953, sp. ines 8-47,with ève 1979)338-

9 andvanBremen1996)2,159 Apollonis,yzicus,arlyfirstenturyD); Char. .6.3-5Callirhoe, yracuse, rit-

tenmiddle irst-earlyecond enturiesD); see also e.g.IPriene 99.20-4, 104.9-15 (Thrasybulus nd family,Priene, . 100BC), 113.114-16Zosimus,Priene, . 84BC); Syll?730.25-26Niceratus,lbia, arly irstenturyBC). Citizenswere ften rganizedycivicrole nreli-gious rocessionsn heRoman ast, uch s the negen-erated ythefoundationfC. Vibius alutarisn 104 atEphesusIEph27); seeRogers1991) 80-126.

59The recent iscussionf he rocessionyF. Sken-teri (2005) 97-100,109-10)misses hispoint, tressinginsteadtsreligiousonnections.

60Robert1984) 470-4, 1985) 523-4,Veyne1990)125,175n.164; .g.Joseph. J11.8.4-5fictitiousisit fAlexander o Jerusalem); olyb. 16.25-6 Attalus at

Athens, 00 BC); IPergamon 46 (AttalusII atPerga-mum, 30sBC); Plut.Cat.Min.13 CatoatAntioch,arly

50s BC); Syll?798 (Tryphaena, hoemetalces,olemoandCotys tCyzicus,AD 37); Apul.Met. 10.19.1 dra-matic ettings second-centuryorinth); ohn hrys. einani loria4-7 ed.Malingreylatefourthentury).

61E.g.Hist.Alex.Magni ree.y) l.*46 (kingdomsfthewestreceiveAlexander); hilostr. AA. (Ionians e-

ceiveApolloniustSmyrna), SÌ.2.Ì (Leongoesout romByzantiumo meetPhillip I); Heliod. 1.7.1 bandits nNile delta reet eturningeader ike king), 0.6.1 KingHydaspes eceived tMeroë);Men.Rhet.p. 427.17-19(townspeople reetgovernor); hemist.Or. 20.234C(Themistius'eadfathereceived y ssemblyfgods).

62Cf.Men.Rhet. .427.17-19 city omes ut ogreet'with entire amilies' oùv óA,OK^r|poiçoîç yéveai));Heliod.10.6.1, hemist. r.20.234C people omeout ogreetshoutingheirespects'àvE-ucpriuowceç));oseph.BJ 4.2.5 (peopleof Gischalagreet itus nd hailhim sbenefactornd liberator,9); Hdn. 3.6.8 (whole army

cheers aracalla,ate195 or arly 96),6.4.1 whole rmycheers lexandereverus, 31).







102 JOSEPHL. RIFE

before,63ut omourn isparting. heprocession ouldhavepassed hroughhe ity's ew ast-erndistrictnd across he lissosto the tadium nthe outheast utskirts.heAthenianson-sideredhis uildinghe ight lacetoburyndto remembererodes ecause twas hisgreatestgiftothem.Otherutstandingndividuals ere uriednmajor uildingshey ave otheirities,

such s Celsus nhis ibraryndTrajannhis forum.When heprocessioneachedhe tadium,Herodes' tudentadrian fTyre eliveredcompellinguneraryrationFS2.10.1), presumablybefore multitude.ecauseof hempromptuature f he uneral,t s doubtfulhat tombwascompletedeforehe vent.

IV.THE PANATHENAIC TADIUMAND ITS ENVIRONS

Although erodesdidnot receive herarehonour f an intramuralurial, ikehisdaughterAthenaisVS 2.1.10),thePanathenaic tadiumwas a uniqueplaceforntermentPlate lia)).64AmongHerodes'many dditionsotheAthenianandscapewas thismassive uildingngleam-ingwhitemarble, hich eplaced he ldLycurgantadiumuiltn330/29 C. He paidfor he

constructionut fhisfather'sstatendcompletedtfor he anathenaean140,which espon-sored.65hebuilding peratednto ateAntiquityut ell nto isuse uringubsequententuries,when twas strippedndburied nder ediment. rnst iller xcavated he ntire itebetweenAugust1869andFebruary870.AnastasiosMetaxas versaw urtherxcavationndthe econ-structionfthe tadium or hefirst odern lympic ames n1896;diggingndbuildingt thesite ontinuedver hefollowingecade. In2004 thebuildingerved s thefinishingineofthemarathonndthevenue or rcheryndthe losing eremoniest theAthens lympics.

Pausanias1 19.6)andPhilostratusVS2. 1 5)marvelledtthe riginaltructure.ts calewasImperial oman, imilarncapacityo theFlavian mphitheatrend ndimensionso Domitian'sstadiumt Rome. But tsdesignwas ClassicalGreek,withtscavearestingn a naturalavine,not n vaulted assageways.Moreover,he uildingtone amefrom ttic uarries,he op f he

sphendone isplayed Doriccolonnade, hepodium oclehadsimplemouldings,nd there-strainedculpted ecorationeaturedthena's wls andclassicizing erms. ncomparison ithcontemporarytadia tPerge,Aezani,Aspendus, phesusandSardis, hePanathenaic adadecidedly ntiqueppearance.66

The stadium as surroundedyother uildingshat ogether adea unified rogramme.widebridgenthree rchespannedhe lissosRiver n axiswith he tadium,nd propylon ithCorinthianolumnsnclosed henorthndof he acetrack.67hebridgeied hewhole omplexto outheasternthens, hich ossessed everal thleticnd acred uildings uringheHadrianicandAntonineras.68 oo little f thepropylonurvives o reconstructtsdesign, ut he ize ofextantapitalsmpliesmonumentalityndopulence.Thefaçade ecorated ith large orinthiancolonnadewouldhave drawn visualconnectiono thenearby emple fOlympian eus,the

63Cf.Plin.Jun. p. 4.1 4 residentstTifemum iber-inumgreet linyduring isits o hisTuscanproperty);Long. 4.13.1 (fictional randeeDionysophanesravelsfromMytileneohisrural state nLesboswithong et-inue).

64Gasparri1974-75),Tobin 1997) 162-85,Miller(2001) 210-22 ndPapanikolaou-Christensen2003) sur-vey he emainsnd heirxploration;urtius1869) andZiller1870)reportn the irstxcavations.

65On the tadium's ate, eeAmeling1983a) 61-2,(1983b)14;cf.Tobin1997) 163 AD 143);Miller2001)211 ('in theyearsbetween hePanathenaic estivals f

A.D. 139/40 nd143/4'); hear2001)925-7 AD 143/4);Pomeroy2007) 103 'between 39/140nd143/144').

66Classicizing eatures: asparri1974-75)334-67;Tobin 1997) 166-70;Welch 1998) 135. Other tadia:Welch1998) 120-1.

67Tobin1997) 173 bridge ver lissos);Ziller1870)486 andPapanikolaou-Christensen2003) 113-16,159n.151,figs 8-102 propylon).TherarepublicationyAlexandras mbelas 1906) onthe 1896 excavations fthepropylon ound yZiller, ncludinghe Corinthiancolumns, asgonevirtuallynnoticed.

68Cf.Galli 2002) 26-8 'Die Brücke ls zentralesl-ement eremoniellenommunikation').







THE BURIALOF HERODES ATTICUS 1 3

colossalstructurenauguratedyHadrian n 131/2 hatwas encircled ya veritable orest fcolumnswith canopyofbristlingcanthus. As visitors rom hecitypassed throughhepropylonnto he tadium,he cenechanged rom ne of Hellenistic nd Romanforms o oneof Classicalforms.

OntheArdettos illwest fthe tadium asan onic emplena toweringodiumwithongstairsscendingrom he ast.69 hesymmetricallignmentfthis emplewith he tadium,na perpendicularxis thatpproximatelyisects he engthfthe rack nd phendone,hows hatthe wobuildings ere inked nconception. his s theTemple fTyche hat hilostratuslacedon one sideof the tadiumVS 2.1.5). A base found earbywas dedicated ymerchantsf thePeiraeus oRegula s firstriestessfthe ult fTyche ftheCityIG IF 3607). Onthe asis ofthis ext nd he ituationf he uildingelativeothe tadium,e canconcludehat erodes uiltthe emple uringr after he tadium'sonstructionutbefore egilla'sdeath,hats sometimebetween . 140 andc. 158.

The most nigmaticemains t the tadiumre onthe ower asthill. It will be argued hatthese epresentheburial iteofHerodesAtticus, ithhis tomb long he rest f thehill. The

main tructureasnever een xcavated,ut races revisiblenseveral laces. Louis-François-Sebastien auveldraftedhefirstcientificlan nd section fa long,narrowoundationocatedherec. 1800), nd roundhe ame ime ebastianttarncludedhe tructurenhismaps fthearea. The foundationas also recordedndrawingsrom iller'sexcavations1870) and onarectifiedlanofthe reabyJohn ravlos1967;Plate 7(a)).70Andreas kias,whoexcavatednthe djacentlope n1904, bservedhathe tructureas level nd izeable.71n 1971-72CarloGasparriarriedut full tudy fthe emains.72lthoughthas deterioratedince hedaysofFauvel, ttar,iller nd Skias from lundering,edestrianrafficndenvironmentalrosion,hefoundationan stillbe seenamong hepinetrees n thepublicpark hat ncircles hemodernstadium.73

Thebuilding asa single longatedase74 ith massive, lat, ectangularhape.Large ec-

tions f concreten a coarse onglomeratef rubble nd sherds represervedear hefour or-ners. Alongthe northnd ofthe west side an outcroppingf bedrock s dressed o receivefoundationlocks.Ashlars anbe foundet nto oncreteronthe roundlong he ast ide. Sothefoundationndwallsconsistedfquadrangularlocks,while he orewas filledwith on-crete; owheres the op urfacereserved. heentire rest f hehill nd tswesternlopedownto he ummaaveaare itteredothwith ubblend herdshat ave roded romhe xposed on-cretendwithmarblehips romtoneworking.tthisheight,hemarblemust avecomefromthe onstructionrdespoliationorboth) fthemonumenttop hehillratherhan romhe on-structionrreconstructionf he tadiumelow.Afewargemarble ragmentsith implemould-ingshavebeennoted ear he oundation,ut heyrenow ost.Thestructurehereforeeems ohavebeen heathednmarblewith asicdecoration,hichwouldhaveresonated ith hedesign

ofthe tadium.Gasparri,ollowed yJenniferobin,75 easuredhefoundationt c. 9.5m x42m. Buthischoice f onecementedtonewith pryholeor henortheastorners arbitrary,ndthedistinctroughn thebedrock or oundationlocks pposite his utativeornerothewest

69Gasparri1974-75)367-75, igs 6-77;Dow (1979)esp. pp. 43-4;Ameling1983b) 109-10,no. 90; Tobin(1997) 174-6;Galli 2002) 24-6;Pomeroy2007) 103-6.

70Travlos1971)498-501, igs 29-30;Papamkolaou-Christensen2003)42-52, 8-65, igs 0-3,36-8.

71Skias 1905)261.72Gasparri1974-75)376-83, igs 8-88.73Ziller1870)492noted ngoing lunderingy ocal

residents.visitedhe ite n ateFebruary996 nd gainin ateMay2006.

74The city plans by StamatisCleanthes,EduardSchaubertndLeo von Klenze 1833-34)show wo dis-tinct tructuresnthehilleastof the tadiumPapaniko-laou-Christensen2003) 48-51,figs 6-7). It s uncertainthat henorthernf the wo tructureshown elongedothe ongfoundation.

75Tobin1993) 85-7, 1997) 177-8.







104 JOSEPH L. RIFE

shows o returnut xtends artherorth. arge ections f oncretetthemonument'sctual or-ners ie c. 1 -20mmetresothenorth,eyondwhich oint he errainlopes teeply way.More-over, he reservedoncrete n themonument'sideswouldhavebeenfacedwith locks ptoc.1 5m ntotalwidth.Themonumenthereforeouldhavemeasured . 11 m x 60m,which s ex-

actlywhat iller nd Travlos ecordedPlate 7(a)) but omewhatmaller hanwhat auveldid(17.54m x 62.36m).Earlynvestigatorslso found wide tairwayescendingromhe entre fthemonument's

façade.No trace fthe tructures visible oday.Fauvelrecorded he engthfthe tairwaym-plausiblyt19.69m;Travlosmeasuredt troughlyalf hatength. ccordingoTravlos's lan,apparentlyased onremains hat ouldoncebe seen, he oot fthe tairway as not ontiguouswith heuppermostimit f the tadium,eaving gapof c. 20 mover he ncline etween hesumma aveaand he teppedscent.Thefoundationnd ts tairwayre ligned arallelwith helengthwisexis of the rack ndapproximatelyentrednthe ameperpendicularxisas theTemple fTyche.

These parse rchitecturaleaturesfferoprecise hronologicalndices.Themanner f on-

structionstypicallyoman, ndthe uality fthe oncretematrixs identical o that sed nthepodium f heTemple fTyche.The ongfoundation'symmetricalelationshipith he tadiumand he road tairwayetweenhem rove hatheyonstitutedsinglemonumentalrogramme.But t s hard oestablish relativeuilding equence.Theseparationetween he wo tructurescontrastsith he emple fTyche,he tairwayfwhichndedmuch loser othe ummaavea.16Thegreateretachmentfthe ongfoundationndstairwayromhe tadiummightuggesthatthey ostdatets ompletion,utbyhow ong annot eknown.

Skias xcavated cemeteryear he ncienttairwayn this lopeduring four-dayampaigninDecember 904,when he erimeteroadwasbeingaidust bove henew tadium.77he reahasremaineduried ver ince, ndnorecords,hotographs,rtefactsrbonesfrom isexcava-tions an be found,part rom he nscriptionsndsarcophagus.78ccordingo his short ub-

lished eport,kiasfound t east ix cistgraves oncentratedroundhemiddle rwesternndof he tairway;ther ravesmight ellbe located utside istrench. e discoveredragmentaryinscriptionsnthe rea, ne ofwhichwas anepitaphfRoman ate.79 mong hegraves nd etinto hebasement fthe tairswas a burial hamber.80his omb ad a regularilepavementutunevenwallsconstructedromecycledtones ndmore han evenfunerarytilai?1Thepaleo-graphy,ormnddecorationf he tilai are onsistent ith date f ate econd oearlyhirden-turies.They reunremarkableombstones ith ommon eaturesamingverageAthenians.82Thetwomostnterestingnesbearfiguraieliefsndverse pitaphsor midwifend 'scribe'(òp0oypá(poç).83 incethese toneswould havecomefrom eighbouringurials, heir ate

76Gasparri1974-75) 67-8, igs -8, 0,71. Travlos's

plan Plate 7(a)) does not race he ull astward es-centof he tairway.77Skias 1905). For ncompletend ometimesncor-rect iscussions,ee Tobin 1993) 83-5,figs -3, 1997)181-4,figs34-5,Welch 1998) 139-40,fig.21 and Pa-panikolaou-Christensen2003) 117-8, igs 03-4.

78InNovember005 submittedrequesto theHel-lenicMinistryfCultureo tudyndpublishkiass note-books ndfinds.The Third phoreia fPrehistoricndClassicalAntiquities,heNationalArchaeologicalMu-seum nd theArchaeological ociety nformed e thatthese hingsrenot ntheirecords.

79IG II23853 (publicdedication,62/1BC), 6659,12383 epitaph aming arus).

80Skias s somewhatonfusedescriptionf he ham-ber's rchitecturaletting(1905) 261) is clarifiedyref-

erence othe ubstructuref he tairs ptotheTemple f

TycheGasparri1974-75)367-8,figs 0,71).81Skias 1905) 261-5;Lambros1905): IG II25924,6299, 6418,7858,11329 midwife),2794 scribe).

82On G II26299,with relief f man nd woman,see Conze 1911-22)86-96 TypeK; p. 86,no.2086,pl.456= /GII26299)andvonMoock 1998) 16, 116-17, o.1 0 dated hirduarterf he hirdentury,zurZeitGal-liens',from emale air tylep. 38,n.483);but ontextplaces itbefore heconstructionfthe chamber nthe250s,probablynthe econd uarterf the hirdentury,whichwouldfit hemalehair tyle cf.p. 45)).83Conze 1911-22) 2-9 Type .B; p.45,no.1914, l.410= /GII211329),61-81(TypeH;pp.70-l,no.2011,pl.438 = IG II212794);vonMoock 1998) 16, 149,no.333,

pl. 5 d (IG II2 11329,dated spätantoninisch',ut atesecond enturyfter . 178 p. 37 n.473),which its he








indicateshat hegraves ucceeded he ongfoundationnd ts tairway,roundwhich heyweresituated. heymust redatehe onstructionftheburial hamberntowhich heywerebuilt.

Amonghe polia nthe hamber's allswasan nscribedltarnPentelicmarbleIG II26791Plate 7(b)).84This ubstantialtone85ested na shallow linth inishedn a cyma ecta, nd ts

tophad a crownmouldingnd flat urface ithoutcroteria.86heupper orners ere orn ffin an rregular anner hen he iecefell rmoved; heres nopatternf ntentionalutilation.This s a standarduneraryltar f type ommonnGreek urial ontextsftheHellenisticndRoman ras. Such ltarswere sedfor he lacementfofferingsnd acrifices. heonlywordson the ltar re centred n theblock'smainface. Althoughhe ext s straightforward,thassufferedarious ditorialmanipulations:

[fE[pcoôei]]ëpcoïxahMapaBcovícoi

.5 [ó Seîva]

1 fHpcûÔTi]kias;fE[pcoôei]irchnerndAmeling; aspard mitsine;fE[[pcòôei]]obin1993;fE[pco8ei]obin 997; E[pco5£i]elchndGalli; ^[pcoSei]]Byrne

3-4Kirchner,melingndByrneombineheseinesnto ne xahMapocöcovicoi5 x'nóXxqvé0TiK£v]kias; óôfjjioçvé9t|Kev]udeich;irchner,raindor,ndGaspardmitine;

[ó5 fioçcvé0£K£v]melingndGalli; [ó ô'jioçccvé0£K£v]]|obin 993; ó 5 p,oçvé0£K£v]Tobin 997 ndWelch; ]Byrne

This s a conventionaledicationo thedeadas a hero: To Herodes, heMarathonianero, so-and-so] dedicatedhis)'.A similar ormulaccursnother eroicmemorialstAthens,nclud-

ingan altar iketheonefound t the tadium.87 uch nscriptionsttest o the nstitutionf ahero-cultsually t the ime fthefuneralrshortlyhereafter.

The ltarn ts riginaltate ad crisp, ormal,estrainedppearance.88he ettersre harplyinscribedneven ines f onsiderableeighthatwouldhavebeen egible rom distance.89neofthemost trikingeaturesfthis exts the rchaizingpellingnd etterorms, hichwillbediscussed elow.Two accentmarksppearn the econd ine: horizontaline bovethe nitialepsilon ndicatingough spirationnd twosmall,neatly utcircles entredver hefinal otaindicatingiaeresis. hetrema ccursn nscriptionsromoughlyhe econd enturyn,but hehorizontalarfor ough reathing,et loneabbreviation,svery are nAttic pigraphyftheEmpire. Perhapst s a variationn the mallhorizontalarwith descendingerticaltrokethatppearsnRomanAtheniannscriptions.90

datingf he rchitecturalramep. 52)), 148,no.327,pl.51a,b (IG II212794, ated econd entury,ut urelyatein the entury).

84Skias 1905)259-60 sthe riginal ublication. hestoneremainsnearthe site of its discovery, hereexaminedt n ateMay2006. The stone's urfacehowsnumerousits, racks, ills ndstains ausedbyenviron-mentalrocessesver he enturyince twasuncovered.

850.929mhigh tmaximum;.592m wideatbase;0.503m wide nmiddle; .516mthick tbase; 0.414mthickn middle.

86Despite racturesn the op urfacend orners,hestonesclearly inished,nd heres nosign hat t erved

as a basefor nothertoneas Skias 1905) 259)or statue(as Gasparri1974-75) 79n.1). Funeraryltars f imple

form renot nfrequentlyisidentifieds bases cf. e.g.BenjaminndRaubitschek1959) 65).

87IG II2 3975 (smallaltar,middle irstenturyD),10441 oblong asewithmoulding,irst-secondentury),11909a stêlêwith elief,econd-thirdentury).he sameformulaccurs lsewhere:G XII.6. i 823 (altar, amianHeraion, irstenturyD); IG IX.2.Ì 685 (Thessalonica,second entury);C II.5 39 Axos,Crete,econd entury);TAMII375,471,472,475, 531,536,544,545-6, 98 var-iousLycian ites,Roman).

88Certainlyhenscriptionas notnotwell arved' r'somewhatrudely orked'Welch 1998) 140).

89Heightsf ines -4: 0.053-0.057m,0.056-0.061m,

0.047-0.052m.90Larfeld1902) 563-4, 1907) 428.







106 JOSEPHL. RIFE

Thetext's ther oteworthyeatures the rasure f he irstndfifthines. Since he extwaspreciselybliteratedndno etters ere dded, he rasure as a purposefulct o delete henamesofboth edicatornddedicand.91ine 1 wasdeleted ya swath fclose, hallow ougeswithpick c. 0.230mwidex 0.060-0.080mhigh 0.004-0.007mdeep), eaving he entral ar and

thevertical troke f the nitial psilonfaintlyegible. We can confidentlyestore henameHerodes ere ecause f he ubsequenteferenceotheMarathonianero nd he ocation f hisaltar tthe anathenaictadium here e was buried.The archaismlso accordswith ther extsintheHerodean orpus,s willbe seen. Line 5 was deleted y systematiccraping ith chiselover consistentand c. 0.385mwidex 0.055-0.060mhigh 0.006-0.007mdeep). Basedonthe izesof his rasurend he ettersn ines -3,we can estimatehat ine5 containedixtonineletters. uch exts equirehename f hededicator ere.The size ofthe rasure ules ut he n-clusion fthewordócvéOeicev,hich egardlesss often mitted romhe tandard ormula fdedicandnthedative dedicatornthenominative. he next uestions whetherhe ltarwasa privater a public edication,ndthuswhetherine5 contained ô>oç or someone's ame 'óôeîva'). The civichonour fpublicburialedpreviousditors oassume hatHerodeswas also

heroized ypublic anction, process ttestednother ities f theAegean slands ndwesternAsia Minor.92Thechief bjection o this heorys that trequires he ntentionalrasure fó ôênoç,whichwouldbe inexplicablendunparalleled.However,hemutilationf a personalname, s inthefirstine, an be explaineds anexcision rommemory. he erection fthe ltarand tssubsequent efacementan be placedsometime etweenHerodes'death nd thecon-structionfthe ombntowhich twas built.93

Theunimpressivehambernwhich he tilaiandaltarwere mmuredontained large, inesarcophagusf Pentelicmarble.94 kiasthoughthat he arcophagus ad beenplaced nthechamber nd nclosed aphazardly.95lthoughhe ack nd eft idesof he hest reonly artlyworked,hefrontndrightides reexquisitelyculpteds a Mine ramingwohorizontaltrig-illated anels Plate 7(c)). This arcophaguselongs o a well-known ttic ype fthe ate ec-

ondtoearly hirdenturieshat ecalled lassicalfuneraryouches.96 imple, estrainedetailsplacethe hest rom he tadium t thebeginningf the eries nthe astquarterf the econdcentury.97tseems hat hisprefabricatedutunfinishedarcophagus as selected or uddenburial; nce twasdeposited,robablyn a confinedhamber,he arving asnever ompleted.Thiswas a commoncenario,ecausemost arcophagif his ype ave ompletelyarved rontsbutunfinishedacks ndsometimesides.98 he idonthe offin romhe tadium ada low-gabled oof, common ormnthe econd entury. ut t s roughlyut nrawmarblewithoutfull etails,t s slightlyoo ongfor he hest,nd tdoes not onformo theklinê,which lwaysbore lidfashioneds a mattress,ometimes ith recliningigure.Thediscrepancyetweenchest ndcovermeans ither hat he id was chosen nhaste,whichwouldhavegiven he offin

91ContraGraindor1930) 135 (suggestinghat n-scriptionwas erasedfor stone'sre-use)and Gasparri(1974-75)379 n.l (doubtingrasures).92E.g. G XII.7 447 (Aegiale,Amorgos, irstenturyBC); Diehl ndHolleaux1884)467-9,no.2 (Samos,Au-gustan);GR IV 1276 Thyateira, ugustan);Assos 27(Roman); lasos 137 Roman).93It is uncertain hether hetwo erasures esultedfromeparatevents rdifferentechniquespplied n oneoccasion.

94SinceDecember 904 he arcophagusasremainednear he iteof tsdiscoverynthe asthill,next o thealtar oHerodes,where examinedt n ateMay2006.

95Skias 1905) 261. VonMoock 1998) 16wronglystates hat he arcophagusamefromhe ong oundation.

96Goette1991) is the uthoritativetudyftheAtticseries, ated . 180-230/240;p.321-2,no.2,pl. 95 ad-dresses he arcophagusromhe tadium.On the ype,see also Rodenwaldt1930) and Koch and Sichtermann(1982)446-50.

97Gasparri1974-75) 83,Wiegartz1975) 182,n.126,Goette1991) 322; contraKoch andSichtermann1982)449 (first uarterf the hirdentury),hough untramKochlater ccepted hebeginningf the ypenc. 170-180 Goette1991) 313n.ll, 316n.22).98Wiegartz1974)352-5;Goette1991)313,e.g.322-3,no.3,pl.96.3 Hephaisteion,ate econd entury),23-5,no.4,pis98.2,99.2 southAthens,hird ecadeof the

thirdentury).








an ncongruousppearance,r that he overwas added o the offint a later ate, n a second-ary haseofusefor oth tones. When he arcophagus as foundnthe hamber,tcontaineda lead-lined ooden offinhatwas solidly uiltwithmetal ixtures.nthiswere ntact umanremainswrappedn a shroud f fine abric100ith goldcoin of Decius (249-25 )101ear he

mouth,swascustomary.On thebasis of these emains, e can retrace heuse of the arcophagus,tscontentsnd tschamber. hecoffinriginallyelonged o an elaborate urial fthe ate econd enturyn thehill. Itwas acquired uicklynddeposited nfinished,ith n mprovisedover. tsrich eco-rationnd arge calecontrasttarklyith he ist ravesnd ommon ombstonesnthe rea. Thisqualitativeifferentiationoints o a sharp istinctionnstatus etween hedeceased n the woforms fburial. On account f the arcophagus'ate nddecoration,s well as itsproximityothe eroic edication,tmaywellhavebelongedoHerodes tticus.f o, ts ncompletetatemayreflecthe ublicnterventionnhisfuneralnd he apid reparationsor urial hatttendedt.102

The bonesand artefactsnside hedisplaced arcophagus epresentheburial orwhich hechamber asconstructedrompolia n the 50s,not he riginal urial orwhich he arcopha-

guswas acquired.Althoughhe ontentsannot e studied urther,heir ating nnumismaticgroundso he 50sclearly ivergesromhe hest's atingnstylisticroundsoc. 175-200.Thesarcophagus asthereforeecycledome50 to 85years ftertsprimaryse,a common ate orstone offinscross heRoman ast. Despite he hamber'srregularonstruction,tdidhave nevenpavement,twaseasily ccessible long he tairway,nd he seof sturdyoffinndgoldcoin lldemonstratehatmournersreparedformal,fnot laborate,nterment.heymust avefoundhe arcophagusomewhereearbyn the asthill, ecause twouldhavebeenmuch ooheavy ohaulupthe lope, ndperhapsheydmiredtsfinelyculptedace.They itheroundtwith hemisfitidor dded hat romlsewhere,ecause he riginalnehadbeen tolen rbroken.

This urveyfthe rchaeologicalemainsn the asthillofthePanathenaictadium ormsbasis for provisionalistoryfthe rea's usefrom hemiddle econd o middle hird enturies

(table verleaf).Thefollowingeconstructionrovidest best relativehronologyfactivity;the bsolute atingf eventsmust emain matteror istoricalnterpretationntil urtherxca-vation.WhenHerodes ied nc. 179,he received public uneralndburial tthe tadium, hereHadrian fTyre raised ismemory. uring rshortlyfter hefuneral,erodeswas commem-orateds a hero, nd omeone edicatedn altar o servehis cult.The ongfoundationnd tair-waywouldhavebeenerectedfterhe tadium'sompletionn140,butnot fter he ate econdcentury,ecause he wobuildings,longwith heTemple fTyche,omprisedsingle,ymmet-ricalplan. Atsomepointn thefinal ecadesofthe econd entury,heMine arcophaguswasacquiredocally ndbroughtothe rea n anunfinishedtate,uite ossibly or hepublic urial

99Wiegartz1975) 182n.126;Koch andSichtermann(1982) 447, 449; Goette1991) 322. Thetheoryhat helid sa later dditionrom graventhe rea s ess ikely.There sno evidence n thehillfor urial efore he atesecond enturypaceGalli 2002) 21),but he orm f helid should e placedearlierWiegartz1975) 209; Kochand Sichtermann1982)449).

1UUSkias 1905) 258-9,nn. 1-2reportshat opioushuman one, atches f fleshndhair nd hreds fclothwere oundn a well-preservedtate, resumablyecauseof heirriplencasementn ead,wood and tone.Basedon Skiass descriptionf hehuman emains,heywere nall likelihood ot remated,s hespeculatedrepeatedtGoette1991) 322 and Tobin 1997) 183). Thatprocesswouldhaverapidlyncineratedoft issues nd reducedthe keletonosmall, morphousragments.hefabric

was silk-like'<boel lletocîvoç)ut ouldnotbe identi-fied ndermicroscopictudypaceTobin1997) 183).101The aureus anbe identifiedrom kiass descrip-

tion (1905) 259) according o standardypology.Ob-verse:MP.C. M.Q. TRAIANVS DECIVS AVG., aureatebust.Reverse: DVENTVSAVG., mperorn horse ac-ing eft, aising ight and ndholding ceptre.RIC IV. ,p. 121,no. Ila (Mint fRome,Group I,AD 249-251).Judeich1931)419n.5misidentifieshe oin sbelongingtoTrajan repeatedtAmeling1983a) 161).

102Athenianlites f he ate econd oearly hirden-turies sed imilarlynfinishedarcophagiseen.98), ndthere s noreasonwhyHerodes'publicburial hould othave conformedo usual practice n thisregard paceTobin1993) 84, 1997) 184).







108 JOSEPHL. RIFE

Table: History factivityn theeasthillofthePanathenaic tadiumduring hemiddle econdto middle hird enturies

Datefromnternal

Event evidence Proposed ate

1 Completionnd first seofthePanathenaictadium 1 0 1 0

2. DeathofHerodes, rocessionromMarathono thestadium,ublic uneral ith rationyHadrian f c. 179 c. 179Tyre,ndburial here

3. Productionndfirstse oï klinê arcophagus c. 175-200 Shortlyfter erodes'death nc. 179

4. Dedication fthe ltar oHerodes heMarathonian c. 179 Shortlyfter erodes'

hero death nc. 179

5. Constructionfthe ongbuildingndstairway 140 to ate2nd Shortlyfter erodes'century death nc. 179

6. Developmentfcemeteryf cistgraveswith tilai Late 2nd oearly Duringwo-fouraroundtairway 3rd entury generationsfter

Herodes' eathnc. 179 butbefore 50s

7. Defacementfthe ltar oHerodes heMarathonian c. 179 toearly rd Duringwo-fourherono. 4) century generationsfter

Herodes' eathnc. 179 butbefore 50s

8. Re-use f arcophagusno.3),plunderingïstêlaifrom ravesno. 6) and ltarno. 7), andconstruction 250s 250sofburial hamberlong tairway

ofHerodes.This sthe arliest atable uneraryrtefactound ast f he tadium. uringhe atesecond oearly hirdenturies,cemeteryrew pon the lopebetween he tadiumnd he ongfoundation,ncludingeveral ravesmarkedy têlai roundhe tairway. tsomepoint uring

the ate econd rearly hirdentury,hefirstnd ast ines ftheheroic edication ere rasedfrom he ltar odelete henames f Herodes nd thepersonwhomadethededication. inally,inthe 50s, he arcophagus asdisplaced romts riginalite, he ontents ere pparentlyis-carded,nd newburialwas added. nthis peration,small hamber as constructedlong hestairway sing tones ollected rom he rea, mongwhichwere hedefaced ltar nd severalstêlaifromdjacent raves.Thesarcophagus asdepositednthis hamber.103

103Gasparri1974-75)316,379,383 hasnopersuasiveeason ormplicatingheHerulian nvaders fAD 267 inthedestructionf he tadium,hedamage othe ltar ndthedisturbancefthe arcophagus.








V.THE TOMB OF HERODES ATTICUS

The Panathenaictadium urnishedspecial ettingor heburial fHerodesAtticus.The bestinterpretationf he emainsastof he tadiums thatheymarkhe ite fhistomb.Early opo-

graphersnd excavatorsccepted his dentificationith arying egrees fconfidence,s havemost cholarswhohave tudied he roblem.104hilostratusecordedhat erodeswas buried tthe tadium,ndthe asthill s the nly reawhere vidence ffuneraryctivityasbeenfound.Inthe ontext f Greek itiesduringheEmpire, premieritizen ndbenefactorikeHerodeswouldnormallyeceive substantial,onspicuousnd ccessiblemonument.he ongfoundationrepresentsmajor tructurenhighgroundhat ouldbe easily eached rom he tadium.Thealtar edicated oHerodes heMarathonianero ignals he loseness fhisburial ite. t s there-fore easonable o conclude hat he longatedtructureas the omb hat heAtheniansrectedforHerodes. Itsprominence as rivalled tAthens nlybythe omb fPhilopappus n theMouseion,105hichwasplainly isible rom he asthillofthe tadium.fthefine arcophagusoriginallyontainedhe ody fHerodes,heAthenians ust ave cquiredtfor mmediatese.

They ouldhaveerected tomb ndposted he pitaph uickly,ut his robablyidnothappenbefore hefuneral,onsideringhemonument'size.Onevoicehasdivergedromhis onsensus. obin roposedhat erodeswas nterredeneath

theracetrackndthat he ongfoundation as themooring or hePanathenaichip.106t is aclever heoryut n untenablene. First,hilostratus'tatementhat erodeswas nterredinthePanathenaic' èv tcoiFIava0r|vaiKCui)s not theequivalent f beneaththe drornos f thePanathenaic tadium'.Thebiographer as eitherpeaking oosely r,more ikely, sing thePanathenaic'odesignatehe uilding's eneralrea.Althoughoth he ast ndwesthills ie out-sidethe avea,they urroundhedepressionnclosinghe rack ndthereforeonstitutesingletopographiceature.Moreover,he tairwaysnd orientationsf the ongfoundationnd theTemple fTyche nitedhemwith he tadium. hilostratus'eferenceoa tomb f Herodes s

'inthePanathenaic'ompares ith isreferenceothe urial fthe ophist ionysiustEphesusas 'in the gora' evxfji yopai,VS1.22.4),whereas issarcophagusas beenfound utside heTetrágonosgoraproper utnear ts outheastorner.107

Anotherifficultyith obin's heorysthat ofuneraryonumentas discovereduringx-cavationsf he ntireacetracknthe atenineteenthentury. e know hat he urial fHerodeshada conspicuousmarker ith nepitaph,utZillerfound o structurehat ouldbe construedas his omb.108e uncoveredfoundationf shlars,rchitecturalases, ndpiecesof hemarbleparapetnside he ateRoman mphitheatrehat ccupied he phendone,109ut hisate tructureofunknownurpose annot e a tomb fthe econd entury.xcavation fthebanked eating,the ropylonnd he ssociatedwallsextendingeveralmetresorthromhe rontf he tadiumproduced o evidence or funeraryonument.110

We should ot xpect erodes ohavebeenburiednside he tadiumroper. nthe nehand,no architecturalarallel xists or tombnthe acetrackfan ancient tadium.Onthe ther,sKatherine elchhasobserved,he rack f an mperial reek tadiums a venuefor xecutions,

104Papanikolaou-Christensen2003) 30-57passim(early opographers);iller1870)492; Skias 1905)259-60;Köster1906)27;Graindor1930) 135;Judeich1931)419;Travlos1971)498;Gaspard1974-75)376-83, 92;Ameling1983a) 161,212; Welch 1998) 133-45;Galli(2002) 18-21;Pomeroy2007) 143.

105Kleiner1983).106Tobin1993), 1997) 177-85; f.Camp 2001)214;

Shear2001)926n.86;Civiletti2002)533n.155;Flämig(2007)95-6.

107Onthe urial fDionysius,ee Rife forthcoming).108Ziller1870)486-8. He found neLateRoman pi-

taphIG III 1384) n secondaryontextear he peningof he unnelnto he outheastorner f he tadiumCur-tius 1869) 118;Ziller 1870) 491).

109Ziller1870) 491.110Ziller 1870) 488-9 seating), .67 propylon).







110 JOSEPHL. RIFE

gladiatorialombats nd wild-beasthowswas a whollynappropriatepaceforhonorificnter-ment.111here sno direct vidence hat xecutionsccurrednthePanathenaictadiums theydid nothermajor rban tadia, uch s atSmyrna, here olycarpnd Pioniusweremartyred{Marts.Polyc.11,Mart. . Pion.21). TheHistoria ugusta, owever,ecords hat adrianpon-

sored nelaborate enationtheLycurgantadiumHadr.19.3). That hePanathenaic as alsousedforRoman lood-sportsproved ythe resencef tallpodiumndparapetowhichwereattached ets r fences oshield hefrontows fseats.112

The ongfoundationast of the tadium as notforHerodes' hip. Inhis discussion fthePanathenaicrocessionuring erodes' gônothesian139/40,hilostratusrote:[I haveheardthat] he Panathenaic]hip annotwithyoked nimals aulingtbutgliding ponundergroundmachines,ndthat, aving een aunched rom heKerameikos ith thousandars, tcametothe leusinion,nd,going roundt, he hip assedbythePelasgikon,ndcame n ts ourse e-side thePythion, here t s nowmoored'2.1.5).113 ccordingo this eading,he hipmovedthroughheAgora Eleusinion) o theAcropolisPelasgikon) nd thePythion. hisPythionseither he hrinefApolloPythiosn thenorthwestlopeoftheAcropolis rthe ne south fthe

Olympieion.o the hip ame orest itherround he aseof heAcropolis, here ausanias awa ship nchorednthe ate econd entury1.29.1),114rsomewherensoutheast thens.115hegreatmechanizedhipwas anextravagantnnovationor he ncientestival;routextendingasttheAcropolis,f hat swhere he hipwent,wouldhavebeen oo.

E.A.Gardner,ollowedyTobin, aveanalternativeeading. hey ranslatecocpàò IúGiovas anadverbialmodifierf theparticiplendremove he omma fterÀ,0eìv,o that he lausebeginning ith imodifieshe nfinitive.hen hey nterprethe ubsequenttatementyPhilo-stratus,and the theride ofthe tadiumsoccupied ytheTemple fTyche'xòôè ini Öaxepocxoöoxocôíoi)eœç£7ié%£it>xnç),omean hathe hipwasmoored nthe asthill.116hisread-ing s neither ore or esspreferablengrammaticalrounds.117naccount fboth hilostra-tus'admirationorHerodes' uergetismndhisspecific esignationfothermajor andmarksn

thePanathenaicrocession,t eemsunlikelyhat ewouldusesuchvague nd ndirect ordingtodescribe he hip's nchorage,f ndeed twas located t the tadium. urthermore,elchhassensiblybserved hathe iographer'santage ointwas east f he tadium,rom here e couldhave seen a large hip tationednywhereo thenorthwestetween he tadiumnd theAcro-polis.118ven f he hipdidreach he tadium,he assage'sobscurityoes notpermithe den-tificationfthemooring ith he rest fthe asthill. Itcouldhavebeen longsidehe rack,routside nd ustnortheastfthe tadium.There t east heAthenians ouldhaveavoided hehardshipfmovinghe normoustructurehroughhepropylonrupa precipitousncline.

Besidesthis ncertaintyver he hip'splacement,othingbout he ongfoundationastofthe tadiumecommendst s ananchorage. obin tated hat asparri'sstimatedimensionsfthe tructurec. 9.5 m x42m)compare avourablyith he imensionsfnot nlyClassical hip-

sheds tthe eiraeus, eniadae ndApollonianCyrenaicaut lsobuildingsor otivewarships111Welch1998) 136-45.112Ziller 1870) 491; Welch 1998) 137-8,fig.20.

Welch1999)discusses imilardjustmentsotheTheatreofDionysus tAthens ndthe mphitheatretCorinth.The amphitheatrehatZillerfound n the sphendone((1870) 490-1) is a Late RomanconstructionTravlos(1971) 498;Welch1998) 122,n.9).113ôpajLieîvè ttìvvaûv ox>%)7ioÇ')yícovyóvxcov,akV ÛTcoyeioiçurixavaîç £7toA,io0ávoi)aav, kKepau£iKoi) è apaaav %'k'a' Kamni cpeîvaièni to'EA,£')oíviov,ai TcepißaXouaavmò 7capa|ieì'|/ai o

neXaayiKÓv,ouxCojjivrjvenapà tò ITóGiovMteîv,îV')V COpUlGTOll.

114Travlos1971) 91; Welch 1998) 141,143n.l46;Galli 2002) 19. Mansfield1985) 74-5envisions hreeshipsduringhemiddle econd o late fourthenturies,Herodes' nd those eenbyPausanias ndHimeriusOr.47.13).

115Mansfield1985) 75; cf.Wycherley1963) 77.116Gardner1914) 225; Ameling 1983a) 69-70,(1983b) 212; Tobin 1993) 88, (1997) 179-80;Civiletti(2002) 509-10n.38.

117Cf Galli 2002) 20,n.78.118Welch1998) 141n.90;cf.Tobin1993) 88.








on DelosandSamothrace. owever,inceGasparri'sstimatef he oundation'size s too mall,the tructuren the asthillwas too arge or hese omparanda.119t s also hard o believe hata parade-shiponveyedymechanizedlidingndequippedwith thousand arsreplicatednystandardrireme.120

If he emainsast f he tadiumre ndeed ssociated ithHerodes' urial,hey urnishdis-tinct icturefsepulchralorm, ortuaryitual ndpublicmemory. he centralmonumentasa large, aised asewithoutlaboraternamenthatwas reminiscentf oneparticulararietyfsacred rchitecture,longatedltarsikethose t the sthmianndNemeanSanctuaries.121healtar-tombasa traditionalormnthe epulchralrchitecturefAsiaMinor,houghnewithwidevariability,nddiverse ateHellenisticndRoman xamplesxistnGreece.122 hile heres noexact arallel or naltar-tombn ong, arrow oundationsike hose tthe anathenaic,twouldnotbe surprisingftheAtheniansreated uniquemonumentorHerodes. The tombs f out-standingndividualsnprovincial reek ities ometimesncorporatedovel oncepts r eccen-tric orms.ftheAthenianspecifically odelledHerodes' omb fterhe sthmianndNemeanaltars,heirhoiceofarchitecturalorm asmeaningfuln several evels. Theantique ppear-

anceof he longatedltarwouldhave choed he verall haracterf he tadium. heplacementof naltar-tombtthe anathenaictadiummightaveremindediewersf he anhellenicanc-tuaries, here ioussacrificest similar ltars ccompanied lorynsacred ompetition. ur-thermore,structuraleferenceo the sthmiannd NemeanSanctuariesouldhave alluded oHerodes' loseconnectionso theCorinthia.Herodeswas related n hismother'side to theprominentorinthianamilyheVibullii;Atticus, erodes ndRegulareceived umerousedi-cations tCorinth;ndHerodeswas involvedn therenovationftheodeum nd thePeireneSpring.123e wasalsoa benefactortthe sthmus, here e donatedhe acred tatues,ossiblydecoratedheBaths ndpondereduttingcanal.124

Without ore fthe omb reserved,t shard o knowhowthebodywas interred. he twobest xamples faltar-tombsnGreece, hose tAlyzia ndKenchreai,othhadnarrownterior

chambersor arcophagi.125emay xpect similarompartmentn Herodes' omb,s in othersplendid ombs ftheera, iketheLibrary f Celsus.126f theklinê arcophagus elonged oHerodes,heAthenians ust avechosentforts legantimplicityndantiquatedorm, hichechoed he usterityndclassicismfthe omb ndthe ntiretadium.

119The longfoundationt the stadiums not suffi-ciently reservedo determinehetherts tructureos-sessed n ndentationrkeel-slotike he uildingsobincites.

120Mansfield1985) 75, 111-12nn. 89-90discussesthemechanicalonveyance. obin ndermineser rgu-ment y dmittinghatsince his hipwasonly sed n aparade,hentmaynot dhereo ny tandardize' (1997)180n.55).

121Welch 1998) 143-5,n.97,citing roneer1971)55-6,98-101,103 Isthmianltar, . 40 mx c. 2 m) andBirge t l. 1992) 5-31 Nemean ltar,ver .42mxc.4m)andnotinghe reatltar fHieronI atSyracuseonestade ong, r 192m).

122Fedak 1990) 19,25-6,Berns2003) 143-4, 71-4(AsiaMinor, ellenistic-Roman);homaios1930) Acar-nanianAlyzia, ate econd r firstenturyC); Cummer(1971) (Corinthianenchreai, irstentury D); Kold-

ewey 1890) 64-5,pl. 28.18-25 (southeasternesbos,EarlyRoman).Ontheform,eeFlämig2007) 42-5.

123Galli (2002) 57-63,86-104summarizesheevi-dence; n Herodes ndtheVibullii fCorinth,eeRobert(1946) 9-10 andSpawforth1978) 258-61. Thepublicdedicationf statue fRegula na sanctuaryfTychen

the Corinthian orum CorinthVIII.3 128; Ameling(1983b) 120-1,no. 100)drew connectionothe ult fTyche tthe tadium nd thepriesthoodfRegula cf.Galli 2002) 75,98-102;Pomeroy2007) 106-12).

124Paus.2.1.7-8,Philostr. S 2.1.5,Sturgeon1987)76-113 statues fPoseidon, mphitrite,alaimon's ol-phin);Lattimore1996) 5-10,pis 1-3 twoportraitsfPolydeucion); S2A.6 cuttinganal);Tobin1997) 312-14 summary). here sno evidence orHerodes' ctivityat heNemean anctuary,ut n nscribedtatue asefromanearby illage eflectsvividocalknowledgefhisrep-utationnd ppearanceKritzas1992)405-6,ETuypaiLiuaB, ines -10).

125Rhomaios 1930) 146-7,fig.5, pl. 1; Cummer

(1971) 208-9, 29-31, ig. .126Wilbergtal. (1953) 39-46,figs 3-4.







112 JOSEPHL. RIFE

VI. HERODES' EPITAPHANDALTAR

TheepitaphecordedyPhilostratusouldhavebeendisplayedrominentlyn the omb's açadeatthe opof the tairway:Herodes on ofAtticus rom hedemeofMarathon,o whom ll this

belongs,ies nthis omb, enownedhroughoutheworld' Attikov Hpœôr|ç ccpocGcovioç,vxáÒEnávxa, Kevcociéoiôe acpcoi,ávxoQev ')Ôóki|lioç).heauthenticityf his ouplets con-firmedy n mitationf he lmost nique exametricallausula n a fragmentarytheniantêlêdatingo the ate econd rthirdenturyIG II213161). 27Herodes' pitaph epresentsne of hecommonestlegiacformulae ngravestones: ame ofdeceased+ évGcxôeeitou nouns ndadjectivalmodifiersualifyinghedeceased thefirstnd third lements an be reversed). hisformulappeared n ClassicalAtheniantelai nd n iterarypigram,128ut tgrew opular orlaterGreek pitaphs,specially uringheEmpire.129 odern ditions fVShavefollowedheTeubner ext yCarlLudwigKay er nplacing o comma t the ndofthefirstineofHerodes'epitaph. his reates relative lausebridginghedistich hat anbe translatedof whom ll thatremainsies nthis omb'.130hisreadinghould erejectedecause he se of he bstracthrase

'all these hings'raôenávxa)to mean he orpsenstead f,fornstance,phrasewithÀeíyavaorveKpóçs stilted.More ignificantly,fKeraxi coiôe ácpcoiallswithin he elativelause, hemainclause acksa verb. ThephraseKeîxai xcoiôe ácpcois unique nGreekpoetry,131ut tobviouslytandsnfor vBáÔeKeîxai,which lways elongs othemain lause nthe ormula.132

Theepigramhat hilostratusalled briefndnoble' ßpoc%')ainokb) ells great ealaboutHerodes na shortpace. The distich egins ynaming erodeswith he raditionalnomasticformulafpersonal ame+ patronymicdemotic,houghhefirstnd second lements avebeenreversedo fit hemetre, hich equireshe horteningf he ltima nAxxikoûyepiccor-reption. heuse of his ame nstead f omethingimplersremarkable,ecause he ull ormatvery arelyccursnversenscriptionsith vGaÔe eîxai, nd hen nlynClassical xamples.133Thechoice f his raditionalesignationor thenianitizens nderscores erodes'membership

inanancientommunity,hilenecessarilyndicatingisparentagend ttachmentoMarathon.Therelative lause towhom ll this elongs' oS xáôe návxa)must eferothephysicaln-vironment,hats,the tadiumnd tsmonumentalnnexes. Theassertion fownership ightseemboastful Wilamowitzonsideredt argrenommistisch'.134ut tshould e rememberedthat his pitaph aspreparedndposted ytheAthenians,howanted ocelebrate erodes s

127Werner eekhasreconstructedhis ext s follows:[Io)(piÀ,oçvOáôekeuch ]r|xr|p,S xáòe tkxvtoc.(1980)65,no.82; SEG 30.306). I cannot ccepthisrestoration,because saw the ery ops f ettersn a second ine nasqueezeatthe nstituteorAdvanced tudy.Thesecond

lineprobably eganwith vGdcôe erccciorKevcoticihÔeTÓKpcoi,f twas a slavish opyof Herodes' pitaph),ndthe irstine robably eganwith he ame f he eceased(Peek'sZcò(piÀ,oçs exempli ratia), erhaps ollowed ythe onicnoundoctor' irjifip).128E.g. G II25424,6859,6873;AD 17,B' 1,1961/62,26; AP 7.60.1-2,7.135.1-2,7.698.1-2,7.747, 8.81.1-2,8.126.1-2, 3.14.1-2;Nonnus 7.313,37.10.

129E.g. IG XII.6.2 740.1-2 Pythagorio,amos, ec-ondcenturyC); SEG 27.759[2].5-6 Crete,Late Hel-lenistic);G VIII 1884 Thespiae,Roman); G XII.7 303(Minoa,Amorgos, oman); G XII.7 suppl.326 (Tenos,early econd entury);G V.I 933 (Karyai, aconia, ec-ond-thirdenturies?);G X.2.Î5 12. -5 Thessalonica,ec-

ond-thirdcenturies); IGBulg IV 1963 (Serdica,second-thirdenturies), 964 (Serdica, atethird-early

fourth enturies);MAMA VIII.569.1-3 (Aphrodisias,Roman); Kyzikos 28.2-9 Kepsut,Mysia, econd-thirdcenturies);Hadrianoi 88.1-4Tacköy, ysia,Roman?);SEG 35.1341 Amastris,aphlagonia, oman); Pontos-Bithynia0 (Pompeiopolis, aphlagonia, oman);SEG

6.17.1-4Ancyra,ourth-sixthenturies);Paphlag-Capp22 (Tyana,Cappadocia, econd-thirdenturies);G XIV1589 Rome), 521 Burdigala, aul).

130Wright1921) 182;Ameling1983b)212,no.192;Civiletti2002) 220. Several ditorsnd commentatorshave ccepted hepunctuationndmeaning endorse: .Cougny, nth.Gr. pp.318;T.Preger,GM 15;R. HillervonGaertringen,GE 125;Wilamowitz1928) 223;W.Peek,GVI 391 and EpitVers47.131The closest arallels anepitaphfMiddleRomandate found t BaphinearTatoi nAttica,whichbegins[èv9](xôe còiÔeáípancevcaiIG II213153).132Cf.GVI 361-399.

133E.g. G II26859 Kerameikos,atefifth-earlyourth

centuries);eek 1957)56,no.200 Kerameikos,lassical).134Wilamowitz1928) 223.








benefactor onpareil.So longas theepitaphwas visible, twould remind iewers hat heextraordinaryuildingwed ts xistenceoHerodes'munificencend ngenuity.

There s a deepermeaningoo. Thephraseall this' xócôekxvtoc)svague, ackings itdoesa concrete eferentithin hedistich,nd t sextremelyare s a clausula.Presumablyor hese

reasonsKayser mittedhe omma tthe ndofthefirstine ndchangedhe lause'smeaning.But his nusual hrase anbeexplainedy tsdependencen a model.Theonly ther ccurrenceofthis lausula nearlier rcontemporaryoetry135s thefirstineof a fragmentyAntimachusofColophon oncerningemesisStrabo 3.1.13 fr.131Matthews):There s a great oddess,Nemesis,whohas obtainedll this rom heBlessedOnes' egtiÔetic Néjueaiçizyáhí'0eóç,r'xáôe rcávTCxrcpòçiampaw eÀ,a%ev). heirfrequentuotationndallusions o them uringHellenisticndRoman imesndicatehat hesewereAntimachus' ost amous erses.136eorgKaibel first roposed heirnfluence n Herodes' epitaph.137he suggestions particularlyattractive,ot nly ecause he oetryfAntimachus as wellknownmongntellectualsf hesecondcentury,138utalso becauseHerodeshad a specialconnectiono thecultof Nemesis.Inscriptionsndsculpturesound tthegreat anctuaryf Nemesisat Rhamnous how that

Herodes ndPolydeucionacrificedo the ult, nd Herodes rected statue fhimselfndpos-siblymperial ortraitshere.139urthermore,arcellus' oemdisplayedt theRomanvillaofHerodes ndRegulastated hat e hadtransplantedheAttic ultsofAthena nd RhamnusianNemesis o theTriopionIGXIV 1389.60-4).

The subtle llusion oAntimachus ouldhave entertainedhoseviewerswho could ppreci-ateClassicalpoetry,hile he earned eferenceo thefamous erses nNemesis emindedhemofHerodes' atronagef ocal cult.The sustainedonnectionetween erodes ndNemesiswasrootedn mythicalonnectionetween emesis ndMarathon. ausaniaswrotehat he ersiansbroughtblock fParianmarble o Greece ousefor victory onument,utNemesis ell ponthemtMarathon,nd ater heidias sedthemarble ocarve he ult-statuet RhamnousPaus.1 33.2-3, P 16.221-3).The echoofAntimachusnthe pitaphhus raced nexus f ssociations

between erodes, emesis ndMarathon. hiswasnot hefirstllusiono Rhamnusianemesisin funeraryontextnHerodes' amily.twillberememberedhat e hadcommissionedfinelysculptedarcophagusor neofhischildren,robablylpinice,tCephisia.The chest isplayedon tsfronthe nusual cene f he amilyfHelenofTroy,ust ike hebaseofthe ult-statuetRhamnous.140

The econdine f he pigramuxtaposeshe mallnessfHerodes'ntermentna single ombwithhemagnitudefhisfame.Thepoem sbalanced rom tarto finisho thattexpands romthedeadmantohis burial nd tsmonumentalnvironmentothewholeworld.Thepraise fHerodes' niversalame, usualepigrammaticentiment,141s restrictedotwowords.The astone, he djectiverenowned,fgoodrepute'e')ôÓKi|ioç),must ave ounded atherfficialndprosaic ocontemporaryeaders. t does occur nClassical ragedyndprose, ut t lsobelongs

tothehonorificanguage f HellenisticndRomandecrees,142nd tsmost ommon sage s in

135The clausula lsooccursn a relativelausewithvaguereferentn a sixth-centurypigram yLeontiusScholasticusraisinghe harioteeraustinusAP 16.363).

136Matthews1996) 313-21 Jr. 31) is a full om-mentary. s inHerodes'epitaph,hemeaning f xáôenávxa ntheAntimachusragments unclearnddebated(pp.318-19).

137Kaibel (1880) 459; cj Gasparri 1974-75) 316('Antigono iColofone'),Ameling1983b)212.

138Hadrian,or xample, reatlydmirednd mitatedAntimachusCass.Dio 69.4.6;Hist.Aug.Hadr. 16.1-2).

139/GII23969,13208;Ameling1983b) 163,169-70,nos160, 173;Tobin1997) 278-80.

140Perry2001) 478-83, 2005) 74-5.141Cf.e.g.Philostr. S 1.22.4 Dionysius fMiletus)

recalling huc.2.43.3; CIL III 124 (uirtuteaelebratusmagna per orbem:Majorinus, rachonitis,ate fourthcentury).

14/E.g. SEG 34.207 (Brauron, 88/7BCY); Wnene137 Priene,HellenisticrRoman); ardisVILI 31 (ad-verbial: ardis, irstenturyC-firstenturyD); IGV.1595 (superlative:parta, oman); G XII.7 406 (superla-tive:Aegiale,Amorgos, oman); Eryth 5 (superlative:Erythrae,oman).







114 JOSEPHL. RIFE

laudatorytatementsn mperial reek rose.143fHerodes' pitaphoesnotdisplayheer oeticelegance,ts conomynd rtificeespeak measuref reativeophistication.heauthor f hedistich emembered erodes at once as citizen, enefactor,ntellectual,atron f local cultand descendant rom reatmen. Presumablyhefuneraryration raised hese ameattributes,

whethertwasdelivered efore r afterhemonument as finishedndthe pitaph as inplainsight.TheAthenians ust aveemployedpoetwhoknewHerodes ndhisaccomplishmentsowrite he erses,uch s Hadrian fTyre imself r another fHerodes' ophistic olleagues rstudents.144

Either uringhe uneralr hortlyhereafter,omeone edicatedhe ltar oHerodes ear hetombnd tairway.ables nd ltarswere ommonlyssociatedwithhe ult f he ead nGreekburial racticeuringhe mpire.145ournersrobablysed he ltar, erhapslongwith muchlargerltar-tomb,or acrificialfferingsocommemoratehedead, s is attestedtaristocraticburials n iterature.146here remany xamples fmarble ltars fvarious orms edicatedoimportantndividualsoexpress ublichonour. hese nclude he ltar oRegulanearCephisia(IG II2 13200)andaltars oAugustus ndHadrian nAthens nd to several mperorsnd the

intellectual otamon tMytilene.147he altar oHerodesdisplayed asicmouldingsndnosculptedeliefrothermbellishment.nthese espectstresemblesimple ltars fRoman ateatAthens utdiffersrommanymore laboratexamples romcross heGreekworld.148hisausterityasappropriateo the tmospherefthe tadium ndthe omb.

While he ltar's nscriptionaswholly eparate rom henearbypitaphnformndpur-pose,149ertaineaturesftheheroic edicationomplementhe legiac ouplet.The nscriptiononthe ltar ives neword er ine nd henames fdedicand nd presumably)edicatorntheirplainestorms. uch oncision istinguisheshisnscribedltar rom therxamplestAthens ndelsewhere. heuse of he djectiveMapocGœvioçith he rticlenattributiveositionsthe x-planatory odifierftípcoç,ndnot s the tandardemotic iketheuse inthe pitaph,nder-scoredHerodes' pecial ttachmentoMarathon. urthermore,he hrasetheMarathonianero'

wouldprima aciehavereminded thenianeaders f a soldierwhodied on thePlainunder hegeneralshipfHerodes'forefather,iltiades. The strikingharacterizationfHerodesas alatter-day arathonianero hus roughto mind he ignal ictorynAthenianistory.twas aconnectionhatHerodes imselftroveoadvertisehroughhe vert eminiscencefhisances-try,hroughispatronagefthe ult fRhamnusianemesis, hroughischoice fElpinice s anameforhisdaughter,ndthroughisplanfor urial nthe amegroundwhere heoriginalMarathonianeroes ested.

The nscriptionlso used ettersrom much arlierge Plate 7 (b)). Theskilled pigraphersubstitutedpsilon or ta naccordance ith re-Euclideanrthography,uthe used he uperior

143E.g. Strabo1.4.9; Diod. Sic. Bib. 16.6.2;Diog.

Laert.9.14; Plut.Rom.15.2,Lye. 17.1, 18.2,Lys.22.5,Pelop. 14.3,Fab. Max. 21.3,Mor. 667D, 847C; Paus.2.20.8;Luc. mag.19,Merc. ond. 0; Cass. Dio 71.25.3;Philostr.VS2.10.6; TheonProg.Rhet. Gr. II, p. 103;SopaterMétf.r.VIII,pp. 11,81;Themist. r. 15.187C,18.216D.

144Cf.Kaibel 1880) 459 (siue pseHerodes ine m-icorum liquis,butHerodes s improbable);Ameling(1983b)212 'Das Spielmit iteraturügtich ortrefflichindenKreisH.s ein').

145Gill (1991) surveysGreek ulttables, ncludingseveral tgraves fRomandate e.g. pp.2-3,29, 67,82,fig.35, pl. 35); Cormack2004) 117-18,151, 154 dis-cussesfuneraryltars nRomanAsiaMinor.

146Luc.Catapl. ,Luct. , 14,19; Aristid.]r.25.25;Poll.Onom. .146.

147Benjamin ndRaubitschek1959) andBenjamin

(1963), e.g. G IP 3224-30, 235,3323-80 Athens);GXII.2 140-201Mytilene).148Athens: enjamin1963)64,68-9,nos13, 4-8, is24, 25,27 (= IG IP 3329-33, oHadrian);Oliver 1963)(for reedmanfDomitian). or he eneral orm,houghoftenwith culpture,f.rectangularltars fLateHel-lenisticndRoman ate nRhodesFraser1977) 13-45),inMacedoniaSpiliopoulou-Donderer2002), .g.D5, D6,D13 (second entury)),nMysia Robert1948) 86-8,nos30-2,pis 21.8,23.2-3),andat Acmonia Robert1955)247-56, is22,23 (first alf f he hirdentury)).149ContraGasparri1974-75)379 ('L'iscrizione ..riprendenforma iùconcisa l sensodell'epigrammau-nerarioramandatoaFilostrato'),obin1997) 181 'This

seems obe a simplifiedersion f he pigram uoted yPhilostratos')ndGalli 2002) 21.







THE BURIALOF HERODES ATTICUS 11

bar nstead f n nitial tomark ough reathing. e also carvedetter ormsnspiredy earlyAttic cript.henuwith nelevatedecond ertical asta, he lphawith left-slantingar ndtruncatedight asta, ndthe howith hediagonal xtensionromhebase ofthe oop mitateletter orms oundnAtticnscriptionsf Late Archaic o Classicaldate.150he lettersre not

perfectacsimiles,owever,nd ertainetails etrayheirriginnthemiddle oman enturies.151Thegeneral lockinessfthe etters,speciallyhemu ndthenu,mirrorshe uadratehape fbothGreek ndRoman etters ftheperiod.The left-slantingpexon the lpha s typical orAthenianpigraphyfthe econd o thirdenturies,ndtheprotractediagonaln the ho n ine4 showsa gentle urve, ike a RomanR. The epigraphermissedone oftheeasiest ettersoarchaize, he heta, hich e carvedwith detached ar nstead f point r a cartwheel.More-over, atherhan sing n omicronoexpress he ongo, as Athenians id before doptingheIonic lphabet,ecreated novel megawith regular,losed ircle,ike n Archaic r Classicalomicron,ut lso an nferiorar t orslightlyelowthe etteringlane.152

This ext elongs oa group fover dozenAtticnscriptionsf Romandate predominantlysecond entury)hat ontainrchaizinganguagend etterorms.153hese exts,mostlyromhe

urban entre,nclude everal uneraryonumentsut lsohonoraryndvotive edications,eli-giousprescriptionsndboundarytones.154he letter ormsn the nscriptionnthe ltar oHerodes esembleettersnthesenscriptions,articularlyhe lpha, u andrho, ut achtext as

idiosyncracies,o that hevariabilitycross hese ormsepresentinghe amebasicearly lpha-bet squitewide.Moreover,s intheheroic edicationtthe tadium,hesenscriptionsftenmix

archaizingetters ith ettersypical ftheEmpire.Manyofthese exts resacred, ndtheir

antiquatedetters ust avemade narrestingisual mpressionhat onnoted enerabilityndeven nviolability.155heuseof rchaizingettersndiverseexts or ublic onsumptionust lsohave ppealed o the estheticensibilityfthe ulturallite. ndeed,twasthroughhe onser-vative itualsfofficialeligionndfuneraryult hatGreeks reservednd evenrevivedmem-ories fthemythicalndhistoricalast. Epigraphicrchaismn such ontexts,ust ikespeech

andarchitecture,asa means festablishingheClassicalpast s a meaningfulndactive orcein theRoman resent.

Consideringerodes'masteryf heClassicalheritagend uccess s a sophist, e should otbe surprisedhat heheroicdedications nottheonly rchaizingnscriptionn theHerodean

corpus.Two denticallynscribedolumnsfCarystian arblewere rectedlong heViaAppiatomarkhe ntrancento heTriopionndtoprohibitisturbanceIG XIV 1390= IGURII 339a-

b).156 hese nscriptionsisplay moremanneredndthoroughgoingrchaismhan he ext nthe ltar t the tadium,houghvenhere he pigrapherlipsonce,using Romand inplaceofanangular rchaic ttic elta.157he etterormsnthe exts romheTriopionndthe tadium

150Jeffery1961) 66-78 a5, c. 525-500;vl-2; p4-5,late ixth-earlyifthenturies); uarducci1967) 131-43.151On ImperialGreekpalaeography enerally,ee

Guarduccci1967)376-85; or alaeographicomparanda,seeAthenianfficialocumentsf he ate econd enturyinGraindor1924)42-54,nos66-82, is51-65.

152Threatte1980) 9 wronglyalles theomegaar-chaizing.

153Guarducci1967) 388-90;Threatte1980) 9; Laz-zarini 1986). Instances fpalaeographicrchaismnRomanGreece re esscommon utsideAthens: .g. GIV 444-5 funeraryrohibitions,hlius),Homolle 1896)721 dedicationoPoseidon ndAthena, elphi).

154IG II2 3380 (dedicationoHadrian tEleusis); 2

1078, I25506, 10587 funeraryedications);I22478,3121, 194, 742,5004 votivesnd acred rescriptions);

I2865a-b, I2 2680 boundarytones); I25007 oracleofHarmodiusndAristogeitonrom hria); 2 400 (copieddedicationfknightsrom cropolis). G II2 3396 dedi-cation oAntoninusius)and 5063 labelon seat tThe-atre of Dionysos)have been identifieds archaizing(Threatte1980) 9; Lazzarini 1986) 152n.24), thougheachdisplays nly nepre-Euclideanetteromicron oromega; psilon or ta).

155azzarini1986) 152.156Guarducci1978)233-4;Ameling1983b)148-50,

no.143;Lazzarini1986) 151;Galli 2002) 112;Pomeroy(2007) 166-7. G XIV 1391= IGUR II 340 doesnotdis-play thearchaicAttic criptndalphabet', s Pomeroy(2007) 166asserts.

157Guarducci1978)233n.5;contra azzarini1986)151.







116 JOSEPHL. RIFE

haveboth imilaritiesepsilon, ho, u)and differencesmu,omicron/omega,/horizontalar);they resurelyheproductsfseparate ands.Togetherhey peak o anabidingnterestn therevival f ncient ormshatwasan essential art fHerodes' ntellectualndpublic ersonae.158Justsin he ase of he pitaph, hoeverrectedhe ltar nd mployedhe pigraphereliberately

choseboth ormndtext o commemoratehese dentities. he most ikely edicator as one ofHerodes' urvivors,uch s his onBradua, he dopted laudius r nother.159hispersonwouldhave known hat thermembers f Herodes' housewere heroized oo,namelyRegula andPolydeucion.

ThistreatmentfHerodes eflectshe volution fhero-cultnHellenisticndRomanGreeksociety.Local communitiestill ecognizedraditionaleroes rommythicalrearlyhistoricaltimes,nd heynvested ew nterestndenergynthemaintenancefold cult ites.Atthe ametime, he anguage nd ritual f heroization ecamepotentmediafor ublic ndprivate om-memoration,herebyitieshonouredheir elebratedeadandfamiliesememberedheirovedones.160 ommunitiesecognizedxceptionalitizens s heroes,ometimesnexplicit ratitudefor enerous enefactionsrgreat uildings161r nappreciationf ntellectualchievement.162

Referenceso thedead as rípcoçlso occur n numerousrdinaryombstonescross he asternprovinces.nsome ases theword eems ohavebeen conventionalesignation,ut nothersitexpressedhe pecial tatus fthedead,whether ecauseofyouth, ccomplishmentr a closeemotionalondwith he ereaved.Theheroic edicationoHerodes eems ohavebeenmadebya relativeut fdeeprespect. urthermore,lthoughtwas not rectedyó ôfjôç, iewersmighthave houghthat thonoured erodes' ontributionso the ity,n account f ts ssociation itha public urial t the tadiumfor llAthenians'navoc9r|vaiKÓç).

The heroizationf Herodesgainedgreaterignificance ithin he ontextfthe tadium sboth n athletic enue nda monumento Classicalgrandeur. s Marco Galli hasstressed,hecombinationfagonistic paceandfuneraryitual shardly nique, articularlynGreek tadia,where ngoing acrificesnd heroic uildingseminded oth pectatorsndparticipantsf the

mythicalriginsf hegames.He adduced he xample f hegrand eroön t the ndof he ta-dium tMessene,whichwasestablishednHellenisticimes utwas usedfor ich urialwell ntothe econd entury.163e know rom ausanias hathe urial fheroes tathleticuildings asa venerablenstitution.alaimonwas buried ndworshippedtthe sthmiantadiumPaus.2.2.1cf.Philostr. un.mag.2.16);HippolytusndPhaedra adfuneraryonumentsear he tadiumat TroezenPaus.2.32.3-4); twas claimed hat ndymion as buried ear he tartingine t theOlympian tadium6.20.9); and Pindarhad a 'tomb' (ivfjiia)at the ThebanHippodrome(9.23.2).164The case of olaus at Pheneos ompareswell withHerodes tAthens, ecause his

158Twofragmentaryoundarytoneswith rchaizingscriptmarking precinct f ArtemisAmarysianear

Marousi,north fAthens,might ave been erected yHerodes,whoseCephisian illawas ocated earbyIG I2865a-b;Lolling1880);Tobin1997)237-8, ig. 2). Theposthumous emorialoHerodes tCorinthn he orm fa herm ith portraitustPhiladelpheus1920))doesnothave archaizing cript,s Gasparri1974-75) 379, n.3claims.

159Private edications oheroes remostfrequentlymade yfamily embers;ee n.87. Cf.Welch1998) 140:'[The altar] ouldhavebeen ommissioneds a votive ya freedman,lient,rdescendantfHerodes'.

160Hughes 1999); Jones2001a) 146-8.161E.g.Thuc. .11 Brasidas, mphipolis,22);Polyb.

8.12.7-8,Plut.Arat.53 (Aratus, icyon, 13); TAMV.2

1098 C. Julius enon, hyateira,ate firstentury C);IG XII.6.Í 365 (C. VibiusPostumus, earPythagorio,

Samos,AD 15 or ater);HerrmannndPolatkan1969)7-36, withJ. and L. Robert, E 1970,no. 512 (will of

Epikrates,akrason,irstenturyD); IG IV2. 82,85 T.Statiliusamprias fEpidaurus, thens ndSparta,mid-dle firstentury);GR IV 779-80,withJ. nd L. Robert,BE 1977,no. 489 (Sosia Polla,Apamea, . 128); G XII.753 (AureliusOctavius,Arcesine,Roman); Assos 27b(Callisthenes,ssos,Roman?); lasos 137 Roman?).162E.g. Puech 2002) 175-6no. 65 (Sebaste, 44/5),341-2 Trachonitis,ourthentury),43-4no. 169 Perga-mum, 53 or ater), 69-70 no. 258 (Philoppopolis,hirdcentury),57 (Ilion,fourthentury); rgonAAH2003)31-2,fig. 2 (Messene, econd-thirdenturies).

163Galli (2002) 21-4, citingThemelis 1992) onMesseneand the enotaph f Hadrian t the tadium fPuteoli.

164Tobin 1997) 182-3misreads aus. 9.23.1 ('thehero-shrinef olauswasunder he unningrack', uthe








tombwas situatedn a hillnear he tadium,ndhe wasgiven fferingss a hero8. 14.9-10).Theexcavatedult-sitefPalaimons oneof he est nderstoodf hese eroä. ThePalaimonioneenbyPausanias, second-centuryonopterosith nundergroundunnelhroughhe odium, assituatedt theheadofthe ldstadium,hough ythat ime he rackwaslong incedefunct. he

cult f Palaimonnvolved octural itesnwhichworshippers adeblood sacrificeso theboy-hero.165 notherxample f heroic ntermentt a placeof sacred ompetitions theburial fPelops ntheAltis,where he ltarwas still sedfor acrificesnPausanias' ay Pind.Ol 1 90-3;Paus. 5. 13. -3). 66

Theburials fPalaimon ndPelops re pt omparandaor he urial fHerodes, ot nly e-causehe was linked o the wo Panhellenic anctuarieshroughichbenefactions.167ike thePelopionndPalaimonion,he urial f heheroHerodeswas a site or acrificialfferings. ore-over, alaimon ndPelopswere nstrumentalnthefoundationf the sthmianndOlympianGames: heformererebelieved o derive rom hefuneralamesfor alaimon,while he atterwere elievedocommemoratehe ictoryfPelops verOenomausnthe hariot-race.lthoughHerodes' urial nd acrifices idnot recede he irst aces tthe tadiumn140, s thedonor f

the uildingnd he ponsorf henauguralestival e was the ounderf he anathenaic ames.After erodes' eath, e assumed place ncivichistoryotunlike hat fPelops ndPalaimoninthemythicalastof the anctuaries.All three eroeswerektistic igurestmajor thleticvenues, ven f heiroles n the riginfthegamesdiffered.heir ssociation ouldhavebeenall themore ividfor hosewho saw Herodes' omb, is altar nd the acrificeserformedhereandrecalled is avish onationst the sthmusndOlympia.

VII. THE SHIFTINGMEMORYOF HERODES

TheAthenians ho conducted erodes'funeralnderected istomb, adrian fTyre,hepoetwhocomposedhe pitaph,ndthe elative homade heheroic edicationllhelped ocreate

memoryor hedeadcitizen, enefactornd ophist.Thatmemory asmost ivid t the ime fthe uneralnd hortlyhereafter,hen he hysicalomponentsfburial tthe tadiumemainedintactnd onspicuous. hero-cult ightavepersistedor ome ime, hichwouldhave ttractedvisitors or ommemorativeituals.ThememoryfHerodes,however,volvedovertime speoplechangedhewords,materialsnd pacesofhisburial or oth egativendpositiveffect.

The deletionfthenames fboth edicatornddedicand rom he ltarwas a blatantttempttomodifyhismemory. rasuresre oftenttributedothepreparationfthe tone or e-use.There s ample vidence or herecyclingf statues yre-inscribinghebase,for nstance,tAthensPaus. 1.18.3)andRhodes Dio Chrys. r.31),andanxietyver he e-castingfpublicimages ound voice nsophistic ebate.168utsuch nargumentannot tandnmany ases,includinghe ltar oHerodes,where here s no new nscription,ndtheunique ontentsfthe

remainingext ouldnot ccommodatenewnamewhile etainingccuracyndunity.169

onlywrotehattwas beforehe roetidianate) ndmis-representsasparri1974-75)392 ('Gaspardpoints utparallels or ombs nderunningracks',uthe doesnot).Pausaniaswrote hat heEleans claimed hat he tomb'(uvf||j,a) fEndymion asatthe tarting-line,ut t s un-clearwhethere sawany tructurehere.

165Broneer1973) 99-112 ndGebhard tal. (1998)fig. reportn the rchaeologicalemains'PalaimonionV); Gebhardnd Dickie 1999) and Gebhard2005) dis-cussthemythndcult fPalaimon.

166Burkert1983)93-103discusseshemythtPelopsand hisworship t Olympia;Ekroth2002) 190-2ad-dresses he acrificest thePelopion.

167On Herodes nd he sthmiananctuary,een.124;on Herodes ndhisdonationsotheOlympiananctuary,includingtatuesf DemeterndKöre Paus.6.21.2)andofHygieiaIOlympia88)and he reat ymphaeumLuc.Peregr.19; Philostr. S2.1.5),see Tobin 1997) 314-23andGalli 2002) 222-7.

168Jones2001b) 17-18;Platt 2007) (sophistic e-bate);Shear 2007) (Athenianvidence).

169Kajava 1995) 209-10describeshe sualmethodsfor ecyclingnscriptions,mongwhichwas nscribingndifferentaces. twouldhavebeen asy orecyclehe ltar

toHerodes y uttingnew extnto notherace, ut hatwasnever one.







118 JOSEPHL. RIFE

Oneexplanationor he rasuresn the ltar oHerodes hatmightccount or he emanticndgrammaticaloherencef ines2-4 is that hey edirectedhededication rom erodes o theMarathonianero', r he ponymousero fMarathon. ausanias ndPhilostratusothmentionrepresentationsftheheroMarathon rMarathos, hosecult eems o have existed uringhe

Empire.170sEmilyKearns asshown,171part rommajor iguresuch s Theseus ndCecrops,theworshipf mostAttic eroeswashighlyocalized. Thisexplanationor he rasure houldthereforeerejected,ecause he ltarwas ocated n the ity's outheastutskirts.urthermore,since hephrasetheMarathonianero' dentifieshero rom r atMarathon,twouldbe an un-usualappellationorMarathon rMarathos, hogavehis name othedeme. As has beensug-gested, thenians horead hephrasewouldhavethoughtirstf someonewhofoughtnddiedatMarathon,llthemore o if he ult fthewar-dead ersistednRoman imes.172

The firstnd ast ineswouldhavebeendeleted odestroyhememoryfHerodes nd he newho honoured im.173his sort f mutilationanbe identifiedythemodernerm amnatiomemoriaes an actsanctionedythe tate rdriven ypopularnterestoforgetublic nemiesby defacingheirculpted epictionsr nscribedames n monuments.While hebest-known

targets ereRoman mperors,he ractice asnot imitedoRomeor hemperialircle.174uchdestructionad ongoccurrednsocietieswith omplex olitical rganizationnd a competitivepublic omain,ncludinghe ncient earEastandPharaonic ndPtolemaic gypt.175heprac-tice lsoexistednGreece uringheHellenisticra. TheAtheniansestroyedumerousmagesofDemetrius fPhalerumtthe nd of hisreignn307,and theAssembly ecreed hedestruc-tion f llmonumentsoPhilipV and heMacedonian ings nd he emoval f heir ames romallpublic ecordsn200.176hese cts, ike thers utside thens,177emindediewers hatyran-nical ontrolycertainndividualsrfamilies adbeen bolished.Duringhe ateRepublicndEmpire, ublicmonumentsfRoman fficialstrickenrom hepublicrecordweredefacednGreece ndAsiaMinor,ustas theywere nRome ndtheWest.178

Dangerous roffensiveitizens ould ufferimilarondemnationithin henarrowerealm

oftheprovincialities. ncommunitiesikeAthens, ard eelings etween ivals verpolitics,intellectualismrancestryoundxpressionhroughctsofpublic corn.Many nscriptionsfRomandatefrom reek ities hownames r titles efaced.Often he ondemnedersonsndtheir ffences reotherwise nrecorded ecausethey ctedona small, venpersonal,evel ofintercourse.179hese argetedrasures f pecific ords omparewith he echniquesedon thealtar oHerodes.One famous xample s C. JuliusNicanor, wealthyandowner ndpoetat

170Paus. 1 32.4 MarathonnpaintingnStoaPoikile);Philostr. S 2A.I ('cult-statue'âyaûxx) fMarathos sfarmer-herotMarathon).W.Wrede,RE 14.1428andKearns1989) 45, 183discuss hehero ndhiscult.

171Kearns1989) 139-207.172Kearns 1989) 55, 183,citing huc. 3.58.4 and

Paus. 1.32.4; ee also n.14.173Cf.Skias 1905) 260; Tobin 1993) 84-5, 1997)

182.174OnmemoryanctionsnRoman oliticalnd ocial

life, ee nowFlower2006).175Varner2004) 12-14,15-16,19-20 concentrating

on mages).176Demetrius: trabo .1.20;Plut.Mor.820E-F;Dio.

Laert. .77;Habicht1997)67-8. TheMacedonians: ivy31.44.4;Habicht1982) 147-8, .137;Camp 1992) 164-5,fig.138;Flower2006) 34-41.

177E.g. OGIS 218c. 1 -24,with lower 2006) 30-1

(decree rderingrasure fnames ftyrantsromublictexts, lium,earlythird entury C); Polyb.4.62.1-2

(destructionf Macedonian oyal tatues yScopasandtheAetolians, ium, . 220).

178E.g. SEG 39.1290,withJones2001b) 17 (letterfromMarkAntonyrased fter ctium,ardis);G XII.6

364,withKajava (1995) 205-8 names f Statilia ndL.Calpurniusisoerased, amianHeraion);Eph413,SEG43.798 name ndtitle f Domitian rased, phesus); GXII.6.1425 (name fGetaerased, amianHeraion).179E.g. Bradeen 1974) 87 no. 359 {stêlêwith edi-canderased,Agora,firstenturyC-firstentury D),136no. 717 blockwith edicandrased, gora,Roman),1 7 no. 872 = IG II21 92: columnar onumentithineerased,Agora, econd-firstenturies C); IG II2 11972{stêlêwith edicand rased,Athenian cropolis, econdcentury D), X.2.1 479 (altarwithfour erseserased,Thessalonica,hirdentury),II.2 547 (slabwith art fline rased, resos, esbos,Roman?); roneer1933)414,no.39,fig. 9 = SEG 33.22 blockwithwo ines rased,

Athenian cropolis, ourth-sixthenturies).








Augustan thenswhoseoverblownpithettheNew Themistocles ndtheNew Homer'wasremoved romhreenscriptions,pparentlyyAthenians hodisapprovedfhishandlingf hepropertyfSalamis.180notherxamples Popillius ius, contemporaryf Herodeswhowasalso a Marathonian. is namewas erasedfrom funerarytêlêwith sculpted elief hat ad

beenreçut or sebyhim nd hiswife nthe ate secondcentury. he namemight ave beenerasedby Popillius'enemies, erhaps he amemenwhohadchallenged isqualificationsorAthenianitizenship.181nemutilatedext rom he heatret RomanSparta urnishesgoodparallel or he ltar oHerodes.182lthoughhe partanextsconsiderablyongernd omewhatlaterearly hirdentury)han heHerodeanext,trecordshe ublic edication f statuef hephilosopherndorator eliusMetrophanest the xpense fM. Aurelius leanor.Thenames fboth he pender ear he ottomnd hededicand ear he opwere arefullyxcised.The text'sunique eferenceothe ndividualsndthe bsenceofadded etters howthat efacement,otsecondaryse,wasthe ntentionfthe rasure.Butthemotivations lostwithoutetter now-ledge fthebiographiesfMetrophanesnd Cleanor.183

Themutilationfthealtar oHerodes ikewiserepresents concerted fforto destroy

memory. he erasuresoint o ingeringntipathymong ertain theniansverwhat hey on-sideredobehis yrannicalbuseofpoliticalndfinancialnfluence. utocraticway hroughheestablishmentfpartisansnpoliticalndsacred osts, hedistributionrretentionf fundsndproperty,ndthe ransformationfpublic paces hroughlaborateonstructionere ealities furbanife n theRomanEast. The accusationftyrantsas a fundamentalheme or ratoricalpractice, ut twas notrestrictedotheclassroom: pigraphicnd historicources eveal hattyrannyasa recurrentubject fcivicdiscourse.184heexample fNicias,whomMarkAntonyinstalleds tyrantfCos in 41/0BC, is especially ermane,ecause t nvolvedepulchralese-cration.Accordingo anepigramyCrinagoras,itizens rokentohistomb,natchedhebodyand draggedttopunishment'eipuoavéç rcoiváç), resumably utilationAP9.81).

AllegationsftyrannylsofollowedhefamilyfHerodes.Hisgrandfatheripparchusost

his and o confiscationyDomitianna charge ftyrannyVS2.1.2),thoughhe ircumstancesare loudy.185nger ver he nordinatenfluencefHipparchusndhisfamilymight ave edtothe estructionf mages,ncludinghe oppledtatuefClaudiaAlciaatEleusis IG II23604a).186Herodes aced ontemptnmanyides.Thebrothersex.QuintiliusondianusndSex.Quintil-iusValeriusMaximuswere rominentristocratshoheldnot nly he onsulship151)but lsoanImperialppointments rulers f the ombined rovincesfAchaea,Macedonia ndEpirusafterhe aid f heCostobocic. 171-175).The frictionetweenhemndHerodes anbe tracedtoa disputever musical ontesttDelphi, fter hichHerodes urportedlyocked hem;atertheyoined heAthenianssemblynaccusing im othe mperorf yrannyVS2. 1 11). Leadingthe ttack ereHerodes' ldenemy i. Claudius emostratus,ogetherith eliusPraxagorasndM. ValeriusMamertinus.erodes ounteredhat ewas the ictim f conspiracy. lthoughhe

exact erms f the ompetinguits reunclear,heconflictulminatednthe rial t Sirmium,whereMarcusAureliusudged n favourfHerodes' nemiesndpenalized isfreedmen.187hetensionetweenhese trongmenndHerodessvividlyllustratedn he amousetter arcus ent

180IG II23786,3787,3789; Dio Chrys.Or. 31.116,withJones1976) 31-2. On Nicanor nd hiscareer,eeFollet2004) andJones2005).

181Lambert2000)495-7,no.E7,pl.77;SEG 50.254.MarcusAurelius alidated opillius' itizenshipn 174/5(SEG 29. ll II 30,52).

182IG V.I 563;Puech 2002) 350-2,no. 174.183Puech 2002)351-2 rgues nconvincinglyhat he

erasuresreparedhe tone or e-use.

184Kennell1997) 351-6, itinghe xamples fDioChrysostomtPrusaOr.47),Lysias ndhispredecessors

at Tarsus Strabo14.5.14;Dio Chrys.Or. 33.48; Luc.Macr. 21; Athen. .215B), and Nicias atCos (Ael. VH1.29).

185Pleket1961) 305-6andPapaias 1975) offer i-vergentiews fDomitian'smotives,itheroprotecthelower lassesortosupportival lites; ee alsoAmeling(1983a) 17-18.

186Ameling1983b)61,no.28;Tobin1997) 16, 00-1.187Ameling1983a) 136-51discusses hewhole on-

flictndthe ventst Sirmium.







120 JOSEPHL. RIFE

tothe itynthemiddle 70s o settle ariousegalcases SEG 29.127).188eelings fresentmenthadalready pread mong ommonAthenians, ho felt eceived ndbetrayed henHerodesrescinded is father's inalwish VS2.1 3-4).Abroader istasteor ismonumentss evidentnthe irade fPeregrinusroteus, hodecried he mposing ymphaeumtOlympiaLuc.Peregr.

20; cf.VS2.1.13). Suchopenanimosityoward owerfulmen ouldbe communicatedhroughchannels esides nvectivend itigation. erodeswas so concernedhat isdetractors,nclud-ing heQuintilii, ouldmutilatehe tatues fhisbeloved olydeucion,chilles ndMemnon hatheplaced ursenscriptionsn their ases VS2.1 10). Twenty-fivef hese exts avebeenfound,a largemajorityntheMarathonianndCephisian states.189

Herodes adnoshortagefenemies,ny fwhom ouldhaveerased he wo ines nthe ltarinone ortwo events.This textual eletion id notremoveHerodesfromhepublicrecord;tcreated lasting ocument f hisbanishmentrommemory.Viewers f the ltarwouldhaveknown hat henames f Herodes nd his dedicator ereoncethere, ut he rasures emindedthem oforgethese ames.190heerasure fHerodes'namewasparticularlyoignantnthe on-text f a heroic edication, hichmpliedhe mmortalityfthedeceased. We cannot now he

identityfthe ersonwhoerased he nscriptionrthe ircumstances.tcouldhavebeen ny fHerodes'known etractors hooutlived im,ncludingheQuintilii, howere xecuted nderCommodusCass.Dio 73.5.3). Wemight,owever,xpect uchprominentersons ocarryuta coordinatedrogrammefmutilation,nd the altar s theonlyknown ext ssociatedwithHerodeswith eleted ines.Perhapshe erpetratoras ananonymousthenian ho ttackedhealtar ut fpersonalage oward erodes ndhisfamily,ecausehefound erodes' rrogancen-bearable rfelt lighted yhis nterferenceith tticus'state.Thedefacementccurredtsomepoint etween . 179 and he 50s butmostikelywithin generationfter erodes' eath,whenresentmentas stillhot. If toccurredhortlyfterhe ltar's edication,hen treflectshe o-existencetAthens fopposingentimentsver hememoryfHerodes, neembracingonour,the thergnominy.

AsimultaneousevelopmentnHerodes'memory as the rowthf cemeteryearhis omb.Thechoice fburialocale nallculturess a conscientiousndmeaningfulne. TheAthenianswho nterredheir elatives rfriendsnthe ofty lopemust aveconsideredhe ite'sbenefitsofhigh isibilitynd asy ccessibility;heymust ave ppreciatedhemonumentalettingf heStadium;ndtheymusthaveknown hatHerodesrested earby.The simple haracter fthegraves ndtheirmarkersndicates hat hedeceaseddidnotbelong othe ity's lite.Theywerecitizens rom ifferentemes, omerepresentedheworkinglasses, ndthey ouldhave beenfreedpersons.191oneof the pitaphs ames nindividualbviouslyonnectedoHerodes, utthe ossibilityannot e ruled ut.192 ven f hosenterrederewerenothisfreedpersons,urialnear hegreat erodes ndbeside hePanathenaic ayhaveconferreddegree fprestige.t stemptingo magine hat heburials elonged oadmirers fHerodes,who ndeathoinedhis

socialcircle,fnothisbiological ineage, hrough ortuaryroximity.similaratternmergedin ater enturies,henntermentearholymen recclesiasticaleaders avehonour ndcomfort

188Oliver1970);Ameling1983b) 182-205, o. 189.Kennell1997) examines his ext n ight fthepoliticalconflictngulfingerodes nd he henomenonf yrannyin mperial reek ities.

189IG II2 3970, 13188-13208; G XII.9 134; SEG14.292;Rhomaios1906) 443-50;Peek 1942) 141,no.310; AD 33, B'l, 1978,55-6. For fulldiscussion, eeAmeling 1983b) 23-9, 160-6,nos 147-70 and Tobin(1997)113-60.

190Hedrick2000)89-130discusses ifferentorms fdamnatiomemoriae nd howthey emind heviewer oforget;ee alsoFlower2006) 276-8.191Cf.vonMoock 1998) 84-5.

192Welch 1998) 140 suggestshat tomb ccupantscouldhave ncluded escendantsfHerodes nd/or em-bers fhisgreatamilia ffreedmennd laves'. ItseemsunlikelyhatHerodes'descendants ouldbe interrednsuchmundaneraves. erhapstwascoincidentalhatne

person uried ere,Herakleitos,amefromhedemeofCephisia/GII26418).








to Christian ourners. ut ny espectfulctivitytthe omb fHerodes raduallynded s thesitefell nto isrepair. hehandlingfthe ltar ndsarcophagus,f thadbelonged oHerodes,suggestshat isposthumousultwas short-lived.We canonly magine he ondition f hisfunerary onumentndepitaphfteroughly5-85years,when he hamber as built nto he

stairway. s thefirstenerationf Philostratus'eadersontemplatedhe rstwhilereatnessfHerodes, ismemorytAthens adalreadyhiftedramatically.

VIII. CONCLUSION: ÉLITE IDENTITY,URBAN SOCIETY AND PUBLIC MEMORY

The burial fHerodesAtticus evealshowrituals,monuments,lacesand words ouldbe com-bined ocommunicatelite dentitynd ocreate ublicmemorynGreek rbanociety uringheRomanera. TheplannedgraveontheMarathonianstatewouldhaveexpressed hewealth,territorialontrolnd ugustineage fHerodes.He created lavish emeteryor ischildrennd(probably) is wife ntheCephisian state, uthepreferredo dentifyimself ithhisprede-cessors hroughurial tMarathon. opularwill,however,clipsed rivate ish. TheAthenians

seizedhiscorpse or public uneralndburial t thePanathenaic tadiumorecognize is roleas leading itizenndbenefactor.heprocession as ike ceremonyf ivic eceptionhat rewout hepopulace, econstitutedsocialhierarchyndtraverseduburbannd urban pace. ThedepositionfHerodesn animposingomb longside he tadium e had erected or ll Atheni-ans wasanappropriateesturefgratitudeythe ity.When hePanathenaic ameswereheldafter. 179, pectatorsouldplainlyeeHerodes'monument,rom here efigurativelyresidedover he vents.The short ut ophisticatedpitaph ronounced is universal ame, ndtheestablishmentf hero-cultas a specialhonour.

ConnectionsotheClassical ast ramedhe nd fHerodes'ife.Hisburial tMarathon ouldhaveremindedravellershroughhatandscape fAthenian emoriesfHerodes' wn ink othegreat attlehroughisforebear iltiades.Herodes lso commemoratedisMarathonianistory

bynaming isdaughterlpinice ndby sacrificingt Rhamnous.His cherishedssociation ithNemesis s apparentotonly nhis venerationntheRoman state, ut lso in subtle uneraryreferences,amelyhe culptedarcophagushat ecalled he ult-statuendthe uotationromAntimachusn the pitaph.Apart romhese pecific oints fcontact etweenHerodes ndClassicalAthens,heformsndsettingsheAthenians hoseforHerodes'burial isplayedhesame rchaizingtylembracedyeducatedlites f he ay.Thestadium,he omb,nd he ar-cophaguswere llmarkedy elegant implicityndantiquatedecor. Classicism istinguishedthe anguage f he pitaph,he ustereppearancendunusual aleographyfthe ltar nd, re-sumably,adrian's ration. he hero-cultfHerodes,ocated t anathleticuilding,voked nancientnstitution.uchpervasiventiquarianismouldhave beenfamiliaroAthenians hoknewHerodes' ortraiture.nstancesrom ttica ecalledhe ype f he ate ClassicalKoo|ir|Tr|ç

as an elegantntellectualatherhan haggard hilosopher.193s R.R.R. Smithwrote,In thecontextf ocalpoliticstAthens,hen, erodes' ortraitresentsn mage fmodesteserve, iththedemeanourndstyle fa leader fthe lassicalAthenianemos'.194

Thepublicmemoryf his ersona,ntegrallyied obothRomanAthens ndClassicalAthens,hadan intriguingevelopment. hroughheelaborate uneralndburial tthe tadium,heAtheniansvoided isputendcelebratederodes s a leadingmember f heirommunity.hisimpressionasreinforcedhroughrequentiewingf hemonumentnd pitaph,nd twasaug-mentedhroughhe bservancef hehero-cultnd he rowthf he djacentemetery.erodes'

193Zanker 1995) 243-4; see Datsoulis-Stavridis(1978) 214-28and Tobin 1997) 71-6onHerodes'por-

traituretAthens,ncludingxamples rom ephisia ndMarathon.

194Smith1998) 79.







122 JOSEPHL. RIFE

detractors,ither isdainfulitizens r ong-standingivals, evised his xaltedmagen deroga-torymannerydefacinghe ltar. hilostratusurtherilteredhememoryfHerodes hroughisselective overage nd bias towardntellectualchievement. hepanegyricalife,written otlong efore he e-use f he arcophagus,ltar nd ombstones,ivesno hint f he reepingbliv-

ion at Herodes' omb.We couldnot ppreciatehese ynamic rocesses f élite urial nd com-memorationfwe did not dopt contextualpproacho the rchaeologicalnd writtenourcesbut estrictedurselves o that ate tage nthegenerationfmemory,hilostrateaniography.

JOSEPHL. RIFEVanderbiltniversity

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JHS 128 2008) THE BURIAL OF HERODES ATTICUS PLATE7

(a) ThePanathenaic tadiumndsurroundinguildings(Travlos 1971) 501,fig. 30)

(b)Altar edicatedo HerodestheMarathonianero' photo yauthor)

(c) Strigillatedlinê arcophagusphoto yauthor)