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Fxuuhqw Exvlqhvv/ 6306:1

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<3

Table 1Comparison of Matched Employer-Employee Data Sources from Different Countries

Country Name Sampling Plan Dates Main Variables Unique Features ReferencesAlgeria Algiers Regional

ManufacturingEstablishments

42 manufacturingenterprises in theAlgiers area, 1,000employees of these firms

1992 Daily wage, employeedemographics, education,seniority, other workexperience; employerinformation is limited todetailed industry and employerID.

Data for a developingcountry

Chennouf, Levy-Garboua, andMontmarquette (1997)

Australia AustralianWorkplace IndustrialRelations Survey

Probability sample ofworkplaces with 20+employees. Probabilitysample of employees atthat workplace.

1995, (earliersurvey without theemployeequestionnaire:1990)

Workplace qualitative andinterval information on wages,profits, productivity,competition. Detailedemployment and industrialrelations data. Individual dataon wages, hours,demographics and unions.

Focused on industrialrelations issues. Closecollaboration with theBritish WorkplaceIndustrial RelationsSurvey permitscomparative analyses.

Callus, Morehead,Cully and Buchanan(1991), Morehead,Steele, Alexander,Stephen and Duffin(1997), Morehead andAlexander (1998),Blanchflower andMachin (1996)

Austria Social Security FilesSample (SSFS,Austria)

Probability sample offirms (1/50)

1975-1991 Simple individualdemographic variables,detailed earnings and laborforce variables; establishmentand firm IDs from the SSFS

Exhaustive withinestablishments; nolongitudinalinformation onindividuals in thesample.

Winter-Ebmer andZweimüller (1997)

Belgium Social SecurityAdministrativeRecords

Universe of privatefirms

1978-1985 Individual earnings histories,demographic variables, andbroad occupation, firm-levelaccounting data for largerfirms

Universe of privateemployees permitsdetailed mobilityanalyses

Leonard and VanAudenrode (1996,1997), Leonard,Mulkay, and VanAudenrode (1998)

Canada Workplace andEmployee Survey(WES)

Clustered probabilitysample ofestablishments

1996 (pilot), 1997 Detailed establishmentinformation from the humanresource manager; detaileddemographic, labor force, andearnings variables;establishment IDs fromStatistics Canada

Designed to collectlongitudinalinformation onestablishments(including birth,death, and mergers);no longitudinal

Picot and Wannell(1996)

information onworkers

Canada T-4 SupplementaryTax File

1% simple randomsample of individualsever filing a tax return

1975-1993, ongoing Individual age, sex, taxableearnings, taxpayer ID andemployer ID.

Very longemployment histories.

Morissette and Berube(1996), Baker andSolon (1997)

Denmark Integrated Databasefor Labor MarketResearch (IDA)

Universe of the Danishpopulation based on theperson ID used inDanish governmentregisters

1970, 1980-1994,ongoing

Detailed demographic andlabor force variables; employerreported earnings; employerIDs from the Danishestablishment register

Complete census;individuals who areunemployed or not inthe labor force areincluded

Albaek-Sorensen(forthcoming)

Finland Employment Registermatched withmanufacturingestablishments inRegister ofEstablishments

Census of employedpersons and census ofmanufacturingestablishments andplants with 5+employees

1988-1994, ongoingbut 1995 changes inindustrial registerpresentcomparabilityproblems.

Earnings, other income,education, demographics,employment history forworkers; Output, value added,inputs, price indices, somecapital measures

Because both sides ofthe match are basedon registers, thecoverage is very goodwhen supplementaldata from othersources are added.

Laaksonen, Milantra,Piekkola, Vainiomäki,Haaparanta,Ilmakunnas (1998)

France Déclaration Annuellede Données Sociales(DADS), formerlyDAS; BénéficesIndustriels etCommerciaux (BIC);Bénéfices Réels(BRN), EchantillonDémographiquePermanent (EDP);Enquête Structuredes Emplois (ESE)

1/25th of private andsemi-public workforce(born October, evenyears); supplementalindividual data for1/10th from the EDP;employer informationfrom BIC (largerenterprises), BRN(smaller enterprises)and ESE(establishments).

1976-95, ongoing Inidividual data: earnings,days worked, payroll taxes,occupation, industry,demographic data, education,detailed individual data fromEDP; longitudinal firm datafrom sources keyed toSiren/Siret: production, valueadded, operating income,assets, employment, imports,exports, prices

Based on a set ofdatabases that permitsany data coded by firmor person identifier tobe added.Longitudinal for firmsand individuals.

Abowd, Kramarz, andMargolis (1999),Kramarz and Roux(1998), Margolis(1998)

France DéclarationMensuelle deMouvements de Maind'Oeuvre (DMMO),matched to thesources cited above

All establishments with50+ employees completethe monthlyquestionnaire, whichincludes the reports oneach movement for theindividual employees.

1987-1990, ongoing Individual data: demographics,type of contract, type of entry,skill-level for all entries,seniority at exit, type of exit,and skill-level for all exits;establishment data:employment, skill distribution,profit/loss

Permits monthlyanalysis ofemployment flows aswell as job creationand destruction.

Abowd, Corbel,Kramarz (1998)

France Enquête Emploi (EE)and Enquête sur laTechnique etl'Organisation duTravail auprès desTravailleurs Occupès(TOTTO)

Clustered probabilitysample of domiciles1/300, longitudinal with3 years in sample.Employer identifierssince 1990.

1990-96, ongoing1987 and 1993 newtechnologiessupplement

Full complement of household-based labor force variables;periodic topical supplements;longitudinal firm data fromsources keyed to Siren/Siret;new technologies supplementshave a full complement ofcomputer and computer-assisted production questions

Overlapping sampleswith 3-year rotationgroups permitdynamic analyses;employer IDs forestablishments (Siret)permit linking toestablishment or firmdata.

Entorf and Kramarz(1997, forthcoming),Entorf, Gollac, andKramarz (1996),Kramarz (1997)

France Enquête Structuredes Salaires (ESS)

Probability sample ofestablishments with 20or more employees;Probability sample ofemployees at theestablishment

1967, 1978, 1986,1992

Very detailed job andcompensation descriptions,earnings; establishment levelwork place organization;longitudinal firm data fromsources keyed to Siren/Siret

Large representativesamples of employeeswithin establishment;employer IDs forestablishments (Siret)

Rotbart (1991),Kramarz, Lollivier,and Pelé (1996)

France Enquête FormationQualificationProfession (FQP)

Clustered probabilitysample of domiciles1/1,000

1993 Full complement of labor forcevariables; detailed educationand training, apprenticeships;retrospective from 1988;longitudinal firm data fromsources keyed to Siren/Siret

Employer IDs forestablishments (Siret)permits addition ofother information.

Goux and Maurin(1997b)

Germany Beschaftigungs-stichprobe (BS)matched with theLeistungsempfanger-datei (LD)

Probability sample ofthe Historikdatei (HD),1/100th sample, of theBundesanstalt für Arbeit(BfA)

1975-1990 Simple individualdemographic variables (sex,education, nationality), grossearnings; benefits for theunemployed; employer IDsfrom the HD

Longitudinalinformation onindividuals even whenunemployed or ontraining programs;plant-level statisticsfrom the HD.

Bender, Hilzendegen,Rohwer, and Rudolph(1996), Dustmann andMeghir (1997)

Germany Gehalts- undLohnstruktur-erhebung (GLS)matched to socialinsurance registry

Multistage probabilitysample ofestablishments,probability sample ofemployees. LowerSaxony.

1990, 1995 Employer supplied detaileddata on the structure ofcompensation and conditionsof employment in October.Demographic, education,occupation for employee

Two representativecross sections, 5 yearsapart with very similarstructure to ESS inFrance.

Stephan (1998)

Italy Ricerche e Progettti(R&P)

Universe of privatefirms (industrial andservice) and records of

1985-1991, ongoing Social security earnings, wagesupplements, months, weeks ordays paid, occupation,

Longitudinalinformation onworkers and firms,

Contini and Revelli(undated)

self-employed employment contract type transitions to self-employment can beincluded. Availabilityof universe permitsdifferent samplingschemes.

Japan EstablishmentCensus (EC) matchedwith Basic Survey onWage Structure(BSWS), Census ofManufactures (CM)and Census ofCommerce (CC)

EC is a census ofestablishments with 5employees or more (10+in publicestablishments). BSWS,see below, CC every 3years and CM annual.

1991-1994,ongoing, not allyears for allsources.

Wages, bonuses, seniority,occupation, employeedemographics and educationfrom BSWS, detailed businessdata from CM and parts of CC,varies by industry.

Some longitudinalinformation on bothworkers and firms.

Hayami and Abe(1998)

Japan Basic Survey onWage Structure(BSWS)

Probability sample of allestablishments with atleast 5 employees orgovernment sector ifcovered by the NationalEnterprise LaborRelations Law or by theLocal Public LaborRelations Law and atleast 10 employees

1982-1994, ongoing Simple information on theestablishment; simpleindividual demographic andlabor force variables, detailedearnings

Large sample withinestablishments.

Abe and Sofer (1996)

Netherlands Wage Survey,Production Survey,RD Survey andSurvey ofManufacturingTechnology

Probability sample offirms, simple randomsample of employees ateach firm.

1979, 1985, 1989,ongoing

Detailed individual and jobcharacteristics, gross weeklyearnings, hours worked perweek, firm data on inputs,outputs, value added, profits,R&D activities (larger firms),computer technologies used.

Very comprehensiveset of repeated crosssections with detail onboth the individualand the firm.

Boon (1996)

Netherlands Ministry of SocialAffairs andEmployment (AVO)

Probability sample offirms, probabilitysample of employees ofthose firms.

1993, 1994 Detailed salary information,separation reasons,demographic data, seniority;firm level aggregates of thesevariables and employment

Two observations(successive Octobers)for each employee

Hassink (1998)

Norway Employer-Employee Universe of the 1986-1994, ongoing Detailed demographic and Not a sample; Salvanes and Forre

Register andEducation Register

Norwegian populationbased on the person IDused in Norwegiangovernment registers

labor force variables; employerreported earnings; employerIDs from the NorwegianEmployer-Employeeestablishment register

individuals who areunemployed or not inthe labor force areincluded

(1997)

Portugal Social Security FilesSample (SSFS,Portugal)

Clustered probabilitysample, 1/5 of all firms

1983-1992, ongoing Simple individualdemographic variables,detailed earnings and laborforce variables; establishmentand firm IDs from the SSFS

Exhaustive withinestablishments; nolongitudinalinformation onindividuals in thesample

Ministério doEmprego e daSegurança Social(1993) and Cardoso(1997)

Sweden Register of IncomeVerifications,Register of Jobs andOther Activities,Register ofEmployment,Register ofEnterprises andRegister ofEstablishments.

All registers arecensuses of the relevantpopulation.

ongoing, datesdepend uponspecific application

Earnings and income, jobcharacteristics, demographics,enterprise and establishmentcharacteristics

Surveys with moredetailed informationcan be linked to any ofthe componentregisters.

Tegsjö and Andersson(1998)

Sweden Labor Force Survey(Arbetskraft-sundersökningarna,AKU) matched withthe Registers ofEmployment,Enterprises andEstablishments

Probability sample ofhouseholds, census ofbusiness establishmentswith at least oneemployee

1987-1993, ongoing Detailed employment datafrom the AKU, other data asdescribed above.

Makes use of theregister systemdescribed above.

DiPrete, Goux,Maurin, and Tåhlin(1998)

UnitedKingdom

Panel Study ofManufacturingEstablishments(PSME)

Probability sample ofestablishments, mostrecently hired employeeand one randomlyproduction employee

1994, 1995 Detailed employer informationon the personnel, financial,investment policy; detaileddemographic and earningsvariables on individual.

Longitudinal in theestablishment,employees are notfollowed due to legalrestrictions in the UK.

Hildreth and Tremlett(1994, 1995)

UnitedKingdom

New Earnings Survey(NES), JointUnemployment and

1/100 sample ofemployees enrolled inthe Pay As You Earn

1994, 1995 Employee information onweekly earnings, demographicdata, unemployment spells.

The links can be usedalong severaldimensions to follow

Hildreth and Pudney(1998)

Vacancies OperatingSystem (JUVOS),Annual Census ofProduction (ACOP)

(PAYE) tax systemlinked to administrativeuniverse ofunemployment systemand universe of firmswith 100 or moreemployees. Probabilitysample of smaller firms.

Firm information on inputs,production, profitability.

individuals in and outof employment and/orto follow individualsfrom firm to firm

UnitedKingdom

Workplace EmployeeRelations Survey

Probability sample ofworkplaces, 25employees perworkplace.

1997, earliersurveys without theemployee segment:1980, 1984, 1990,called WorkplaceIndustrial RelationsSurvey

Workplace qualitative andinterval information on wages,profits, productivity,competition. Detailedemployment and industrialrelations data.

Focused on industrialrelations issues. Closecollaboration with theAustralian WorkplaceIndustrial RelationsSurvey permitscomparative analyses.

Cully (1998),Blanchflower andMachin (1996)

UnitedKingdom

British HouseholdPanel Study

Probability sample ofhouseholds, details ofemployer data notavailable

in progress Detailed data on individuals inthe household, including labormarket earnings, educationand demographics.

Design permitsanalysis of the effectsof employer variableson householdoutcomes.

Hildreth, privatecommunication

UnitedStates

Worker-EmployerCharacteristicsDatabase (WECD)and New Worker-EmployerCharacteristicsDatabase (NWECD)

Manufacturingestablishments from theLongitudinal ResearchDatabase (LRD), aprobability sample;matched to 1990 Censusof Population long formresponses; NWECDestablishments from theStandard StatisticalEstablishment List(manufacturing andnonmanufacturing)

1990 match WECD: longitudinal data onestablishments income,balance sheet, investments;NWECD: employment andsales; Both data sets: fullcomplement of labor forcevariables and householdvariables from the Census ofPopulation

Very large sampleswithin establishments

WECD: Troske (1998)NWECD: Bayard,Hellerstein, Neumarkand Troske (1998)

UnitedStates

State UnemploymentInsurance Systems

Simple random samplesfrom stateunemploymentinsurance records

various years,matched on theindividual ID fromGeorgia, Idaho,

Earnings and employment datarequired to calculate UIbenefits; employer UI-relateddata (tax rates, taxable

Some states have laborforce variables (sex,education, etc.) for asubsample who

Jacobson, LaLondeand Sullivan (1993),Anderson and Meyer(1994)

Louisiana,Maryland,Missouri, NewMexico,Pennsylvania, SouthCarolina, andWashington

compensation); employer IDsfrom the federal employer IDsystem

received UI benefits,other states havedemographic data forrepresentativesamples, others haveno demographic data.

UnitedStates

MarylandUnemployment WageRecords, CurrentPopulation Survey,Standard StatisticalEstablishment List(SSEL)

Universe of MarylandUI records matched toCPS (probabilitysample); Employersmatched using theSSEL

1985-1997 Individual and household datafrom the Current PopulationSurvey includingdemographic, earnings,education; establishment datafrom the SSEL (employment,payroll, sales, industry)

Limited to the State ofMaryland.Longitudinalinformation on UIearnings matched tolongitudinalinformation on theSSEL.

Lane, Miranda,Spletzer and Burgess(1998)

UnitedStates

NationalLongitudinal Surveyof Youth ’79 (NLSY-79)

Clustered probabilitysample of individualsaged 14-21 on January1, 1979

1986-1994 All variables from the public-use NLSY files; employer IDsfrom private lists, Compustatand CRSP

Unique IDs for allavailable employerson the NLS; employerdata for publicly-heldfirms, some data forgovernments

Abowd and Finer(1998)

UnitedStates

Survey of Consumers(University ofMichigan SurveyCenter)

Clustered probabilitysample

September 1991-March 1992

All variables in the Survey ofConsumers; employer IDsfrom Dun and Bradstreet

Some employer datafor 700 matches

Brown and Medoff(1996)

UnitedStates

EmploymentOpportunity PilotProject (EOPP) andMulti-City Study ofUrban Inequality(MCSUI)

Probability sample inmetropolitan areas, dataon a representativeemployee and the mostrecently hired employee.

1982, 1993(repeated the designof 1982 survey)

Detailed employer informationfrom the human resourcemanager; labor force variableson individual.

Heavy focus ontraining and trainingrelated variables.

Bishop, Barron, andHollenbeck (1983),Holzer and Reaser(1996).

UnitedStates

Continuous WorkHistory Sample(CWHS) andLongitudinalEmployer-EmployeeDatabase (LEED)

1/100 sample of SocialSecurity earningsreports

1957-1972, otherfiles continue.

Social Security earnings, totalemployment in the firm, basicdemographic variables, someschooling, hours and weeksworked information. Employerand employee identifiers.

Most extensive USsample. InternalSocial Security filesare produced on anongoing basis.

Smith (1989) andTopel and Ward(1992)

UnitedStates

Survey of Employer-Provided Training(SEPT95)

Probability sample ofprivate establishmentswith 50+ employees,two employees perestablishment

1995 Detailed training informationat the establishment level,earnings, seniority, trainingand demographics foremployees

Design permitsanalysis of bothestablishments andindividuals forpopulation trainingmodels.

Bureau of LaborStatistics (1996)

UnitedStates

LongitudinalResearch Database(LRD) and theNational LaborRelations Board(NLRB) files

Probability sample ofmanufacturingestablishments (LRD)matched with theannual NLRB electiondata

1977-1989 Detailed establishment data oninputs, production, costs,production and nonproductionemployment. NLRB electiondata describe the proposedbargaining unit and electionresults

Match of unionrepresentation votedata to detailed historyof the establishmentpermits studies ofeffects of newunionization on factoruse and production.Establishment dataavailable from 1963

LRD: McGuckin andPascoe (1988), matchto NLRB: Lalonde,Marschke and Troske(1996)

UnitedStates

White Collar PaySurvey (WCP)supplement

Probability sample ofestablishments, simplerandom sample ofemployees in certainwhite collar occupations

1989 (service),1990 (goods)

Detailed earnings andcomponents of compensationfrom employer survey, startingpay, demographics, education,seniority.

Sample focusesexclusively on whitecollar occupations.

Bronars and Famulari(1997)