PREGLEDNI RAD REVIEW

UDC/UDK 338.48-6:2> (497.6)

JEL classification: L83 Rl I

Jasmina Osmankovié

Nediljko Babié"

Jasmin Hoso'

H O D O C A S C A K A O èiMBENIK LOKALNOGA I REGIONALNOG RAZVOJA- PRIMJER BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE-

PILGRIMAGE AS A FACTOR OF LOCAL AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT' ' - THE EXAMPLE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA-

SAZETAK: U ovom radu potaknuti snaznim i Iako uoCljivim porastom zanimanja za hodoöaäeakao vidom vjerskog tutizma u Bostii i Hercegovini. posebice u poslijeratnom razdoblju, provjerava sehipoteza da ovaj vid turizma ima znaCajne uCinke na lokaini i regionalni razvoj. Tezisie rada .stavljenoje na marijansko svetiste u Medugorju, hodoíasóa u PodmilaCje, Ajvatovicu i jos neka tradicionalnamuslimanska doviäta. UCinci na lokaJni i regionaini razvoj mjere se brojem izravno i posredno generi-ranih radnih mjesta. kao i drugim pokazaleljima promjene razine ekcnomske i ukupne razvijenosti(infrastruktura. prihod, prometnice, otvorenost, i sliCno).

KLJUtNE RUECI: hodoCasca. vjerski turizam, lokaini razvoj. regionalni razvoj, Bosna i Her-cegovina.

SUMMARY: Inspired by the powerful, and easily detectable, growing interest in pilgrimage as atype of religious tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially in the post-war period, this paperexamines ihe hypothesis that this type ol tourism significantly impacts local and regional develop-ment. This paper focuses on the Mary's shrine in Medugorje, pilgrimage to Podmilaije, Ajvatovicaand other traditional Muslim pilgrimage sites. The number of jobs generated, both directly andindirectly, as well as other indicators of changes in the level of economic or overall development(infrastructure, income, communications, openess, etc) measures the impact of these activities.

KEY WORDS: pilgrimage, religious tourism, local development, regional development, Bosniaand Herzegovina.

Jasmina Osmankovic, docenlica na Ekunomskom fakultetu u Sarajtvu, Tig Oslobodcnja 1. 71(XK) Sarajevo,BiH, E-mail: jasniiiia.osmankovic@efsa.unsa.baJasmina Osmankovic, Faculty of Economics in Sarajevo. Docent, Economic Developments and Fundamentalsof Tourism courses, Trg Oslobodenja 1, Sarajevo, BiH, e-mail: jasmina.osmankovic@etsa.unsa.ba

Nediljko Bab)¿, pomocnik ministra u Ministarstvu turizma i ukotiSa Federacije BiH, Alipaäina 8. 71000 Sara-jevo, BiHNcdeljko Babió, Ministry of Environment and Tourism of the Federation of BiH. Assistant Minister for Tou-rism, Alipaäina 8, Sarajevo. BiH

"'Jasmin Hoso, vi§i asisicnt na Ekonomskom fakultetu u Sarajevu, Trg Oslobodcnja 1, 71000 Sarajevo, BiH, E-mail: jasmin.hoso@efsa.ün.'ía.baMr Jasmin Hoäo, Faculty of Economics in Sarajevo, Senior Teaching Assistant. Trg oslobodenja AI 1, Sara-jevo, BiH, e-mail: jasmin.hoso@efsa.unsa.ba

J, Osmankovi6, N. Babié, J, HoSo: HodoCaica kao Cimbenik lokalnoga i rcgionainog razvoja... 183

1. UVOD

Vrijeme takozvane trostruke tranzicije izsocijalistiCkoga drustvenog i ekonomskog ukapitalistiâki drustveni i ekonomski sustav.iz ratnog u mirnodopski i iz totalitarnoga udemokratski sustav kroz koji prolazi Bosna iHercegovina u razdoblju od 1995. godine,medu ostalim, determinira raslojavanje sta-novniStva, prekomjerno bogacenje malogbroja obiteiji i pojedinaca na jednoj i osiro-maêenje velikog broja stanovnistva na dru-goj strani u procesu privatizacije i po osnoviratnog profiterstva. Ekonomsku sliku Bosnei Hercegovine. prema podacima Svjetskebanke, determinira Gini indeks od 26,2, di-stribucija dohotka i potrosnje, u okviru ko-jega 10% najsiromai5nijih tro§i 3,9% do-hotka i potroänje, dok 10% najbogatijih troSi21,4% (Anon, 2007: 66). Prema podacimajedinice za ekonomska istrazivanja, stopanezaposlenosti prelazi 43%. a preko 50%stanovnistva je socijalno iskIjuCeno (Anon,2007a). Treba imati u vidu da desetine ti-suéa obiteiji tra^i svoje ubijene kako bi ihdostojno pokopali. Preko milijun stanovnikaBosne i Hercegovine ostalo je ?jvjeti u svi-jetu s razliCitim statusom. U Bosni i Herce-govini su ostali, ili su se u nju vratili, starijiClanovi ovih obiteiji. Kako procès privatiza-cije nije zavriSen, oCekuju se nova otpustanjaradnika. Velik broj njih ne prima plaéu, iakosu formalno u radnom odnosu. Izvjeséa okorupciji Bosnu i Hercegovinu smjeStaju nadno europskih i svjetskih Ijestvica po rezul-tatima borbe protiv ovog opakog zla drus-tva. Situacija na Kosovu unosi strah,strepnju i nemir. U ovakvim uvjetima nadada ée posjet nekom svetistu rijesiti sve, ilibarem neke, duhovne i/ili ovozemaljskcproblème, dobiva osobito znaienje.

2. HODOCASCA

HodoCaSéa - kao organizirani posjeti,putovanja (koja najCeSie potiCu vjerske za-

1. INTRODUCTION

The time of the so-called three-fold tran-sition; from a socialist socio-economic systemto the capitalist one; from wai'-time to apeace-time system; and from a totalitarian toa democratic system, Bosnia and Herzego-vina has been through since 1995, is char-acterized, by among other things, populationfragmentation, extreme enrichment of smallnumber of families and individuals on the oneside and impoverishment of the large part ofthe population during privatization and fromwar-time profit. According to World Bankdata, the economic picture of Bosnia andHerzegovina is chiiracterized by the Giniindex of 26.2 of the distribution of incomeand expenditure where 10% of the poorestspend 3.9% of income and revenues, while10% of the richest spend 21.4% (Anon, 2007:66). According to Economic Research Unitdata, the unemployment rate exceeds 43%,while over 50% of the population is sociallyexcluded (Anon, 2007a). One needs to bearin mind the tens of thousands of familiessearching for their killed beloved ones only toburry them. Over one million of Bosnia andHerzegovina's population has settled acrossthe globe, holding different status rights. Theelderly members of those families remain in,or have returned to. Bosnia and Herzegovina.The privatization process is not complete andnew dismissals of workers are to be expected.Many workers do not receive salaries, al-though they are formally employed. When itcomes to fighting corruption. Bosnia andHerzegovina is at the bottom of both Euro-pean and global scales. The situation in Kos-ovo causes fear, uneasiness and disquiet.Under these circumstances, the hope that onewill resolve all or at least some spiritualand/or earthly problems by visiting a holyplace or conducting a pilgrimage, receives anew meaning.

184 Acta turistica. Vol 19 (2007). No 2. pp IOt-228

jednice) imaju osim vjerskih i druge turis-tiCke sadrzaje. Kao religiozni íin motiviranoje trazenjem Boga i susreta s njim u poseb-nom ozraíju (Vukonic, 1990). To je jedanod najstarijih oblika iskazivanja vjerskihosjecaja i postovanja prema vjeri (Jafari,2000). Osobito su znaCajna hodoCaiíca umjesta ukazanja Bogorodice kod katolika,hadz kod muslimana i posjeti tradicionalnimdovistima te hodoCaséa vezana za proslaveodredenih vjerskih blagdana ili izgradnje,obnavljanja i otvorenja vjerskih objekata(Vukonié, 1990).

U Bosni i Hercegovini postoji Citav nizhodoCasniCkih mjesta. Osobito znaCenjeimaju Medugorje kod Citluka, crkva sv. Iveu Podmilaôju (kao jedno od najstarijih sveti-áta), doviste Hajdar-dede Karica na planiniZvijezdi, manifestacija u Donjem Kamen-gradu kod Sanskoga Mosta, doviste KljuÔ,najznaCajnije i najpoznatije kultno mjestobosanskohereegovaCkih muslimana - Ajva-tovica kod Prusca, te Srebrenica, Solun,Kraljeva Sutjeska, Buna, Igman.

Na internetu se moíe dobiti na desetineprograma posjeta Medugorju kod Citluka.Medugorje je uz Lourdes i Fatimu jedno odnajpoznatijlh marijanskih svetista u svijetu(Hammed, 2007). Vjersko je znaCenje, uovom smislu, Medugorje dobilo 24. lipnja1981. godine kada se Gospa ukazala ili"prikazala" skupini djece. Medugorje svakegodine posjeti izmedu milijun i dva milijunavjernika iz cijeloga svijeta. Agencije nudeprograme u trajanju od tri. pet i sedam dañau Medugorju, Program ukijuíuje posjet brduKrizevac, prolazak Kriznim putem uz zaus-tavljanje na svakoj od postaja Kriínogaputa, vrijeme rezervirano za osobnu molitvuMajci Bozjoj kod Velikog kriza na vrhubrda, posjet grobu fra Slavka Barbariza,odlazak na moljenje krunice, slavljenje ve-Cernje svete mise, veíernji program klanja-nja, molitvu na svim svjetskim jezicima,odlazak na Brdo ukazanja, svetu misu, ispo-vijed prije i/ili za vrijeme svete mise, blago-siov uspomene le posjete drugim sadrzajima

2. PILGRIMAGES

Pilgrimage, as an organized visit or travel,most frequently encouraged by the religiouscommunity, has tourist elements, in addition tothe religious ones. From a religious perspec-tive, it is defined as the search for God andmeeting Him in a special atmosphere (Vuko-nié, 1990). It is one of the oldest forms of ex-pressing religious feelings and respect. (Jafari,20CK)) Of particular importance for the Catho-lics are aets of pilgrimage to the locationswhere Our Lady appeared, then the hajj (pil-grimage to Mecca) and visits to the traditionalprayer sites for the Muslims, as well as pil-grimage related to the celebration of certain re-ligious holidays, or the construction, repair,and opening of religious temples (Vukonic,1990).

There are a number of pilgrimage sites inBosnia and Herzegovina; Medugorje nearCitluk, the Church of St. John in PodmilaCje isone of the oldest holy sites, the prayer site ofHajdar Dedo Karié at Mt. Zvijezda, the eventin Donji Kamengrad near Sanski Most, Mus-lim pilgrimage site KljuC. The most importantand the most renowned site for the Bosnia andHerzegovina's Muslims is Ajvatovica nearPrusac. In addition, there are also Srebrenica,Solun, Kraljeva Sutjeska, Buna, and Igman.

The Internet provides information aboutdozens of programs for Medugorje near Citluk.Next to Lourdes and Fatima, Medogorje is oneof the most renowned Marian holy sites in theworld. (Hammed, 2(X)7) Medugorje became aholy site in the religious sense on 24 June 1981when Our Lady appeared. Every year, betweenone and two million believers worldwide, visitMedugorje. Agencies offer programs rangingfrom three to seven days in Medugorje. Theprograms include a visit to mount Krizevac,passing on the way of the cross and stopping ateach station, time reserved for personal prayerto Our Lady near the large cross on top of thehill, a visit to the grave of Fr. Slavko Barbaric,praying the Rosary, evening holy mass, eve-ning programs of adoration, prayers in differentlanguages, visits to the Hill of Apparition, at-

J. Osmankovió. N. Babi¿, J. Hoäo: Hodo£aSca kao ¿imbenik lokalnoga i regionalnog razvoja... I 85

izgradenim u Medugorju (terapijska zajed-nica, MajÔino selo, Radio MIR itd.); (Bar-toluci&Martinovié. 1999; Sivrié. 2007; HS.2007; Pusié, 2007; Begié&Soldo, 2007).

Svetiste sv. Ive u Podmilaiju je jedno odnajstarijih svetista u Bosni Í Hercegovini.Smatra se da postoji od petnaestoga stolje¿a.Program proslave traje dva dana - 23. i 24.lipnja. Prvi dan se sastoji od otvorenja pro-slave, svete mise i molitve za bolesnike,puta kriza uz brdo Grabec, klanjanja predPresvetim na Vanjskom oltaru. Drugi dan jeposvecen iscjeljivanju, misama u 7,00 i 8.30te sredisnjoj hodoCasniÎkoj misi u 11,30.Opseèna je predaja o iscjeliteljskoj moéi. UPodmilaCje dolaze ne samo katolici nego ipripadnici drugih vjera (Anon, 2007d; Anon2007b; Anon, 2007c).

Ajvatovica je najveóa tradicionalna vjer-sko-kulturna manifestacija Bognjaka. Danasse poCetak Dana Ajvatovice obiljeiava or-ganiziranjem raziiCitih znanstvenih i kul-turno- sportskih sadrzaja. Tradicionaini ce-remonijalni dio Ajvatovice poCinje paradomkonjanika i pje5a5tva. ObiCno je predvoditravniiki muftija zajedno s okióenim jaha-Ôima. Barjaci, konji, tekbiri, ilahije - sas-tavni su dio duha Ajvatovice. Povorka sepriblizava sehidskim mezarjima iz dobasultana Fatiha i uCi fatihu. Na Cardak-hanpovorka izbija u vrijeme sabah-namaza.Nakon klanjanja sabaha uii se i Jàsïn pru-saCkim sehidima i svim Sehidima Bosne iHereegovine. Zatim se, nakon vruéega Cajaili kave, obavlja prozivka barjaka i formira-nje ajvatoviôke povorke. Na Celu je, kao iuvijek, barjak Ajvaz-dedin, a iza njega os-tali bajraktari, pjesaci i konjanici. UCe seilahije i tekbiri. To se Cini sve do Ajvaz-de-dine stijene, na kraju koje se povorka zaus-tavlja. Tu se uCi sura Feth i dova. Po svr-setku ovog dijela puta povorka izbija na aj-vatoviCku livadu na vrhu koje se nalazipripremijena bina s koje opet prigodni prog-ram izvode zborovi ilahija i kasida. Ova seposebna prigoda koristi za obracanje ugled-nih vjerskih liCnosti. Podne namaz predvodi

tending the holy mass, confession before, after,and during the holy mass, the blessing, as wellas visits to other facilities built in Medugorje(therapeutic community, Mother's village. Ra-dio MIR etc.); (Bartoluci&Martinovio, 1999;Sivrié, 2007; HS. 2007; PuSié, 2007; Be-gid&Soldo, 2007).

The Saint John's holy site at PodmilaCje isone of the oldest holy sites in Bosnia and Her-zegovina. It is believed to have existed sincethe 15* century. The marking event lasts fortwo days, 23 and 24 June. The first day con-sists of an opening ceremony, holy mass andprayer for the sick, the way of the cross upmount Grabec, adoration before the Holly atthe altar outside. The second day is dedicatedto healing; masses take place at 07:(X) and08:30, and there is also a central pilgiims' massat 11:30. Healing powers of the site are wellknown to Catholics, but members of other re-ligions, visit PodmilaCje as well. (Anon,2007d; Anon 2007b, Anon, 2007c)

Ajvatovica represents the greatest tradi-tional religious and cultural event for Bosniaks.Today, various scientific, cultural, and sportingevents mark the opening of Days of Ajvatovica.The traditional ceremony of event starts withthe parade of horsemen and people on foot.Traditionally, the Mufti of Travnik is at thehead, together with decorated riders. Banners,horses, takbeers, religious songs, all make upan integral part of the spirit of Ajvatovica. Asthe convoy reaches the shaheeds' (martyrs')graves from the time of Sultan Fatih and theysay a prayer (El-fatiha). The convoy arrives atCardak-han in time for the dawn prayer. Af-terwards, the chapter Ya'sin from the Qur'an issaid for the souls oí shaheeds from Prxjsac andall shaheeds from Bosnia and Herzegovina.After hot tea or coffee is served, banners arecalled upon and the Ajvatovica convoy forms.At the head is the banner of Ajvaz-dedo, as al-ways, followed by other banner holders, peopleon foot and horsemen. Religious songs andtakbeers are said. This continues until the con-voy reaches the rock of Ajvaz-dedo, where itstops. The chapter Al-Fath and a prayer aresaid at the site, after which the convoy reaches

186 Acta turística. Vol 19 (2007). No 2, pp 101-228

reisu-1-ulema, nakon íega je zavrSen ovajtradicionaini dio Ajvatovice (Anon, 2OO7f;Duranovic, 2006; Perva, 2006).

Program obiljezavanja Ajvatovice trajesedamnaest daña i dogada se na podruCjuovih sest opcina: Donji Vakuf, Bugojno,Travnik, Gornji Vakuf, Jajce i Livno. Nekise sadrzaji organiziraju i u Sarajevu. Prog-ram se sastoji od otvorenja izlozbi, preds-tavljanja knjiga, otvorenja restauriranihkulturno-povijesnih objekata, sportskih do-gadaja, muzejskih postavki. glazbenih sadr-?-aja, nastupa zborova, filharmonije, preds-tavijanja projekata, otvorenja infrastruktur-nih i razvojnih projekata. Osobito znaCenjeimaju vjerski sadrzaji - ispraéaj i doCek ko-njanika, klanjanje podne namaza, aksamnamaza, jacije namaza, zikra, prozivka bar-jaka, obraéanjc reisu-l-uieme, klanjanje po-dne namaza, dova, mevulda. Cijelu mani-festaciju sponzoriraju Federalno mini-starstvo kulture i sporta, Federalno ministar-stvo znanosti i obrazovanja, vlade i minis-tarstva nekih kantona te opóine. Medijskipokrovitelj je Federalna RTV (Anon,20070-

U okviru manifestaeije Musala 2006. uDonjem Kamengradu kod Sanskoga Mosta,koja je trajaia ôetiri daña u srpnju, uprili-Ôena je prvoga daña, iza aksam namaza, tri-bina o ljudskim pravima. Drugi je dan zapo-Ceo s programom uz sudjelovanje naéelnikaopéine i vjerskih velikodostojnika, izloz-bom, aksam namazom, upriliCcna je veCerKurana i ilahija te promocija CD-a zbora;trecega daña je obavljeno postrojavanjeharjaktara, odlazak na spomenik sehida, ob-raéanjc najviSih predstavnika IZ-a, opóine,kantona, drzave i Repubiike Turske te odr-zana hutba i obavljeno klanjanje dzunie naMusali kao i mevlud uoÖi otvorenja dza-mije, dok je ôetvrti dan protekao u sveôa-nosti vezanoj za otvorenje dzamije (Nesi-movic, 2006).

Musiimani iz Varesa, Kalesije, Breze,Olova, Sarajeva, Visokoga i drugih gradovadolaze prisjetiti se Hajdar-dede Karica. Na-

thc Ajvatovica meadow, where a stage is set upand froRi which choirs perform religious songs.This is also where renowned religious figuresaddress the gathering. The Reisu-1-ulema leadsthe noon prayer, which completes this tradi-tional part of marking Ajvatovica. (Anon,2007f; Duranovic. 2006; Perva, 2006)

The entire marking program for Ajvatovicalasts for seventeen days and takes place on theterritory of six municipalities, including: DonjiVakuf, Bugojno, Travnik, Gomji Vakuf. Jajceand Livno. Some events are even organized inSarajevo. The progriun includes exhibitions,book promotions, inauguration of recon-structed cultural and historic facilities, museumexhibitions, music events, choir performances,performance by the philharmonic orchestra,project promotions, inauguration of infrastruc-tural and development projects. Religioussegments hold particular importance; seeing offand welcoming horsemen, praying the noon,dusk and evening prayer, zikr (the remem-brance of God), banners are called upon, theprayer, Reisu-l-ulema's speech, mevlud (theremembrance of the Prophet). The Federa-tion's Ministry of Culture and Sports, the Fed-eration's Ministry of Science and Education,governments and ministries of .some cantons,as well as municipalities sponsor the entireevent. The Federation's TV station is the me-dia sponsor. (Anon, 20070

The Musala 2006 event at Donji Kamen-grad near Sanski Most lasted for four days inJuly. On the first day. after the dusk prayer, adebate on human rights was organized. Themayor and religious leaders attended the sec-ond day's program, which included an exhi-bition and a dusk prayer, while the eveningincluded recitations from the Qur'an and reli-gious songs, promotion of the choir's CD. Onthe third day, banner holders lined up, sha-heeds' monument visited, while the highest-ranking representatives of the Islamic Com-munity, the municipality, the canton, the stateand the Republic of Turkey addressed thegathering, followed by a lecture, and Fridaynoon prayer at Musata, as well as a mevlud(the remembrance of the Prophet) before the

J. Osmankovic. N. Babié, J. Hoäo: HodoCaáéa kao Cimbenik lokalnoga i regionalnog razvoja. 187

kon klanjanja jacijc niiniaza, prvi dan oziv-Ijavaju sjecanjc na sejha i imama Hajdar-dedu, slijedi uCenjc mevludi-serifa i uCenjekelimei-levhida, a potom prcdstavnici tari-katskih rcdova (predvodeni sejhom Had?.i-mejlicem), nakon prigodnog vâza Cine zikrsve do zore (sabaha). Okupljanje na Kari-cima zavrsava sc klanjanjem podne namazai obracanjem sarajevskog muftije i reisu-1-ulemc. Na Karicima se druzi u muhabetesve do zore (Selhanovic, 2006; Selhanovió,2006a).

3. T U R I S T I C K E ODREDNICEHODOéAáCA

Sigurno jc da su sva ova hodoCaSca(koja svake godine okupljaju golem brojvjernika) prvenstveno vjerska, all i svje-tovna Cinjenica (Vukonió, 1990; JadresiC,2001 ; Kesar, 2006; Ozretic&Prebczac,2003), pogotovo ako se ima u vidu kontinu-itet od nekoliko stolina godina (PodmilaCje,Ajvatovica, Karici). Bez obzira na to radi Iiso o nekoliko tisuéa ili vise stotina tisuéavjernika na jednom mjeslu jcdan ili visedana, potrebno je imati u vidu Cetiri izrazitosvjetovna problema (VukoniC, 1990:149):problem organizacije dolaska i odiaska veli-kog broja ljudi (sto ukljuCuje problem orga-nizacije vozila u mirovanju i problem jav-nog prijevoza u odredenom trenutku); pro-blem prehrane; problem smjestaja naputovanju i samom hodoCasniCkome mjcstutc problem zdravstvene zaStite za putovanjai u samoj destinaciji. Navedeni problcmiimaju turistiCku dimenziju(Vukonic, 1990).

O organizaciji dolaska i odiaska hodoCa-snika brinu turistiCke agencije i vjerske za-jednice. Tu je i organizacija prihvata vjer-nika. Pitanje smjeStaja je ekonomski sve za-nimljivije, osobito ako jc povezano s pro-duzavanjem boravka u mjestlma hodoCasCa.Pitanje prebrane je predodrcdeno velikimbrojem ljudi i lokacijom obiCno u prirodi iliu malim mjestlma, gdje su ugostiteljski ka-paciteti obiCno nedostatni. Tu su i klimalski

inauguration of the mosque. The fourth dayincluded events marking tbe solemn openingof the mosque. (Neslmovié, 2006)

Muslims from Vares, Kalesija, Breza,OIovo, Sarajevo, Visoko and other towns ar-rive to commemorate the memory of Hajdar-dedo KariC. After the evening prayer on thefirst day, they commemorate the memory ofshayh and imam Hajdar-dedo, followed bymevlud and tawheed prayers. Aflewards. fol-lowing an appropriate lecture, representativesof the Sufi orders, led by shayh Hadz.imejlió,perform zikr until the dawn prayer. The gath-ering at Kariói ends with the noon prayer andaddresses by the Mufli of Sarajevo and theReisu-I-ulema. Then, people sit and talk untildawn (Selhanovic, 2006; Selhanovi¿, 2006a).

3. TOURISTIC PROPERTIES OFPILGRIMAGES

It is apparent that these pilgrimages,which gather large numbers of believersevery year, represent both a religious andsecular affair. (Vukonió, 1990; JadreSió,2001; Kesar, 2006; Ozretié&Prebezac, 2003)This is especially the case if we bear in mindthe history of these sites, which encompassesseveral hundred years (PodmilaCje, Ajva-tovica, Kariéi). Regardless of whether theygather several thousand or several hundredthousand believers in one place, four domi-nant mundane problems need to be consid-ered (Vukonié, 1990: 149): organizing thearrival and departure of large groups of peo-ple, including organizing parking and publictransport; food supply; accommodation dur-ing travel and at the pilgrimage site; andhealthcare during travel and at the pilgrimagesite. Tbe said problems have a touristdimension about them (Vukonió, 1990).

Tourist agencies and religious communitiesare concerned with the organization of arrivaland departure of pilgrims. There is also the or-ganization behind welcoming believers to thesite. From an economic perspective, the ac-commodation issue is gaining importance, es-

188 Acta turistica. Vol 19 (2007). No 2. pp 101-228

problemi, jer se najveci broj hodoCasca do-gada tijekom ljeta. I problem zdravstvenezaStite je vrlo aktualan upravo zbog velikogbroja ljudi, ali i starosne i zdravstvenestrukture hodoCasnika.

Kao ilustriracija veliCine navedenih pro-blema, sluze podaci za 2006. i 2007. godinu(Anon, 2007f; Anon, 2007; Anon, 2007a;Anon, 2007b; Anon, 2007c; Anon, 2007e;Begie&Soldo, 2007; Duranovió, 2006; Ne-simovié, 2006; Perva, 2006; Pusie. 2007;Sivrié, 2007). U PodmilaCju je, primjerice,bilo preko sto tisuéa hodoCasnika, u Srebre-nici oko pedeset tisuca, u Solunu, KialjevojSutjesci, na Igmanu po nekoliko tisuéa, naBuni nekoliko desctina tisuóa, na Karicimaoko deset tisuca, na Ajvatovici izmedu pe-deset i sto tisuéa. Prema procjenama, Me-dugorje posjeti izmedu jednog ili dva mili-juna vjernika godisnje. Prema tome, na ho-doCaséima u Bosni i Hercegovini prosjeCnogodiSnje sudjeluje izmedu milijun i pol i dvai pol milijuna hodoCasnika.

Vjernici dolaze iz svih dijelova Bosne iHercegovine. Broj stranaca koji dolaze uMedugorje i Ajvatovicu poveéava se iz go-dine u godinu (HS, 2007). Opéenito gle-dano, na hodoCaséima se poveéava udio bo-sanskohercegovaékog iseljeniStva. Meduhodoôasnicima je velik broj bolesnih i stari-jih osoba. Zapazeno je i poveéavanje udjelabroja miadih koji najCeSée dolaze u organi-zaciji vjerskih zajednica.

Potrosnja hodoCasnika se moze procije-niti izmedu 150 i 250 milijuna KM na razinigodine, pod pretpostavkom da je prosjeCnapotrosnja jednog hodoCasnika 100 KM (oko50 eura) (Sivrié, 2007; SelhanoviC, 2006;Ozretié&Prebezac, 2003; Kesar, 2006; HS.2007; Goeidner et al, 2000; Duranovié,2006; Bartoluci&Martinovié, 1999; Anon,2007e; Anon, 2007c; Anon, 2007a). Tu su isponzori. donatori, domaée i medunarodneorganizacije i institucije, lokalne, i vjerskezajednice, kantoni i druge razine vlasti. Akose pak hodoCaséa promatraju kao projekt.

se reéi daje na godisnjoj razini rijei o

pecially in cases of prolonged stays at thepilgrimage locations. The issue of food supplyis influenced by the large number of people, aswell as the location, almost always outdoors orin smaller communities. Traditionally, cateringfacilities are not sufficiently available. Thereare also problems with high temperatures, asmost of the pilgrimages take place during thesummer. The healthcare problem is particularlysalient, given the high number of visitors, pil-grims' age and health condition.

To illustrate the size of these problems, re-cords show that in 2006 and 2007, over onehundred pilgrims visited PodmilaCje, aroundfifty thousand visited Srebrenica, while severalthousand visited Solun, Kraljeva Sutjeska andIgman, several tens of thousands visited Buna,around ten thousand visited Kariéi and be-tween fifty and one hundred pilgrims visitedAjvatovica. (Anon, 2007f; Anon, 2007; Anon,2007a; Anon, 2007b; Anon, 2007c; Anon,2007e; Begie&Soldo, 2007; DuranoviC, 2006;Nesimovié, 2006; Perva, 2006; Pusié. 2007;Sivrié, 2007). It is estimated that between oneand two million believers visit Medugorjeevery year. All together between 1.5 and 2.5million pilgrims on the average take part in pil-grimages across Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Believers come from all parts of Bosniaand Herzegovina. The number of foreignerstraveling to Medugorje and Ajvatovica in-creases year after year. In general, the shareof Bosnia and Herzegovina's diaspora is in-creasing in the pilgrimages. (HS, 2007).There is a large number of elderly and sickpersons among the pilgrims. An increasednumber of young people participate in thepilgrimage. Their visits are usually organizedby the religious communities.

It is estimated that pilgrims spend be-tween 150 and 250 million KM annually, as-suming that one pilgrim spend 100 KM(around 50 Euros) on average. (Sivrié, 2007;SelhanoviC, 2006; Ozretié&Prebezac, 2003;Kesar, 2006; HS, 2007; Goeidner et al; 2000;Duranovié, 2006; Bartoluci&Martinovié,1999; Anon, 2007e; Anon, 2007c; Anon,

j Osmankovié, N. Babi¿, J. Hoäo; HodoCaSéa kao Cimbenik lokalnoga i regionalnog razvoja... 189

nekoliko stotina milijuna KM {prema proc-jenama M. Musa, predsjednika Udruge vo-diôa Medugorje danim u intervjuu 9. 07.2007. u Medugorje).

4. UCINCINALOKALNIIREGIONALNI RAZVOJ

Analiza uCinaka hodoCaSóa na lokalni iregionalni razvoj na primjeru nekoliko izab-ranih hodoCaSéa u Bosni i Hercegovini po-dupire hipotezu da ona mogu potaknuti lo-kalni i regionalni ekonomski razvoj (Kesar,2006; Goeldner et al 2000; Aronsson, 2000;Vukonié&Keía, 2000). Analiza je radena zasluCaj Medugorje, za vremensko razdobljeod 1981. do 2(X)6. godine. Vremenski pres-jeci su 1980., 1990., 2000. i 2006. godina.Zavisne varijable su: broj stanovnika, brojkreveta, broj ugostiteljskih objekata, broj tr-govina, ostvareni promet u ugostiteljstvu,prihod od turizma, GDP, broj zaposlenih,broj nezaposlenih, proraíun opóine, infras-truktura, donacije. prometnicc, stanovi, nek-retnine, smjeStajni kapaciteti. Kao nezavisnevarijable tretirani su: broj turista-hodoCas-nika, broj noéenja, struktura turista-hodoCa-snika. Izvori podataka su primarni isekundarni. Primarni izvori su osiguranimetodom intervjua u relevantnim siuzbamau Medugorju 9. 7. 2007. godine uz potporu ipomoc Federalnog ministarstva za turizam iokolis (intervju s M. Musom. predsjedni-kom Udruge vodiCa Medugorje, Medugorje,9. 07. 2007. (viastite procjene M, Musa ipodaci TuristiCke zajednice podruznice Bi-jakoviíi Medugorje). Sekundarni izvori sustatlstiéke publikacije, godiSnjaci, priopée-nja, te komentari i tekstovi u sredstvimajavnog priopíavanja (Anón, 1981; Anón,2007; Barroluci&Martinovié, 1999; Sivrié,2007; Vukonié, 1990).

2007a). There are also sponsors, donors, localand international organizations and institu-tions, local and religious communities, can-tons and all other levels of authority.According to the estimates M. Musa, Presi-dent of the Medugorje Association of Guides 'presented during an interview on 09. 07.2007, if we view pilgrimages as a project,then we are talking about several hundredmillion KM annually.

4. IMPACT ON LOCAL ANDREGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

The impact analysis of pilgrimages on lo-cal and regional development, based on sev-eral selected pilgrimage sites in Bosnia andHerzegovina, supports the hypothesis thatpilgrimages may boost local and regionaleconomic development. (Kesar, 2(X)6;Goeldner et al; 2000; Aronsson, 2000;Vukonié&Keea, 2000)

The analysis was done for the case ofMedugorje, covering the period from 1981 to2006. The time references were 1980, 1990,2000 and 2006. The dependent variableswere: number of inhabitants, number of beds,number of catering facilities, number ofshops, turnover in the catering industry, reve-nues from tourism, GDP, number of em-ployed, municipal budget, infrastructure,donations, roads, apartments, real-estate, ac-commodation capacities. The independentvariables included: number of tourists-pil-grims, number of overnight stays, structure oftourists-pilgrims. Data sources included bothprimary and secondary sources. Primarysources were obtained by interviews in rele-vant departments at Medugorje on 9 July

2007, with the support and assistance fromthe Federation's Ministry of Tourism andEnvironment. Secondary sources includedstatistical publications, yearbooks, advisories,as well as comments and texts in the media.(Anon, I98I; Anon, 2007; Bartoluci&Marti-novié, 1999; Sivrié, 2007; Vukonié, 1990)

190 Acia ttiristica. Vol 19 (2007). No 2, pp 101-228

Tablica I. Uâinci na lokalni i regionalni razvoj - primjer Meâugorje

Table 1. Impact on local and regional development - example of Meâugorje

Broj stanovnikaBroj krevetaBroj ugostiteljskihobjekataBroj prodavaonicasuvenira. trgovinaPromet uugostiteljstvu US$Prihod od turizmaUS$ProraCun opéine uUS$

No. of inhabitantsNo. of bedsNo. of cateringfacilitiesNo. of souvenirshops, storesTumover in hotelindustry sector USDRevenues fromtourism USDMunicipal budget inUSD

1980.1724

385

3

1990.26009000

150

40

2.000.000

10.000.000

1.500.000

2000.3800

10000100

90

4.000.000

15.000.000

2.500.000

2006.4300

15000

no100

5.000.000

20.000.000

3.000.000

Izvor: intervju s M. Mttsom. predsjednikom Udruge vodica Meâugorje, Meâugorje. 9. 07. 2007.(vlastite procjene M. Musa i podatci Ttiristicke zajednice podruznice Bijakovici Medugorje).

Source: ¡ntei-view with Musa, M., President of the Medugorje Association of Guides, Medugorje.9. 07. 2007. (personal estimates and data from the Tourist Association. Branch Office Biokovic, Me-âugorje)

Analiza podataka iz gornje tablice poka-zuje rast broja stanovnika. otvaranje radnihmjesta u ugostiteljstvu, trgovini, hotelijer-stvu te rast prometa i prihoda, §to sve na je-dan naCin rezultira i rastom proraCuna lo-kalne zajednice.

The analysis of the table above shows anincrease in the number of inhabitants, theopening of jobs in catering industry, trade,hotel industry, as well as increase in turn-over and revenues, which results in thegrowth of the local conimunity's budget.

J. Osmankovic. N. Babi¿. J. Ho5o: HodoôaSéa kao Cimbenik lokafnoga i rcgionalnog razvoja... 191

Grafiökiprikaz I. Demografska kretanja 1980.-2006., Medugorje

Graph!. Demographics 1980-2006, Meäugorje

tzvor: intervju s M. Musom, predsjednikom Udruge vodica Meäugorje, Meäugorje, 9. 07. 2007. (po-datci Turisticke zajednice podruznice Bijakovici Medugorje).

Source: Interview with Musa, M., President of the Medugorje Association of Guides, Meäugorje. 9July 2007 (data from the Tourist Association, Branch Office Biokovic, Medugorje)

Grafiâki prikaz 2. Smjestajni kapaciteti, Meäugorje

Graph 2. Accommodation capacities, Meäugorje

Izvor: intervju s M. Musom, predsjednikom Udruge vodiâa Meäugorje. Medugorje, 9. 07. 2007. (via-stife procjene i podatci Turisticke zajednice podruznice Bijakovici Meäugorje).

Source: Interview with Musa, M., President of the Meäugorje Association of Guides, Meäugorje, 9July 2007 {data from the Tourist Association, Branch Office Biokovic. Meäugorje)

192 Acta turistica. Vol 19 (2007), No 2, pp 101 -228

Grafiéki prikaz 3. Ugostiteljski trgovaéki kapaciteti, Medugorje

Graph 3. Catering and trade capacities, Meâugorje

Broj ugostiteljskih i trgovaàkih objekata / Number of catering and trade shops

16014012010080604020

1980. 1990. 2000.

godina/year

2006.

Broj ugostiteljskih objekataNo. of catering facilities

Broj prodavaonica suvenira, trgovinaNo. of souvenir shops, stores

Izvor: intervju s M, Musom, predsjednikom Udruge vodica Medugorje, Medugorje, 9. 07, 2007. {vla-stite procjene i podatci Turisticke zajednice podruznice Bijakovici Medugorje).

Source: Interview with Musa, M.. President of the Meâugorje Association of Guides, Medugorje. 9July 2007 (data from the Tourist Association, Branch Office Biokovic, Medugorje)

Grafiéki prikaz 4. Promet u ugostiteljstvu, prihod od turizma, proraiun opéine

Graph 4. Turnover in hotel industry sector, revenues from tourism, municipal bttdget

Prihod, promet, proracun / Income, turnover, budgetUSD

25000000

20000000

15000000

10000000

5000000

1980.

PromBt u ugostiteljstvu USDTurnover in hotel industry sector USD

1990. 2000.

godina / year

Prifiod od turizma USDRevenues from tourism USD

2006.

ProraCun opäne u USDMunicipal budget in USD

¡zvor: intervju s M. Musom. predsjednikom Udruge vodiéa Medugorje, Medugorje, 9. 07. 2007, {vla-stite procjene i podatci Turisticke zajednice podruznice Bijakovici Medugorje).

Source: Interview with Musa, M., President of ihe Medugorje Association of Guides. Medugorje, 9July 2007 {data from the Tourist Association, Branch Office Biokovic, Meâugorje)

J. OsmankoviÉ, N, Babi¿. J, Hoäo: HodoCaSéa Icao Cimbenik lokalnoga i regionalnog razvoja... 193

Medugorje je u razdoblju do 2006. go-dine dobilo ambulantu. MajCino selo, Vrtsv. Franje, prometnicc, stanove, hotele,mótele, prenoéista, oko 50 pansiona, resto-rane, kafea, prodavaonice. Radio MIR Me-dugorje. ijekarnu. javni prijevoz, sportskicentar. MalteSki red pruza zdravstvenu po-moé vjernicima. Velik je broj objekata nap-ravljen donacijama samih vjernika. UdrugavodiCa u Medugorju okuplja oko 100 Cla-nova i moze pruziti usluge prevodenja na 21jeziku. Tu djeluje i Udruga vinara i TuHs-tiCka zajednica. Medugorje je Iako prepoz-natljivo i poznato u cijelom svijetu, sto imaposebnu vrijednost i Sto znatno pridonosisamopostovanju stanovnika Medugorja. ¿i-votni standard u Medugorju je znatno po-boljSan u razdoblju od 1981. do 2006. go-dine. To ilustrira podatak da je cijena nek-retnina, primjerice m^ stambenog prostora,dosegla Í.300 eura. (intervju s M. Musom,predsjednikom Udruge vodiCa Medugorje,Medugorje, 9. 07. 2007). Poveéano je i za-nimanje stranaca za nekretnine u tommjestu.

5. ZAKLJUCAK

Analiza uCinaka hodoCaSéa u Medugorjena njegov iokaini i regionalni razvoj poka-zuje daje doslo do poveéanja raspolozivostii proSirenja raspodjele osnovnih proizvodaza egzistenciju, zatim da je poveéan zivot-nog standarda stanovnika, sto ukIjuCujujevise prihode, poveéanje broja radnih mjesta,poboljSanje obrazovanja, osobito znanjastranih jezika, poveéanje individualnog izajedniCkog samouvazavanja te prosirenjediapazona ekonomskih i socijalnih izborakoji stoje na raspolaganju pojedincima i za-jednici time Sto su oslobodeni neznanja, si-roma.stva i bijede. Prema tome, realiziranasu sva tri kIjuCna cilja lokalnoga i regional-nog ekonomskog razvoja. Pritom je osigu-rano ostvarivanje kljuCnih vrijednosti raz-voja: zadovoljavanje osnovnih potreba(hrana, zdravstvena zastita, socijalna za§tita.

Up until 2006 Medugorje gained a dis-pensary. Mother's village, St. Francis's gar-den, roads, apartments, hotels, motels,B&Bs. around 50 boarding houses, restau-rants, cafes. Radio MIR Medugorje, phar-macy, public transport and sports centre.The Maltese Order provides healthcare tothe believers. Many facilities were builtthanks to donations from believers. TheMedugorje Association of Guides hasaround 100 members and can providetranslation services into 21 languages. Thereis also the association of wine producers andthe tourist association. Medugorje is easilyrecognized and known throughout theworld, which contributes significantly to theself-respect of the residents of Medugorje.The living standard has improved consid-erably between 1981 and 2006. That is il-lustrated by the information on real-estateprices; one square meter of housing spacecosts EUR 1,300. (interview with Musa, M.,President of the Medugorje Association ofGuides, Medugorje, 9. July 2007). The in-terest of foreigners in real-estate in Me-dugorje is also growing.

5. CONCLUSION

The analysis of the impact of pilgrimageto Medugorje on its local and regional de-velopment shows increased availability ofbasic sustenance goods and expansion oftheir distribution. The living standard hasimproved, which includes higher incomes,more jobs, improved education, particularlyin the field of languages, enhanced individ-ual and joint self-respect. Freed from igno-rance, poverty and misery, both individualsand the community as a whole have accessto an expanded range of economic and so-cial choices. All three key objectives of lo-cal and regional economic developmenthave been achieved. In the process, key de-velopmental values were ensured: meetingelementary needs (food, health, protection.

194 Acta turística. Vol 19 (2007). No 2. pp 101-228

stanovanje), samopostovanje i osjeéaj vrije-dnosti (autentiCnost, dostojanstvo. Cast,identitet) i moguénost izbora, odnosno slo-boda od podCinjenosti, neznanja, siromas-tva, _ .

housing), self-respect and the feeling of self-worth (authenticity, dignity, honor, identity)and the possibility of choice, that is freedomfrom submission, ignorance and poverty.

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Primljeno: 24. srpnja 2007.Received: 24 July 2007

Prihvaceno: 2. listopada 2007.Accepted: 20 October 2007

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