1TI LIU THAM KHO Cn bng ion trong ha phn tch, tp 1&2 - Nguyn Thanh Khuyn,Nguyn Th Xun Mai - T sch i hc Tng hp TpHCM 1996. C s l thuyt phn tch nh lng. Gio trnh dng cho sinh vin khoaHa trng HKHTN Tp. HCM, 2009 C s l thuyt ha phn tch - Nguyn Thc Ct, T Vng Nghi, oHu Vinh - NXB i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip, 1979 Modern Analytical Chemistry, Davis Harvey, Mc Graw Hill, 2000 Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 7th Edition - Douglas A. Skoog,Donald M. West, F. James Holler, 1996. Analytical Chemistry, 6th Edition Gary D. Christian, John Wiley & Son,Inc. 2004PHN 1: C S L THUYT CHUNGCA HA PHN TCHChng I: Gii thiu Gii thiu mn hc Vai tr v ng dng ca ha phn tch Cc giai on ca qu trnh phn tch ha hcChng II: Cn bng ha hc Dung dch cht in ly Cn bng ha hc v hot Cc loi phn ng dng trong ha phn tch Nng v cch tnh ton kt qu trong ha phntchChng III : Phn ng acid baznh ngha acid, bazCn bng trong nc thang pHCng ca acid v baz. Hng s acid Kavhng s baz KbpH ca cc dung dch acid/baz v muiDung dch m. m nngChng IV : Phn ng to phcnh nghaHng s bn v khng bn ca phc chtNng cn bng trong dung dch phc chtCc yu t nh hng n cn bng ca phc chtChng V : Phn ng kt taiu kin to thnh kt ta. Quy lut tch s tanTch s tan v tanCc yu t nh hng n tanCng kt v kt ta theoKt ta phn onKt ta keoChng VI : Phn ng oxy ha khnh nghaCn bng phn ng oxy ha khPhng trnh NernstCc yu t nh hng n th oxy ha khHng s cn bng ca phn ng oxy ha khPHN 2 : PHNG PHP PHN TCHNH LNGChng I: Gii thiu chung v phn tchnh lng Khi nim v phn tch nh lng Cc phng php phn tch nh lng Cc giai on trong qu trnh phn tch n v o lng trong phn tch ha hc Tnh ton kt qu trong phn tch nh lngChng II. Phng php chun acid bazCht ch th acid bazS thay i pH dung dch trong qu trnh chun Chun acid mnh bng baz mnh v ngc liChun acid yu bng baz mnh v ngc liChng III. Phng php chun phc chtChun complexonPhn ng to phc ca EDTA vi ion kim loiCh th mu trong chun complexonCch xc nh im tng ngng dng ca chun complexon2Chng IV : Phng php chun kt taNguyn tc chung ca phng phpXc nh halogenur bng phng php Mohr,Volhard v FajansChng V. Phng php chun oxy hakhCht ch th oxy ha khPhng php bicromatPhng php permanganatePhng php thiosulfatChng V: ng dng ca phng phpphn tch ha hc trong phn tch mitrng nh ngha: ha hc phn tch l lnh vchot ng ca cc nh ha hc chuynngnh phn tch. Ha hc phn tch lin quan n vic xc nh cc c trng v mt ha hcca vt cht. Lin on cc hip hi t chc ha hc u Chu nh ngha Ha phn tchcung cp cc phung php v dng c nhm gip hiu bit su hn v thgii vt cht tr li cho cc vn : N l g? T u ti? Lng bao nhiu? Hnh dng, cu trc, ...? Hip hi ha hc M (ACS): Ha phn tch tm kim v ci tin cc phngtin o lng thnh phn ha hc ca vt cht theo yu cu thc tin.Quan h caha phn tchvi cc ngnh khc Ha hc phn tch (analytical chemistry) v phn tch ha hc(chemical analysis). Ha hc phn tch: nghin cu thit lp v ci tin cc phng phpphn tch, phung tin phn tch v cc quy trnh phn tch ph hp vii tng phn tch v yu cu phn tch. Phn tch ha hc: thc hin th nghim theo mt quy trnh thch hp cth thnh phn ha hc ca mu theo yu cu. Phn tch nh tnh (qualitative analysis) v phn tch nhlng (quantitative analysis). Phn tch nh tnh: nhn danh cc nguyn t, ion, hp cht trong mu Phn tch nh lng: xc nh hm lng cc thnh phn hin dintrong mu Phn tch ha hc l mt php o lngKt qu phn tch l cc s o nh gi tin cy ca s (ng-sai s h thng, chnh xc-sai s ngu nhin...) Hp phn a lung v hp phn vi lung a lung: > 1% Vi lng: < 1% Vt: < 0.1% Siu vt: < ppm Biu din hm lung trong phn tch nh lung Phn trm khi lung, bi/c s ca ppm Phn trm th tch Nng mol/L, ng lng/L (eq/L hay meq/mL). Thnh phn ha hc Thnh phn nguyn t v trng thi oxyha Thnh phn nguyn t theo ng v bn v phng x Thnh phn cu trc ng phn (hnh hc, quang hc...) Thnh phn cu trc th hnh Thnh phn cu trc phn t, ion Thnh phn nhm chc, gc t do Thnh phn khong vt Thnh phn pha (hp kim)3Tm lc cc phng php phn tch thng dngVC Nhanh Tt 2-10 10-3-10-9Ph nguyn tVC,HC Trung bnh Trng bnh 2-5 10-6-10-9Hunh quangVC,HC Nhanhtrung bnh Tttrung bnh 2 10-3-10-6Trc quangVC,HC Nhanh Tt 2-5 10-3-10-9Sc kVC,HC Nhanhtrung bnh Tttrung bnh 2-10 10-2-10-10ng hcVC,HC Trung bnh Tt 2-5 10-3-10-10Volt-amperVC,HC Chm-trung bnh Trung bnh 0.01-2 10-1-10-4in trnglngVC Nhanh Tt 2 10-1-10-6in thVC,HC Trung bnh Kmtrung bnh 0.1-1 10-1-10-4Chun VC Chm Kmtrung bnh 0.1 10-1-10-2Trng lngitngTc phn tch chn lc chnhxc (%)Khongnng (M)PhngPhpQUY TRNH PHN TCH TIU BIUCn bng trong dung dch Phn ng ha hc: thng xy ra theo haichiu t cn bng. H a cu t: Nhiu phn ng din ra ng thi. H t cn bng: cc cu t ca h t cn bng. Phn ng c hng s cn bng ln nht quyt nhthnh phn h. Nng (nhc li) Mol - mol/L (M) ng lng - eq/L (N). Quy i: M-N? Hot Bn cht ngha Khc bit gia nng - hot ? Quan h nng - hot H s hot Yu t nh hung n hot lc iondD cC bB aA + +j j j jC b ad cKB AD C=**a bBaAdDcCKa aa a=**Hng s cn bng theo nng Hng s cn bng theo hot Xt cn bngC f a * ===nii iz C1221 * * 5 . 0 * * lg2 2i i iZ Z A f = =Quan h hot - nng Lc ionH s hot trong dd in ly nng thp < 0.024* * 10 * 33 . 0 1* * 5 . 0lg82bZfii+ =** * 10 * 33 . 0 1* * 5 . 0lg82BbZfii++ =bBaAdDcCC bBaAdDcCbBaAdDcCaf ff fKf ff fa aa aK********= =Quan h Ka- KcH s hot trong dd in ly nng trung bnh0.020.2 HNG S PHN LY (HNG S KHNG BN)AB A+BK pKa a aKABB Alg. ==j jj ABB AK.=Nng nh hot bng nng (b qua h s hot )Phn ng c K cng nh, AB cng t phn ly, hp cht AB cng bn Phn ly nhiu nc: hp cht ABnNc 1: ABn ABn-1+BNc 2: ABn-1 ABn-2+BNc 3: ABn-2 ABn-3+B..........................................Nc n-1: AB2 AB+BNc n: AB A+Bj jj 122.=nnABB ABKj jj 21.AB B ABKn=j jj 233.=nnABB ABKj jj ABB AKn.=j jj nnABB ABK.11= V d: ion Cu2+to phc vi NH3cc phc Cu(NH3)i(i=1-4) c cc pKiln lt 2.11, 2.87, 3.48, 4.13. Tnh[Cu(NH3)i] bit CCu=0.1M, [NH3]=10-4M.j j j j 45 . 041 . 3 52 . 1 39 . 0 13 . 011 . 2 87 . 2 48 . 3 13 . 41687 . 2 48 . 3 13 . 41248 . 3 13 . 4813 . 441 2 3 4432 3 4333 42343) (10 8 . 2 05 . 0 40 . 0 35 . 1 110 10 10 10 110 10 10 101010 10 101010 10 1010101. . . . . .113= = + + + =+ + + + =++ + + =||.|

\|+ + + + = K K K K NHK K KNHK KNHKNHNH CuAcid baz nh nghaBronsted Acid tng tc vi dung mi H+hydrate ha Baz: cht c kh nng nhn H+Phn nh nh hng ca dung min gin ha cch tnh pH Cn bng trong nc thang pH Tch s ion ca nc: ncl mt hp cht lng tnhH2O+H2O H3O++OH- nhit 25oC: K = 10-14, nhit tng K tng. Thang pH: pH = -lg aH+ lgCH+ pOH = -lg aOH- lgCOH- pH + pOH = 14 thang pH: 014 Trong nc nguyn cht: [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7. Dung dch acid: [H+] > 10-7; [OH-] < 10-7pH < 7 Dung dch baz: [H+] < 10-7; [OH-] > 10-7pH > 75 i acid-baz lin hp- thang acid-bazHA+H2O A-+H3O+A-+H2O HA+OH-j j j a aaK pKHAO H AKlg3 ==+ j j j b bbK pKAOH HAKlg ==1410 .14= += =b aw b apK pKK K K ng dng ca thang acid-baz Chiu phn ng acid-bazAcid1+Baz2 Acid2+Baz1j j j j j j j j j j 213322112 11 2aacbKKO H BazAcidAcid O H BazBaz AcidBaz AcidK = = =++ Chiu phn ng acid-baz pK cng ln, phn ng cng nh lng. ng dng trong chun acid-bazChun acid yu: dng baz mnh lm cht chunChun baz yu: dng acid mnh lm cht chunCht chun tt nht nn l acid hoc baz ch c 1 nc pH ca dung dch acid hoc baz mnhAcid mnh Phn ly hon ton thnh H3O+. Hiu ng san bng: cho cc acid mnh hnH3O+th hin mnh ngang nhau. pH ch ty thuc vo [H3O+] thc t trong dungdchHA + H2O H3O++A-.H2O + H2O H3O++OH-. Phng trnh bo ton proton: [H3O+] = [A-] + [OH-][H3O+] = CHA+ Kw/[H3O+][H3O+]2- CHA[H3O+] Kw= 0 CHA>10-6M [OH-] = 10-14/ [H3O+] < 10-8Mxem s phn ly ca nc l khng ng kb [OH-] cnh CHA[H3O+] = CHApH = - lg CHA. CHA 10-8Ms phn ly ca nc tr nn ng kkhng th b [OH-] cnh CHAgii phng trnh bc 2 [H3O+]2- CHA[H3O+] Kw= 0. pH ca dung dch acid hoc baz mnhBaz mnh Phn ly hon ton thnh OH-. Hiu ng san bng: cho cc baz mnh hn OH-th hin mnh ngang nhau. pH ch ty thuc vo [OH-] thc t trong dungdchMOH + H2O M+.H2O+OH-.H2O + H2O H3O++OH-.6 Phng trnh bo ton proton: [H3O+] + [M+] = [OH-]Kw/[OH-] + CMOH= [OH-] [OH-]2- CMOH[OH-] Kw= 0 CMOH>10-6M [H3O+] = 10-14/[OH-] < 10-8Mxem s phn ly ca nc l khng ng kb [H3O+] cnh CMOH[OH-] = CMOHpH = - lg CMOH. CMOH 10-8Ms phn ly ca nc tr nn ng kkhng th b [H3O+] cnh CMOHgii phng trnh bc 2 [OH-]2- CMOH[OH-] Kw=0. pH dung dch n acid yu hay n baz yupH dung dch n acid yu Phng trnh phn ly: HA +H2O H3O++A- H2O +H2O H3O++OH- nh lut bo ton khi lng: Ca= [A-] + [HA]j j j j j j j j j j + = = =+++ +OH O HOH O H CKAHAK O HHA A O HKaa aa3333 Kakh nh, Cart ln: acid kh yuCa>> [H3O+]>>[OH-] pH = 0.5(pKa+ pCo). Kakh ln, acid khng qu yu [H3O+]>>[OH-]j j j j j j j +++++= + =O HO H CKOH O HOH O H CK O Haaaa33333 Gii phng trnh bc 2 [H3O+]. Kart nh, acid rt yu [H3O+] v [OH-] rt nh,b qua cnh Ca.j j j j j j j + +++= + =OH O HCKOH O HOH O H CK O Haaaa3 333 Xc nh cng thc tnh pH ph hp1. Tnh [H+]g2. Tnh [OH-]g3. 3 trng hp [OH-]g [H+]g/100 v [H+]g Ca/100 [OH-]g [H+]g/100 v [H+]g> Ca/100 gii phngtrnh bc 2 Kart nh, [H+] [OH-] Ca/100j a aC K H =+j a aa aC KK KH + + =+4 22j 1410 ++ =a aC K H pH dung dch n acid yu hay n baz yu pH dung dch n baz yu Phng trnh phn ly: B +H2O BH++OH- H2O +H2O H3O++OH- nh lut bo ton khi lng: Cb= [B] + [BH+]j j jj jj j j j j + + + + + = = =O H OHO H OH CKBHBK OHBOH BHKbb bb33 Kbkh nh, Cbrt ln: baz kh yu Cb>> [OH-]>>[H3O+] pH = 0.5(pKb+ pCo). Kbkh ln, baz khng qu yu [OH-] >> [H3O+]j j j j j j j + + = + =OHOH CKO H OHO H OH CK OHbbbb33 Gii phng trnh bc 2 [OH-]. Kbrt nh, baz rt yu [H3O+] v [OH-] rt nh b qua cnh Cb.j j j j j j j + + + = + =O H OHCKO H OHO H OH CK OHbbbb3 337 Xc nh cng thc tnh pH ph hp1. Tnh [OH-]g2. Tnh [H3O+]g3. 3 trng hp [H3O+]g [OH-]g/100 v [OH-]g Cb/100 [H3O+]g [OH-]g/100 v [OH-]g> Cb/100 gii phng trnhbc 2 Kbrt nh, [H+] [OH-] Ca/100j b bC K OH =j b bb bC KK KOH + + =4 22j 1410 + =b bC K OH pH dung dch a acid yu: xt diacid yu H2A+H2O HA-+ H3O+ HA-+ H2O A2-+ H3O+ H2O +H2O H3O++OH- Phng trnh bo ton proton:[H3O+] = [HA-]+2[A2-]+[OH-][H3O+] - [OH-]= [HA-]+2[A2-][A2-]=CaA(H)j j j j j 1 2 3 1231 21 22323) (21a a aa aaa a aaH A aK K O H K O HK KCK K O HKO HCC A+ +=+ += =+ + + +j j j j j j j j j 1 2 3 1233 1231 22323221a a aaaaa a aaK K O H K O HO H KCKO HK K O HKO HCKHA HA+ +=+ += =+ ++ ++ ++ j j j j j 1 2 3 1232 1 3 132a a aa a aaK K O H K O HK K O H KC OH O H+ ++= + ++ + Mc phn ly gia cc nc ca acid a chc: gim dndo K1>K2>...>Kn H3O+t nc u tin c ch s phn ly ca nc sau. Cc acid a chc c cc pK > 3: nc sau phn ly khng ngk xem nh acid n chc Cc acid a chc c cc pK < 3: [H+]2 Ka2[H+]chung=[H+]1+ [H+]2 j j 2 1 1+ ++ = H C K Ha a Nng cc ion HiA: Tnh t [H+] (tc l [H+] t do) v CA). CA= [A] + [HA] + [H2A] + [H3A] + ... + [Hn-1A] + [HnA]j j j j j jj j j j j j j jjj j j j j) (1 2 1 2 11121 2 1 2 11121 21. ... . ... .....1. ... . ... ........H An nnn nnn n nn nnn nnn n nn n AAK K K KHK K K HK KHKHAK K K KA HK K KA HK KA HK A HAA H A H A H HA A C=||.|

\|+ + + + + =+ + + + + =+ + + + + =+++ ++++ +jj j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j 1 1) (1 11 2 1) (1 2 112) (122) () (.... .. ..... .. ... .. .. ... ... ... ..+ ++ +++++ += == == == ==i n n niH A Ai n n niin nnH A An nnnn nH A An nnH A AnH A AK K KHCK K KA HA HK K K KHCK K K KA HA HK KHCK KA HA HKHCK A HHAC A pH dung dch a baz yu: xt dibaz yuPhng trnh bo ton proton:[OH-] = [HB+]+2[H2B2+]+[H3O+] [OH-] - [H3O+]= [HB+]+2[H2B2+][H2B2+]=CbHB(OH)j j j j j 1 2 121 21 222) (21b b bb bbb b bbOH HB aK K OH K OHK KCK KOHKOH CC HB+ +=+ += = +j j j j j j j j j 1 2 12121 2222221b b bbbbb b bbb K K OH K OHOH KCKOHK KOHKOH CKOHB H HB+ +=+ += = + +j j j j j j j j 143 3 2 2114 22222 22141 2101010 + ++ + + + + += = + += = + += = + +OH O H K OH O H O H O HK HB OH B HK OH B H O H HBK BOH HBK OH HB O H BWabab8j j j j j 1 2 122 1 132b b bb b bbK K OH K OHK K OH KC O H OH+ ++= + Mc phn ly gia cc nc ca baz a chc: gim dndo Kb1>Kb2>...>Kbn(pKb1 KbHA: dung dch c tnh acid Nu KaHA< KbHA: dung dch c tnh baz Xt v d mui NaHCO3, NaH2PO4v Na2HPO4 Tnh pH: PT bo ton proton: [H+]+[H2A]=[A2-]+[OH-] Thng thng [H+] v [OH-] kh nh so vi [H2A] v[A2-] bqua [H+] v [OH-] cnh [H2A] v[A2-].j j j A HaHAaKHAA HK222= = +j j j A HaHAbK HAOH A HK2114210 = =[H2A]=[A2-]j j j j j 1 2 121 21 222) (21a a aa aaa a aaH A aK K H K HK KCK KHKHCC A+ +=+ += =+ + + +j j j j j j j j j 1 2 1221 221 2221 22221a a aaa a aaK K H K HHCK KHK KHKHCK KHA A H+ +=+ += =+ ++ ++ ++Ca= CHAKa1Ka2= [H+]2pH = 0.5(pKa1+ pKa2)V d: tnh pH mui NaHCO3, NaH2PO4v Na2HPO49Dung dch acid yu v baz lin hp dung dch mDung dch cha acid HA (CA) v mui NaA (CB)NaA Na++A-(phn ly hon ton)HA H++A-A-+H2O HA+OH-H2O H++OH- Tnh pH:j j j HAA HKHAa +=j j j HAaAbK AOH HAK1410= = Bo ton khi lng cho A: [HA] + [A-]=CA+ CB(1) Bo ton in tch: [H+] + [Na+]= [OH-] + [A-][H+] + CB= [OH-] + [A-][A-] = CB+ [H+] - [OH-] (2) (1) v (2): [HA] = CA- [H+] + [OH-]j j j j j j j j j j j + +++ + ++ == =OH H COH H CK HAHAK HHAA HKBA HAaHAaHAa Acid HA kh mnh, baz lin hpA-kh yu pH trong vngacid, b qua [OH-] cnh [H+]. Vd: CH2ClCOOH/CH2ClCOONa0.03/0.01M Acid HA kh yu, baz lin hp A-kh mnh pH trong vng baz,b qua [H+] cnh [OH-]. V d:NH4+/NH30.025/0.01M CAv CBkh ln so vi [H+] v[OH-]: b qua [H+] v [OH-] cnhCAv CB. V d:CH3COOH/CH3COONa 0.5/1Mj j j ++++=H CH CK HBA HAaj BA HAaCCK H =+j j j ++=OH COH CK HBA HAa Dung dch m pH dung dch m khng thay i nhiu khi thm H+,OH-hay khi pha long dung dch Cc loi dung dch m m n: acid yu v baz lin hp m hn hp: vd:H3PO4+CH3COOH+H3BO3+NaOH C ch gi pH pH dung dch cha HA (nng Ca) v A-(nng Cb):HA A-OH-H+AB HAaCCpK pH lg1+ = Gi s thm nH+vo dung dch trn++++ =HAHB HAan Cn CpK pH lg2pH1> pH2 Tuy nhin s gim pH ny khng ng k nu CAv CB>> nH+thmvo. Hn na gi tr ca hm lg bin thin rt chm. L lun tng t i vi vic thm OH-. S pha long dung dch m v nguyn tc khng lm thay i t lCB/CAkhng lm pH thay i. Tuy nhin thc t vn thy pH dungdch m thay i khi pha long do phn ly ca acid/baz tng gim/tng pH. V d: Dung dch m pH Kh nng chng chu thay i pH khi thm acid/baz. Ch s m: hay , ty thuc vo nng CA, CB, t sCB/CA. Hn hp ca mt/nhiu acid v baz lin hp ca chng(m n/kp).dpHdadpHdb = = ddbufferVVpHapHb =AA =AA= 'j j j j j + ++ ++ =OH H COH H CK Hbaaj j , j j , 2. .303 . 2 303 . 2+++ ++ + =H KH K CH OHaa+ =i HA O H ,2 1000.511.522.50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1400.511.522.50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14CHNG III.PHNG PHP PHN TCH TH TCH1. NGUYN TC: Bn cht ca PP phn tch th tch: nh lngmt cht qua phn ng ha hcaX+ bR cP1+ dP2nh lng thuc th R phn ng va vi X:phng php phn tch th tch. Nguyn tc xc nh nng NX: ng lngX = ng lng RNXVX= NRVR im tng ng v im cui+ T phn chun F SSNN: lp li php o nhiu ln tnh SSHT:+calibhiu chun th tch+Insai s ch th+ In= Fcui- 1II. CC YU CU CA PHN NG CHUN Phi c vn tc ln La chn uc cht ch th+ |ind,r| < 0.01+ Ch th chuyn mu r rt C ng t l hp thc C hng s cn bng ln [X]td/[P]td< 0.01hay 0.001 (mc khng nh lng) cng nh: Kcb, CoX, CoRcng ln Thit lp iu kin cho phn ng chun 11III. DUNG DCH CHUN Dung dch chun gc Cht chun gc+ Tinh khit ha hc >99.9%, khng cha tp chtphng hi n chnh xc php chun + Thnh phn ng vi cng thc danh nh+ Bn khi bo qun th rn, th dung dch+ C ng lng cng ln cng tt ng chun Cc loi nng s dng+ mol/L (M)+ ng lng (N): Nx/Mx= Ax/x+ chun TR+ chun theo cht xc nh TR/X.IV. PHN LOI CC PP PT TH TCH Chun acid-baz Chun phc cht Chun kt ta Chun oxyha khChng 4: PHNG PHPCHUN ACID-BAZ1. Thuyt Brnsted-Lowry-acid/baz lin hp2. Phn ng chun acid baz theo thuyt Brnsted-Lowry3. Cht ch th pHCh th pH hay acid baz?Ch th thc cht l acid-baz lng dngMu cht ch th mu dung dch phn tchKhong i mu pHIndpT ca ch th muCh th 1 khong i mu, 2 khong i mu+ cht ch th mu hn hp: 2 ch th pH,v d:bromocresol lc + methyl camcamchm lc, (3.5-4.3)bromocresol lc + chlorophenol vng lc chm tm (5.4-6.2)Bromothylmol chm + phenol vng tm (7.2 7.6)Thymolphthalein + alizarin vngvng tm (10.2)12+ cht ch th screened indicator: 1 ch thpH v 1 phm mu trV d:dimethyl vng + methylene chmchm tm lc (3.25, 3.23.4)methyl + methylene chm ta lc (5.4, 5.25.6) trung tnh + methylene chmTm chm lc (7.0, 6.87.3)+ cht ch th vn nngV d:tropeolin + methyl cam + methyl +bromothymol chm + phenolphthalein + alizarinvng R cam (2.0) cam (3.0) cam (4.0)cam vng (5.0) vng cam (6.0) vng(6.5) vng lc (7.0) lc lc chm (8.0)tm chm (9.0) tm (10.0) tm (12.0) Cc yu t nh hng n nhng ctrng ca ch th pH+ Nhit + Lc ion+ Lc solvat hapKa,Ind, pKN, khong i mu, pTChun acid-baz Acidimetry: baz mnh nh lng acid Alkalimetry: acid mnh nh lng baz Chn ch th: pHF0.99< pT < pHF1.01Chun n acid1. Chun acid mnhH++ OH- H2OVo, Co: th tch v nng cht trong erlen.V, C: th tch v nng cht trong buret. iu kin NQ