TAI LIEU T U Y E N T R U Y E N Ky niem 60 nam Ngay ky Hiep dinh Gic-ne-va

ve dinh chi chien su" 6' Viet Nam

I- Boi canh quoc te va trong nuoc dan tffi Hoi nghj Giff-ne-vo" 1954 ve hoa binh o" Viet Nam, Dong Du-cng

1- Boi cdnh quoc te

Vao cuoi nam 1953 va dau 1954 khi chien tranh lanh da di dSn dinh cao thi the giai da xuat hien xu the cac nuac Ion bat dau di vao hoa hoan, chii truang giai quyet hoa binh cac cuoc chien tranh khu vuc. Bieu hien ro nhat cua xu the hoa hoan nay la cac nuac Ion M y , Anh, Phap va Lien X 6 di d8n trieu tap Hoi nghi ngoai truang bon nuac tai Berlin thang 02 nam 1954 ban ve van de Due -Ao. Do bat dong qua Ian trong viec giai quyet cac van d6 chinh tri t6n tai sau chien tranh lanh, Hoi nghi that bai nen chuyen sang ban van de Bien Dong. Ngay 18/02/1954, Hoi nghi Ngoai truang bon nuac ra tuyen bo cuoi cung. trong do Hoi nghi se xem xet van de Dong Duong. Dieu nay da ma ra mot con duang moi cho kha nang ket thuc chien tranh a Viet Nam, Dong Duong thong qua bien phap thuang lugng hoa binh.

Viec Hiep djnh dinh chien a Trieu tien ngay 27/3/1953 dugc ky k6t, Chi6n thang Dien Bien Phu ngay 07/5/1954 va su chuyen hoa trong Chinh phu va Quoc hgi Phap da thuc day viec khoi dong qua trinh cac nuac Ian tim each giai qu\et \n de Dong Duang bang thuang lugng.

Truac tinh hinh the giai da xuat hien xu the cac nuac Ian bat dau di vao hoa hoan, chii truang giai quyet hoa binh cac cuoc chien tranh khu vuc. Dang va Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa da neu ro lap truang, s in sang thuang lugng de giai quyet hoa binh ve vkn de Viet Nam. Ngay 26/11/1953, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh tuyen bo: "Hien nay neu thuc dan Phap tiep tuc cuoc chien tranh xdm kmc thi nhan dan Viet Nam quyet tarn tiep tuc cuoc chien tranh di quoc den thang lai cuoi ciing. Nhimg neu Chinh phu Phap da rut dicoc bai hoc trong cuoc chien tranh may nam nay, muon di den dlnh chien a Viet Nam bang each thicang htang la giai quyet van de Viet Nam theo loi hoa binh thi nhan dan va Chinh phu Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa sdn sang tiepy muon do... Ca sa cua viec dinh chien a Viet Nam Id Chinh phu Phap that tha ton trong nen doc lap thuc su ciia nuac Viet Nam...". Ngay 19/12/1953, Chii tich H6 Chi M i n h khang dinh lap truang cua Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa: 'Neu Chinh phu Phap muon di den dlnh chien a Viet Nam bang each thuang luang vd muon giai quyet van de Viet Nam theo loi hoa binh thi nhan dan vd Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hda cung sdn sang noi chuyen". Ngay 15/3/1954, Bao cao truac Chinh phu, Pho Thii tuang Pham Van Dong neu ro: "Phuang cham ddu tranh cua ta la vim danh, vim noi chuyen. Phai chii dong ca hai mat nhimg yeu to quyet dinh van Id dau tranh quan su. Ta cdng danh cdng thang, noi chuyen cdng thuan lai... Phai tich cue chu dong ca ve quan su Idn ngoai giao ".

Thien chi hoa binh cua Dang, Chinh phu Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa va Chu tjch Ho C h i M i n h da mo ra mot co hoi di den cham dut chien tranh a Dong Duong.

2- Tinh hinh trong nir&c .

Duoi su lanh dao cua Dang va Chu tich Ho Chi Minh , cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap xam luge cua nhan dan Viet Nam da buoc vao giai doan quy6t dinh. T u nam 1952, quan va dan ta cang chien dau cang truang thanh va Ian manh. N h a co duang loi chien tranh nhan dan, quan va dan ta tu the bi dong chuyen sang the chu dong tien cong va lien tiep gianh thang Igi. Dau thang 12-1953. Bg Chinh tri Trung uang Dang chii truang mo chien djch danh bai dich a Dien Bien Phu. Chi i tich Ho Chi Minh chi thj: ''Chien dich nay la mot chien dich rat quan trong khong nhung ve quan su md ca ve chinh tri, khong nhimg doi vai trong nuac md doi vai quoc te. Vi vgy, toan quan, toan dan, toan Dang phai tap trung hoan thdnh cho ky duac'\

Ngay 13-3-1954. Chien dich Dien Bien Phu bat dau. Trai qua ba dgt chien dau gay go va gian kho, lien tuc trong 56 ngay dem, ngay 07-5-1954, Chien dich Dien Bien Phu toan thang, ket thuc oanh liet cuoc tien cong chien luge Dong -Xuan (1953 - 1954) cua quan va dan Viet Nam; lam pha san ke hoach Navarre ciia dich; lam that bai muu do gianh the manh ve quan su hong xoay chuyen cue dien chien tranh tren chien truong Dong Duong ciia thuc dan Phap va can thiep My. Chien thang Dien Bien Phu da lam rung chuyen ngi bg xa hgi va dan tinh nuac Phap. thuc day phong trao chong chien tranh cua nhan dan Phap len cao trao, tao phan hoa trong chinh giai Phap, thiic day manh me luc lugng chii hoa trong chinh giai Phap. dac biet trong Quoc hgi Phap. Chien thang Dien Bien Phii tang them sir dong tinh, ung hg cua nhan dan Phap va nhan dan yeu chugng hoa binh the giai doi va i su nghiep dau tranh giai phong dan tgc ciia nhan dan Viet Nam.

Chien thSng Dien Bien Phu da d i n den Hgi nghi Gio-ne-vo, tao the virng vang cho doan Viet Nam buac vao Hgi nghi Gio-ne-vo vai the thang, the manh nha CO thang Igi quan su khap chien truang Viet Nam. '

II.Qua trinh chuan bj tham gia va dien bien Hoi nghi Giff-ne-vff

/. Qua trinh chuan bi tham gia Hoi nghi Giff-ne-VQ- cua Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa

De to thien chi va tranh thu su ling hg ciia Trung Quoc va Lien X6 thang 3/1954. Ho Chu tich va Pho Thii tuang Pham Van Dong di Bac Kinh de ban vai Ban lanh dao Trung Quoc ve viec Viet Nam tham du Hg i nghi Gia-ne-vo. Sau do, cung Thu tuong Trung Quoc Chu A n La i sang Lien X 6 hop cap cao ba nuac Lien X 6 - Tmng Quoc - Viet Nam de ban mot giai phap hoa binh cho cuoc chien tranh Dong Duong tai Hgi nghi Gio-ne-vo sap dugc trieu tap. Qua cuoc hgp nay, chung ta nhan thay Lien X 6 va Trung Quoc deu ling hg Viet Nam tham gia Hgi nghi Gia-ne-va de di den mot giai phap hoa binh cho cuoc chien tranh Dong Duong; dong thai ciing hieu rang, ca hai nuac deu v i Igi ich ciia rieng hg ma

thuc day di nhanh den H o i nghj Gio-ne-vo, ca hai deu muon hoa hoan voi M y va phuang Tay lam dju tinh hinh the giai de xay dung dat nuoc; ca hai deu boc 16 y do ung ho giai quyet cuoc chien tranh Dong Duong theo kieu Trieu Tien, tire la mot giai phap chia cat Viet Nam tai Hoi nghi Gio-ne-vo.

Thang 3/1954, Chinh phu Viet Nam da chuan bi thanh lap Doan di du Hoi nghi Gio-ne-vo ve hoa binh o Viet Nam, Dong Duong sau khi nhan loi moi cua Lien X 6 va Trung Quoc. Luc dau Chinh phu chu truong cu Bo truong Ngoai giao Hoang M i n h Giam dan dau Doan dam phan nhung khi can nhae yeu eau va muc tieu dat ra, Chinh Phu da quyet dinh cu Pho Thu tuong Pham Van Dong lam Truang Doan Chinh phu Viet Nam du Hoi nghi Gia-ne-vo. Tham gia eon c6: Thu truong Bo Quoc phong Ta Quang Buu, Bo truang Bo Cong thuong Phan Anh. Thu truong B o T u phap Tran Cong Tuong, Cue truong Cue tac chien Ha Van Lau, Dang Tich va nhieu chuyen vien...

De chuan bi tham gia Ho i nghi Gia-ne-vo, B o Ngoai giao da chi thi cho hai Dai su quan Viet Nam o Lien X 6 va Trung Quoc tim hieu cac van de lien quan CO the dien ra tai Hoi nghi Gia-ne-vo va lap truong cua Lien X 6 va Trung Quoc ve giai phap; dong thai lap mot Ban cong tac d Bac Kinh voi nhiem vu phoi hgp vai B g Ngoai giao Trung Quoc chuan bi cac tai lieu cho Hgi nghi Gio-ne-vo.

2. Dim biin Hoi nghi Giff-ne-va

- Hgi nghj Gio-ne-vo 1954 ve hoa binh o Viet Nam, Dong Duong dugc to chuc theo quyet nghi cua Hgi nghi ngoai tmong bon nuoc Ion gom Lien X 6 . My , Anh, Phap tai Berlin thang 02/1954 de giai quyet van de Trieu Tien va chien tranh tai Dong Duong. Ho i nghi khai mac ngay 08/5/1954 va k i t thuc vao

"ngay 21/7/1954. ^ ' .-^^

- Thanh phan tham du Hgi nghi: Co 09 ben tham du (khong phai la 09 quoc gia): Lien X 6 , Trung Quoc, My , Anh , Phap, Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa, Quoc gia Viet Nam, Vuong Quoc Lao va Vuong Quoc Campuchia. Dai dien luc lugng khang chien Pathet Lao va Khmer Itsarak tuy da co mat a Gio-ne-vo cung voi Doan ta nhung khong dugc cac doan phuong Tay chap nhan tham du Hgi nghi.

- Cac nuoc den du Hgi nghi Gio-ne-vo ve hoa binh 6 Viet Nam, Dong Duong CO nhijng Igi ich, chien luge va voi nhOng muc tieu khae nhau.

Lien X 6 sau khi Stalin mat. Kho-rut-sop len cam quyen, chu truang hoa hoan voi M y va Tay A u , lam diu tinh hinh quoc te. Lien X 6 tap trung giai quyet van de Berlin va nuoc Due. doi pho voi moi de dga cua M y va N A T O , quan tam den chau A co muc do. Do do, tai Hgi nghi Gio-ne-vo, Lien X 6 chi xu ly nhijng van de chung, tich cue dau tranh bao ve quyen cua Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa va thuc day de dat dugc nhiJng thoa thuan ma Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa co the chap nhan dugc. Ben canh do, tai Hgi nghi. Lien X 6 tranh thu Phap trong cac van de chau A u va van dong Phap khong tham gia Cong dong Phong thu chau A u (CDE) do My chu xuang.

Trung Quoc den Hgi nghj voi muc tieu hang dau la som dat dugc mot giai

phap hoa binh 6 Dong Duong nham tranh moi su can thiep cua M y , tranh quoc te hoa cuoc chien tranh Dong Duong va day chien tranh xa bien gioi bao dam an ninh phia nam Trung Quoc. Tai Gio-ne-vo, Tmng Quoc con c6 muc tieu Idiac quan trong hon do la binh thuong hoa quan he voi cac nuoc Tay A u , truoc het la ve kinh te - thuong mai va ngoai giao de pha bao vay, cam van cua My, vao Lien Hgp quoc. thuc day giai quyet van de Dai Loan.

Phap dugc Anh ung hg. muon dat dugc mot giai phap dinh chien it co hai nhat. lam sao khong lap Chinh phii lien hgp. chia cat Viet Nam, giu Lao va Campuchia cang nguyen ven cang tot, trong khi han che den muc toi da thang Igi ciia each mang Viet Nam va Dong Duong. Phap con co hai muc tieu quan trgng la bao toan quan dpi vien chinh de tiep tuc giij cac thugc dia con lai, tran an du luan trong nuoc. . - 'v. --r.^- • -iim---

Anh muon giai quyet hoa binh cuoc chien tranh Dong Duong, lam diu tinh hinh cang thang o V i l n Dong v i nhu vay c6 loi cho viec cung co '"Khoi thinh vuong chung" 6 chau A, nhat la trong luc Anh phai doi pho voi phong trao du kich d Malaysia.

M y chong Lien X 6 quyet liet o chau A u , bao vay cam van Trung Quoc o chau A . Tai Hgi nghi Gio-ne-vo, M y luon tim each pha Hgi nghi, chong bat cu giai phap nao neu khong cai thien ro ret tuong quan luc lugng quan su c6 Igi cho Phap nham tao cho Phap va phuong Tay the manh tren ban dam phan. Do phai tranh thu Phap tham gia Cong dong Phong thu chau A u , M y khong the ngan can Phap di vao giai phap 6 Dong Duong, khong the can thiep true ti8p vao Dong Duong vi Quoc hgi M y phan doi. M y tim mgi each ngan can Phap khong dugc thoa hiep qua muc hoac ky hiep djnh bat Igi cho y do cua M y thay chan Phap 6 Dong Duong.

Viet Nam Dan ehii Cong hoa tham gia Hgi nghi Gio-ne-vo voi lap truong CO ban la hoa binh. dgc lap, thong nhat, dan chu. Hiep dinh Gio-ne-vo dugc ky ket tren co so lap truong co ban do ciia Viet Nam. Thi hanh cac dieu khoan quan sir, chinh tri cua Hiep dinh Gio-ne-vo la nham cung co hoa binh, miSn BSc vua gianh dugc dgc lap can phai co hoa binh de xay dung dat nuoc. Hoa binh phai dugc bao ve tren toan coi Dong Duong.

Mac du den Hgi nghi voi muc tieu va Igi ich khach nhau nhung do tuong quan luc lugng quoc te liic do, Hgi nghi da bi cac nuoc Ion chi phoi. Hoi nghi Gio-ne-vo trai qua 75 ngay voi 31 phien hgp, trong do co 07 phien toan the va 24 phien hop cap Trirong doan. Co the chia Hgi nghi thanh 03 giai doan:

Giai doan 1 (til-08/5/1954 -19/6/1954):

- Ngoai viec trao doi chirong trinh nghi sir, cac Doan trinh bay lap tarong cua minh ve giai phap cho van de Viet Nam va Dong Duong.

- Doan Phap (Ngoai truong Bidault) phat bieu chi giai quy6t v i n d8 quan sir, khong de cap van de chinh tri va tach van de Lao, Campuchia ra khoi van de Viet Nam. dugc M y ung hg.

- Doan Viet Nam Dan cliu Cong hoa do Pho Thii tirong Pham Van Dong dan dau yeu eau phai co dai dien l<Jiang chien Lao va Campuchia tham dir. Ngay 10/5/1954, ong Pham Van Dong phat bieu. dua ra lap truong 08 diem ciia Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa la giai quyet dong thoi ca hai van de quan su va chinh tri, giai quyet dong thai ca ba van de Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia. Ong Pham Van Dong nhan manh, Phap phai thua nhan quyen dan toe ca ban ciia nhan dan Viet Nam, Campuchia, Lao. Quan doi nuac ngoai phai riit khoi ba nuac Dong Duang la ca so quan trong nhat cho cham dirt chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh o Dong Duong. Trung Quoc, Lien X 6 ung ho lap truong cua Viet Nam.

- Truong doan Trung Quoc Chu A n Lai dua ra hai dieu kien de lap lai hoa binh d Dong Duong: Phap cham dut chien tranh thuc dan, Hoa K y cham dirt can thiep vao Dong Duong.

- Truang doan Lien X 6 Bo truang N . G M6-l6-t6p de nghi lap Uy ban giam sat quoc te gom cac nuac trung lap. Tai phien hop Ian thu 4, ong M6-16-top de nghj lay hai phuang an cua Phap va Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa lam co so thao luan.

Sau 04 phien hop rong, Chu tich Hoi nghi, Ngoai truong A n h Eden yeu can hop hep. Ong M6-l6-t6p de nghi van de quan su, chinh tri va van de ba nuac se ban song song. Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa. Lien X 6 , Trung Quoc dong y. Anh va Phap tan thanh. M y danh phai chap nhan.

- Ngay 25/5/1954, trong phien hop hep, ong Pham V a n Dong dua ra 02 nguyen tac cho van de dinh chien: (1) Ngung ban hoan toan tren toan coi Dong Duong, (2) Dieu chinh vung trong moi nuoc, trong tung chien truang tren co so dat doi dat de moi ben co nhiJng vung hoan chinh tuong doi rong Ion thuan Igi cho quan ly hanh chinh va boat dong kinh te. Dai dien cac bg tu lenh co lien quan nghien cuu tai cho nhiJng bien phap ngung ban de chuyen tai Hgi nghi xem xet va thong qua.

- Ngay 27/5/1954, Doan Phap d6ng y l l y de nghi ciia Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa lam co so thao luan ve de nghi dai dien cua hai Bg T u lenh gap nhau a Gia-ne-vo de nghien ci'ai viec chia ranh giai nhijng khu vuc tap trung quan o Dong Duong. Cung ngay. Doan Trung Quoc dua ra 06 diem ve van de quan su nhu ngung ban hoan toan va cung mot luc a ba nuoc Dong Duong, thanh lap Uy ban kiem soat quoc te gom cac nuoc trung lap nhung chua de cap toi mat chinh tri cua giai phap.

- Ngay 29/5/1954, sau 04 phien hgp toan the va 08 phien hgp cap Truong doan, Hgi nghi G i o - ne-vo ra quyet dinh: (1) Ngung ban toan dien va d6ng thofi, (2) Dai dien hai Bg tu lenh gap nhau o Gio-ne-vo de ban ve bo tri luc lugng theo thoa thuan dinh chien bat dau bang phan vung tap ket quan dgi o Viet Nam.

- Ngay 12/6/1954, N g i cac Bidault bi Qu6c hgi Phap danh d6. Ngay 29/6/1954, Chinh phii Mendes France len cam quyen, hua voi Qu6c hgi Phap trong vong mot thang se giai quyet xong van de lap lai hoa binh a Dong Duong. Day la su kien quan trgng gop phan pha vo be tac, thiic day dam phan tien trien.

* Giai doan 2 (tir 20/6/1954 -10/7/1954)

- Trong giai doan nay. liau het Truong doan cac nuoc ve bao cao, chi co Truong doan Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa Pham Van Dong 6 lai. Cac quyen Truong doan to chuc cac cuoc hop hep va hop tieu ban quan su Viet-Phap. Cac cuoc hop chu yeu ban cac van de tap ket, chuyen quan, tha tu binh, di lai giija hai mien.

- Truong doan Trung Quoc Chu A n Lai co cuoc gap voi Truong doan Chinh phu Phnom Penh va Chinh phii Vieng chan. Dac biet Chu A n Lai gap Thu tuong Phap Mendes France tai Berne ngay 23/6/1954 ban mot so van de quan trong trong do hai ong nhat tri van de quan trong nhat la vaeh vT tuyen nao de chia cat Viet Nam. Sau cuoc gap Chu A n La i - Mendes France, van de chia cat Viet Nam la muc tieu dam phan ciia Doan Phap. Chauvel gap Pho Thu tuong Pham Van Dong neu van de chia cat o vT tuyen 19.

- Tu ngay 03 - 05/7/1954, tai L i i u Chau 9 (Trung Qu6c),^ H6 Chii tich gap Chu A n Lai de ban ve cac van de phan vung, thoi han tong tuyen cu, van de Lao va Campuchia. Hai ben chua nhat tri ve gioi tuyen cu the: Ta mu6n vT tuyen 16, Chu A n Lai muon vT tuyen 17; ve thoi han tong tuyen cu: Ta neu 6 thang, Chu An Lai de nghi hai nam.

- Ngay 09/7/1954, tai cuoc hop tieu ban quan su, ta d6 nghi vT tuyen 14 nhung Phap van chu truong vT tuyen 18. Ho Chu tich dien cho Doan Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa: Cho Phap dung Duong 9 va Da NEng de Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa giu lay Lien khu 5.

- Ngay 10/7/1954, Chu A n Lai dien khuyen Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa nen nhugng bo ve vT tuyen, ve Lao, ve Uy ban kiem soat va giam sat quoc te de som di toi Hiep djnh.

Nhu vay cac cuoc hop hep o Gio-ne-vo trong giai doan nay khong co tien trien gi dang ke.

* Giai doan 3 (tit ngay 11 - 21/7/1954): Noi lai cac cuoc dcim phan cap Bg truang

- 10 ngay cuoi cua Hoi nghi Gio-ne-vo da dien ra nhieu cuoc gap go. trao doi tay doi, tay ba hoac nhieu ben giira cac Truong doan. Cac phien hop chu yeu thong qua cac van kien, ke ca cac dieu khoan thi hanh Hiep dinh. Cuoi ciing la phien hop toan the b6 mac Ho i nghi.

- Doan Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa va Doan Phap dam phan xk gay go ve phan chia vT tuyen (Doan ta neu vT tuyen 16 v i ta muon lam chu duong 9 tu Savanakhet di Quang Tri la con duong duy nhat cho Lao di ra bien, Doan Phap neu vT tuyen 18); ve thoi han to chuc tong tuyen cu va cac dieu khac ciia Hiep dinh. dac biet la Hiep dinh ve Campuchia phai ky vao sang 21/7/1954.

- Ngay 21/7/1954, Hoi nghi Gio-ne-vo ve hoa binh o Viet Nam, Lao, Cam puchia ket thuc. Hoi nghj thong qua cac van kien.

III. Ket qua cua Hoi nghj Gio'-ne-vo' va y nghla ciia Hiep dinh Gio-ne-vo've dinh chi chien su o' Viet Nam

1. Kit qua Hoi nghi Gia-ne-vff 1954 ve hoa binh d Viet Nam, Dong Duong

Trai qua 75 ngay dam phan gay go, cang thang, vo i 31 phien hop, cung rat nhieu cuoc gap, tiep xuc song phuang va da phuang ben le Ho i nghi, cuoi cung cac ben tham gia Hoi nghi, tru M y , da thoa thuan va ky ket dugc cac van ban.

Ket qua cua Hgi nghi Gio-ne-vo 1954 ve hoa binh 6 Viet Nam. Dong Duong khong dap ung dugc tat ca cac yeu eau va muc tieu cua Trung uong Dang va Chinh phu de ra luc ban dau nhu phan chia gioi tuyen, thoi han tong tuyen cu, van de vung tap ket cua cac lire lugng khang chien Lao Itsala va Khmer Itsarak... nhung no phan anh dugc tuong quan lire lugng giUa Ta va doi phuang trong hoan canh luc do, ca tren chien trirong Ian tren ban dam phan.

a. Cac van ban du-oc ky ket tai Hoi nghj, gom:

- Ba Hiep dinh dinh chi chien su o Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia;

- Mot ban tuyen bo cuoi ciing cua Hgi nghi;

- Hai ban tuyen bo rieng cua Doan M y va Doan Phap ngay 21/7/1954;

- Cac cong ham trao doi giiia Pho Thu tuong Viet Nam Pham Van Dong va Thii tuong Phap Mendes France.

b. Nhung thoa thuan da dat diroc

* Thoa thuan chung cho ba nie&c Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia.

- Cong nhan va ton trgng cac quyen co ban cua nhan dan ba nuac Dong Duong: Dgc lap, chu quyen, thong nhat va toan ven lanh tho ciia moi nuoc, khong can thiep vao cong viec ngi bg cua m6i nuoc.

- Dinh chi chien su tren toan coi Dong Duong.

- Phap riit quan khoi lanh tho ba nuoc. Quan tinh nguyen Viet Nam riit khoi Lao va Campuchia.

- Khong CO can cu nuoc ngoai va khong lien minh quan sir vai nuoc ngoai.

- Tong tuyen cu a moi nuoc.

- Khong tra thu nhung ngiroi hgp tac voi doi phuong.

- Trao tra tu binh va nguoi bi giam giG.

- Thanh lap Uy ban lien hgp kiem soat va giam sat quoc te.

* Thoa thuan rieng v&i moi me&c. Trong do, cac Hiep dinh Hen quan den Viet Nam, gom 04 ngi dung chinh:

- Nhijng dieu khoan ve dinh chi chien su va lap lai hoa binh: Ngung ban, tap ket, chuyen quan dugc hai ben thuc hien trong thoi han 300 ngay; chuyen

giao k l iLi \Trc . trao tra tu binh va thuong dan bi giam giu, doi vung. van de mo ma quan nhan hai ben tham chien.

- Nhung dieu khoan ve duy tri va cimg co hoa binh o Viet Nam: Lap gioi tuyen quan sir tam thoi o vT tuyen 17 va khu phi quan su (Song Ben Hai). vT tuyen 17 la gioi tuyen quan su tam thoi, khong coi la ranh gioi chinh tri hay lanh tho, cam tang vien nhan vien quan su, bo doi, vfl khi va dung cu chien tranh khae vao Viet Nam, cam xay dung can cu quan su moi, cam hai mien khong dugc gia nhap lien minh quan su nao, cam su dung moi mien de phuc vu mot chinh sach quan su nao.

- Nhung dieu khoan chinh tri: Van de tong tuyen cu de thong nhat dat nuoc, Hiep thuang hai mien vao thang 7/1955, tong tuyen cu 7/1956, tu do chgn vung sinh song trong khi chof dgi, khong khung bo, tra thu hay phan biet doi xu voi nhiing nguoi da hgp tac voi doi phuong trong thai gian chien tranh.

- Nhung dieu khoan quy dinh viec to chuc thi hanh Hiep dinh: Uy ban kiem soat lien hgp, Uy ban giam sat quoc te trung lap.

2. Nguyen nhan thang lai trong viec ky ket Hiep ctinh Gia-ne-va ve dinh chi chien sir a Viet Nam

Thang Igi trong viec ky ket Hiep dinh Gio-ne-vo ve dinh chi chien su a Viet Nam la thang Igi ve vang cua nen ngoai giao each mang non tre cua Nha nuoc Dan chii Nhan dan dau tien 6 Dong Nam A - Nha nuoc Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa.

Nguyen nhan hang dau quyet dinh thang Igi co ban tren la do duong loi chinh tri. duong loi quan su va duong loi doi ngoai dimg dan cua Dang va Chii tich Ho Chi Minh . dac biet quan dgi va nhan dan ta da doan ket nhat tri. chien dau anh dung suot 09 nam. gianh thang Igi ciia cuoc tong tien cong chien luge Dong - Xuan (1953 - 1954) voi dinh cao la chien thang vT dai Dien Bien Phii. bugc bgn de quoc. thuc dan phai ngoi vao ban Hgi nghi, cam ket cham dirt chien tranh. lap lai hoa binh d Viet Nam, Lao va Campuchia.

Sire manh khoi dai doan ket toan dan tgc. Duoi sir lanh dao cua Dang va Chii tich Ho Chi Minh , chung ta da biet phat buy sire manh cua khoi dai doan ket dan tgc, ket hgp sire manh quan su, chinh tri va sire manh ngoai giao tao nen sue manh tong hgp va the chii dong tren ban dam phan, ky ket Hiep dinh Gio-ne-vo.

Cuoc dau tranh cua nhan dan ta la chinh nghla, dugc ban be quoc te va cac lire lugng yeu chugng hoa binh tren the gioi img hg, giiip do, co vu. g6p phan tao nen sire manh ciia thoi dai cho thang Igi ciia Hgi nghi Gio-ne-vo 1954.

Dgi ngLi can bg ngoai giao co ban ITnh chinh tri viJng vang, y thirc dugc Igi ich va muc tieu ciia dan tgc, co hieu biet sau sac va trinh do hgc van uyen bac. linh boat, chii dong. sang tao, tu chii tren ban dam phan, biet phan tich danh gia tinh hinh chinh xac va da dat dugc ket qua to Ion trong hoan canh lieh sir hie do.

3. Y ngliia Hiep ctinh Gio- ne-vff ve dinh chi chien sir & Viet Nam

- Hiep dinh Gia-ne-va ve dinh ehi ehien sir a Viet Nam da cham dirt ach do ho keo dai hang the l-cy ciia thuc dan Phap a Viet Nam va tren toan coi Dong Duong. Mien Bac hoan toan giai phong, xay dung Chu nghla xa hoi, tra thanh hau phuang viJng manh cho nhan dan mien Nam tiep tuc cuoc each mang giai phong dan toe, thong nhat To quoc sau nay.

- Hiep dinh nay la mot giai phap dong bo ve chinh tri va quan su nham ket thuc chien tranh. lap lai hoa binh a Viet Nam. No vugt ra ngoai y do ban dau ciia cac nuac Ion dinh giai ban Hiep dinh Gia-ne-vo ve dinh ehi ehien su a Viet Nam. Lao. Campuchia trong khuon kho mot Hiep dinh ngirng ban don thuan, kieu Trieu Tien, ve mat chinh tri va phap ly, cac nuoc tham gia Hgi nghi cong nhan va cam ket ton trgng cac quyen dan tgc co ban cua nhan dan Viet Nam, Lao va Campuchia la chu quyen, dgc lap, thong nhat va toan ven lanh tho.

- Hiep dinh da ghi nhan thang Igi to Ion co tinh buoc ngoat cua cuoc dau tranh kien cuong ciia nhan dan Viet Nam v i doc lap, tu do ciia dan tgc. No xac nhan tren pham v i quoc te sir that bai ciia cage chien tranh xam luge quy mo Ian cua mot de quoc hiing manh, danh dau su mo dau cho su sup do hoan toan ciia he thong thugc dia ciia chu nghTa thuc dan cu tren quy mo toan can, gop phan quan trgng co xu cuoc dau tranh giai phong ciia dan tgc thugc dia.

- Hiep dinh la mot thang Igi ngoai giao quan trgng trong cuoc dam phan quoc te da phuong dau tien ma Viet Nam tham gia.

- Hiep dinh da tao nen mot co so phap ly cho cuoc dau tranh sau nay dac biet la trong cuoc dam phan voi M y tai Hgi nghi Paris ve Viet Nam.

IV. Nhung bai hgc kinh nghiem tir qua trinh dam phan, ky ket Hiep dinh Gio-ne-vo ve dinh chi chien sir 6 Viet Nam

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Hiep dinh Gio-ne-vo ve dinh chi chien su o Viet Nam da di vao lich sir, cung voi Hiep dinh so bg 06/3/1946 va Hiep dinh Paris 1973 da tra thanh 03 van kien ngoai giao quan trgng nhat trong hai euge khang chien chong Phap, chong M y cua dan tgc ta. Viec dam phan, ky ket Hiep dinh da de lai nhung kinh nghiem quy bau trong qua trinh dam phan tiep theo tai Hiep dinh Paris va nhirng bai hgc kinh nghiem mang tinh thoi su cho cong euge doi moi toan dien dat nuoc, xay dung va bao ve To quoc trong tien trinh hgi nhap. Cac bai hgc kinh nghiem do la:

- Kien tri bao ve Igi ich quoc gia, dan tgc; kien dinh ve nguyen tac, linh boat ve sach luge. Trong boi canh Hgi nghi Gia-ne-vo dugc to chirc theo sang kien cua cac nuoc va chiu tac dong ciia cac nude Ion voi nhiing muc tieu va Igi ich khac nhau, song ehiing ta van kien tri duong loi doi ngoai dgc lap, tu chii the hien trong viec xac dinh muc tieu, nguyen tac dam phan nhung linh boat ve sach luge va buoc di, chung ta phai lam tat ca nhirng gi c6 the lam de dat dugc Igi ich ciia minh. L g i ich cao nhat ciia chung ta luc do tai Hgi nghi Gio-ne-vo la buoc doi phuang phai cong nhan dgc lap, chu quyen va toan ven lanh tho va ehiing ta da dat dugc.

- Danh gia va xtr ly diing tinh hinh, nhung yeu eau va lgi ich ciia cac nude CO lien quan. Trong qua trinh dam phan tai Hgi nghj, nha su phan tich danh gia tinh hinh chinh xac, kip thai, ehiing ta da biet nam bat nhung "thai ca each mang" va dua ra nhung duang loi, chu truang, chinh sach doi ngoai dung dan, sang suot nen da dat dugc nhirng ket qua to Ian tai Hgi nghi. Tuy nhien, luc do, cac phuang tien tniyen thong, bao ehi chua thyc su phat trien, nguon thong tin con ban che. ban nira ehiing ta chua co nghien cim ehien luge, chua hieu bet y do ciia cac nuac Ian, Lien X 6 va Trung Quoc nen thang lgi cua chung ta chua trgn ven.

- Ket hgp sire manh dan tgc vai sire manh ciia thai dai; tranh thii su ung hg ciia nhan dan the giai, cac luc lugng yeu chugng boa binh va cong ly. Truac, trong va sau Hgi nghi Gia-ne-vo va trong suot qua trinh dau tranh, gianh dgc lap, thong nhat, chii quyen va toan ven lanh tho, chung ta luon giuang cao nggn CO dau tranh chinh nghTa, thai do thien chi ciia minh, vaeh ro am muu ciia dich va nha do ehiing ta da tranh thu dugc sir ung hg ciia cac luc lugng hoa binh dan chii tren the giai . tac dong tich circ tai phong trao phan chien ciia nhan dan Phap, tao thuan lgi cho euge dau tranh cua ta tai Hg i nghi gianh thang lgi.

- Tang cuong doi thoai va hgp tac, sir dung cac bien phap hoa binh giai quyet cac van de xung dot trong quan he quoc te, phii hgp voi luat phap quoc te, giiJ gin moi truang hoa binh. Tmoc tinh hinh the gioi da xuat hien xu the cac nude Ion bat dau di vao hoa hoan, chii truong giai quyet hoa binh cac euge chien tranh khu vuc; cung voi quyet dinh md cuoc tien cong chien luge Dong - Xuan (1953 - 1954), Ho Chi Minh cimg Dang Lao dong Viet Nam chii truang dimg bien phap dam phan hoa binh de ket thiic chien tranh. Thien chi hoa binh ciia Chinh phii va nhan dan Viet Nam ma huong di toi mot euge dam phan de ket thiic chien tranh. Cac nuoc xa hgi chii nghla va tu ban chu nghla da giai quyet hoa binh euge chien tranh Dong Duong, pha khung Chien tranh lanh, pha dugc khuon mau hai phe doi lap nhau.

- Tang cuong tiem lire ciia dat nuoc, tao ca so virng chac cho boat dong doi ngoai. bao ve chii quyen lanh tho. duy tri hoa binh. on dinh ciing phat trien.

' Chimg ta se khong gianh the thang lgi tren ban dam phan neu khong co thang lgi tren ehien truong. Truoc ngay khang chien toan quoc bimg no, Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hoa da no luc ciai van hoa binh, diing bien phap ngoai giao de giai quyet euge xung dot voi Phap nhung khong mang lai ket qua vi thuc dan Phap dang ham ho gianh thang lgi bang quan su. Cuoc tien cong chien luge Dong - Xuan (1953 - 1954) ma dinh cao la chien dich Dien Bien Phu ciia quan dgi va nhan dan Viet Nam thang lgi co y nghla trgng dai va tac dong to Ion den xu huong dien bien va thanh cong cua Hgi nghi Gio-ne-vo.

BAN T U Y E N GIAO T R U N G UOTVG

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