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HIV & AIDS. Lisa Bullard Shannon Rohall. Outline. Background Information/MNT Epidemiology Pathophysiology Diagnosis Clinical Manifestations Treatment Research supporting MNT Terry’s Story Nutrition Care Process ADIM/E. Epidemiology- U.S.A. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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HIV & AIDS
Lisa BullardShannon Rohall
Outline
• Background Information/MNT– Epidemiology– Pathophysiology– Diagnosis– Clinical Manifestations– Treatment– Research supporting MNT
• Terry’s Story • Nutrition Care Process
– ADIM/E
Epidemiology- U.S.A.
• Prevalence: roughly 1 million with HIV & AIDS
Race/ethnicity of persons living with HIV, 2003
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/united_states.htm
Epidemiology- U.S.A.
• Incidence:– 40,000 new cases
each year• Majority of new
infections affect:– Minorities– Women– Youth w/ little access
to healthcare (Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2005)
Race/ethnicity of personswith a new HIV diagnosis in 2006
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/united_states.htm
Background Information- Etiology
• What is HIV?– Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a
retrovirus.• Targets GI, organ, and immune cells
(specifically CD4 cells, “T helper”)
• What is AIDS?– Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is
“an immune dysfunction characterized by the destruction of immune cells, leaving the body open to infection” (Nelms, et al. 2008).
Pathophysiology
• Figure 26.1 HIV Lifecycle (Nelms et al. 2008)
Pathophysiology
• ↑ viral load ↓ CD4 cells strong relationship to progression to diagnosis of AIDS
• ↓ CD4 cells ↑ opportunistic infection ↓ nutrition status and ↑ mortality http://
hivtreatmentispower.com/images/immune-system-hiv.jpg
Pathophysiology
• When GI cells infected (part of immune defense), ↑ risk of malabsorption– Contributes to
wasting
AIDS-related wasting syndrome
http://student.bmj.com/issues/02/12/education/images/view_1.jpg
Pathophysiology
• Breakdown of protein stores– Protein turnover rate higher throughout
infection– Dysregulation of inflammation response
changes in hormone/nutrient metabolism ↑ risk of chronic ds
Micronutrient Changes
• Lower levels of:– Selenium*– Zinc*– Magnesium– Calcium– Iron*– Manganese– Copper*– Carotene– Choline– Glutathione– Vit A*– Vit B6*– Vit B12* (neurological
changes, bone marrow toxicity, and accelerated progression of HIV)
– Vit E (oxidative stress)
•Elevated levels of:-Folate*-Niacin-Carnitine
* Closely tied to immune fx (Nelms, et al. 2008)
Diagnostic Criteria
Classification Categories Sample Criteria
CD4 + count categories
Category 1 ≥ 500 cells/μL
Category 2 200 – 499 cells/μL
Category 3 < 200 cells/μL
Clinical Categories
Category A Primarily asymptomatic
Category B Symptomatic attributed to HIV infection – fungal, oral hairy leukoplakia, listeriosis, peripheral neuropathy, persistent fever/diarrhea
Category C Diseases that are opportunistic and define AIDS. Cancers, Kaposi’s sarcoma, wasting syndrome, pervasive candidiasis.
CDC Clinical and Immune Cell Categories of HIV Infection
Diagnostic Criteria
Table 26.2 WHO Clinical and Immune Cell Categories of HIV/AIDS Infection
Broken down into classifications set forth by WHO: presence of opportunistic infection and unintentional wt loss (Nelms et al., 2008)
Categories Sample CriteriaPrimary HIV Infection
Acute retroviral syndrome, but no complicating opportunistic infection or immune dysfunction
Clinical Stage 1 Primarily asymptomatic as above, possible persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
Clinical Stage 2 Wt losses that are <10% of body wt, minor mucocutaneous manifestations, recurrent bacterial and upper respiratory infections, fungal infections of fingers
Clinical Stage 3 Wt loss of >10% of body wt, persistent constitutional symptoms (fever, diarrhea), oral thrush or hairy leukoplakia, pulmonary tuberculosis, severe bacterial infections, unexplained anemia, neutropenia, &/or thrombocytopenia for more than a month (confirmatory testing required for anemias)
Clinical Stage 4 HIV wasting syndrome (>10% wt loss w/ chronic diarrhea, weakness, fever), opportunistic events as described in Clinical Category 3
Clinical Manifestations• Neurological disorders
common w/ HIV and treatment
• Loss of ability to perform ADL’s
• Pulmonary disorders may result in inability to maintain adequate food intake
• HIV infected pt at higher risk of cardiac ds
• Hepatic ds• Anemias common in
symptomatic phases• Renal failure• Oral lesions and food
intake
Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)
www.research.bidmc.harvard.edu/.../38_240.jpg
Treatments
• Antiretroviral medication
Multidisciplinary approach!!
• Modulation of altered hormonal environment• Prevention/treatment for opportunistic events• Maintenance and restoration for nutritional status (Nelms et al. 2008)
http://cache.daylife.com/imageserve/04MS19v34822G/610x.jpg
Treatment
• While effective, med cocktail makes pt very ill– Diarrhea– N/V– Appetite loss– Abdominal pain– Taste change– Lipid alterations– Glucose intolerance– Lipodystrophy
• Adherence to medications 20-50% due to side effects of drugs– Requires 95% adherence for effectiveness
(Nelms et al. 2008) http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v2/n8/thumbs/nrd1151-f2.jpg
Medical Nutrition Therapy
• MNT goal: support immune fx– Kcal requirements: ↑ 10%-15% (Grunfeld, et al.,
1992)• ↑ REE vs healthy controls (E.A.L. summary- Grade II)
– Protein Requirements- Adequate intake to:• maintain nitrogen balance• maintain normal albumin/prealbumin• prevent wasting• Counteract some meds ↓ muscular protein synthesis• General recommendation: 1.6-1.8 g/kg of current body
weight (McDermott, et al., 2003) if wasted.
MNT, continued
• Fat Requirements– Amount and types based
on:• Energy needs• Cardiovascular risk (high risk
pt.)• Inflammatory condition (oral
thrush)
• Fiber – Similar to healthy controls:
• May improve glu tolerance• Reduce potential
cardiovascular risk and altered fat deposition (ie, lipodystrophy)
http://diabetestotalcontrol.com/images/fats_visible_in_combi.jpg
Medical Nutrition Therapy
• Cause: - Malabsorption
- Oral symptoms/
trouble swallowing
- Certain medications
- Inflammation
- Lipodystrophy
• Implications: - Risk of developing AIDS
• Viral load
Weight Loss:
Pt: Terry Long
• 32 y/o African American male• Chief Complaint:
– Feels exhausted all the time– Sore mouth and throat– Lost wt
• Medical Diagnosis: HIV 4 yrs ago– Not treated previously– Re-diagnosed with AIDS Clinical Category C2,
with oral thrush• SES:
– Bachelors degree, employed as dialysis nurse– Moved in w/ parents d/t unemployment and
inability to care for self– Purchasing/preparation of meals done by parents
and pt
http://tacomaconfidential.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341d651053ef0105356d2291970b-120wi
Assessment: Lab Values
Lab Value Terry’s value Normal ExplanationPrealbumin 15 L 16-35 Acute catabolism,
inflammation, malnutrition
Bilirubin ↑ 0.9 mg/dL ≤0.3 Prolonged fasting
HDL-C ↓ 42 mg/dL >45 Starvation
Viral Load ↑ 29,000mm3 0
T cells ↓ 255 mm3 800-2500
T helper (CD4+)
↓ 153mm3 600-1500
T suppressor ↓ 102 mm3 300-1000
Assessment: Physical Exam
• Thin appearance• HR: 92 bpm• BP: 120/84 mm Hg• Skin warm and dry w/ flaky
patches– May indicate malabsorption
• Rhonchi in lower left lung– Rattling sounds caused my
mucosal secretions– May indicate pneumonia
• Hyperactive bowel sounds– May indicate bowel necrosis or
infectious enteritis• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
medlineplus/ency/article/003137.htm
http://www.thaipedlung.org/images/shortcase/board36_1.gif
Assessment: Anthropometrics
• BMI = 20 (19.9)– Below 20 associated w/ ↑ risk for mortality (Nelms et al.
2008)• IBW = 184 lb ± 10% = 166-202 lb
– %IBW: 82% = mildly depleted energy stores• UBW = 160-165 lb
– %UBW = 93%• MAC: 25.4 cm
– Normal: ~ 37cm• % body fat: 12.5%• TSF: 0.7cm 23 %ile
– Normal: 1.07 cm• cAMA (midarm muscle area) = 32.84 cm²
– Interpretation: <5th percentile: wasted
Assessment: Diet-Drug Interactions
• Indinavir: antiviral protease inhibitor– No grapefruit / grapefruit juice– Adequate hydration needed– Taste changes, N/V, regurgitation, abdominal pain, diarrhea– ↑ glucose, ↑ bilirubin, ↑ amylase– Headaches, ascites, kidney stones, insomnia, back or flank
pain, weakness, rare diabetes• Stavudine: antiviral
– Anorexia, ↓ wt– Stomatitis, N/V, abdominal pain, diarrhea– Peripheral neuropathy, chills/fever, headache, weakness,
muscle pain, dementia, insomnia, rash, pancreatitis– Limit alcohol consumption– ↑ bilirubin, ↑ amylase, ↑ lipase, anemia, ↓ platelets, ↓
neutrophils
Assessment: Diet-Drug Interactions
• Didanosine: antiviral– Anorexia, ↓ wt– Dry mouth, stomatitis, ↓ taste acuity, dyspepsia, N/V, pain,
diarrhea, constipation, flatulence– Avoid alcohol– Pancreatitis, peripheral neuropathy, headache, weakness,
insomnia, rash, arthritis, pain, dizziness, congestion, chills/fever, blurred vision, cough, confusion, anxiety, edema, ↑ BP, seizures
– ↑ bilirubin, ↑ alk phos, ↑ uric acid, ↑ amylase, ↑ lipase, ↑ TG, ↑ CPK, ↓ K
• Fluconazole: antifungal (oral candidasis)– Taste changes, dry mouth, N/V, abdominal pain, diarrhea– Hypoglycemia, headache, rash, tremor, ↑ sweating,
hepatotoxicity– ↑ alk phos, ↑ bilirubin
Assessment: Herb-Drug Interactions
• Echinacea: may inhibit metabolism of indinavir (Cyt P-450)
• St. John’s Wort: contraindicated with use of protease inhibitors (indinavir) (Nelms et al. 2008)
http://www.global-b2b-network.com/direct/dbimage/50070102/Echinacea_Root_Powder_Extract.jpg
http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/19306.jpg
Assessment: Diet Hx
Usual Intake:• Breakfast/lunch
– cold cereal 1-2 C w/ ½ C whole milk• Supper
– Meat: pork chops or other meat, except beef– Mashed potatoes, rice, or pasta, 1 C w/ tea or soda
• Snacks:– Pizza, candy bar, or cookies w/ tea or soda– 1-2 beers or glasses wine several x per week
Food allergies:– Little milk at a time
Dislikes:– beef, coffee, and vegetables (except salad)
Assessment: Intake
24 hr recall:• Sips of applejuice• Pudding, 1 C• Rice and gravy, 1 C• Iced tea w/ sugar
– Sips throughout day
Diet Analysis:•672 kcals•Fat: 16%•Protein: 7%•Fiber: 4 g•Fluids: inadequate
Calories needed with H-B equation: 3099 kcals (AF: 1.2, IF: 1.5)
Diagnosis
• Inadequate oral food / beverage intake (NI-2.1) related to oral thrush and reduced appetite as evidenced by 9-14 lb wt loss, TSF in 23%ile, and 24-hr recall.
Intervention
• Modify distribution, type, or amount of food and nutrients within meals or at specified time (ND-1).
• ↑ calorie, ↑ protein: ~3100 kcals• Avoid grapefruit / grapefruit juice
• Supplemental feeding: Ensure• Multivitamin
Intervention
• Nutrition education and counseling (Fitch, et al., 2006)– Weight maintenance– Drug-nutrient interactions– Other nutritional conditions: hyperlipidemia, family
hx of HTN & CAD– Herbs:
• Ginseng: ↑ BP• Vit C: RDA in comparison to dose currently taking• Milk thistle: laxative effect, upset stomach, diarrhea,
bloating – pros & cons
Intervention
• Action goals– Eat two more snacks each day– Drink one Ensure/day– Increase fluids
• Outcome goals– Short term:
1. stop wt loss by ↑ caloric intake2. Slowly introduce more food as thrush is treated3. Increase fluid consumption
– Long term:1. wt gain back to UBW2. ↑ fruit, veg, dairy (lactose reduced), protein, and fiber intake3. ↑ intake of unsat fat and ↓ sat fat4. Protein store maintenance5. Regular physical activity (aerobic and resistance)
Monitor / Evaluate
• Check in w/ pt daily to monitor tolerance and intake
• Offer services for post – DC.• Possible referral to social worker for
resources.
References
• CDC: HIV and AIDS in the United States: A Picture of Today’s Epidemic. 2005. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/united_states.htm.Accessed April 8, 2009.
• Nelms, et al. “Nutrition Therapy and Pathophysiology”. Belmont: Thompson Corp. 2008.
• Cunningham-Rundles, McNeely, and Moon. 2005.• Fitch KV, Anderson EJ, Hubbard JL, Carpenter SJ, Waddell WR,
Caliendo AM, Grinspoon SK. “Effects of a lifestyle modification program in HIV-infected individuals with the metabolic syndrome”. AIDS. 2006; 20: 1843-1850
• C Grunfeld, M Pang, L Shimizu, JK Shigenaga, P Jensen, and KR Feingold. “Resting energy expenditure, caloric intake, and short-term weight change in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome”. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, Feb 1992; 55: 455 – 460.
• McDermott AY, et al.: Nutrition treatment for HIV wasting: a prescription for food as medicine, Nutr Clin Pract 18:86, 2003.