Higher Level Geography

Hong Kong MIKE CLARKE/AFP/Getty Images

Geography IB – HL

Measuring Global

Interactions

HL extension

• Cover an extra course – ‘global interactions’• Makes up the ‘Paper 3’ element of IB geography• You also study an extra ‘Paper 2’ topic – Leisure,

Sport and Tourism.• Takes many concepts learnt in the core and looks

it in further depth – very much gaining a ‘global perspective’

• Assessed through essay writing – quite advanced terms and vocabulary are used.

Outline

• 1. Measuring global interactions• 2. Changing space—the shrinking world• 3. Economic interactions and flows• 4. Environmental change• 5. Sociocultural exchanges• 6. Political outcomes• 7. Global interactions at the local level

GLOBAL PARTICIPATION

Globalisation

• Is the key to this topic.– WHAT IS IT?!

• Define the following terms:– Globalisation– Out-sourcing– Time-Space convergence

What is globalisation?- Many different definitions:- Wikipedia:

- Name for the process of increasing the connectivity and interdependence of the world's markets and businesses. This process has speeded up dramatically in the last two decades as technological advances make it easier for people to travel, communicate, and do business internationally. Two major recent driving forces are advances in telecommunications infrastructure and the rise of the internet. In general, as economies become more connected to other economies, they have increased opportunity but also increased competition. Thus, as globalization becomes a more and more common feature of world economics, powerful pro-globalization and anti-globalization lobbies have arisen.

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Read more: http://www.investorwords.com/2182/globalization.html#ixzz24N5ET0E2

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19476254

Shrinking borders

The increasing interconnectedness of the world economy both culturally and politically.There are positive and negative effects of this.

Task!

Read pages 604-606 and answer questions 1 and 2.

Find the meanings of the following terms: - Homogenism - Hyperglobalisation - Global Scepticism - Transformationalism

Questions

1. What is the most powerful, effective agent of globalisation?

2. What are the top 3 factors that affect globalisation?

3. Which of the theories best explain the world’s current state?

How would you measure globalization?

• Think of approx. 10 ways of measuring the degree to which a country is globalized.

• In each case justify your choice of measure.

• Try to group the measures - come up with your own group headings.

Measuring globalization - indices

• The two most common and recognised indices are:

• KOF index of globalization - calculated by the Swiss Institute for Business Cycle Research

• AT Kearney Globalization Index – calculated by the American management consulting firm of the same name.

• An index is used to measure change over a period of time

AT Kearney

• A global management consulting firm publishes an annual Globalisation index.

• Are the worlds most populated countries becoming MORE or LESS globally connected?

• Uses political engagement, technological connectivity, personal contact and economic integration

• 72 countries account for 97% world’s GDP and have 88% of world’s population

AT Kearney Globalization Index

• Economic integration• Trade volumes (double

weighted)• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

inflows and outflows (triple weighted)

• Personal integration• International travel and tourism• International phone calls• Remittences

• Technological integration

• Number of internet users• Number of internet hosts

• Political integration• Membership of international

organisations• Financial contribution to UN

peacekeeping missions• Ratification of international

treaties

KOF Index

• Covers economic (38%), social (39%) and political (23%) dimensions of globalisation

• Which is more useful? Analyse the information on pages 561/ 562 and answer questions page 563

Summary question

Give an example of a measurement of globalization and evaluate its effectiveness in describing patterns of globalization. (10)

Core and Periphery

• The countries of the world can be divided into two major world regions - the 'core' and the 'periphery.' The core includes major world powers and the countries that contain much of the wealth of the planet. The periphery are those countries that are not reaping the benefits of global wealth and globalisation

• The basic principle of the 'Core-Periphery' theory is that as general prosperity grows worldwide, the majority of that growth is enjoyed by a 'core' region of wealthy countries despite being severely outnumbered in population by those in a 'periphery' that are ignored.

• There are many reasons why this global structure has formed, but generally there are many barriers, physical and political, that prevent the poorer citizens of the world from participating in global relations. The disparity of wealth between core and periphery countries is staggering, with 15% of the global population enjoying 75% of the world's annual income.

Global core and periphery

• The 'core' consists of Europe (excluding Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus) , the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, and Israel. Within this region is where most of the positive characteristics of globalization typically occur: transnational links, modern development (i.e. higher wages, access to healthcare, adequate food/water/shelter), scientific innovation, and increasing economic prosperity. These countries also tend to be highly industrialized.

• The 'periphery' consists of the countries in the rest of the world: Africa, South America, Asia (excluding Japan and South Korea), and Russia and many of its neighbors. Although some parts of this area exhibit positive development (especially Pacific Rim locations in China), it is generally characterized by extreme poverty and a low standard of living. Health care is non-existent in many places, there is less access to potable water than in the industrialized core, and poor infrastructure engenders slum conditions.

Influential global cities are the hubs/nodes of the global interactions in the global economy

1. New York2. London3. Tokyo4. Paris5. Hong Kong6. Chicago7. Los Angeles8. Singapore9. Sydney10. Seoul

A T Kearney Global Cities Index 2010http://www.atkearney.com/index.php/Publications/global-cities-index.html

Ranking based on indicators in the following;

• Business activity • Human capital• Information exchange • Cultural experience• Political engagement

The Top 10 Most Global Cities