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food microbiology
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9/10/2015 Thedetectionandidentificationofbacteria
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Page1
Moulds
Page2
Mouldshavealotof
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Mostproblemsarecaused:
Penicillum
Aspergillus
Fusarium
mycotoxinsproducers
Page3
Moulds
Reproductiondependsprimarilyonthewater
availability
Bacteria>0.91
Mouldsalsofrom0.85to0.9
SomeEurotium0.75to0.8,andAspergillus
9/10/2015 Thedetectionandidentificationofbacteria
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Thefoodismicrobiologicallystablewhenthewater
activityis
9/10/2015 Thedetectionandidentificationofbacteria
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arenotPROTEIN
arenotenzymes
arelowmolecularweight
9/10/2015 Thedetectionandidentificationofbacteria
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Allstrainsofthesamespeciesdonotproduce
Differentspeciescanproducethesamemycotoxin
Page9
Wheremycotoxins
produced
Worldgrainproductionby2530%hasbeen
abreedinggroundformoldsandseen
Mycotoxins
Page10
Tuohoutuukomycotoxins
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easily?
Not
Mycotoxinsusuallydonotdisappearor
inactivatedinthemanufactureoffood
Page11Page12
Cerealalreadyinfectedinthecorn
Mouldsgrowparasites,epiphytes
orsaprophytes
Homeplantassociationveryspecific
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Page13
Thecontextofpostharvestgrain
maybedamaged
Mushroomscanpenetrate
thedamagedsectionjyvn
Page14
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Inorderforfungalgrowthwouldbeimpeded
cerealsafterpuimisen
dried
Dryinglessthan14%watercontent
Whenthegrainwatercontentislessthan5.13%it
themicrobiologicalshelflife
Oilbearingcropseedsmustbedriedbelow
12.5%
Page15
Ifthegrainisstoredtoo
humid
Mouldsandfungigrow
Metabolismproducesheatandtheharvestheatsup
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Mushroomskilltheembryoandseednolongergerminate
Page16
Ifthegrainisstoredtoo
inahumidatmosphereof6590%
itgrowsvarastohomeita
Eurotium,Aspergillus,Penicillum
Later,Mucor,Rhizopus,and
Nigraspora
Cropqualityispooriftheconcentrationofsporesoffungal
morethan10 6 /g
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Page17
Grainstorage
Relativehumidity
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Cerealiswettedandlesskserofyyttisetsienetkin
cangrow
Aspergilluscandidus,A.flavus,A.parasiticus,A.
fumigatus,Emerciellanidulans,Penicillum
Piceum,P.capsulatum
Page19
Thesefungiform
mycelium
Canbindgrainklimpeiksi
orsolidlumps
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Page20Growthandtemperature
Page21Thegrowthandactivityofthewater
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Page22Page23Page24Page25Page26
FAOandtheWHOrecommendation
max30gaflatoxin/kgfood
timehigh,butmalnutritionversus
livercancer
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Page27Page28Page29
AflatoxinB1
LD50
dogs0.5mg/kgbodyweight
LD50
rat9mg/kg
ForratsandrainbowtroutaflatoxinB1inone
themostcarcinogeniccompounds
Page30
AflatoxinB1
India19741000peoplebecameill
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aftereatingmoldyrice
100died
Page31Page32Page33Page34
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Page35
OchratoxinA
WasfirstisolatedA.ochraceusSouth
Africa
Themoststudiedbarley,wherePverrucosum
toproduceit
Page36
OchratoxinA
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Inpigs,causedbykidneyproblems
Movestoaccompanymeat
Peoplewhoeatcannedalongtime
homekypsennettyjhamsmaybeexposed
(Balkanendemicnephropathy)
nephrotoxicandmaycauserenalcellcarcinoma
Page37Page38
Sterigmatokystiini
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Page39
Sterigamtokystiini
Aflatoksiinisynteesinprecursor
ManyofAspergillusmoldsproduceit
especiallyA.versicolor
Notastoxicandcarcinogenicthan
Aflatoxin
Itisfoundinmanyfood
ForalongtimestoredinEdamandGoudacheese
Thepoisononlyinthesurfacelayers
Page40
Patulin
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Page41
Patulin
PenicilliumandAspergillusproducers,including
Byssochlamys
Apples,blueberries,strawberries,currants,
gooseberries
Theeffectsofpatulinisnotknownexactly
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Nordiccountries,themaximumallowableamountis
50g/kg
Page42
Patulin
Discoveredin1942,itwasthoughtthatitwouldbe
goodantibioticbecauseofitslarge
Theantimicrobialactivityof
In1959itwasassociatedwithcattlepoisoning
moldygerminatedbarleygrain
Page43
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Patulin
Notverystable,exceptinacidic
conditionssuchasapplejuice
Page44Page45Page46
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Page47
T2
DermonecrosiscattleintheUSA
MaybeinRussia194247disease
"AlimentaryToxicAleukia"
Page48
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T2
immunosuppressiveagentssuchasochratoxin
andaflatoxin
allthreealsoinhibit
proteinsynthesis,butatdifferentpoints
Mixturesmaybesynergistic
Page49Page50
DON
Deoksynivalenol(=vomitoxin)
Japan"redmouthdisease",diarrheaand
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vomit
F.graminearum
FeedfactorrequiredforrefusalinpigsinNorthCarolina
LesstoxicthanT2
Page51
Verrukariinit
Stachybotrysatra
Inhorses,aftereatingmoldyhay
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Page52Page53Page54
Zearalenone
vulvovaginitispigswhoatethemold
maize
infertility
fewerchicks
insomecountriesareusedasanabolics
increaseingrowthfactorsandinothersitisforbidden
monitoringtheproblem,becauseifthefeedisitso
Itisalsodetectableintheflesh
Page55Page56Page57Page58
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Ergotamine
Page59Page60Page61
Ergotism
alsoreferredtoasStAnthonyfire
Thereisageneral
toxiceffectspoorlyunderstood
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Page62Page63