Hiểu để yêu thích bonsai

NGUYN CNG NH

HIU YU THCH BONSAI

-2013-

Hiu yu thch bonsai - 2 -

Nguyn Cng nh Bin son t cc ti liu dch, su tm, c din gii, b sung - 2013



MC LC PHN I: NHP MN .................................................................................................. 5 I. Khi nim c bn ....................................................................................................... 5 II. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin............................................................................... 6 III. Lm sao c mt cy cnh p ............................................................................ 6 IV. nh gi v gi tr ca cy...................................................................................... 7

1. Cc loi cy cnh v tiu ch nh gi v v p ca cy............................................................7 2. Cc trng phi chi cy th........................................................................................................7 a. Trng phi c Trung Hoa...........................................................................................................8 b. Trng phi Nht Bn..................................................................................................................9 c. Khi lun ....................................................................................................................................10

PHN II: CC TH CY C BN 13 Chng 1: Cc th cy Trung Hoa truyn thng ........................................................ 13

1.1. Th trc qun t ......................................................................................................................13 1.2. Th trc lin chi ......................................................................................................................13 1.3. Th trc qun t lin chi .........................................................................................................14 1.4. Th trung bnh ngay ................................................................................................................14 1.6. Th trung bnh cong ................................................................................................................15 1.7. Th tam a...............................................................................................................................15 1.8. Th ng phc...........................................................................................................................16 1.9. Th nht tr knh thin ............................................................................................................16 1.10. Th v tr ..............................................................................................................................17 1.11. Th tht hin..........................................................................................................................17 1.12. Th mai n ............................................................................................................................18 1.13. Th tng thp.........................................................................................................................19 1.14. Th ch vng ch tng .....................................................................................................19 1.15. Th xuy phong.......................................................................................................................20 1.16. Th bt phong hi u...........................................................................................................20 1.17. Th phng v ......................................................................................................................21 1.18. Th hc lp ............................................................................................................................21 1.19. Th nga tng........................................................................................................................22 1.20. Th thc ............................................................................................................................22 1.21. Th huyn chi lc a ............................................................................................................22 1.22. Th long cun thy................................................................................................................23 1.23. Th long thng.......................................................................................................................24 1.24. Th long ging.......................................................................................................................24 1.25. Th long m hi u..............................................................................................................25 1.26. Th long bn h phc............................................................................................................25 1.27. Th long n phng v .......................................................................................................26 1.28. Th lng long tranh chu ....................................................................................................27 1.29. Th mu t ............................................................................................................................27 1.30. Th ph t .............................................................................................................................28 1.31. Th ph t giao chi................................................................................................................29 1.32. Th tiu phu qui t ..............................................................................................................29 1.33. Th song th ..........................................................................................................................30 1.34. Th qun th tam sn ............................................................................................................30 1.35. Th ng nhc .........................................................................................................................31

Chng 2: Cc th cy Nht Bn truyn thng .......................................................... 32 2.1. Kiu dng cy chi - Hokidachi (Broom style Bonsai) ..........................................................33 2.2. Kiu thng ng sang trng/dng trc - Chokkan (Formal upright Bonsai style)..................34 2.3. Kiu thng ng phng khong/ dng trc lc - Moyogi (Informal upright Bonsai style) ....35 2.4. Kiu nghing/dng xin - Shakkan (Slanting Bonsai style)....................................................36



2.5. Kiu thc - Kengai (Cascade Bonsai style) ....................................................................... 37 2.6. Kiu na thc (Dng bay, dng huyn, bn huyn nhai) - Han-kengai (Semi cascade Bonsai style) .............................................................................................................................................. 38 2.7. Kiu k s (s phu/thi s/vn s) - Bunjingi (Literati Bonsai style).......................................... 39 2.8. Kiu lng (bt) gi - Fukinagashi (Windswept Bonsai style) ................................................ 40 2.9. Kiu thn i (thn kp/lng thn) - Sokan (Double trunk style Bonsai) ............................ 40 2.10. Kiu a thn - Kabudachi (Multitrunk Bonsai style) ........................................................... 41 2.11. Kiu rng - Yose-ue (Forest Bonsai style) ........................................................................... 41 2.12. Kiu r m - Seki-joju (Growing on a rock Bonsai style-root on the rock) .................... 42 2.13. Kiu mc t khe - Ishisuki (Growing in a rock Bonsai style-root in the rock) ............... 42 2.14. Kiu kt b (nhiu thn cy chung r) - Ikadabuki (Raft Bonsai style) ............................... 43 2.15. Kiu trc v - Sharimiki (Shari Bonsai style) ...................................................................... 44 2.16. Mt s th (dng) cy mi c b sung thm .................................................................... 44

Chng 3: Mt s phong cch b sung tng gi tr ca cy.................................. 46 3.1. L r........................................................................................................................................ 46 3.2. R m hay cy mc trn /trong khe ........................................................................... 46 3.3. La .......................................................................................................................................... 46 3.4. Mt.......................................................................................................................................... 46

PHN III: PH LC 47 Ph lc 1: Bonsai Lch s hnh thnh v s khc bit ca ngh thut Bonsai so vi vic trng mt cy trong chu thng thng ...................................................................................................... 47 Ph lc 2: Lch s Penjing trung Quc Trit l ngh thut v so snh vi Bonsai .................... 49



PHN I: NHP MN

I. Khi nim c bn

Chi cy dng tm, chi chim dng kh, chi c dng thn qu tht mi th

chi u mang mt ngha ring, v bao hm trong l c mt trit l, quan nim v nhn

sinh quan cuc sng con ngi. Quyn sch ny xin bn ti mt phn trong th chi cy,

chi cy bao gm cy cnh l ch th chnh, ngoi ra cn kt hp vi chu cy, non b vi

s kt hp kho lo v b cc, phi cnh to nn gc t nhin thu nh, rt i nn th.

Cy cnh theo ngha rng c th hiu l tt c cc c th hoc tp hp cy m c con

ngi ch ng trng v chm sc vi mc ch thng thc v p ca cy (ch khng n

thun l ly bng mt, hay ly g, hoa qu). Ni chung cy cnh l mt lnh vc kh rng,

rt phong ph v a dng, tuy nhin trong khun kh cun sch ny ch xin bn ti mt phn

trong , mt phong cch chi cy cnh c a chung nht hin nay. Phong cch ny cng

rt phong ph a dng, vi nhiu tn gi khc nhau nh: cy th, cy cnh ngh thut, non b,

hay thm ch dng nguyn mt tn gi c xut x t ting Nht, l Bonsai.

Tuy tn gi bonsai vn ban u ch c ngha ch phong cch chi cy cnh Nht

Bn, tt nhin n cha th i din ht cho tt c cc trng phi chi cy Vit Nam m tc

gi ang cp n, tuy nhin, do s tin li trong cch gi tn, cng nh l gii y, t

sau tc gi xin dng tn gi bonsai i din cho lnh vc chi cy cnh ngh thut ny.

Nh vy, c th ni bonsai l mt loi hnh ngh thut lin quan n vic chi cy cnh.

Trong , bonsai bao gm tp hp cc k thut trng, chm sc v to hnh cho cy km

theo l mt h thng quan nim trit hc v ngh thut cm th gi tr v p ca cy.

c bit, theo phong cch Bonsai, mt cy cnh hon thin phi nh l mt cy c th trong

t nhin nhng c thu nh li v trng trong bn, chu (ch khng phi trng t, vic

trng di t c th c thc hin nhng giai on u, khi ang to hnh cho mt cy

cha hon thin m thi). Ngy nay, vic chi cy cnh khng ch gii hn vic to hnh th

cho cy m to hnh nh gn gi vi thin nhin thu nh, ngi ta cn kt hp cy vi

hoc la (cc thn cy kh hoc mt phn b cht ca cy) to thnh non b, thy mc

trng p v cng. Bn thn vic ghp cy vi hoc la to hnh non b cng l mt

cng vic phc tp, i hi tnh ngh thut cao, cng nh cn da trn yu cu tng ca

ngi chi ng thi phi ph hp vi iu kin khng gian ni ngoi tht sn c (s ph hp

khng ch v kch thc, m cn v s hi ha, hp l v b cc, mu sc, quan trng hn l

s hi ha v mt phong thy). y l mt vn phc tp nn khng th bn lun chi tit

y, trong gii hn quyn sch ny ch xin ni v v p ca bn thn cy cnh trong iu

kin bn chu thng thng.

Tri qua thi gian, bonsai pht trin t vic n gin l trng cy trong chu nay

tr thnh mt hnh thc ngh thut rt c a chung v nh gi cao.

(xem thm ph lc 1)



II. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin

Mc d ngy nay hu nh c th gii quen vi tn gi Bonsai vn l mt t ting

Nht, nhng thc ra Bonsai li c ngun gc xut x t Trung Quc thi xa. Theo cc

nghin cu, khong 1000 nm trc cng nguyn, ngi Trung Quc bt u chi mt

ngh thut gi l pun-sai hay penjing , s dng cc k thut c bit to ra cc cy c

th thu nh trong cc bn, chu. Ban u ch c cc tng lp vng quan cng t mi bit v

chi th ngh thut ny, ngi ta s dng cc cy cnh nh mt tng phm c gi tr v nhiu

ngha nhn nhng dp l lt quan trng.

Sau khng lu, ngh thut chi cy cnh ny lan rng ra mt s nc chu ln

cn nh Nht Bn, Vit Nam,... thng qua s giao thng v quan h ngoi giao gia cc

triu i phong kin. V mi ti gn y, cho n nhng nm 1900, ngh thut Bonsai mi

lan rng ra ngoi cc quc gia chu . Gp phn ln trong s qung b ny l nh cc ngh

nhn Bonsai Nht Bn gii thiu n n vi ngi phng Ty trong bi cnh nc Nht

ci m giao thng mnh m vi bn ngoi, chnh nh vy m ngy nay tn gi Bonsai tr

nn ph bin trn ton th gii. (xem thm phn ph lc 2)

III. Lm sao c mt cy cnh p

Bn mi tip cn v rt c hng th vi ngh thut Bonsai, nhng cha bit lm sao

c mt cy cnh p cho ring mnh. Hy tm hiu cc bc c mt cy cnh ngh thut

nh sau:

1. Trc ht hy quyt nh xem bn s la chn cch tm mua (hay tm kim thn trong

t nhin) cho mnh mt phi cy c sn hay l s trng mt cy mi t ht hoc cnh chit

(hay gim). Phi cy l cy cnh c ngi ta trng sn hoc la chn t trong t nhin,

tuy nhin qu trnh to dng cn ang dang d, cha hon thin. Kch thc v tui ca phi

cy kh ln xp x gn bng vi cy hon thin sau ny, nn bn s tit kim c kh

nhiu thi gian, tuy nhin, v cy c thn v nhng cnh ln, nn vic to dng sau phi

da theo nhng g c ch khng hon ton theo mnh c. Cn cy bn trng mi, c

th hon ton ch ng to hnh dng ngay t khi cn nh, thoi mi cho bn sng to cc t

th, tuy nhin trng t u tt nhin s mt rt nhiu thi gian.

2. Bc tip theo l chnh sa to dng cho cy (d l cy bn trng t u, hay mua

phi cy c sn). Quan trng nht l bn phi c tng ngh thut nh hng cho vic

to dng cho cy (tham kho phn cc th cy c bn). H tr cho vic , ngy nay rt nhiu

k thut c bit c pht trin gip cho vic thit to hnh dng t th cho cy, cng

nh vic duy tr kch thc thu nh ca cy nhng trng vn phi c dng v c th. Trong

quan trng nht l k thut ct ta v un cy.

3. Th ba l vic chm sc cho cy. y l mt yu t rt quan trng trong sut qu

trnh t khi m trng cho ti khi to c mt cy trng thnh hon thin. Vic thng



xuyn ti nc v bn phn cho cy l rt quan trng gip cho cy duy tr s sng bnh

thng trong iu kin bn chu thiu t. Bn cnh , nh k cn c nhng t thay t,

thay chu, ct-ta r, tut-ta-bm l cng nh chm sc c bit cho cy trong nhng tnh

hung thi tit khc nghit bt thng (qu nng, qu lnh,). V iu ny, c nhng

nguyn tc chung cho vic chm sc Bonsai cng nh vi mi loi cy li c nhng lu

ring ht sc quan trng.

4. Cui cng, khi c mt Bonsai p, l vic chng ta thng thc gi tr ngh thut

cng nh gi tr nhn vn ca n. Kh c ai c th hiu v cm nhn y gi tr Bonsai ca

bn bng chnh bn, nhng thc t l vic thng thc Bonsai khi c bng hu s tng thm

phn th v hn rt nhiu. V vy cng rt tham gia cc hot ng giao lu v qung b nh

cng i tham quan, trin lm, chia s th vui kinh nghim vi nhng ngi cng nim am

m.

Chc qu c gi s c c nhng cy cnh p cng nh nhng bng hu tt.

IV. nh gi v gi tr ca cy

1. Cc loi cy cnh v tiu ch nh gi v v p ca cy.

Cc loi cy cnh (tm hiu chung l cc cy c trng trong bn, chu) c rt nhiu

loi, vi nhng tiu ch chi cy khc nhau. C ngi chi xng rng th chung v gai,

ngi chi lan th chung v hoa, nhng ngi chi bonsai th trng v th, dng. Tu chung

li cc c c rt mt cu: Nht dng, nh gai, tam hoa, t tri .Mc d trong thc t,

mt cy cnh c th c hn mt trong cc tiu ch trn, v d nh o va chi hoa va chi

th, cy sung cng l cy c un nn to dng nhiu, nhng n cng p hn khi c qu

tri sum su. Nh vy, s kt hp c nhiu yu t ngh thut trong mt cy cnh l iu

tuyt vi nht, tuy nhin khi ch xt n mt yu t, hay so snh nh gi v gi tr ca cy,

ngi ta thng t ch th, ch dng ln hng u, sau ri mi n gai hoa tri. Trong

phm vi quyn sch ny, cng ch xin bn n kha cnh v p v dng, th ca cy, m xin

khng bn nhiu n cc tiu ch v v p khc. Ni n dng, th ca cy l bao gm hnh

dng t th ca thn, cnh cy, trong bao gm c s to hnh l cy thnh cc tn, cc lm.

2. Cc trng phi chi cy th

nh gi v gi tr ca mt cy cnh, v Bonsai lm mt lnh vc ngh thut, nn

thc t khng h c khun mu cng nhc. Nhng cng nh th ca, th cn c lut bng trc,

nhc cng c nhp, c phch, nn Bonsai cng c xy dng mt h thng quan im trit

hc lun bn v gi tr ca cy cnh. Ngh thut cm nhn ci p th tht ra mi ngi c

mt ci nhn khc nhau, tuy nhin, tu trung li, cng c nhiu im tng ng. Tng hp

trn th gii, cng nh Vit Nam ta hin nay tn ti ch yu 2 trng phi quan nim v gi

tr ca cy cnh, tng ng theo lch s pht trin ca ngh thut Bonsai, l trng phi

quan im ca Trung Hoa v trng phi ca Nht Bn. Vit Nam vn t lu nh hng



su sc v nhiu lnh vc vn ha t Trung Quc nn thi cc c ngy xa tn ti mt h

thng quan nim kh tng ng vi trng phi Trung Quc. ng thi, gn y, xu hng

chi cy cnh cng b nh hng theo xu hng quc t, m thc t h thng quan nim quc

t ny c xut x t Nht Bn. V vy, Vit Nam hin nay cng ang tn ti hai h thng

quan im tm gi l c v tn thi (hay hin i) tng ng vi hai trng phi Trung

Hoa v Nht Bn.

a. Trng phi c Trung Hoa

C - K - M - Nhn

Theo quan nim c Trung Hoa, cng nh cc c nh ta cho rng gi tr v p ca cy

cnh c th nm gi gn trong bn ch C - K - M -Nhn. Trong , c th phn tch

nh sau:

C: Rt r rng l ni v mt thi gian, tui tc ca cy. Cy cng lu nm cng c

gi tr. Mt cy lu nm thc s s c ci cht khc hn mt cy non mi trng t nm nhng

c dng k thut to ra dng v nh l c th. Tht chng khc no anh chng tht nghip

c cho n din comple lch s th cng chng ai knh trng, cn mt nh t ph d c n mc

gin d th i u vn c ng cp ca mnh.

K: Ngha l phi c bit, khc thng, hoc hn thng. Mt cy trng lm cnh

phi c nt g c sc ring, ch khng th n gin nh mt cy bnh thng trong t

nhin vi iu kin sinh trng pht trin bnh thng. Ci c bit d thng ny cng c th

gp cy trong t nhin, nhng vi nhng iu kin sng cng c bit v thng l khc

nghit. V d nh cy sng trong khe ni, hm , cy b gi thi mnh bt v mt pha, cy

b gi bo hay sm st qut ng ri li hi sinh t gc li tn. Chnh ci d thng trong ch

k y, gn vi nhng iu kin khc nghit m cy trong t nhin phi tri qua, c

phn nh trong cy cnh cng th hin mt trit l sng, mt quan nim ca con ngi, tn

th cao tinh thn kin cng bt khut, vn ln chng chi li vi kh khn th thch.

Ngoi ra, mt s cy cnh, c to hnh mt cch c bit, thnh nhng biu tng nhn ha,

iu m him gp trong t nhin, nhng bng mt cch kho lo trng c v nh t nhin

cy vn nh th - cng l mt im trong ch k nh gi v p ca cy.

M: M r rng l p, nhng khi nim v ci p th li qu chung chung. Nhiu

khi mun c gi l p, n phi bao gm nhiu tiu ch k thut khc ri. y c th l

mt trong nhng tiu ch tru tng nht, ph thuc vo ch ch quan ca mi ngi,

cho php mi c nhn t do thng ngon v nh gi.

Nhn: Tc l ni v gi tr nhn vn, v trit l sng ca con ngi. Cng bao gm

mt s trng hp cy c to hnh mt cch nhn ha thnh cc biu tng, linh vt th

hin tm ca ngi ngh nhn. Ch nhn trong nhn vn, cng c cp n mt

cht trong khi bn v ch k hnh nh mt cy vi sc sng trng tn, do dai, mnh m

chng chi li vi s khc nghit ca t nhin l mt trit l nhn vn su sc.



Ngoi ra ch nhn trong nhn ha cng c s dng nhiu trong vic to hnh cy

thnh cc biu tng, linh vt nh: rng, phng, ph - t, mu t, tam a, ng phc... c

bit thch hp vi mc ch s dng cy lm qu tng, l vt nhng ngha c nhn

ha ny rt ph hp vi quan nim vn ha phng ng (chu ni chung) c t xa cho

ti ngy nay.

phn tch, nh gi gi tr ca mt cy cnh, theo trng phi Trung Hoa v cc c

ngy xa thng dng 4 tiu ch trn, tuy nhin trong 4 tiu ch cng kh c th ni ci

no quan trng hn, ci no cn xem xt trc. C bn tiu ch cng khng hon ton l tch

bit, m chng lin quan, an xen, ha ln vo nhau. Chnh v vy, theo quan nim ny, mt

cy cnh c xem l tt, p, c cht lng th n phi hi c 4 yu t trn, tuy vi mc

t nhiu khc nhau m thi. Cn khi so snh, nh gi cc cy vi nhau, ngi ta s xem

xt, phn tch c th mc ca tng yu t ny.

b. Trng phi Nht Bn

Thin M - C - K

D ngn gc ca ngh thut chi cy cnh bt ngun t Trung Quc, sau lan

truyn sang Nht Bn, nhng ngi Nht tip thu, pht trin v xy dng thnh mt li

chi theo cch ring ca mnh. Theo , cc tiu ch nh gi v p ca cy cng c nhng

im khc bit, v quan trng hn, cc tiu ch ny li c ci chnh yu, ci th yu. Cng c

ci cn c xem xt yu cu trc, c ci sau. V th, mt cy cnh theo phong cch Bonsai

ca Nht cng khng nht thit phi hi cc yu t v p ny, i khi n ch cn c mt

s trong cc yu t chnh yu cng c coi l mt Bonsai c gi tr ri.

Bn v gi tr Bonsai, ngi ta ch trng ti bn ch: Thin M - C - K, c th

ca chng nh sau:

Thin: y l yu t hng u, quan trng nht m ngi ngh nhn Bonsai phi ch

. Thin y hiu l thin nhin, quy lut t nhin. Theo quan nim ny l kim ch nam

cho vic to hnh mt cy cnh. Nguyn tc c bn l mt cy cnh Bonsai d l loi cy g,

ln nh ra sao, th th dng cng nh cc c im c th ca n phi ph hp vi mt cy

c pht trin trong iu kin c tht trong t nhin (hoc gn nh th). V vy, bonsai c

xem l mt ngh thut c bit nh c mt php l c th thu nh mt cy c tht trong t

nhin li to thnh mt tc phm ngh thut vi kch thc va phi c th trng by trong

khng gian gii hn trong nh, sn, vn.

Vy nn, theo quan im trong Bonsai, mt cy d c m-c-k nhng c mt im no

khng hp vi thin, tc l khng th c c im trong bt c trng hp tnh hung

no trong t nhin th cng kh c th chp nhn. Chnh v vy, cc th dng cy c bn trong

Bonsai khng c mt s t th c nhn ha thnh hnh cc biu tng, linh vt nh trong

cc th dng cy c bn ca trng phi Trung Hoa.



M: Tiu ch ny cng kh tru tng, tng t nh ch m gii thch trong

trng phi cy cnh Trung Hoa trn. n gin c th ni l cm nhn v v p ca c

nhn mi ngi.

C: Tiu ch ny cng c hiu nh ch C trong trng phi cy cnh Trung Hoa,

tuy nhin mc yu cu v tm quan trng ca ch c trong Bonsai khng c nh gi

cao v nht thit quan trng nh vy. Trong Bonsai, mt cy cnh cng c th c coi l tc

phm c gi tr mc d cy cha thc s gi nhng vn c cc yu t c sc khc nh Thin

M - K(tt nhin khng phi qu non c th iu kin to c nhng gi tr ).

K: Ch k trong Bonsai c th hiu ging nh ngha th nht trong ch k nu

phn quan nim Trung Hoa. Tc l, mt Bonsai th hin c nhng c im ging nh cy

trong t nhin tri qua iu kin, hon cnh sng khc nghit, khc thng th c xem l

k. Mt s yu t khc nghit, khc thng tc ng n s pht trin ca cy trong t nhin

c xem xt n nh: v tr cy mc ni vch ni, khe ; cy mc ni u sng, ngn

gi; cy tng b qut ng bi bo ln, hay sm st. Cy cng c th b cht mt phn thn

do tc ng ca st, ca su b...

c. Khi lun

D l quan im theo trng phi Nht Bn hay Trung Hoa, th vn c nhng im

chung ngi ta nhn nh, nh gi v gi tr, v p ca mt cy. Ni chung mt cy

c to ra, ngoi nhng k thut c bit cn c nhng gi tr khng th thay i gia gim,

hay c th ni l v gi. Nhng gi tr ny lun c ngi chi cy c hiu bit tn trng,

nh gi cao, l gi tr v mt thi gian, v cng sc t m cng nh tm huyt ca nhng

ngh nhn dy cng to nn v p ca cy.

Xt v mt thi gian, y l yu t khng th thm bt cho s pht trin ca cy. Mc

d l ngi ta c th dng mt s k thut trng cy c v gi ci hn, nhng cy c tui

cao thc s lun c cao xng ng. Cng theo tiu ch ny, cc k thut to hnh cng

lun hng n mt hnh nh thn cy gi ci. Theo , mt cy c coi l p th quan

trng l trng n phi c dng v c th. C th hnh dng ca thn cy phi c dng thp,

gc cy phi x x v to hn thn cy, gc c thm r cy tri ra cng th hin dng v c th.

V hnh dng thn cy hnh chp hay hnh thp, tc l phn gc pha di phi to, phn

trn s thon nhn, nh dn. Dng thon ny cng u n, cng th hin mt dng v t nhin,

trng s tht hn. Ngy nay, trong k thut Bonsai, nhiu ngi mun tn dng thn gc c

sn trong t nhin, sau ca, ct b phn trn ri cy mc ra cc chi non mi, cng to

c dng gc to, ngn nh, nhng rt khng u n v c ch thay i bt thng v ng

knh cy, trng s khng t nhin cht no. Vi k thut ct ta thn, cnh, cng vi mc ch

to dng thon nhn cho khng ch thn, m c cc cnh chnh ca cy, ngi ta cng phi tin

hnh dn dn tng bc. Mi cnh chnh ca cy (thng gi l cc tay) sau khi to thnh

hnh cng phi tri qua 5-10 nht ct (thm ch hn), trong mi nht ct cng phi i ti

3-6 thng (ty loi cy) cho mc ra cnh mi c th ct tip. Mi nht ct, sau cng



phi i nhiu thng, thm ch hng nm phn v cy c th lp y li g, to thnh vt

so c gi l mt cc mt ny hon thin cng to cho cy trng c dng v c th hn.

Tiu ch hnh dng thon ca thn l mt phn rt quan trng xem xt, nh gi gi tr ca

cy, thn cy m khng c hnh dng ny (tc l s thon di u, kch thc t thay i t gc

ti ngn) th hin mt thn cy non nt, khng p v cng khng c nh gi cao. Lu ,

v tiu ch ny i vi cc loi cy l kim (nh thng, tng,), mc d vn c xem xt,

nhng cc yu cu k thut cng nh thng s nh gi thon thng nh hn, v thc t

thn cy l kim thng rt thng di, trn u m t th hin thon, k c vi nhng cy c

th thc s trong t nhin. Tt nhin, so snh ng knh t gc ln ngn, vn cn c s gim

dn, mc d khng nhiu v cy no c mc thon cng ln (gc to hn nhiu v thon

dn ln ngn) th cng c nh gi cao.

Xt v hnh nh gc r ta c th nhn thy, mt cy non (so vi tui th trung bnh ca

tng loi cy), mc d c th thn t ng knh kh ln, nhng b r vn nm hon ton

trong t, th phn thn tip gip vi t vn thon th, trn tra trong khi mt cy c th, gi

ci, qua thi gian, s pht trin mnh m ca b r thng lm cho phn gc tri ra nhng

ch li lm, x x - nhng phn ny mc d thuc thn cy, nhng trng c dng v nh l

phn khi u ca r cy. Chnh v vy, cc k thut to hnh Bonsai cng lun c gng

hng n to cho gc cy c cc phn r ni ln, l ra sao cho mt cy, mc d kch

thc nh nhng trng vn c dng v c th, gi ci.

Cng lin quan n gi tr thi gian v v p ca cy, trong gii chi cy cnh Vit

Nam ta gn y lan truyn nhau mt tiu ch xem cy p l cn c ti 7 tiu ch, l: da

mc, thn qui, r king, gc b, ngn ch, so lin, cnh ngoan. Phn tch 7 tiu ch ny, th

cng khng nm ngoi cc tiu ch c xy dng by lu nay trong truyn thng Bonsai

Nht Bn v Trung Hoa. Tht vy, yu t da mc hay v cy x x, chnh l th hin dng

v c th ca cy, nguyn nm trong ch c. Ri tiu chun gc b (tc l gc khum

khum di to, trn nh dn trng nh ci bu, ci b) cng vi ngn ch (ngn nh nh ngn

tay ch thin) chnh l tiu ch thn cy dng thon hnh thp nh ni trn. r king hay

gc b cng nh m t trn, l th hin mt gc cy c th, cy gi th mi c r

tri ra, li ln nh ci king. So lin tng ng vi m t v yu cu vt mt ct cn phi

c thi gian v lp y, che ht phn thn g to thnh so. Cn cnh ngoan l mt cnh

bn thn cng cn c dng thon, ln phn gc cnh, nh dn ra n ngn cnh (ging nh

yu cu i vi thn chnh), hn na, vic un nn ct cnh cng phi to cho cnh c

cong t nhin, m khng phi gy khc, b gp. Cui cng, r rng l ch thn qui khng

khc g ch k trong 4 tiu ch nu phong cch Nht Bn hay Trung Hoa nu trn.

* Lun bn: So snh gia hai trng phi Bonsai Nht Bn v trng phi cy th c

Trung Hoa:

Qua phn m t trn, ta c th nhn thy, trong khi trng phi Trung Hoa c gng un

nn to dng cy thnh mt hnh dng, biu tng nht nh th hin ch ca mnh th



ngi Nht Bn li ch c gng i ti, thm ch phn tch lc li mi tnh hung trong t

nhin c th xy ra v iu kin sng ca cy ngi ngh nhn Bonsai c gng to ra mt

cy cnh ging nh th. Nh vy, c th ni, ngi Nht Bn chi Bonsai theo ngha ch l

chi, cm nhn v thng ngon nhng g sn c trong t nhin. Trong khi ngi Trung Hoa

th khng ch chi, m cn xem cy cnh nh mt cng c, mt phng php khc th

hin tm , ch hng ca mnh. Chnh xut pht t quan nim chi cy khc nhau ny, m

dn n nhng quan nim khc nhau v v p ca cy, cng nh h thng cc dng, th cy

truyn thng cng c nhiu im khc nhau (C th xem thm chi tit phn Cc th cy c

bn ca hai trng phi thy r iu ny). cc th cy truyn thng theo phong cch

Trung Hoa, ta c th bt gp nhng dng thc to hnh cy thnh con rng vi mt phn gc

cy (la) thng ly lm u rng c ch ng trm tr nhn to (di bn tay ngi th

mc) sao cho ging hnh u rng, trong khi cc th cy truyn thng Nht Bn khng c

kiu dng ny, v theo h nh th l khng t nhin, tri vi ch thin nh nu l tiu

ch hng u. Ngc li, ngi Nht c th chi cy vi hnh dng n gin nh ci chi

(Broom style) trong khi phong cch Trung Hoa truyn thng khng h c th ny, v theo h

nh th l qu n gin (chng khc no mt cy tm thng trong t nhin), khng hi 4

yu t c - k m nhn, vi dng nh th, ch c th th hin c r yu t c m thi,

kh m c nt no c th gi l k hay m, nhn.



PHN II: CC TH CY C BN

Chng 1: Cc th cy Trung Hoa truyn thng

1.1. Th trc qun t

Th trc qun t m ng cha chng ta rt a thch, v cc c u l nhng bc nho s,

tn trng l nghi, tnh tnh ngay thng thanh cao, ngi qun t tnh nh thy, nhu nhi bt

nhc, bit x th i. Cy trc qun t l dng cy c th trc thng ng, phong cch

nh c, cnh nhnh ngay thng, gn gng, ng nt dt khot, bt khut. Phn chi theo li

chit chi hay t din, bn mt t hu, trc sau, tn nhnh y , cn i, biu hin cho

ngi c k cng n np, ti nng, chnh nhn qun t.

1.2. Th trc lin chi

Th trc lin chi cng l cy c dng trc, thng ng, bin ra t th trc qun t,

nhng lin chi l nhiu cnh nhnh qun qut ly nhau, m st thn cy, mi xe ra ngoi lm

tn theo kiu t din, sum su y , mt no cng p, cn i hi ha, thnh hnh chp

di to trn nh, khng khuyt ch no rt p, biu hin ngi phong lu, m no sung mn,

vui ti hnh phc



1.3. Th trc qun t lin chi

Th trc qun t lin chi: th ny cng ging nh hai th trn nhng li c hai ba cy t

quanh thn cy m. thng l loi cy mai chiu thy, mc d thn trc nhng tn nhnh

cng m ly my cy con bn di.Cy t li sng c lp, cy no cng c tn nhnh

nh mt cy ring bit, sng khng nh cy m, n xen nh l mt qun th nh, rt p,

tng trng cho tnh yu thng ngi, nht l tr th, lc no cng vui ti.

1.4. Th trung bnh ngay

Th trung bnh l th ph bin, king xa cn li rt nhiu. trung bnh l cy c th,

thn thng ng c b r xe ra, ni ln trn mt chu, mt t, gc to li lm, nu c hnh

th th cng tt, thn x x phn cnh nhnh theo li chit chi hay t din.Nhnh th nht b

v bn dng nu gc cy c dng hi ng v bn phi. on th hai phi un tr v bn m,

on th ba phi un tr li v bn dng quy cn, nhnh th ba cng phi b tr v bn

dng, n on th t th nn un ng thng m bo ngay gc, cy khng ng. th

king ny ch un hi nghing li mt cht, n tn th nm l ngn phi un hi u. th

trung bnh ngay l cy king d un sa, ch cn phn tn nhnh cho hi ha cn i l p,

cng biu tng v o c, ngay thng tht th.



1.6. Th trung bnh cong

L th c thn un cong cong nh long thn. nu b r chn nm hay hnh th th tuyt

p, thn ngay on th nht cong v mt bn ri, tn th nht phi ng v hng thn cy,

nhng on th hai phi un cong tr li quy cn ngay, n on th ba sa thnh cy trc,

gi th trung bnh. Cc chi nhnh u un t din, so le, di to trn nh, nhng ngn phi

un hi u trung nh ui c. Cy th trung bnh cong, un c hai cy ging nhau, th hp

vi cy trung bnh ngay lm thnh b king tam ti ba cy rt p, tng trng cho thin, a

nhn.

1.7. Th tam a

Th tamn a cn gi tam ti, tam gio hay l thin, a, nhn na. th ny l cy c th,

gc thn to, nhng ch un c ba tn trn chung quanh thn cy, tn th nht l mt mm trn,

ht ta lp bp, nhng nh hn, mng hn. Tn th ba l tn ngn, cch xa hn tn th hai

xng ht ta trn nhng nhng nh hn hai tn trc. Tn ngn ny cng ta lp bp ch

khng vn cao, nn xem cy king ny c dng ln mp, nhng v l cy c th nn cng rt

cn i, rt p. th tam a tung trng cho ba ng Phc, Lc,Th; ba tn u trn u p,

tng trng cho s vnh cu, sung tc, hnh phc, giu sang v sng lu, theo tch ba ng



Phc, Lc, Th cng rt hay. Phc l ng u V Qun, tui gi m c con nh l c hnh

phc, mun ni c nhiu con Lc l ng Quch T Nghi lm quan to lu nm, bng lc

nhiu, mun n giu sang sut i. Th l ng ng Phng Sc, sng lu mt trm tui,

u ru tc bc ph, mun ni sng c lu Th ny dng chc th rt c ngha i

vi ngi gi c.

1.8. Th ng phc.

Th tam a v th ng phc i i vi nhau, hai th ny u l cy trc th, cy ng

phc nm tng, c th un nh cy tam a ri nui thm hai tn na y nh vy l t. Nhng

cng c th i thnh 5 tng theo li chit chi t din cng c. Nhng tn u phi un ta

ngang bng lp bp ch khng c vn ln cao. Th ng phc to cao p hn th Phc,

Lc, Th, mun chc tng cao hn na l Phc, Lc, Th, An, Khang, ngha l c phc,

tt lnh may mn, c lc giu c nhiu rung t, c th l sng lu trm tui, An l sng yn

n khng b xo trn, c khang l vui v, cht m i thoi mi. ng l cu chc tng y

p nht.

1.9. Th nht tr knh thin



Th ny t c ngi un sa v thiu nh nhn, khim tn, chc tri khuy nc, kin

cng, bt khut. Th ny phi l cy c th trc th, gc to ln, r vng chc, thn g gh,

khng c nhnh, ch c mt tn ngn duy nht bao gm bn nm nhnh xo ra, vn ln

chng , tn ngn ny phi ct ta bng phng hoc lp bp ch khng so le, biu tng cho

ngi anh hng khng phc tng ai ht

1.10. Th v tr

Th v tr trc tin phi l cy c th, gc r li lm, xo ra bn pha, thn to x x,

ng thng, phn cnh nhnh theo li chit chi t din, c th c t ba n nm tn to, un

hnh qut, nm ngang, di to, trn nh, ta lp bp, ngn un hi u thng, gn nh hnh

nn ch khng vn ln cao, Th ny phi un ng lut m dng, cnh t, hu, tin, hu

y , sum su y n, tng trng cho c khng gian v c thi gian v c thi gian vnh

cu.

1.11. Th tht hin

Tht hin chit chi l th cao ln nhiu tn mt ngn cng chung l by tng. B r sa

chn nm, thn c th trc, nhng un b qua b li theo t hu theo chi m dng th hay



hn, ngha l an thn th nht cong qua bn phi cng vi nhnh th nht - an th 2

tr v bn tri: c lun phin ti tng th su, an ngn ng thng v un theo kiu hi u

trung, cc tn u un hng tm hay trn lp bp, di to trn nh, nhnh th nht gi l ph

a s xung mt t, nhnh th hai l triu nhin un hi vn ln mt cht, i xng vi

nhnh ph a, nhnh th 3 l chiu thy soi nc phi un nm ngang hi h xung nhn

nc, nhng do nh hng ca nng, ngn nhnh quang hp cng t vn ln, nn phi un

sa khng th cho vn ln cao qu. Nhnh th t l nghinh phong cong qua quo li, nh

phe phy vi gi, u cnh xoay theo chiu gi nh kiu sn thy rt p. Nhnh th 5 l

qun v, hn vn ln hng ma ri hng xng tuyt, nhng phi un tr xung khng

khng th vn ln qu cao. Nhnh th 6 l nhnh trung bnh, un nm ngang, cn i,

khng di khng ngn, kt hp vi cc nhnh truc ni lin vi ngn, un hi u trung,

to dng cy hi ha, y tn nhnh phi lun lun un ta, h cnh vn ln cao th un

tr xung, cnh no thp qu th un vn tr ln cho cn i, theo cu (Cc dng bin m,

cc m bin dng) lm sao cho dng cy king khng khuyt ch no, khi ngm nhn

thng thc, va tha lng. Cy th tht hin tng trng cho lng thanh that, v t, ung

ru ngm th khng mn ti th s.

1.12. Th mai n

Th mai n nm trong cu thiu (V n bt thnh mai, v thp bt thnh tng) m ng

cha chng ta thng dng lm mu sa king c. Cy mai n c th l cy trc th hay l

cy suy phong cy trung bnh mai n rt r un, l cy c th c an thn b cp ri ng

thng ln, un nhnh cong qua thnh hnh ch n l t, cc tn nhnh cc u un theo

li chit chi, ch c kh l cy mai n phi un lm sao cho mm do, yu iu, du dng, nh

ngi con gi. Cy xung phong mai n cn li p hn, do hnh dng cn uyn chuyn o l

hn. Thn cy dng nghing nn nhnh tro n m ly thn rt mm mi duyn dng. K

thn li quy cn p im ly nhnh mai n, bo v ngi con gi, nn rt p v rt hay, cn

c ngha lng nhn, o c cn bn v con ngi. Cy th n l cy mai ni ting Min



Nam, thng un cho cy mai vng, cy mai chiu thy, cy cn thng, cy kim qut u

rt p, cng thm b r kho lo ni bt ln na l v gi, ngm nhn khng chn.

1.13. Th tng thp

y l th ca cc c ngy xa dng lm mu un nhng cy trc th, v cy tng c

dng thn ng thng, tn nhnh phn chi nh din nm ngang hai bn, vi khang cch u

n, di to trn nh rt p. Cy tng phi l cy c th, gi nua, r tn nhnh xung, nhng

vn cn gi c ch thp t nhin mi tht l p, ch khng phi un ngang trn cng

ngc nh ngi ng ging tay gia tri th khng cn phi cy king na. Tng Tng thp

tng trng cho ngi thanh nin khe mnh, gan d bt khut, nn phi un cho dt khat,

biu hin cho tnh thn thn nh ngi qun t. ng cha ta ngy xa un cy tng lm mu

cho nhng cy king c l kim khc. V trong mt gin king t ra cng phi c cy tng, cy

bch ni ln s vng chi lu bn.

1.14. Th ch vng ch tng

Cng nh cy tng thp th vng tng un theo hnh ch vng, ch nho c 3 tng

nm ngang, nh ch dng l con d, nhng cn c l tng c ngha l may mn, im tt



lnh, nh kit tng dng chc mng, cu c nhiu iu tt lnh, may mn, c

phc Th ny c ba tng nm ngang v c hai ngn nh. Th nay tuy rt n gin nhng

rt kh un, c ba tng i, ging ngang, phi un c ba tn vn, ba tn v, thnh ra su tn,

di to trn nh. Un ng th rt p. Cy vng tng nu l cy c th th qu gi v cng,

tng trng thin mnh ch ti cao v thng ca cc bc vua cha.

1.15. Th xuy phong

Th xuy phong hay xiu phong cng l mt, xuy l ch hn, xiu l ch nm, u phi

un nghing c 30 40 do b gi x y. Phi l cy c th, gc r li ln hnh th hay

thn nm, thn un cong nh long thn v quy cn hi u, tn nhnh c th un chit chi hay

t din, nhng phi vn ra cho gi thng bng chng li sc gi. Cho nn cn gi th

nghinh phong, cng bn tn mt ngn, nhng cnh phi un v pha gc khi ng, cy

xuy phong phi un cho cp xp vi cy trung bnh thnh b ba cy. Cy bn phi l

cy m, i xng vi cy bn tri l cy dng (Nam t hu n). Cy trung bnh ng gia l

cy dn n, ng th ch ng ca b king.

1.16. Th bt phong hi u

Th ny b gi x y mnh nn thn cy nghing ng nhiu hn, c khi n 60-70 ,

cnh nhnh u ng v mt bn theo sc ca gi, nhng ngn bt buc phi quy cn v hi



u mi ng vng c. Mc du cc cnh hu s v, xiu vo, nhng dng cm chng

chi vi sc gi quay cung. Hai nhnh di i hi phi vng tin phng hu, gi trng

tm trong lng chu, hai nhnh trn d c chnh vnh cng vn gi c thng bng khng

ng. Th ny biu hin lng bn ch hin ngang khng khut phc.

1.17. Th phng v

Th ny sa theo dng hnh chim phng ang ma. L cy c ph chn phng c

hai r ni cao ln thnh 2 chn, thn ngn vt lm mnh ngn hi u lm u chim. Cnh th

nht un xo ra pha sau lm ui chim, hai cnh t hu un xo ra thnh hnh cnh chim

ang ma, y l phn hay gi ca ngh nhn, phi un sao cho uyn chuyn mm mi nh

cnh chim ma. Cnh ph che thn lm hu, c ngn gn. Th ny phi c nt m thut, khi

nhn l bit chim phng bay ma, tng trng cho tnh yu i vui ti

1.18. Th hc lp

Th ny bin i t th phng v, nhng hai cnh khng xe ra, u ngng ln cao hn

na, ui cng khng xe ra, cnh hu cng m ly thn cy lm cho mnh chim hc hi di



ra, ngn vn cao v hi u h lm m hc. Th ny gn gng, nhng oai v rt p.

Biu hin lng t tin, tnh khim tn, nhng nht nh s thnh cng.

1.19. Th nga tng

Th ny l th honh c th, r xo ra bn pha, nhng r i vi thn cy phi kho

lm i trng cho cy khng ng. Thn cy nm ngang mt chu ri vn ln ng thng

v hi u; hng v gc, cho thn cy thng bng, th ny khc khuu hn xuy phong

hay bt phong hi u, cnh nhnh, thp hn v s xung nh nhnh thy , soi y nc,

cc nhnh trn sa theo li t din cn i ngn gn, un tn vn ln lp bp nh hoa sen,

rt p, duyn dng yu i

1.20. Th thc

Th ny king c t c thy, l th huyn c th thn nm b qua ming chu, nh b

trn cung phong x ng xung ao, nn ngn cy b cong, thng xung thp hn y chu.

Dng tht mm mi un cong hp l theo lut hi u t nhin, vn ln lp bp c tng bc

rt p, biu hin cho sc sng lm cho ngi xem c cm gic d chu

1.21. Th huyn chi lc a



Th ny cng t thy, l cy king trn ni non b bo tp, ng cong queo qua cn

thin tai, cnh nhnh ngn ngang, tn l lit a ri rng, hnh dung mt khung cnh iu tn,

nhng li l bc tranh tuyt tc i vi ngh nhn, tri ngc li vi cy king lc no cng

c tn l xanh ti, vn cao khe mnh. Th huyn chi lc a nu phn tch k s tm ra

c r li ngon ngeo, gc hnh th nm, thn long un khc cong queo, tn nhnh gy cp

theo ng chi hip nht, ngn chiu thin vn ln nhn nh sng tht l xinh p l lng,

trong ci hn n v trt t, c mt sc sng vn ln mnh lit.

1.22. Th long cun thy

Th ny da vo hnh nh ca rng ht nc, th nu thng un vi cy mai chiu

thy, cy kim qut. Gc to, un cong li lm u ci xung ly nc, thm mt, mi ming,

trong nh ngai to. Thn un cong nh rng un khc, cc cnh thn t din lm chn v my,

khng xe ra di lm, nhng vn mng bm vo my ly th mnh ht nc, cnh hu

lm my che ly thn, ngn c th vn ln xe ra lm ui hoc hi u va cn i, dng

p, ng vng vng hng v



1.23. Th long thng

Th ny c hai cch un, ty theo cu ngh nhn, ty theo nh cy Cch th nht:

Un u rng trn ngn cy. Cch ny hp l v rng bay ln th u phi trn, nhng rt

kh un, lm sao ngn cy nh hn gc cy m un u nm trn ngn cho t. Rng lc no

cng u to, ui nh, cho nn phi tm cch ca ct cch no cho u rng to, li thm

mi ming na tht l kh to dng cho p. Thn rng th d, ch cn un cong cong, cc

nhnh lm chn lm my m ly thn cy khng my kh, nhiu ngi vn un c. Cch

th hai: Thng ln nhng u nm di gc cy, phi to dng lm sao khi nhn l thy rng

ct u bay ln mi ti. Phi to dng cho rng vn ln, mt, mi, ming xng ln, hai chn

trc lm hai chn vn mng chm ln, hai chn sau h thp ui vy p ct cnh bay

bng ln. Ngh thut trong thng l thn mnh phi qut khi mi mi ng iu. Th ny

p hn v u to ui nh, tn nhnh cn i. Th ny tng trng cho lng cng quyt,

lc no cng vn ln tin b.

1.24. Th long ging

Th ny d un hn th long thng, hnh dng iu b ngc li vi th long thng l

c. u chi xung, ngc nm trn mt chu, cnh nhnh lm my bao ly chn un khc



trong t th p xung, ui mm do, lm bnh li iu khin m i nh nhng mt cch t

nhin. Tuy nhin khng km phn oai phong lm lit, v rng l con vt trong b t linh, rt

dng mnh. Th ny bt buc phi u to ui nh, cnh nhnh xp gn li to dng h

xung l p, tng trng cho tnh n ho mm mng nhng khng km phn oai phong

quyn lc.

1.25. Th long m hi u

Th ny gm hai cy to ring bit hay cng gc, nhng mt cy cao mt cy thp, r

xe ra theo chn th, cy thp thn to, ngn nm ngang, ngn lm u ngng ln, khng tn

nhnh, to dng con nga nm quay u tr ln. Cy cao un thn long, cong cong vn vo,

phn chi theo li t din, xe ra bn pha lm chn v my, ngn un tn to nh bng sen ri

b cp xung lm u rng quay tr li. Th ny rt kh un, mi u phi la nhng cy

mm do nh mai, c nhiu r un chn th nm xe ra nh chn nga, un lm sao cho

khi phi gii thch ngi khc xem m bit mi hay, cho hi ha mi p.

1.26. Th long bn h phc



Th ny cng c th un vi mt cy king to c hai thn hoc vi hai cy trng chung

mt chu.Th long bn h phc c nghi l rng nm un khc v h cng nm st t chu

khut phc chu ch nhn.Th ny rt kh un, phi c b r thnh hnh chn th nm xe

ra pha trc, t thanh long, hu bch h, hai chn h chm ra, hai chn rng ngu xung: cy

thanh long, gc nm trn mt chu, u ngng ln, thn un cong lm mnh rng, cnh t hu

un theo li chit chi lm my, hai cnh trc sau lm chn xe mng ra, ngn hi u lm

ui, un dng mm do, un chuyn.Cy bn phi, gc thn b trng ln chu, u ci

mp xung, cc chi ta nh m ly thn trang tr, ngn vn ln lm ui, ta theo tn chi

nh, Th long bn h phc c hnh dng nm chu khut phc hin ha, nhng khong km

phn uy nghi, biu tng cho quyn lc, rt hay rt p.

1.27. Th long n phng v

Th ny bay bm hn, c ngha l chim phng hang ma trn mnh rng. y l th

c th un vi mt cy, hoc hai cy trng chung mt chu. Phi cy c th gc to, un nm

trn ming chu, gc ngng ln lm u rng. Thn un cong h thp, cc chi xe ra bn pha

lm chn v my, ngn ng v pha sau lm ui rng, cy th hai c hai r ch ra lm chn

phng, thn ng ngang qua m ly mnh rng, cc cnh hu thn un lm u v ui chim

phng, hai cnh t hu xe ra lm hai cnh chim un vi dng ang ma, ngn lm my.

Th ny un cho tht du dng mm mi nh phng ang ma, tn nhnh xe ra, trn mnh

rng un khc nhp nhng. th chim phng ma trn lng rng l tuyt p, biu tng cho

quyn uy ca vua cha, ngy xa ch c trong cung nh.



1.28. Th lng long tranh chu

Th ny phi un vi song th trng chung vo mt chu, un i xng thnh hai con

rng un khc, giao u tranh ht minh chu nm gia, l th king c thng thy un vi

hai cy mai chiu thy hay cn thng kim qut, ngy nay thng un vi cm nm r nhanh

chng hn vi nng bng km, trng cy ln ti u, gi v ti vi ba nm l thnh, thn

hai con rng un khc, u u li nhn qu chu, cc nhnh lm chn v my, ui ngng ln

xe ra nh ma rt p. Nu un vi hai cy mai chi thy th rt qu. Th ny cn nhn ra

s t h cu l hai con s t gin vi qu cu,cng l hai cy un i xng vi qu cu rt

p. Cng nh th (loan phng ha mnh), hai con loan v phng ma qun qut ly nhau

nh cp uyn ng duyn dng.

1.29. Th mu t

Th mu t (m con) phi c hai cy cng mt gc, cy ln l mu, cy nh l t; cy

mu cao gp 3 ln cy t mi ng l m con. Cy ny phi c th, b r xo ra ni ln trn

mt chu, gc dng xuy phong phi c 45 , cy t cng vy, cy mu v cy t phi xin

c 90 mi p, ch phn chi tn cnh nhnh m ly cy t, nh m chm sc con

vi dng vc tri mn thng yu tnh cm tht s cu m i vi con! Tn th nht cu cy



mu b ra bn ngoi cha ch cho cy t mc ln. Hai cy me con u un theo chit chi nh

din, cy t vn ln thng ng, hai tn mt ngn nh. Cy mu n on th ba cng un

quy cn thng ng, gi trng tm nm trong chu, gn gng, cn i, c bn tn mt

ngn hi u. Tn cu cy mu t ln hn tn cy t, u un theo tn hng nht trn p,

hoc tn hoa ri xo ra m ly cy t, mm mi duyn dng, cy t th qun qut khng di

cy mu, t c tnh cm gia m con, th ny thng l Tam cang ng thng hay tam

tng t c rt c a thch trong b ba king c ngy xa. Thng b king c 3 cy,c

hai cy mu t i xng hay bn rt p. Nu cy t khng phi cng chung mt gc vi cy

mu, mi thp vo th gi l Minh linh dng t xem nh l con nui vy

1.30. Th ph t

Th ny cng y nh th mu t, nhng cy ph, nhng cy cha phi to cao v ng

thng hn cy mu, to vc dng cu ngi cha, t du dng hn, cng rn hn, nhng khng

phi l khng che ch cho con, th hin ng tnh cm cha con,cy t nh hn cy ph nhiu,

cng ba tn, qun qut ly cy ph, lc no cng nh s bao bc cu ngi cha. Cy ph

cng 5 tn quy cn hi u nh cy mu. Cy ph t c ht mp mp to hn cy mu t,

thng un th tam cang ng thng, biu hin tnh trung hiu x l i cu ngi qun t.



1.31. Th ph t giao chi

Th ny y nh th ph t, nhng phn nhnh cu hai cha con c thm phn qun qut,

m ly nhau, mc d cha con, nhng yu thng tru mn y nh tnh yu thng du dng cu

m con. Th ny cu t c th to cao hn v c mt nhnh quyn ly cy ph nn gi ph t

giao chi. Cc th khc nh huynh , t mui, ng khoa, u c dng tng t nh cy mu

t, nhng ch khc nhau v kch thc, to nh, v cch un mo t tnh tnh quan h vi nhau

m thi, nhng hai cy gn bng nhau, coi nh bn b, gi l ng khoa, nu cy cao cy thp

cht nh, coi nh anh em c gi l huynh , cn hai cy c dng mm du, duyn dng

hn c gi l t mun, ch em. Nhng cy ny u rt d un ty theo dng m t tn, nhu

ph t tng ty, ph t tng thn, mu tm t, mu t tng thn v.v..

1.32. Th tiu phu qui t

Th ny hi khc mt cht l cy tiu phu phi l cy c th, gc r li lm, thn cy

gn guc, cy tiu phu phi ng nhiu hn, gn nh bt phong hi u, cng cy t trn

lng; cy t cng mt gc, nhng mc cao hn, nhm trn lng nh nhnh vy, nhng gc to

hn, cy t c v phong trn hn, tuy nh nhng c v gi nua, cng hai tn mt ngn dng

xuy phong nh cy t ca cp mu t. Cy tiu phu cng bn tn mt ngn, nhng g gh,

gn guc u nn, gn nm mp nhng vn quy cn hi u, gi thng bng. Cy tiu phu

qui t cng qun qut nhau nh tnh cm cu cha con vy. Cn nhn ra th Lo mai sinh

qu t rt hay, cha gi c con mun rt c a chung, tng tiu, tru mn, tuyt vi Cc



th tng t nh th mu t ny, c th un t mt gc hay hai gc, nhng ty theo th m

un tch ri ra hai bn, ly g chm, ly dy cng ko, to dng cho ng ra hai bn ri vn

dy ng thng ln quy cn hi u, phn cnh nhnh theo l chit chi, bn ba. Bn nm cho

hi ha cn i l p.

1.33. Th song th

By gi n th c hai cy trng chung trong mt chu. Th song th cn c th song

xiu, hai cy to cao nh huynh , nhng u b gi x ng v mt bn, hoc mt cy ng

bn ny, mt cy ng v bn kia, theo chiu i nghch nhau gi thng bng, cnh nhnh

u phn theo li chi tit, ngn vn thng ln v hi u. Th ny c v i ngch vi nhau,

xung khc vi nhau nh cy hoa hu , mt vi c hai hoa xe ra hai bn, u lng li vi

nhau vy. Cn nu hai cy cng ng v mt pha th phi un cc cnh v ngn vn di ra

lm i trng v quy cn hi u mi gi vng c khng ng, tng trng s on kt

h tr ln nhau, cc nhnh c th giao chi, qun qut ly nhau xem rt p.

1.34. Th qun th tam sn

L ba cy king nm chung trong mt chu to. Cn gi l tam ti, ba cy king trc th

ng gn ngay hng, cy cao chnh gia, hai cy thp hn hai bn, nhng c th so le mt



t, cy to c 5 tn, hai cy ln ch cn ba tn, c th giao cnh vi nhau lm th no ba cy

cn i mi p v ba cy cng lin kt vi nhau, nu thiu mt trong ba cy l mt ht v

p. Cho nn th tam sn biu tng cho s an kt : Mt cy lm chng nn non Ba cy

dm li thnh hn ni cao. Th tam sn nn un vi cy tng, cy bch, xp thnh hnh ch

sn l ni rt p.

1.35. Th ng nhc

Th ny trng bng nm cy king trong mt ci chu hay ci khay to lm cnh ni rng,

mi cy c mt dng ring bit c th ng ht, hoc cy ng cy xiu, cy nm, nhng phi

c ln c nh nh sn thy mi p. Cng c th xp hnh ch ng. Xp ng lo gin nh

nm ng gi m o phi xp vng trn nhng xp th rng l p nht. Thn cnh nhnh

phi hi ha, lm sao c tnh cch giao chi, h tng vi nhau, nu thiu mt cy th thy

khng p. Th ng nhc cng un bng nm cy cng mt loi nh mai chiu thy, tng,

cn thng, kin qut, u p.



Chng 2: Cc th cy Nht Bn truyn thng

Tri qua lch s pht trin, nhiu kiu dng v phong cch Bonsai c a ra, da

trn s tng ng vi nhng trng hp cy c trong t nhin ( nhng iu kin khc

nhau). Nhng kiu dng ny c m rng cho s th hin c tnh v sng to, c ngha l

cy khng nht thit phi tun th ng theo mt phong cch nht nh no , m c th

chp nhn s pha trn, hay tng ng Tuy vy, cc kiu dng c bn vn l rt quan trng

gip ngi xem c th hnh dung c bn v hnh dng ca bonsai, cng nh l kim ch

nam n thnh cng trong vic to dng mt bonsai. Sau y s ln lt gii thiu, m t tng

kiu dng c bn c cng nhn.



2.1. Kiu dng cy chi - Hokidachi (Broom style Bonsai)

Kiu ny thch hp vi cc cy rng l vi nhiu cnh m rng cc pha.

Thn chnh thng ng v ch chim 1/3 tng chiu cao cy, pha trn l nhiu cnh nh,

phn nhnh pht trin v mi hng to hnh bn cu p xung. Kiu ny s rt p khi cy

rng l v mi mc cc chi non nh. Cy kiu ny thng c b tr trn chu cn, nng,

b rng tng ng vi tn cy hoc hn mt cht. Kiu ny thch hp vi cc cy l rng

(nhiu cnh th cng tt), khng thch hp vi cc loi cy l kim nh tng, bch

Bin th ca kiu dng cy chi

(left) Classic formal broom and (right) a variation of the classic formal broom



2.2. Kiu thng ng sang trng/dng trc - Chokkan (Formal upright Bonsai style)

Thn cy thng, mc thng ng, mang tnh cht khng thay i, thon dn t gc n

ngn

Dng cy thng ng vi chp cy dc xung dc thn cy, cc cnh cy c cn bng

ba phn, mc xen k i xng mc theo thn cy v thon dn v pha chp cy. Cnh th

nht khong chng mt phn ba ca chiu cao tng th, quyt nh v tr ca cy trong chu,

c t v pha i nghch vi pha cnh ang cha v hng chng ta.

Mt s bin th trong kiu ny:



2.3. Kiu thng ng phng khong/ dng trc lc - Moyogi (Informal upright

Bonsai style)

Mc d lc ban u khng c chp nhn nh mt phong cch ch thc, song song

cch ny cng ngy cng tr nn ph bin. Khng phi ch v n c nhiu mu hnh trong

thin nhin m v n cho php s uyn chuyn hn v t rng buc vi cc quy lut, bi v n

kt hp nhng nt c trng ca nhiu phong cch khc nhau. Chp cy dc xung phn gc,

nh trong phong cch thng ng, nhng li khc bit s pht trin ca thn cy i hi

ging hnh ch chi ln pha trn. Cc cnh xut pht t pha ngoi ca cc ng cong v hn

cong nh xung di.



2.4. Kiu nghing/dng xin - Shakkan (Slanting Bonsai style)

Thn cy v th nghing vi chp cy hng v gc 45 so vi phn gc cy. S

pht trin trn khng v cc r trn b mt theo ng thng ca thn cy; tuy nhin, cnh

th nht mc hng i nghch nhm lm cho cy trng cn xng, cnh cy ny, ny v

tr mt phn ba ca ng i ln cy, l nhn t quyt nh quan trng nhm t s hi ha

trong phong cch ny.



2.5. Kiu thc - Kengai (Cascade Bonsai style)

Tng t nh Phong cch na thc phong cch ny c s khc bit l chp cy vt

qu chiu cao ca chu. Cnh l cng c th mc hn bn ngoi chu hng i nghch vi

gc thn cy m chm n vnh chu. Vt cha bt buc phi chn cao v chu phi chn

cho n l mt yu t quyt nh trong n tng sau cng ca tc phm

Kiu ny c cc nhnh thp nht thp hn y chu, To dng sao cho nh 1 ngn thc

chy qua ghng l p nht



2.6. Kiu na thc (Dng bay, dng huyn, bn huyn nhai) - Han-kengai (Semi

cascade Bonsai style)

Kiu ny ging nh 1 cy sn ni ngoi thin nhin. Cc nhnh thp nht mc

di mp chu cho n khang tm gia lng chu.



2.7. Kiu k s (s phu/thi s/vn s) - Bunjingi (Literati Bonsai style)

Gin d v tao nh, phong cch c cho l c truyn ngun cm hng t cc bc

ha c Trung Hoa miu t cy ci nh cc bng sm trn nn tri trn ni cao. Nt c trng

ni bt ca phong cch l thn cy di khng cn xng c cha trong mt chu nh hnh

trn hoc hnh thun. Thn cy thon n c chu nhiu cnh nh m phn ln cc cnh ny

tp trung v pha chp cy.

Trong t nhin, y l dng cy sng ni rng rm, c mt cy dy c v c s

cnh tranh quyt lit sinh tn, c bit l v nh sng. V vy, c th sng st, cy

vn cao ln hn hn so vi cc cy khc xung quanh thu nhn c nhiu nh sng mt

tri hn.

Thn cy pht trin dng khc khuu hng ln trn v hu nh khng c cnh di

v nh sng ch c pha trn m thi. c t s kh khn trong u tranh sinh tn cn c

nhng hy sinh, mt mt, ngi ta cn to thm cho cy c mt vi ch l cnh cht kh (hay

cn gi l la vi nhng cnh kh b trc v - ting Nht gi l Jin), hoc mt phn ca

thn cy cng b bong, trc v (ting Nht gi l Shari). tng ny chng minh cy

thc s u tranh mt cch kh khn tn ti.

Cy dng ny thng c t trong chu trn, nh.



2.8. Kiu lng (bt) gi - Fukinagashi (Windswept Bonsai style)

Cy c dng nh l ang nm trong vng c gi mnh, kiu ny nhn th c v d lm

nhng nn ch kiu cnh b gi bo thi nh th no lm cho t nhin. Cc cnh ban u

c th mc t mi pha ca thn, nhng sau u b b cong sang cng mt pha theo hng

gi thi.

2.9. Kiu thn i (thn kp/lng thn) - Sokan (Double trunk style Bonsai)

Hnh nh cy thn i rt thng gp trong t nhin, tuy nhin khng c a chung

lm trong ngh thut Bonsai (c l v trng n khng c c sc cho lm). Thng thng l

hai thn pht trin chung t mt gc vi im phn tch sm, nm gn mt t. Hai thn c

th tng ng, tuy nhin thng gp l mt ln mt nh, vi thn ln thng mc thng

ln, trong khi thn nh c th hi nghing. Cc cnh ca 2 thn s to thnh cc tn ng

gp cho c cy mt h thng tn l chung.



2.10. Kiu a thn - Kabudachi (Multitrunk Bonsai style)

Kiu a thn vi t nht l 3 thn mc chung ln t mt gc. Nhng khng ch khc vi

kiu thn i v s lng, y, mi thn c xem nh mt cy c lp, vi cc tn l ring

ca mnh. Thng thng thn gia s cao hn v xung quanh thp dn to thnh hnh th

vng chc.

2.11. Kiu rng - Yose-ue (Forest Bonsai style)

Kiu rng cy, ging nh l mt khng gian thu nh v mt gc rng. Trng s qua th

c v gng nh kiu a thn vi nhiu thn cy, nhng thc s n khc vi kiu a thn (v

hu ht cc kiu dng khc u c to thnh t 1 cy duy nht), kiu rng c to thnh

t tp hp nhiu cy ghp li, vi s phi kt hp hi ha nhp nhng. Cng thm s b tr

khng gian mt t v hnh dng bn cha rng, nng to dng v nh c nhiu cy trong

mt khu t rng hn (ging vi rng cy t nhin). hai bn, pha ngoi c trng cc cy

nh, thp hn trong khi cc cy chnh gia s cao hn, to dng v lm cy vi tn l

chung c dng vm. Cc cy cng khng c trng thng hng, m c b tr so le

trng n c v t nhin hn.



2.12. Kiu r m - Seki-joju (Growing on a rock Bonsai style-root on the rock)

a hnh nn , cy mun tm kim nc v cht dinh dng th phi vn r n cc

hang hc hay khe nt trong , ni c th c t v nc ng li. Trng hp ny, r cy l

ra ngoi nh sng nn cng c to thnh mt lp v c bit, to nn v p ring cho cy.

Khi mi to hnh r cy m cng cn nhng k thut c bit chm sc cy m bo

cho cy v b r pht trin tt, bm chc chn vo v c th ly cht dinh dng v nc

t pha di cng nh trong cc khe, hc .

2.13. Kiu mc t khe - Ishisuki (Growing in a rock Bonsai style-root in the rock)

cc ni cao, ni m t v nc ch c th ng li mt lng nh trong cc khe,

hc . Tuy nhin, cc ht ca cy khi ri vo y vn c th mc v pht trin thnh mt cy,

tuy nhin do lng t, nc v khng gian trong khe h khng nhiu, nn cc cy ny

thng ch nh b, ci cc iu cng th hin sc sng do dai v s c gng tn ti

ca cy. Vic chm sc cho Bonsai to dng theo kiu ny cng i hi ti nc v phn

bn thng xuyn hn. Ngoi ra, cc ngh nhn cng c th chn loi thm thy (loi

c th thm nc, nh vi san h, hay mt s loi nt n, c nhiu l rng) cy c

th ht nc trc tip t trong khe nhng thng kiu mn, khng thm nc li c

a chung v trng s p hn. Kiu Bonsai ny, khi thng c t trong mt chu rt

nng, i lc c y nc.



2.14. Kiu kt b (nhiu thn cy chung r) - Ikadabuki (Raft Bonsai style)

i khi mt cy b ri vn c th sinh tn vi s pht trin cc cnh c thnh cc

thn cy mi, khi chng s c chung mt b lin kt chnh l thn cy c. Ban u thn

cy , cng nh cc cnh c nui dng bng gc c, sau trn thn cy c s pht trin

h thng r mi nui dng ton b cc cnh khi gc r c b hng. Tri qua thi gian,

thn cy ban u to thnh nh mt b gc r chung ni lin cc cnh pha trn, cn bn thn

cc cnh s pht trin ln trn thnh nhng thn cy c lp. Dng nhiu cy c chung mt r

kt b ny cng c th gp mt s loi cy c kh nng sinh sn v tnh bng r.



2.15. Kiu trc v - Sharimiki (Shari Bonsai style)

Tri qua thi gian, mt s cy b bong hay trc v mt phn ca thn do tc ng ca

thi tit khc nghit hoc yu t su b, dch bnh. Phn trc v thng bt u t ch gc r

ni ln mt t v thu nh dn ln trn thn. Trong t nhin, nh sng mt tri s lm cho

nhng phn ny c v bc mu nn nhn s sng hn phn thn cy cn nguyn v, to nn

mt nt rt c bit cho cy.

Trong k thut Bonsai, phn v c tch ra bng mt con dao nh nhng rt sc v

nhn, sau phn trc v c x l (bi ln) bng cht sulfat canxi ( VN hay dng vi

trng vi lu hunh) ty trng phn thn l ra, cng nh phng chng mi mt su bnh

tn cng. (Nu khng ty trng, nha cy r ra s lm cho phn ny c mu xn, khng c

p).

2.16. Mt s th (dng) cy mi c b sung thm

2.16.1. Kiu bch tuc



y l bin th ca phong cch trc, do cc cnh cy pht sinh cng mt gc v

un khc i ln. Ngi ta t cng tn cho mt loi cy m loi cy ny c cnh un khc i

xung, v trong c hai trng hp th phong cch ny pht sinh t ch cc cnh cy trng

ging vi bch tuc

2.16.2. Kiu n cy hay chn nn (Candelabra)

Mt Bonsai kiu n cy Hnh nh mt cy trong t nhin c hnh th dng n cy

(Candelabra form Juniper by Harry Harrington) (Candelabra Pine photographed in

Norway by NA Haagensen)

Kiu ny m t mt cy trong t nhin b qut ng ngang thn (do gi bo hay sm

st), nhng sau li hi sinh mc ra cnh mi, th hin sc sng mnh lit, qut cng.



Chng 3: Mt s phong cch b sung tng gi tr ca cy

Trong thc t, cy th th phi p dng, thn cy un ln nhng s cng p v

gi tr hn khi c thm mt s c tnh c bit m trong t nhin vn cng him gp

(khng ging nh cc cy thng thng) v d nh: la, mt, r trn mt t Trn thc t,

y l nhng yu t c bit to im nhn cho cy, tuy nhin khng ai chi cy vi ch mt

trong nhng c im c bit ny m khng ch n hnh dng, t th to hnh ca phn

thn cy. Chnh v vy nn cc c im ch c xem nh phong cch b sung cho gi tr

ca cy m thi.

3.1. L r

Nh ni phn u, gc cy to, x x li thm c b r ni ln s to cm gic ging

mt cy c th, trng cy s gi ci hn

3.2. R m hay cy mc trn /trong khe

Xem phn 2.12 v 2.13 trong chng 2 cc th cy Nht Bn truyn thng.

3.3. La

Nhng phn thn hoc cnh cy b cht kh nhng vn gn lin vi thn cy sng

trong gii chi cy cnh nc ta hay gi l la, cn trong ting Nht gi l Jin. Cy c

thm la nhng v tr thch hp, vi kch thc v hnh dng hp l s t im thm

v c o ca cy, cng nh th hin mt trit l v sc sng do dai, bn b.

3.4. Mt

Nhng vt ct cnh, hoc nhng ch b thng trn thn cy, tri qua thi gian, c

lp v cy ph kn, nhng thng li vt x x, gi l mt. Cy c cc mt thn v

cnh, trng s c dng v c th, gi ci hn, cng nh to nn nt c o, k qui hn.



PHN III: PH LC

Ph lc 1: Bonsai Lch s hnh thnh v s khc bit ca ngh thut Bonsai so vi

vic trng mt cy trong chu thng thng

Cy king Bonsai c pht sinh phng ng, c th khng nh l Trung Quc.

Trong v s cc huyn thoi c k th ng lu l li gii thch ngun gc ca Bonsai

chnh l tho mc c trng trong chu cho cc mc ch tr liu.

Tho mc lun ng mt vai tr quan trng trong nn y hc c truyn ca TrungQuc.

Nhng cy c trng lm thuc lun c ct ta, n ni chng c trng lm cnh.

Nu chng ta chp nhn quan im cho rng Bonsai l mt ngh thut th n cng thay i

v tin ho theo thi gian. Tho mc trc kia c trng trong chu ch v cc chi tit c

trng l, hoa, qu ,hay cu trc thn cy v theo thi gian chng dn c dng v ca cc

cy thu nh; v c l v p hon m ca chng m hin nay chng ta thng thc l mt

khi nim c thnh hnh trong hng th k trc cho n nay.

Vo khong nm 1960, khi mi ngi trn th gii hiu c t Bonsai. L d nhin, ch

c mt s t ngi nhit tnh bit c t Bonsai, cn hu ht gi cy king ln, cy trng

trong chu hoc cy t hon . Nm 1970 mt s lng ln Bonsai c trin lm hi tr

OSAKA EXPO. Hi ch ng mt vai tr ln lao trong vic qung co th gii Bonsai ra th

gii, c bit l phng ty.

Bonsai c ngha l g? c s khc bit no gia Bonsai v Haichiuye, mang ngha cy

cm trong chu. Cu tr li tht khng n gin. V nh ngha nh sau: Bonsai l cy sng

c chuyn sang chu, khay hoc tng v th n c th tip tc sng. N khng ch c

mt v p t nhin m ging cy c bit nh v dng ca chng nhc nh ngi ta nh n

mt iu g hn chnh bn thn chng. N c th l mt cnh vt ,mt khu rng hay mt

mng rng, mt cnh cy tr tri gia cnh ng, mt cnh bin mt chic h. N cng c

th l mt hnh bng no nhc nh n mt ngi cun theo cn gi qua nhng cnh l.

Nht Bn, bonsai l to mt cnh thin nhin trn mt chic khay, khi bn cm mt Hachiuye,

hoc cy trng trong chu cc bn ch thy ci duyn p ca ci cy hoc chic hoa. N

chng lm bn lin tng n bt c iu g hn. Tuy vy chng ta c th i t Hachiuye

sang Bonsai bng cch dung phng php m chng ta gi l k thut Bonsai. Bng cch lm

quen vi k thut Youseuye (trng thnh nhm) v NeTsuranari (s lin kt r) chng ta c

th to mt cnh quan ging nh rng. Phong cch nghing ng s lm bn nh ti gi thi,

phong cch kengai s lm bn nh ti mm nh ra bin.

Chng ta c th trng c hoc cc vt liu khc hn l tho mc?. C nhiu ngi cho

rng c v l nhng phn trang tr quan trng ca Bonsai, n tng dng v ca Bonsai. Ti

ng vi h, ti cng khng ni rng tt c cc loi c u dung c, chng s lm cho

Bonsai trng p hn .



Ti ht sc tin tng tulip, hay d hng cng c th dng trong Bonsai. Tr v u

1950 ti thng thy nhiu king Bonsai bng cy chui cao 10 inch nhng by gi th

khng thy na. Ni mt cch khc l ti cm thy bun v khng cn thy n Nht Bn.

Ngun gc bi vit trch dn t trang web Yu cy cnh: http://yeucaycanh.com



Ph lc 2: Lch s Penjing trung Quc Trit l ngh thut v so snh vi Bonsai

Di y l bi vit ni v lich s ca Penjing trung Quc c coi l bt ngun ca

ngh thut Bonsai - Nht Bn. Qua bi vit ny ca mt tc gi nc ngoi, chng ta s thy

c b dy lch s, tnh trit l uyn thm ca ngh thut Penjing v Bonsai, s khc nhau

v nhng c im ging nhau gia chng.

1. Penjing l g?

Penjing l ngh thut sng to cnh vt thu nh trong bn cha ca Trung Quc. T

Penjing gm hai k t: "pen" ngha l "chu" hay "vt cha", v "jing" ngha l "cnh quan".

Mt ngh nhn c th s dng nguyn liu l cy v t nhin miu t sinh ng

cnh ni non thn d vi sui chy rc rch hoc cnh non nc vi nhng o rng rm

nhit i. Chng ta c th thit k mt cnh vt n gin hn nhiu m ring cy thi cng

th hin c ton b ch ca tc phm.

Penjing v BONSAI l hai kiu ngh thut c lin quan cht ch vi nhau. Penjing c

xa hn, c coi l bt ngun ca BONSAI.

C mt s khc bit ln trong phm vi ngh thut: "BONSAI" l mt "cy trong chu"

v bi vy BONSAI c nh ngha hp hn Penjing cnh vt trong chu cha". Rt

nhiu cnh p, tinh t c lm ra bi cc ngh nhn Trung Quc r rng khng tun theo

nhng quy tc ca ngh thut BONSAI.

Penjing c th c tm thy nhiu bin th, ngi Trung quc cng nhn 3 trng phi

c trng:

- Cy - Penjing (Shumu Penjing)

- Cnh - Penjing (Shanshui Penjing)

- Nc v t - Penjing (Shuihan Penjing)

2. Lch s hnh thnh

Penjing l mt loi hnh ngh thut c lch s trn mt ngn nm.

Theo nhng ghi chp lch s sm nht, mt tc phm gm cy v c bi tr trong

mt bn cha c bi tr ngh thut c nin i t triu i ng (Tang: 618-907).

Ti triu i Tng (Song: 960-1279), ngi Trung Quc tri nghim mn ngh thut

ny mt cp ngh thut cao hn. Ngh nhn Penjing ly cm hng khng ch t thin



nhin m l t th ca miu t thin nhin v tranh phong cnh sn thy. Tranh phong cnh

sn thy t ti nh cao trong triu i Tng (Song: 960-1279), Penjing, cng vy cng ang

trn pht trin ngh thut mnh m.

Trong nhng nm u ca vng triu Thanh (Qing: 1644-1911), mn ngh thut ny

tr nn ph bin, nhng ti liu hng dn u tin xut hin.

Ngy cng c nhiu ngi bit n, Penjing mang tnh thng mi, dn gian, a l

v pht trin ngy cng tinh t hn tr thnh mt trng phi ngh thut.

Thm vo , Penjing c tinh lc v mt thm m, ngi ta c th tm thy nhng

cy c to dng bi i din ca cc trng phi mang tnh khu vc ni nhng thn cy

c un biu t hnh tng nhng con rng hoc nhng tn che, miu t nhng lp my,

hay nhng cy c to hnh ging vi nhng nt c im ngu nhin no .

Cc bin th ca Penjing l bt tn. Tuy nhin, chng ta khng quan tm nhiu n iu

. Bt c kiu ngh thut no u c th khng c chp nhn v dn ri vo qun lng.

Chng ta s tp trung vo cch m mn ngh thut ny c thc hin cp cao nht.

Trong truyn thng Trung Hoa, Penjing l ngh thut ca gii hc gi cng nh th,

ngh thut vit ch p, hi ha v ngh thut sn vn.

Trong nhng nm sau ny ca triu Thanh (Qing: 1644-1911), th k 19, ch ngoi xm

dn ti thi k suy tn ca Penjing, chiu hng ny ngy cng trm trng trong sut

nhng nm chim ng v h nc ngoi, chin tranh, ni chin, cch mng m Trung

Quc tri qua trong sut th k 20.

Nhng b su tp c b tht lc, nhng ngh nhn phi u tranh tn ti v

vt qua bng chnh kin thc v hiu bit su sc ca h. Ch trong thi gian 20 nm sau ,

iu kin Trung Quc mi cho php bt u thi k phc hng ca mn ngh thut c xa

ny. Ngy nay, s lng nhng ngi am m v su tm ngy cng tng nhanh, h khm

ph bn ng ca mnh trong ngh thut Penjing.

C gi nh rng, ngh thut sng to cy thu nh du nhp vo nc Nht khong th

k th 13. Thi gian chnh xc th khng c bit n. Trong th k th 6 v th 7, Nht Bn

gi phi vin (cng s) n Trung Quc nghin cu v ngh thut, kin trc, ngn ng,

vn chng cng nh h thng php lut ca Trung Quc. Nhp khu vn ha v ngh thut

Trung Quc xy ra trong sut thi i Nam Tng (Nan Song: 1127-1279). Chan, mt

hnh thc ca o Pht vi gio hun c ngun gc n kt hp vi o Lo, mt o gc

Trung Quc, du nhp ti Nht Bn trong thi gian ny di tn Zen. S chuyn giao vn

ha ln bt u vo nhng nm 1200, nhng ngh s Nht Bn tip tc tm kim s nh

hng, trit l, t do mn tng, ch (cm hng), cng nh kin thc v k thut v

ngh thut lm vn Trung Quc.



3. Thm m

Mc ch ca cc ngh nhn Penjing khng ch ti hin li cnh thin nhin trong mt

bn cha m cn nm bt c ci tinh ty v ci hn ca n.

Ging nh mt bc tranh phong cnh sn thy Trung Quc, Penjing nghin cu trong

s tng phn. Trn gc trit hc, s biu hin ca cc mt i lp l bng chng ca kh

nng khi nim ha v tr (vn vt) nh ang c chi phi bi 2 cc ca ngun nng lng

v tr l ngun nng lng lnh (m) v ngun nng lng nng (dng).

Trn phng din ngh thut, s tng phn to nn s nhp nhng (hi ha) v trng

thi cng t ngt, ci m sau c gii quyt trong s cn bng ng, mt trng thi

thng bng hi ha tinh t.

t ti s hi ha trong cu trc tng th l quan trng, c bit trong mt tc phm

c cu to bi a dng cc thnh phn nh nc - t Penjing ni cc yu t nh cy, ,

ru, thm c v nc, tt c u cn thit phi hi ha vi cc yu t khc v gp phn vo

vic thit k mt kiu dng y ngha.

Thm vo , quyt nh vic bi tr trn mt container v xc nh ni t tc phm,

cc ngh nhn s quan tm n chng loi cy, s lng cy c dng, kch thc ca

chng, xu hng thn v mt tn.

Chng ta s chn theo kch thc, mu sc, hnh dng, chi tit b mt ca n v phi

ph hp vi cy. Cui cng mi yu t trong thit k u cn phi lin quan ti tt c cc yu

t khc ton b cnh hin ra nh mt tng th ng nht, mt tc phm hon thin

Cc ngh nhn Penjing khng i tm kim sng to nn s hon thin. Thc t l cy

c un trong nhng kiu phong cch cao ni m mi gc un v vic b tr cnh r c

tnh ton mt cch t m bng mt cng thc cng nhc khng thch hp vi khiu thm m

ca h. Mt tc phm Penjing ni ting khng ch c p m phi trng hon ton t nhin.

N c nhn nh l bn thn T nhin t sng to ra n - ging nh mt phn k diu ca

T nhin.

4. Nn tng tinh thn.

Bonsai v Penjing c th c quan st trong s suy tng. Bn thn vic sng to ra

Bonsai hay Penjing mang tnh trm t, mt bi tp mang tnh t duy - mt dng thc hnh

ca Thin . Nhng cy nh v phong cnh thu nh c xem l ca ngi T nhin v nng

lng cha lnh s c m rng bi mi trng t nhin nguyn s. Sng to v chm sc

Bonsai v Penjing s khin bn gn gi vi thin nhin hn, cho php bn cm nghim n

theo nhiu cch trc tip v ring bit.

hiu su sc v Bonsai v penjing, vic thc hnh sng to cy v phong cnh thu

nh cn c cm nhn di gc ca hai trng phi trit hc ln Trung Quc, o Lo

v Thin- Pht gio. o Lo dng nhng nh hng su sc n ngh thut Vin ng

trn 2000 nm. l cch t duy v sng m c th t c s t do v th xc v tm hn.

Mc ch ca o Lo quay tr li nu r ngun gc ch thc bng vic vt b nhng cng



thc t duy v thi mang tnh quy c cng nhc. N cho thy rng bng vic hc theo

ngoi cnh v a ngh ca chng ta ti chc nng mang tnh t nhin, nng lng sng to

to ln c th c khi m.

Vic tc ng vo nhp iu ca T nhin v am hiu v s b tc ng qua li ca mi

th xung quanh chng ta l thnh phn ch yu ca gio hun o Lo.

Pht gio Thin tin trin nh mt nhnh mi ca o pht mang nhng c im

Trung Hoa c o. Sau khi nhng Nh tu n truyn b gio hun ca c Pht vo

Trung Quc khong 2000 nm trc y, kinh k c bin dch bi nhng nh hnh ngh

truyn gio o lo Trung Quc. iu ny dn n mt kiu b ng ha cao ca Pht

gio ci m vn gi c rt nhiu yu t ch yu ca o Lo. Ngi thin theo phong cch

Trung Hoa (zou chan theo ting TQ v za zen theo ting Nht) khng nhm mc ch tm

kim mang t tng t di s kim sot cng nhc nh Pht gio n truyn thng,

nhng thay vo l gii phng, khuyn khch lung t tng khng b tr ngi, tt p

thc s v t nhin.

Chan , ph bin cc nc phng Ty vi tn ting Nht l Zen, dy rng t tng

gic ng c th tm thy s sng t mi ni, ti mi thi im, di hnh thc s lnh hi

t xut.

V v vy, mt ngh nhn Bonsai hay Penjing, lm vic vi cc nguyn liu t nhin v

s tp trung mi thi im, c th n vi s hiu bit bt ng, ngun cm hng v hng

gii quyt. y l qu trnh sng to. N thng tm n cc ngh nhn mt cch lng l c

to nn bi s suy ngm mt cch tch cc. Xp xp cy v bi tr , anh ta t nhin khm

ph ra mt vi th mi, khng d nh trc - mt tc phm c thi hn mt cch t nhin,

hi ha, cn i, a n mt ci p tuyt vi, biu hin v tr v chn l vnh cu bng

phng php dng nh t tn cng hn.

Tc gi ca bi vit ny l B Karin Albert, mt chuyn gia v ngh thut penjing,

ngi hc tp v nghin cu mn ngh thut c ny trong sut 05 nm Trung Quc

nhng nm 1980. B cng l ngi nc ngoi u tin c mi vo Hip hi Penjing

Thng hi v c gii thiu ti rt nhiu cc ngh nhn c tn tui ti thi im

Penjing cha ph bin hu ht cc nc Phng Ty. B cn l nh u t nc ngoi v

l nh ng sng lp nn cng ty Sino-American -l mt trong nhng nh xut khu hng

u v penjing .....

Ngun ting Vit: bi vit trch dn t trang web Yu cy cnh: http://yeucaycanh.com

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