Horwath & Schonherr - 2012

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Cuprins Index of contents

Introducere

Energia eolian n Romnia, Europa in lume

1. Romnia i restul lumii

2. Situaia sectorului energiei eoliene n Europa

3. Situaia sectorului energiei eoliene n Romnia

Prevederi legale

1. Pregtirea proiectului de investiie i construcia

unei centrale electrice

1.1. Drepturile reale necesare pentru construirea

unei centrale electrice

1.2. Sistemul de carte funciar n Romnia

1.3. Situaii care ar putea mpiedica/ntrzia

proiectul de investiie

1.4. Autorizaia de construire

1.5. Planicare urbanistic i categorii de folosin

1.6. Prevederi cu privire la mediu

1.7. Racordarea la reea

1.8. Autorizaia de ninare

2. Operarea centralei electrice

2.1. Mediu

2.2. Licena de exploatare

2.3. Vnzarea de energie

3. Sistemul de promovare i tranzacionarea

certicatelor verzi

3.1. Reglementri legale

3.2. Cadrul general

3.3. Acreditarea

3.4. Emiterea de certicate verzi

3.5. Tranzacionarea si inregistrarea certicatelor verzi

3.6. Excesul de certicate verzi

3.7. Capaciti energetice cu puteri instalate mari

3.8. Supracompensarea

3.9. Cumulul de ajutoare

4. Legislaia Uniunii Europene privind industria

energiei regenerabile

1.

2.

Introduction

Wind energy in Romania, Europeand Worldwide

1. Romania and the World

2. Wind energy sector situation in Europe

3. Wind energy sector situation in Romania

Legal Regulations

1. Preparation of the investment project and

construction of a renewable energy plant

1.1. Real rights required for developing

a renewable energy plant

1.2. Romanian Land Register system

1.3. Issues that might impede/delay

the investment process

1.4. Building Permit

1.5. Zoning classication and land designation

1.6. Environmental regulations

1.7. Grid connection

1.8. Setting-up authorisation

2. Power plant operation

2.1. Environmental

2.2. Operational licence

2.3. Sale of energy

3. Support scheme and green certifcates trading

3.1. Legal provisions

3.2. General framework

3.3. Accreditation

3.4. Green certicates issuing

3.5. Green certicates trading and registry

3.6. Excess of green certicates

3.7. Large energy facilities

3.8. Overcompensation

3.9. Various investment aids and green certicates

4. European Union legislation as regards the

renewable energy industry

02

04

05

11

14

20

21

21

27

28

32

33

34

34

36

37

37

37

38

39

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39

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3.

4.

5.

Surse de nanare a investiiilor nenergia regenerabil

1. Programe conanate de catre EU

2. Granturi SEE i norvegiene

3. Fonduri naionale

4. Alte instituii care ofer nanri

pentru proiectele de parcuri eoliene

Constrngeri poteniale i perspective

1. Organizare societar

2. Capacitatea reelei i conectarea

3. Modicri ale specicaiilor tehnice

4. Protecia mediului

5. Proteste sociale

6. Limitrile infrastructurii

7. Durata procedurii

8. Impedimente n calea investiiilor

Romnia n contextul UE

9. Dispersia surselor

10. Probleme scale11. Protabilitatea energiei eoliene

Alte surse de energie regenerabil

1. Energia solar

2. Energia geotermal

3. Energia hidro

4. Biomasa

Lista abrevierilor

47

48

51

54

55

61

62

62

64

64

67

68

69

70

72

7579

89

96

97

97

98

99

Sources of nancing for renewableenergy investment

1. Programmes co-nanced by the EU

2. EEA and Norway Grants

3. National funds

4. Other institutions which offer nancing

for wind farm projects

Business limitations and prospects

1. Corporate

2. Grid capacity and connection

3. Amendments to technical specications

4. Environmental protection

5. Social protests

6. Infrastructural limitations

7. Length of procedure

8. Obstacles to investments

Romania in the context of the EU

9. Dispersion of sources

10. Tax issues11. The protability of wind energy

Other renewable energy sources

1. Solar energy

2. Geothermal energy

3. Hydro energy

4. Biomass

List of Acronyms


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IntroducereIntroduction

n ultimul deceniu, energia eolian a fost tehnologiacu cea mai rapid cretere din lume. Ritmul de cretere

cel mai mare a fost n Europa, Romnia stabilindu-i cu

fermitate poziia sa internaional ca o ar atractiv

pentru investitori. n ceea ce privete capacitile

instalate n cursul anului 2011, Romnia cu cei 520

MW de capacitate eolian suplimentar instalat, s-a

poziionat pe locul al aptelea, dup Germania, care a

instalat aproape 2.100 MW, urmat de Marea Britanie,

Spania, Italia, Frana i Suedia. Romnia, mpreun cu

Polonia, rmn printre primele zece cele mai mari piee

din Uniunea European pentru al doilea an consecutiv,

conform raportrilor Asociaiei Europene a Energiei

Eoliene, AEEE.

Potrivit unor surse din industria energiei regenerabile,

Romnia ii va dubla, probabil, capacitatea de energie

eolian n decursul acestui an, ntruct investitorii pot

accesa schema de sprijin pentru investiii n domeniul

industriei energiei regenerabile aprobat de ctre

Uniunea European. Se estimeaz creterea capacitii

eoliene instalate de la aproximativ 1.000 MW instalai

anul trecut pn la 2.000 MW la sfritul anului 2012.

Sursele regenerabile de energie devin din ce n ce mai

populare n ntreaga lume i, prin dezvoltarea sectorului

energiei eoliene, Romnia are anse s genereze energie

electric ecologic i cu emisii reduse, o securitate

energetic mai mare, putnd astfel ndeplini cerinele UE

cu privire la producerea de energie din surse regenerabile.

Romnia poate susine o capacitate instalat de

aproximativ 4.000 MW de energie eolian avnd n

vedere infrastructura actual i capacitatea de rezerv.

Acest nivel poate crete doar dac vor fcute

investiii suplimentare i noi uniti de producie vor

deveni operaionale.

Wind has been the fastest growing energy technologyin the world for the past decade. The pace of growth

has been greatest in Europe, and Romania has strongly

established its international position as an attractive

country for investors. In terms of annual installations

during 2011, Romania, with its 520 additional MW of

installed wind capacity, positioned itself as the seventh

best regional leader after Germany, which installed

almost 2,100 MW of new capacity, followed by the

United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, France and Sweden.

Together with Poland, Romania remains among the

ten largest European Union markets for the second

year running, according to the European Wind Energy

Association, EWEA.

According to renewable energy industry sources,

Romania will probably double its wind-power capacity

this year, as investors access European Union-approved

incentives for investment in renewable industry.

Installed wind power capacity will probably increase to

almost 2,000 MW by the end of 2012 in Romania, up

from around 1,000 MW at the end of last year.

Renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly

popular worldwide, and through the development

of wind energy, Romania has a chance to achieve

ecological, low-emission electricity generation

and higher energy security, and to meet the EU

requirements with regard to energy generation from

renewable sources.

Romania can support an installed capacity of about

4,000 MW of wind power, based on its current

infrastructure and backup capacity. This may increase

if additional investment is made and new generating

units become operational.


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Chiar dac situaia n Romnia se mbuntete

treptat, starea infrastructurii de transport i a

procedurilor administrative de lung durat constituie

impedimente n punerea n funciune de noi parcuri

eoliene. Pe de alt parte, nevoia de dezvoltare intens i

modernizare a infrastructurii energetice creeaz condiii

pentru noi oportuniti de investiii.

Piaa energiei eoliene ofer locuri de munc, nu numai

n domeniul instalrii parcurilor sau al serviciilor. Din

ce n ce mai multe companii i afaceri au nceput s

desfoare operaiuni de cercetare i dezvoltare asociate

energiei regenerabile.

Producia de energie din surse regenerabile nu

reprezint numai electricitate modern, ecologic, cu

emisii poluante sczute, ci constituie, de asemenea, un

factor care contribuie la creterea independenei fa

de combustibilii fosili, care, indiferent de opinia noastr

despre ei, sunt limitai i n cele din urm vor epuizai.

Aceasta nu este doar o tendin trectoare necesitatea

de a utiliza surse regenerabile de energie a devenit un

imperativ chiar i pentru cele mai mari puteri economice

ale lumii.

Avnd n vedere interesul crescut privind protecia

mediului nconjurtor, reducerea polurii i schema de

sprijin, n ediia anului 2012 am inclus un nou capitol

referitor la alte surse regenerabile de energie (SRE),

cum ar energia solar, geotermal, biomas, hidro.

Ultimul capitol este dedicat acestor SRE.

Although the situation in Romania is improving, the

condition of the transmission infrastructure and the

increasingly lengthy administrative procedures still

obstruct the commissioning of new wind farms. On

the other hand, the need for intense development and

modernisation of the energy infrastructure is creating

grounds for new investment opportunities.

The wind energy market creates jobs, and not only in

areas related to wind farm installation and servicing:

there are an increasing number of companies and

businesses beginning to conduct research and

development operations related to renewable energy.

Energy generation from renewable sources

not only provides fashionable, ecological, low-

emission electricity, it also contributes to a growing

independence from fossil fuels, which, whatever our

opinion of them, are in limited supply and slowly being

depleted. And this is not just a passing trend: the need

for renewable energy sources has become clear even to

the worlds top economic powers.

In this 2012 edition we have included a new chapter

addressing other renewable energy sources (RES)

such as solar, geothermal, biomass, hydro energies,

provided the great interest of different stakeholders

in environmental protection, reduction of pollution

and the support scheme available. Our nal chapter is

dedicated to these RES.


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Energia eolian n Romnia,Europa i n lume


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Energia eolian n Romnia, Europa i lume/ Wind energy in Romania, Europe and Worldwide

5

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5Situaia la nivel mondial

Sectorul energiei eoliene nregistreaz o dezvoltare

dinamic la nivel mondial. n ultimii 1020 de ani, energia

eolian a devenit o surs important de electricitate

n anumite ri, care au intit spre o mbuntire a

independenei energetice i o limitare a emisiilor poluante.

La sfritul anului 2011 capacitatea total la nivel

mondial a parcurilor eoliene a ajuns la 237.669 MW. Chiar

n condiiile crizei, anul curent a nregistrat o cretere de20% pe piaa global anual, chiar dac acest nivel de

cretere este mai mic dect media ultimilor zece ani, de

aproximativ 28%.

Piaa eolian a crescut cu aproximativ 6% fa de 2010, i

cei 40,5 GW de energie eolian nou instalai anul trecut

reprezint investiii mai mari de 50 de miliarde de euro.

Fiind una din sursele alternative de energie, energia

eolian reprezint un substitut ecologic pentru

combustibilii fosili facilitnd o independen energetic

mai mare a rilor, limitnd importul de combustibili fosili.Dezastrul nuclear din Japonia i scurgerile de ulei din

Golful Mexic au atras atenia la nivel mondial cu privire la

sigurana utilizrii surselor alternative de energie.

China a devenit cel mai mare productor de energie

eolian la nivel mondial, conrmndu-i astfel implicarea

n utilizarea surselor de energie ecologice. China s-a clasat

pe primul loc n ceea ce privete capacitatea eolian

total instalat, aceasta ajungnd la 62.364 MW. China a

ninat noi parcuri eoliene, adugnd nc 17.631 MW

numai n decursul anului 2011.

n ceea ce privete capacitatea eolian instalat n Europa,

Germania s-a clasat pe locul nti cu 29.060 MW, urmat

de Spania cu 21.674 MW.

Germania a fost cea mai mare pia din UE n 2011

instalnd un plus de 2.086 MW. Marea Britanie a ocupat

locul al doilea cu 1.293 MW, incluznd 752 MW de

capacitate instalat pe mare, urmat de Spania (1.050

MW), Italia (950 MW), Frana (830 MW), Suedia (763 MW)

i Romnia (520 MW).

ntre pieele centrale i est- europene emergente,

Polonia, care a instalat 436 MW n anul 2011, s-a clasatn urma Romniei.

Worldwide

The wind energy sector is developing dynamically

worldwide. Over the past 10-20 years, wind energy

has become an important source of electricity for a

number of countries seeking to improve their energy

independence and limit emissions.

By the end of 2011 the aggregate global wind farm

capacity had reached 237,669 MW. Despite the

economic crisis, the current year has seen an increase of20% in the size of the global annual market, albeit this is

below the average of the last 10 years of around 28%.

The worldwide wind market has grown by some

6% compared with 2010, and the 40.5 GW of new

wind power brought on line last year represents an

investment of more than EUR 50 billion.

As an alternative energy source, wind energy provides

an ecological substitute for fossil fuels and facilitates

higher energy independence for individual countries,

limiting imports of fossil fuels. The nuclear disaster inJapan and the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico have drawn

global attention to the safety offered by the use of

alternative energy sources.

China has become the worlds top global wind energy

producer, thereby conrming its commitment in the

use of ecological energy sources. China was ranked rst

in terms of its total installed wind farm capacity with

62,364 MW. It also developed new wind farms with a

capacity of 17,631 MW during 2011 alone.

In terms of installed capacity of wind power plants in

Europe, Germany was ranked rst with 29,060 MW,

ahead of Spain with 21,674 MW.

Germany was the largest European wind energy market

in 2011, installing 2,086 MW of new capacity. The UK

came second with 1,293 MW, including 752 MW of

offshore capacity, followed by Spain (1,050 MW), Italy

(950 MW), France (830 MW), Sweden (763 MW) and

Romania (520 MW).

Among the emerging markets of Central and Eastern

Europe, Poland came second after Romania with436 MW of new capacity.

Romania and the World


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500

2010

ANRE NREAP REALITY

2011 2012 2013 20172014 20182015 20192016 2020

2000

3500

1000

2500

4000

Sursa:AREE/Source:RWEA

1500

3000


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Romnia

Energia eolian a preluat conducerea n rndul surselor

de energie alternativ din Romnia. Potrivit Autoritii

Naionale de Reglementare n domeniul Energiei (ANRE),capacitatea total a parcurilor eoliene n uz se ridica la

1.140 MW n aprilie 2012 fa de 982 MW n decembrie

2011, 469 MW n mai 2011 i 462 MW n decembrie 2010.

Piaa romneasc a energiei eoliene a cunoscut un

ritm rapid de cretere n vederea atingerii obiectivelor

europene, instalndu-se peste 1.000 MW pn la sfritul

celui de-al doilea trimestru al anului 2012, din care 448

MW instalai n 2010 i 520 MW instalai n 2011.

Cu toate acestea, pn la sfritul anului 2011 piaa

energiei eoliene era nc cu puin n urma estimrilor

ANRE i PNAER (Planul Naional de Aciune n DomeniulEnergiei din Surse Regenerabile), dup cum este

reprezentat n diagrama de mai jos:

Romania

Wind energy has taken the lead among alternative

energy sources in Romania. According to the Energy

Regulatory Authority (ANRE), the total capacity of windfarms in use amounted to 1,140 MW in April 2012,

compared with 982 MW in December 2011, 469 MW in

May 2011 and 462 MW in December 2010.

The Romanian wind energy market has made signicant

progress towards reaching European targets, with over

1,000 MW of installed wind capacity at the end of the

second quarter of 2012, of which 448 MW was installed

in 2010 and 520 MW in 2011.

However, by the end of 2011 the wind energy market

was still lagging slightly behind the estimates of

ANRE and the National Renewable Energy Action Plan(NREAP), as depicted in the chart below:

According to renewable energy industry sources,

Romania will probably double its wind power capacity

this year, as investors access European Union-approved

incentives for investment in the renewable industry.

Large international corporations have already invested

in wind farms in Romania, with manufacturers

following in their footsteps. The extremely attractive

production sector in terms of quality and the relatively

low labour costs facilitates the development of new

investment projects.

Romanias potential has been recognised, among other

sources, in the Ernst & Young report on Renewable

energy country attractiveness indices (February 2012).

The report ranked Romania 10th in the world with

regard to wind energy potential, after having previouslybeen ranked 12th.

Potrivit unor surse din domeniul industriei energiei

regenerabile, Romnia i va dubla, probabil, capacitatea

eolian n decursul acestui an, investitorii ncepnd s

aib acces la schemele de sprijin a industriei energiei

regenerabile aprobate de ctre Uniunea European.

Corporaii internaionale importante au investit deja n

parcurile eoliene din Romnia, productorii pind pe

urmele lor. Atractivitatea foarte mare a sectorului de

producie n contextul att al calitii, ct i al costurilor

relativ sczute ale forei de munc, faciliteaz dezvoltarea

de noi proiecte de investiii.

Potenialul Romniei a fost recunoscut, printre altele, n

raportul Ernst & Young despre indicii de atractivitate

a energiei eoliene pe ri (publicat n februarie 2012).

Studiul a clasat Romnia pe locul al zecelea n lume cu

privire la potenialul energiei eoliene, anterior situndu-se pe locul al doisprezecelea.

560

1250

1850

2450

2880

32003400 3400 3400 3400

3900

3400

4000

37503600

519

992


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Sursa:CGEE/Source:GWEC

Sursa:CGEE/Source:GW

EC

50000

2010 20111996 1997 2001 20061998 2002 20071999 2003 20082000 20052004 2009

200000

100000

250000

150000

[ MW ]

Europe North America Asia PacificAfrica & Middle EastLatin America0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

22,000

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011


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Situaia sectorului energieieoliene la nivel mondialLa sfritul anului 2011, capacitatea total instalat

la nivel mondial s-a ridicat la mai mult de 237 GW. nciuda crizei, anul curent a cunoscut o cretere de 20%, cu

o cretere a dimensiunii pieei globale anuale de peste

6%. Potrivit CGEE (Consiliul Global al Energiei Eoliene),

aproximativ 75 de ri din ntreaga lume au instalat

capaciti de energie eolian. 21 dintre ele au trecut deja

peste nivelul de 1 GW.

The wind energy sectorsituation worldwide

At the end of 2011, the total installed capacity of

wind energy worldwide amounted to more than 237GW. Despite the economic crisis, the current year has

witnessed an increase of 20% against a change in the

global annual market increase of just over 6%. According

to the GWEC, about 75 countries worldwide have

installed commercial wind power and of these 21 have

already passed the 1 GW threshold.

Chinas total attainable capacity amounts to 62.3 GW,

which constitutes 26.2% of global resources. In second

place after China is the United States with 46.9 GW and

a 19.7% share in global capacity. Germany ranks third

with 29 GW and a 12.2% share.

Capacitatea total a Chinei s-a ridicat la 62,3 GW, ceea

ce nseamn 26,2% din resursele globale. Pe poziia a

doua a clasamentului, dup China, se a Statele Unite,

cu 46,9 GW i o cot de 19,7% din capacitatea pieei la

nivel mondial. Germania se a pe locul al treilea cu

29 GW i o cot de 12,2%.

Capacitatea eolian global cumulat 1996-2011

Capacitatea anual instalat pe regiuni 1996-2011

Global Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity 1996-2011

Annual Installed Capacity by Region 1996-2011

197,637

237,669

6,100 7,60023,900

74,052

10,200

31,100

93,820

13,600

39,431

120,291

17,400

59,09147,620

158,864


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Capacitatea total a parcurilor eoliene la nivel mondial lasfritul anului 2011Global wind farm capacity at the end of 2011

According to the GWEC, in 2011 China recorded

substantial growth, adding a further 17,630.09 MW of

new wind capacity and imposing itself as the worlds

leading wind market with a total of 62,364.2 MW of

installed capacity by the end of the year.

Potrivit CGEE, n 2011 China a nregistrat o cretere

remarcabil adugnd 17.630,09 MW de capacitate

eolian, impunndu-se astfel ca lider pe aceast pia

cu un total de 62.364,2 MW instalai pn la sfritul

anului 2011.

araCapacitate eolian

n 2011 (MW)Procent 2011

Capacitate eolian


CountryWind capacity in

2011 (MW)Share 2011

Wind capacity in

2010 (MW)Share 2010

China China 62364 26.24% 44733 22.63%

SUA USA 46919 19.74% 40298 20.39%

Germania Germany 29060 12.23% 27191 13.76%

Spania Spain 21674 9.12% 20623 10.43%

India India 16084 6.77% 13065 6.61%

Frana France 6800 2.86% 5970 3.02%

Italia Italy 6737 2.83% 5797 2.93%

Marea Britanie United Kingdom 6540 2.75% 5248 2.66%

Canada Canada 5265 2.22% 4008 2.03%

Portugalia Portugal 4083 1.72% 3706 1.88%

Alte ri Other countries 32143 13.52% 26998 13.66%

TOTAL GLOBAL TOTAL WORLDWIDE 237669 100.00% 197637 100.00%


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10000

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25000

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40000




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Capacitatea eolian instalat i dat spre folosin n anul 2011

Capacitatea eolian global instalat anual 1996-2011

New wind farm capacity released for use in 2011

Global Annual Installed Wind Capacity 1996-2011

The global annual installed wind capacity

increased by 4.47% in 2011 compared

with 2010, an improvement on the only

0.56% increase in 2010 compared with

2009. However, the global installation of

new wind capacity has slowed over the

last three years, following its largest ever

increase, in 2009, from 26.5 GW to 38.6GW, representing a rate of growth of just

over 45%.

The gures in the tables above are

affected by project decommissioning of

approximately 532 MW.

Capacitatea eolian instalat pe plan

mondial a nregistrat o cretere de 4,47%

n anul 2011 fa de 2010, comparativ cu

o cretere de doar 0,56% n 2010 fa de

2009. Cu toate acestea, ritmul punerii n

funciune a capacitilor de energie eolian

s-a redus n ultimii trei ani n comparaie cu

creterea cea mai semnicativ nregistrat

n 2009 fa de anul precedent, care a fost

puin peste 45%, de la 26,5 GW la 38,6 GW.

Cifrele din tabelele anterioare sunt

inuenate de un numr de proiecte

desinate nsumnd aproximativ 532 MW.

araCapacitate eolian


CountryWind capacity in

2011 (MW)Share 2011

China China 17631 43.5%

SUA USA 6810 16.8%

India India 3019 7.4%

Germania Germany 2086 5.1%

Marea Britanie UK 1293 3.2%

Canada Canada 1267 3.1%

Spania Spain 1050 2.6%

Italia Italy 950 2.3%

Frana France 830 2.0%

Suedia Sweden 763 1.9%

Alte ri Other countries 4865 12.0%

TOTAL GLOBAL TOTAL WORLDWIDE 40564 100.00%

38,828 40,564

1,280 1,530

6,500

15,245

2,520

7,270

19,866

3,440

8,133

26,560

3,760

11,5318,207

38,610

2010 20111996 1997 2001 20061998 2002 20071999 2003 20082000 20052004 2009


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Energia eolian n contextul crizei economice

Wind energy in the context of economic crisis

The global nancial crisis has contributed to the decline

in economic potential, and consequently investment by

international companies has been severely limited or

even postponed.

However, despite a drop in the gross national products

of most countries, investment in the renewable energy

sector has not fallen. It remained at the same level as

in the previous year, and in 2011 a substantial increase

was observed. Indeed, 2011 has been an advantageous

year for the global wind power market thanks to theefforts of certain national markets.

According to Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF),

global investment in clean energy reached a new high

of USD 260 billion in 2011 (from USD 247 billion in

2010), almost ve times the USD 53.6 billion amount

seen in 2004. The share of this investment moving to

emerging economies and developing countries has

risen dramatically in this period, from 19% in 2004

to 46% in 2011. The main factors that contributed to

this growth in investment are the new wind farms in

China and the installation of household solar panelsthroughout Europe. Among the developing countries, by

far the largest share of investment in renewable energy

has occurred in the three large emerging economies

of Brazil, China and India, which together account for

almost US$ 60 billion.

Investment attractiveness is also boosted by the

declining cost of wind farm construction. The average

price of a wind turbine has dropped by 18% per 1 MW

during the last two years and nearly one third since

2008, reecting the growing competition among

manufacturers.

Criza nanciar global a contribuit la declinul

potenialului economic i investiiile companiilor

internaionale au fost n mod semnicativ reduse sau

chiar amnate.

Cu toate c produsul intern brut s-a redus n

majoritatea rilor, investiiile n sectorul energiei

regenerabile nu au nregistrat scderi. Au rmas la

acelai nivel ca i n anul anterior. n schimb, n anul

2011 s-a remarcat o cretere substanial n acest tip

de investiii. 2011 a fost un an avantajos pentru piaamondial a energiei eoliene ca urmare a eforturilor

unora dintre pieele naionale.

Potrivit Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF),

investiiile globale n energie regenerabil au atins n

2011 un nou record de 260 miliarde USD (de la 247

miliarde USD n 2010), aproape de cinci ori mai mult

dect n 2004 (ca. 53,6 miliarde USD). Procentul din

aceast investiie n cazul economiilor emergente i

rilor n curs de dezvoltare a crescut semnicativ n

aceast perioad, de la 19% n 2004 la 46% n 2011.

Factorii cheie care au contribuit la creterea investiiilor

au fost parcurile eoliene din China i panourile solarede uz caznic instalate n ntreaga Europ. Printre rile

n curs de dezvoltare, de departe cea mai mare parte a

investiiilor n domeniul energiei regenerabile au fost

nregistrate n cele mai mari trei economii emergente

din Brazilia, China i India care nsumeaz aproape 60

miliarde USD.

Atractivitatea investiional este de asemenea

favorizat i de costurile n scdere privind construcia

de parcuri eoliene. Preul mediu al unei turbine a sczut

cu 18% pentru un MW n ultimii doi ani i aproape

cu o treime fa de 2008, reectnd intensicarea

concurenei n rndul productorilor de echipamente.


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The wind energy sector situationin Europe

During 2011, 10,281 MW of wind power was installed

across Europe, with European Union states accounting

for 9,618 MW of the total, very similar to the 9,648 MW

installed in 2010. Investment in EU wind farms in 2011

amounted to EUR 12.6 billion.

The total wind power capacity to be installed in the EU

by the end of 2011 will, in a normal wind year, produce

204 TWh of electricity, enough to meet 6.3% of overall

EU electricity consumption (up from 5.3% in 2010).

2011 was a record year for new power generation

installations in the EU, with 44.9 GW of new capacity

being added to the grid, a 3.9% increase compared

with 2010. Wind power accounted for 21.4% of the

new power installations, the third largest share after

solar PV panels (46.7%) and gas (21.6%). New coal

installations represented only 4.8% of newly installed

capacity, followed by fuel oil at 1.6%, large hydro, 1.3%,

and CSP, 1.1%. Nuclear, biomass, waste, geothermal andocean technologies each accounted for less than 1%

of new installations. 2011 also saw 6.3 GW of nuclear

capacity being decommissioned and over 1 GW of fuel

oil capacity taken ofine.

At the same time, more renewable generating capacity

was installed in the EU than ever before, with 32.1

GW of new generating capacity, with renewables

representing 71.3% of all new installations. This is the

fourth year running that renewables have represented

more than 50% of all new installed capacity.

Given the change of direction in German energy policy

i.e. the announced withdrawal from the nuclear energy

industry a further signicant increase in Germanys

involvement in the renewable energy sector is expected

with a particular focus on wind energy.

n cursul anului 2011, 10.281 MW de energie eolian

au fost instalai n ntreaga Europ, statele Uniunii

Europene realiznd 9.618 MW din totalul nregistrat,

nivel foarte apropiat de cei 9.648 MW instalai n 2010.

Investiiile din UE pe parcursul anului 2011 n industria

parcurilor eoliene s-au ridicat la 12,6 miliarde de euro.

Capacitatea total de energie eolian instalat n UE la

sfritul anului 2011 va produce pe parcursul unui an

obinuit 204 TWh de electricitate, sucient pentru a

satisface 6,3% din consumul total de energie electric din

UE (de la 5,3% n 2010). 2011 a fost un an record pentru

noile instalaii de producere a energiei electrice din UE,

cu 44,9 GW de capacitate energetic nou adugat la

reea, o cretere de 3,9% comparativ cu 2010. Energia

eolian a reprezentat 21,4% din instalaiile noi, a treia

mare pondere dup instalaiile solare fotovoltaice

(46,7%) i de gaze (21,6%). Instalaiile noi pe baz de

crbune au reprezentat doar 4,8% din capacitatea

adugat, combustibilul pe baz de ulei: 1,6%,hidrocentrale: 1,3% i energie solar concentrat: 1,1%.

Tehnologiile nucleare, biomas, deeuri, tehnologiile

geotermale i oceanice au reprezentat, ecare n parte,

mai puin de 1% din totalul noilor instalaii. n decursul

anului 2011, 6,3 GW de capacitate nuclear a fost scoas

din funciune i peste 1 GW de capacitate de combustibil

lichid a fost deconectat.

Concomitent, mai mult dect oricnd, capacitatea

de energie regenerabil instalat n UE a nregistrat

o cretere de 32,1 GW, regenerabilele reprezentnd

71,3% din totalul noilor instalaii. Este al patrulea an

consecutiv cnd energia regenerabil a reprezentat mai

mult de 50% din ntreaga capacitate nou instalat.

n contextul modicrilor direciilor generale ale

politicii energetice germane mai precis privind

anunul de retragere din industria energiei nucleare,

este de ateptat o cretere semnicativ a interesului

Germaniei pentru domeniul energiei regenerabile, cu

accent deosebit pe energia eolian.


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Puterea eolian instalat n Europa la sfritul lui 2011

Irlanda

Ireland1,631

Marea BritanieUK

1,631

SpaniaSpain

21,674

FranaFrance6,800

Belgia

Belgium1,078

OlandaNetherlands

2,328 GermaniaGermany29,060

Polonia

Poland1,616

RomniaRomania

982

TurciaTurkey1,799

UcrainaUkraine

151

LituaniaLithuania

179

LetoniaLatvia

31

NorvegiaNorway

520

SuediaSweden2,907

FinlandaFinland

197

RusiaRussia

n/a

Estonia184

Bulgaria612

CehiaCzech Republic

217

Austria1,084

CroaiaCroatia

131

GreciaGreece1,629

SlovaciaSlovakia

3

Ungaria

Hungary329

DanemarcaDenmark

3,871

ElveiaSwitzerland

46

ItaliaItaly

6,747PortugaliaPortugal

4,083

Wind power installed in Europe by the end of 2011

Sursa:AEEE/Sou

rce:EWEA


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5ara Creterea

capacitii (MW)

n 2011

Poziia privind

capacitatea

instalat

Capacitatea

cumulat la nal

de 2011 (MW)

Procent de

cretere (2010-

2011)

Procent n

capacitatea

UE27

Country Capacity

increase (MW) in

2011

Capacity

increase ranking

position

Aggregate

capacity at the

end of 2011 (MW)

Capacity change

(2010-2011)

Share in capacity

in EU27

Germania Germany 2086 1 29060 7.7% 30.9%

Marea Britanie United Kingdom 1293 2 6540 24.6% 7.0%

Spania Spain 1050 3 21674 5.1% 23.1%

Italia Italy 950 4 6737 16.4% 7.2%

Frana France 830 5 6800 13.9% 7.2%

Suedia Sweden 763 6 2907 35.6% 3.1%

Romnia Romania 520 7 982 112.6% 1.0%

Polonia Poland 436 8 1616 36.9% 1.7%

Portugalia Portugal 377 9 4083 10.2% 4.3%

Grecia Greece 311 10 1629 23.6% 1.7%

Irlanda Ireland 239 11 1631 17.2% 1.7%

Belgia Belgium 192 12 1078 21.7% 1.1%

Danemarca Denmark 178 13 3871 4.8% 4.1%

Bulgaria Bulgaria 112 14 612 22.4% 0.7%

Austria Austria 73 15 1084 7.2% 1.2%

Olanda Netherlands 68 16 2328 3.0% 2.5%

Cipru Cyprus 52 17 134 63.4% 0.1%

Estonia Estonia 35 18 184 23.5% 0.2%

Ungaria Hungary 34 19 329 11.5% 0.4%

Lituania Lithuania 16 20 179 9.8% 0.2%

Republica Ceh Czech Republic 2 21 217 0.9% 0.2%

Letonia Latvia 1 22 31 3.3% 0.0%

Finlanda Finland 0 23 197 0.0% 0.2%

Luxemburg Luxemburg 0 24 44 0.0% 0.0%

Slovacia Slovakia 0 25 3 0.0% 0.0%

Malta Malta 0 26 0 - 0.0%

Slovenia Slovenia 0 27 0 - 0.0%

UE 27 EU 27 9618 - 93950 11.4% 100.0%

Parcurile eoliene din Europa informaii statistice

European wind farm sector statistics

Sursa

:AEEE/Source:EWEA


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CEZ, the Czech Republics largest power producer, is

one of the largest investors in wind energy in Romania

thanks to its EUR 1.1 billion Fntnele-Cogealac wind

farm in the Constana region, near the Black Sea.

The wind farm currently has 388 MW of operationalcapacity, and CEZ plans to nish construction of the

entire 600 MW wind farm by the end of this year.

In May 2012, Monsson Group, a Romanian private wind

energy developer with a 2,400 MW portfolio of projects,

announced the sale of its 108 MW Crucea North Wind

Farm Project in Constana County to STEAG GmbH,

one of Germanys largest electricity producers. STEAG

will invest around EUR 200 million in this wind farm,

which will have 36 of 3MW wind turbines supplied byVestas. Crucea North will evacuate the electricity to

a new transformer station in nearby Stupina, which

will be connected to the 400kV Transelectrica high

voltage national grid. The new transformer station will

make it easier for further wind farms in the area to be

connected to the national grid. The project is planned

to be operational by the end of 2013, indirectly creating

around 100 new jobs.

In the second quarter of 2012, a Romanian consortium

signed agreements with the Chinese rm Sinovel WindGroup for the supply and servicing of equipment. The

consortium members C-Tech SRL and Rokura SRL are

planning to develop wind farms with a total capacity of

1,200 MW and their agreement with Sinovel runs until

2016, according to the Romanian Ministry of Economy,

Trade and Business Environment, whose representatives

went on an ofcial visit to China in May 2012.

At the beginning of 2011, Austrias largest energy

provider, Verbund, began construction of the rst

phase of a 200 MW wind farm in Casimcea, in the

Dobrogea area, a project estimated at EUR 300 million.

In 2012, there is a plan for the gradual commissioning

of the wind farm, which will ensure the production of

600 GWh of electricity, providing energy for 400,000

households. The investor also plans to install extended

capacities of 700 MW in the Topolog-Casimcea-Daeni-

Dorobanu region, on the border between Tulcea and

Constana counties. This project will be the largest

onshore wind farm in Europe, exceeding the capacity of

the planned CEZ investment in Fntnele-Cogealac.

CEZ, cel mai mare productor de energie din Republica

Ceh, este unul dintre cei mai mari investitori n

domeniul energiei eoliene din Romnia, investind

1,1 miliarde de euro n parcul eolian din regiunea

Constana, n apropierea Mrii Negre. n cadrulproiectului dezvoltat de CEZ la Fntnele Cogealac,

capacitatea operaional curent este de 388 MW.

Investitorul intenioneaz s nalizeze construcia

parcului eolian cu capacitate total de 600 MW pn la

nele anului n curs.

n mai 2012, grupul Monsson, un dezvoltator privat

romn de energie eolian, cu un portofoliu de proiecte

de capacitate total de 2.400 MW, a anunat vnzarea

proiectului parcului eolian Crucea Nord de 108 MW din

judeul Constana ctre STEAG GmbH, unul dintre cei

mai mari productori de electricitate din Germania.

STEAG va investi n jur de 200 milioane de euro n acestparc eolian, care va avea 36 de turbine a cte 3 MW

ecare, furnizate de Vestas. Crucea Nord va livra energia

electric la o staie de transformare nou n apropiere

de Stupina, care se va conecta la reeaua naional de

nalt tensiune de 400 kV a Transelectrica. Noua staie

de transformare va facilita altor parcuri eoliene din

zon conectarea la reeaua naional. Se preconizeaz

c proiectul va operaional pn la sfaritul anului

2013 i c va crea, n mod indirect, n jur de 100 de noi

locuri de munc.

n al doilea trimestru al anului 2012, un consoriu

romn a semnat acorduri cu grupul chinez Sinovel WindGroup pentru furnizarea de servicii i echipamente.

Membrii consoriului C-Tech SRL i Rokura SRL

intenioneaz s dezvolte parcuri eoliene cu o

capacitate total de 1.200 MW i contractul acestora cu

Sinovel se va derula pn n 2016, potrivit Ministerului

Romn al Economiei, Comerului i Mediului de Afaceri,

ai crui reprezentani au fost ntr-o vizit ocial n

China n mai 2012.

La nceputul anului 2011, cel mai mare furnizor de

energie al Austriei, Verbund, a demarat construcia

primei faze - de 200 MW - a parcului eolian din

Casimcea, Dobrogea, proiect estimat la 300 milioane

de euro. Conform planului, se preconizeaz punerea

treptat n funciune n 2012 a acestui parc eolian,

care va genera 600 GWh, asigurnd energie pentru

400.000 de gospodrii. Investitorul intenioneaz s

construiasc capaciti extinse de 700 MW n regiunea

Topolog Casimcea - Deni- Dorobanu, situat la

grania dintre judeele Tulcea i Constana. Proiectul

va cel mai mare parc eolian pe uscat din Europa,

depind capacitatea investiiei prognozate de CEZ la

Fntnele- Cogealac.


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Parcurile eoliene operaionale din Romnia sunt

localizate n special n Dobrogea, pe coasta Mrii Negre,

unde viteza medie a vntului poate atinge 7m/s, la o

altitudine de 100 m. Regiunea e plan i slab populat,

ceea ce face posibil instalarea unui numr mai mare

de turbine eoliene. Exist, de asemenea, alte dou

regiuni cu un potenial ridicat de energie eolian

n Romnia, i anume: Moldova i Cara Severin. La

sfritul anului 2011, 97% din capacitatea instalat a

fost n zona Dobrogei, n timp ce n 2012 s-a observat o

deplasare spre nord-estul rii.

n continuare prezentm o hart a proiectelor

operaionale (marcate cu verde), proiecte care au

deja un contract de racordare (marcate cu albastru) i

proiecte care au un aviz tehnic de racordare (marcate

cu rou).

Romanias operational wind farms are mainly located

in Dobrogea, on the Black Sea coast, where average

wind speeds can reach 7 m/s at an altitude of 100 m.

The region is at and sparsely populated, which makes

it possible to install a large number of wind turbines.

There are also two other regions with a high wind

power potential in Romania: Moldova and Cara Severin.

At the end of 2011, 97% of Romanias installed capacity

was in the Dobrogea area, while in 2012 there has been

a shift towards the North East of the country.

The following map shows operational projects (marked

in green), projects that already have a connection

contract (marked in blue) and projects that have a

connection permit (marked in red).

Zona MoldovaMoldova Area

Zona BanatBanat Area

Zona DobrogeaDobrogea Area

Sursa:AREE/Source:RW

EA


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20/104

ANRE2012

1850

2450

1975

2800-30002013

RWEA


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Potrivit estimrilor AREE, nivelul previzionat al

capacitilor eoliene instalate este ambiios avnd n

vedere planurile curente de investiii i trebuie susinut

de un plan sntos de mbuntire a reelelor electrice,

un plan clar pentru dezafectarea centralelor vechi iineciente pe baz de crbune, dar i un cadru juridic

stabil. Mai jos sunt estimrile AREE pentru 2012 i

2013, n comparaie cu cele ale ANRE.

Romnia are anse mari nu doar s utilizeze parcurileeoliene pentru a genera electricitate, dar de asemenea

i s prote n calitate de constructor de parcuri

eoliene sau productor de componente pentru

alte ri, sau din oferirea de servicii de transport.

Lund n considerare potenialul su tehnologic i

de dezvoltare, Romnia ar trebui s se atepte la o

cretere n urmtorii ani, n domeniul fabricrii de

componente pentru centrale electrice mai mult dect

din unitile electro-tehnice complexe.

GE 34%

Vestas 31.5%

Gamesa 17.9%

Nordex 2%

Fuhrlander 0.9%

Suzlon 0.8 %

According to RWEA estimates, the forecast for

installed wind capacities is ambitious given the

current investment plans and needs to be backed

up by a signicant grid improvement plan, a clear

plan for the decommissioning of old, inefcient coalpower plants and a stable legal framework. The RWEA

estimates for 2012 and 2013 are compared with those

of the ANRE below.

Romania has a real opportunity not only to usewind farms to generate electricity, but also to reap

the benets of being a constructor of wind farms

and wind farm components for other countries, as

well as offering transport services. Given its current

technological and development possibilities, Romania

should expect growth over the coming years to

come in the area of manufacturing the construction

components of power plants rather than their complex

electrotechnical systems.

Cotele de pia ale celor mai importani productori deturbine eoliene i ale furnizorilor din RomniaMarket shares of the leading wind turbines manufacturersand suppliers in Romania

Sursa:AREE/Source:RWEA

Sursa:AR

EE/Source:RWEA


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5Cu o capacitate instalat de 1.200 MW la jumtatea

anului 2012, industria romneasc de energie eolian

este nc n curs de dezvoltare, dnd n acelai timp

semne de maturitate.

De la ultima ediie a acestui raport, AREE s-a ocupat

de modelarea legislaiei relevante, indicnd nevoile

industriei E-SRE i subliniind, n special, necesitatea

unui cadru juridic stabil, previzibil pentru investitorii

din domeniul energiei eoliene.

Ordonana de Urgen a Guvernului 88/2011 este

piesa nal a legislaiei primare pentru ca Legea 220 s

poat pe deplin aplicabil. Echipa AREE a contribuit

la mbuntirea aceastei ordonane de guvern din

momentul n care a fost emis pentru prima dat n

noiembrie 2011.

AREE salut modicarile introduse de prezenta lege

i consider c acesta este un prim pas spre crearea

unui mediu favorabil investitorilor. ntotdeauna va

loc pentru mbuntiri, anumite aspecte rmnnd

a claricate, dar n opinia AREE, perioada 2008-

2012 a demonstrat c n ciuda incertitudinilor, ctevacompanii foarte determinate au investit foarte mult

efort i bani n aceast pia n sperana obinerii unui

prot rezonabil. Aceste companii sunt deschiztorii de

drumuri care netezesc Romniei calea spre atingerea

obiectivelor propuse pentru anul 2020. Parcurile eoliene

operaionale din Romnia sunt deinute de ctre CEZ,

Enel Green Power, EDPR, GDF Suez, Monsson, precum i

de o serie de companii locale mai mici.

Acum, cnd piaa este mai experimentat i legislaia

corespunztoare este n vigoare, AREE se ateapt ca

nanrile s devin mai accesibile dect nainte, n

vedera susinerii dezvoltrii energiilor regenerabile.

AREE i-a propus o serie de proiecte pentru perioada

urmtoare, cum ar ntiinarea Comisiei Europene

despre noile dispoziii legale din Romnia i asupra

legislaiei secundare n special privind funcionarea

pieei intra-zilnice. n numele sectorului energiei

eoliene, AREE supravegheaz ecare detaliu din

legislaie, cunoscnd din experien ce impact uria

poate avea un concept defectuos pentru o decizie de

investiie. AREE i dorete ca investitorii s decid n

favoarea Romniei, pentru a ne bucura de o surs de

energie curat pe de-o parte i de taxe suplimentarepentru bugetul de stat, proiecte CSR mai mari i o

cretere a bugetelor comunitilor din zonele rurale, pe

de alt parte.

With an installed capacity of 1,200 MW as of mid-2012,

the Romanian wind energy industry is still emerging

while showing signs of maturity.

Since the last edition of this report, the RWEA has

been working to shape the relevant legislation, stating

the needs of the E-RES industry and in particular

highlighting the need for a stable, predictable legal

framework for wind energy investors.

Emergency Government Ordinance 88/2011 is the nal

piece of primary legislation needed in order for Law 220

to become fully applicable. The RWEA team has been

working to improve this government ordinance ever

since it was rst issued in November 2011.

The RWEA welcomes the changes introduced by this

law and considers it the rst step towards creating

an investor-friendly environment. There will always

be room for improvement, and some issues remain

to be claried, but in the RWEAs opinion the 2008-

2012 period has demonstrated that, despite all theuncertainties, a handful very determined companies

have invested a lot of effort and money into this market

with the hope of obtaining a reasonable return on

investmen. These companies are the pioneers that are

paving the way for Romania to achieve its 2020 targets.

The operational wind farms in Romania are owned by

CEZ, Enel Green Power, EDPR, GDF Suez, Monsson as

well as a number of smaller local players.

Now that the marked is more experienced and the

corresponding legislation is in place, the RWEA expects

nancing to become more accessible than before,

supporting the further development of renewables.

The RWEA has set itself a number of objectives for

the coming period, such as notifying the European

Commission of the new legal provisions in Romania

and following up with the secondary legislation and the

market regulations, especially in terms of the intraday

market. On behalf of the wind energy sector, the RWEA

keeps an eye on every comma in a regulation, having

learnt what a huge impact a faulty concept can have

for an investment decision. The RWEA wants investors

to decide in favour of Romania, so that Romania will be

able to enjoy a source of clean energy on the one handand additional taxes for the state budget, larger CSR

projects and increased local community budgets in rural

areas, on the other.

President, RWEA

INTE

RV

IEW


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Prevederi legale


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Prevederi legale / Legal Regulations

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Prezenta seciune trateaz o serie de aspecte juridice n

legtur cu investiiile n energie regenerabil din Romnia,

precum i din Uniunea European i cuprinde trei pri.

Primele dou pri expun reglementrile legislaieiromneti cu privire la regimul juridic al imobilelor, la

autorizaiile necesare i la legislaia de mediu aplicabile

construirii i operrii unei centrale de producere a

energiei electrice din surse regenerabile. Partea a treia

analizeaz dezvoltarea domeniului energiei regenerabile

n contextul mai larg al reglementrilor europene.

This section focuses on several legal aspects of

renewable energy investments in Romania, as well as

within the European Union, and consists of three parts.

The rst two parts deal with Romanian real estate,regulatory and environmental regulations applicable

to the construction and the operation of a renewable

energy plant. The third part places Romanian

renewable energy development within the larger

context of EU regulations.

1.1 Drepturile realenecesare pentru construireaunei centrale electricePrimul pas n implementarea unui proiect de investiii

pentru o central electric l reprezint obinerea

locaiei necesare amplasrii acesteia. Conform

dreptului romnesc, pentru construcia oricrei

capaciti energetice este necesar obinerea unei

autorizaii de construire. Aceast autorizaie de

construire se acord doar n baza unui drept real asupra

terenului pe care urmeaz a construit capacitatea

energetic. Astfel, investitorii care doresc s dezvolte

o central electric n Romnia, au n general dou

modaliti principale pentru dobndirea dreptului real

solicitat n vederea emiterii autorizaiei de construire,

respectiv (i) obinerea dreptului de proprietate asupra

terenului sau (ii) obinerea dreptului de supercie

asupra terenului, precum i alte drepturi reale cu privire

la teren, cum ar dreptul de uz, dreptul de servitute,

dreptul de uzufruct, etc.

1.1 Real rights required fordeveloping a renewableenergy plantThe rst stage when implementing an investment

project is obtaining the location for erecting the energy

plant. Under Romanian law, a building permit is needed

to build any facility for the production of energy. The

building permit is granted only if a specic real right to

the land on which the energy plant is to be erected is

proved. Under Romanian law there are generally two

main ways for investors to hold the specic in rem right

required for a building permit, namely (i) an ownership

title to the land or (ii) a supercies right to the land,

as well as other real rights to the land, such as right of

usage, right of easement, usufruct, etc.

1. Preparation of the investmentproject and construction of arenewable energy plant


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1.1.1 Dreptul de proprietate

Conform dreptului romnesc, titularul dreptului de

proprietate dispune de un drept absolut de a folosi

i de a dispune de proprietatea sa, fr limitare ntimp. Acest drept l include i pe acela de a edica n

subsolul, pe sau deasupra terenului construcii sau

orice alte structuri permanente sau temporare.

Dreptul de proprietate se dobndete de regul n

baza unui contract ncheiat pentru validitate n form

autentic. Cu toate acestea, dup nalizarea lucrrilor

cadastrale pentru ecare unitate administrativ

teritorial i deschiderea crilor funciare pentru

terenurile respective, dreptul de proprietate asupra

terenurilor nscrise n cartea funciar se va dobndi

att ntre pri, ct i fa de teri numai prin

nscrierea dreptului de proprietate n cartea funciarn baza contractului prin care s-a agreat transferul

dreptului de proprietate.

Dac n prezent dreptul de proprietate poate dovedit

prin orice nscris ce atest proprietatea, Codul Civil

prevede c dovada dreptului de proprietate asupra

imobilelor nscrise n cartea funciar, se va face cu

extrasul de carte funciar1.

Cu anumite excepii, dobndirea dreptului de

proprietate asupra terenurilor n Romnia este n

prezent limitat persoanelor zice sau juridice romne.

Cu toate acestea, ncepnd cu 1 ianuarie 2012, ceteniiunui stat membru UE nerezideni n Romnia, apatrizii

nerezideni n Romnia cu domiciliul ntr-un stat

membru UE, precum i persoanele juridice nerezidente

constituite n conformitate cu legislaia unui stat

membru UE, pot dobndi dreptul de proprietate asupra

terenurilor n Romnia pentru reedine secundare,

respectiv sedii secundare. Totui, obinerea dreptului

de proprietate asupra terenurilor agricole, pdurilor

i terenurilor forestiere este restricionat cetenilor

strini i persoanelor juridice strine pn la mplinirea

a 7 ani de la aderarea Romniei, deci pn la 1 ianuarie

2014. n ciuda acestor restricii, strinii pot deine

dreptul de proprietate asupra terenurilor n Romnia

prin intermediul societilor comerciale nregistrate de

acetia n Romnia.

1 Aceast prevedere va aplicabil doar dup ncheierea lucrrilorcadastrale pentru ecare unitate administrativ - teritorial.

1.1.1 Ownership right

The ownership right under Romanian law offers the

owner an absolute right to use, encumber and sell

the real property without limitation in time. This alsoincludes the right to build on the real property any

building or other type of structure, either permanent

or temporary.

The ownership right is usually established by way of

agreement executed in notarised form for validity

purposes. Nevertheless, after completion of cadastral

works for each administrative-territorial unit and

opening of Land Registers for relevant lands, the

ownership right to lands registered with the Land

Register shall be transferred between the parties, as

well as towards third parties, only upon registration

of the ownership right with the Land Register on thebasis of the agreement contemplating the transfer of

ownership right.

While currently an ownership right may be proved by

way of any attesting ownership documents, the Civil

Code provides that the proof of ownership right to real

estate subject to registration with the Land Register

shall be made with the excerpt from the Land Register1.

With some exceptions, direct access to ownership

right to lands is currently limited to Romanian

individuals or entities. Nevertheless, starting 1

January 2012, the foreign persons EU membersnatural or legal entities non-resident in Romania

may acquire the ownership rights to land in Romania

for secondary residences/ secondary head ofces.

However, with respect to the agricultural lands,

forests and forestry lands, the ownership right thereto

may be acquired by foreign citizens or legal entities

provided that a 7 year period has elapsed from the

completion of Romanias accession process, namely on

1 January 2014. Despite all restrictions, foreigners can

hold ownership title to lands in Romania through their

companies registered in Romania.

1 This provision shall be applicable only after completion of the cadas-tral works for each administrative-territorial unit.


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1.1.2 Dreptul de supercie

Dreptul de supercie const n: (i) dreptul de a avea sau

de a edica o construcie pe, deasupra sau n subsolul

terenului deinut n proprietate de o alt persoan; (ii)dreptul de proprietate asupra construciei i (iii) dreptul

de folosin asupra terenului pe care se a amplasat

construcia. Dreptul de supercie permite delimitarea

ntre dreptul de proprietate asupra terenului i dreptul

de proprietate asupra construciei ridicate pe, deasupra

sau n subsolul terenului proprietatea altei persoane.

Codul Civil limiteaz durata dreptului de supercie la

maximum 99 de ani, cu posibilitatea de prelungire.

Un drept de supercie se constituie de regul n baza

unui contract ncheiat, pentru validitate n form

autentic. Cu toate acestea, dup nalizarea lucrrilorcadastrale pentru ecare unitate administrativ


terenurile respective, dreptul de supercie asupra

terenurilor nscrise n cartea funciar se va dobndi

att ntre pri, ct i fa de teri numai prin nscrierea

dreptului n cartea funciar n baza contractului prin

care s-a constituit dreptul de supercie.

n ciuda similitudinilor dintre dreptul de supercie

i dreptul de proprietate, nu exist restricii impuse

strinilor cu privire la dobndirea unui drept de

supercie asupra terenurilor n Romnia.

1.1.2.1 Dreptul de supercie vs. dreptul de

folosin (locaiune)

Orice drept de supercie include dreptul de a folosi

suprafaa de teren ocupat de construcia amplasat

pe teren. Dac proprietarul unui teren acord unui ter

dreptul de folosin n baza unui contract de locaiune

ori n baza altei convenii, terului nu i va permis, din

punct de vedere legal, s construiasc pe acel teren.

Cu alte cuvinte, autoritile competente nu vor emite

autorizaia de construire n baza unui drept de folosin

obinut n baza unui contract de locaiune.

1.1.3 Uzufructul

Potrivit dreptului romnesc, uzufructul const n

dreptul cuiva de a se folosi de i a culege fructele

bunului ce aparine altei persoane, att timp ct prin

acestea nu se aduce atingere substanei bunului.

Uzufructul este un drept real asupra proprietii altuia,

limitat ca durat. Dreptul de uzufruct constituit n

favoarea unei persoane zice poate cel mult viager iar

cel constituit n favoarea unei persoane juridice poate

avea o durat de cel mult 30 de ani.

1.1.2 Supercies right

A supercies right consists of: (i) the right to have or to

erect a building on or under the land owned by another

person; (ii) the ownership right over the building; and(iii) the right to use the land pertaining to the building

(drept de folosinta). The supercies right allows for

delimitation between the ownership to the land and the

ownership to the building erected on or under the land

owned by somebody else.

The Civil Code limits the duration of a supercies right

to a maximum of 99 years, with a prolongation option.

A supercies right may be established by way of agreement

executed in notarised form for validity purposes, under

sanction of nullity. Nevertheless, after completion ofcadastral works for each administrative-territorial unit and

opening of Land Registers for relevant lands, the supercies

right to lands registered with the Land Register shall be

transferred between the parties, as well as towards third

parties, only upon registration of the supercies right

with the Land Register on the basis of the agreement

contemplating the establishment of the supercies right.

Despite all legal similarities between the supercies

right and the ownership right, foreigners are in no way

restricted from directly holding supercies rights to

lands in Romania.

1.1.2.1 Supercies right vs. right of use (lease)

Any supercies right includes a right of use over the plot

of land on which the building has been erected. If the

owner of a land grants to a third party only the right of

use through a letting/lease or other kind of agreement,

the third party will not be allowed from a legal point

of view to build any permanent structure on that land.

A third party whose right of use to the land is based

only on a letting/lease agreement will not be granted

permits to build on that land.

1.1.3 Usufruct

Pursuant to Romanian law, the usufruct is the legal right

to use and derive prot or benet from property that

belongs to another person, as long as the substance of

the property is preserved. The usufruct is a real right

of limited duration on the property of another. The

usufruct established in favour of a natural person may

have a maximum duration equal with the lifetime of the

usufructuary while the usufruct established in favour of a

legal person may have a duration of maximum 30 years.


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Titularul unui uzufruct, cunoscut i sub denumirea de

uzufructuar, are dreptul de a folosi i de a se bucura de

bun i de a obine prot din fructele bunului.

Uzufructul poate constituit prin convenie ncheiat,pentru validitate, n form autentic. Cu toate acestea,

dup nalizarea lucrrilor cadastrale pentru ecare

unitate administrativ teritorial i deschiderea

crilor funciare pentru terenurile respective, dreptul de

uzufruct asupra terenurilor nscrise n cartea funciar

se va dobndi att ntre pri, ct i fa de teri numai

prin nscrierea dreptului de uzufruct n cartea funciar

n baza contractului prin care s-a constituit.

Drepturile de uzufruct constituite nainte de 1

octombrie 2011 se sting prin neuz timp 30 de ani iar

drepturile de uzufruct constituite dup 1 octombrie

2011 odat cu intrarea n vigoare a noului Cod Civil, sesting prin neuz timp de 10 ani.

1.1.4 Drepturile convenionale i legale

de uz i de servitute

Dreptul de uz este similar celui de uzufruct, astfel cum

este descris la pct. 1.1.3. de mai sus. Titularul dreptului

de uz are dreptul de a folosi i de a se bucura de bunul

afectat, precum i dreptul de a culege fructele bunului

ns doar n limitele necesare lui i familiei sale.

Dreptul de servitute faciliteaz beneciarului dreptul

de acces pe proprietatea altei persoane, pentruasigurarea utilitii unui teren nvecinat, ce aparine

unui alt proprietar.

Pentru accesul la capacitatea energetic, n timpul i

dup nalizarea lucrrilor de construcie ori pentru

traseul reelelor electrice care traverseaz proprietatea

terilor, dezvoltatorul trebuie s dein drept de

servitute pe terenurile afectate de cile de acces sau de

reelele electrice.

Constituirea servituilor de trecere este valabil doar

dac beneciarul obine n acest scop un certicat de

urbanism (pentru detalii a se vedea pct. 1.3.6 de mai

jos). Drepturile de servitute constituite nainte de 1

octombrie 2011 se sting prin neuz timp de 30 de ani,

n timp ce drepturile de servitute constituite dup 1

octombrie 2011 se sting prin neuz timp de 10 ani.

n funcie de stadiul de dezvoltare a centralei eletrice,

dreptul de uz i de servitute pot constituite (i) prin

ncheierea unui contract n form autentic sau (ii) n

baza legii. Cu toate acestea, dup nalizarea lucrrilor

cadastrale pentru ecare unitate administrativ


The holder of a usufruct, also known as the usufructuary,

has the right to use and enjoy the property, as well as the

right to receive prots from the fruits of the property.

A usufruct may be established by an agreement executedin notarised form for validity purposes. Nevertheless, after

completion of cadastral works for each administrative-

territorial unit and opening of land registers for relevant

lands, the usufruct to lands registered with the Land

Register shall be transferred between the parties, as well as

towards third parties, only upon registration of the usufruct

right with the Land Register on the basis of the agreement

contemplating the establishment of the usufruct right.

The usufruct rights established before 1 October 2011

extinguish for 30 years of non-use while the usufruct

rights established after 1 October 2011, once with the

entry into force of the new Civil Code, extinguish for 10years of non-use.

1.1.4 Conventional and statutory right

of usage and easements

The right of usage is quite similar to the usufruct as

described under point 1.1.3 above. The holder of the right of

usage has the right to use and enjoy the affected property,

as well as the right to receive prots from the fruits of the

property within the limits required for himself and his family.

The easement right enables the beneciary to have access

to the property held by another person, aimed to ensurethe utility of a neighbouring land held in ownership by a

different person.

For access to the energy plant during and after the

nalisation of the construction works or for the route

of the electric cables that cross third parties properties,

the investor must hold rights of easement to the lands

crossed by the access ways or the cables.

The establishment of passage easements is valid only if

the beneciary obtains rst an urbanism certicate (for

details please see point 1.3.6 below). The easement rights

established prior to 1 October 2011 extinguish for 30

years of non-use while the easement rights established

after 1 October 2011, once with the entry into force of the

new Civil Code, extinguish for 10 years of non-use.

Depending on the stage of development of the renewable

energy plant, the rights of usage or the easements may be

established (i) by executing a private notarised agreement

or (ii) by virtue of law. Nevertheless, after completion of

cadastral works for each administrative-territorial unit

and opening of land registers for relevant lands, the


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terenurile respective, drepturile convenionale de uz i de

servitute asupra terenurilor nscrise n cartea funciar se

vor dobndi att ntre pri, ct i fa de teri numai prin

nscrierea dreptului de uz, respectiv de servitute n cartea

funciar n baza contractelor prin care s-au constituitaceste drepturi.

n funcie de stadiul de dezvoltare al capacitii

energetice, se va face distincie ntre perioada de timp

cuprins pn la obinerea autorizaiei de ninare i

perioada de timp ulterioar obinerii autorizaiei de

ninare. nainte de obinerea autorizaiei de ninare,

dezvoltatorul poate benecia de drepturile de uz i

servitute doar n baza unui contract n form autentic

ncheiat cu proprietarul terenului afectat. Dezvoltatorul

poate benecia prin lege de drepturile menionate doar

dup obinerea autorizaiei de ninare.

Menionm c n funcie de regimul juridic al terenurilor

ce vor afectate de traseul reelelor electrice, nainte

de obinerea autorizaiei de ninare trebuie urmrite

anumite proceduri speciale de securizare a terenurilor

afectate de reelele electrice.

Drepturile de uz i de servitute acordate n baza legii

sunt prevzute n Legea energiei electrice i a gazelor

naturale nr. 123/20122(Legea Energiei), ce acord

dezvoltatorului drepturi de uz i servitute asupra

terenurilor aate n vecintatea capacitilor energetice.

Dreptul de uz acordat n baza Legii Energiei se exercit pedurata necesar executrii de lucrri n vederea realizrii,

relocrii, desinrii, sau retehnologizrii capacitii

energetice, ct i pentru intervenii n caz de avarie.

Drepturile de servitute legale pot de trecere subteran,

de suprafa sau aerian pentru instalarea, respectiv

desinarea reelelor electrice sau altor echipamente

aferente centralei electrice, precum i pentru acces la

locul de amplasare al acestora.

Drepturile de uz i servitute asupra proprietilor statului

i ale unitilor administrativ-teritoriale afectate de

centrale electrice se realizeaz cu titlu gratuit pe toat

durata existenei acestora, n timp ce pentru exercitarea

drepturilor de uz i servitute asupra terenurilor aate

n proprietate privat, Legea Energiei prevede reguli

speciale, detaliate la pct. 1.1.4.1. de mai jos.

2 Legea energiei electrice i a gazelor naturale nr. 123/2012, publicat

n Monitorul Ocial, Partea I, nr. 485, din data de 16 iulie 2012 i intrat nvigoare la 19 iulie 2012

conventional right of usage and easement rights to lands

registered with the Land Register shall be transferred

between the parties, as well as towards third parties, only

upon registration of the rights with the Land Register

on the basis of the agreements contemplating theestablishment of the right of usage and easement right.

Depending on the stage of development of the energy

plant, distinction should be made between the

period prior to obtaining the setting-up authorisation

and the period after obtaining the setting-up

authorisation. Prior to obtaining the setting-up

authorisation, the developer may benet from the

right of usage or easements only by executing private

notarised agreements. The developer may benet by

virtue of law from the mentioned rights only after

obtaining the setting-up authorisation.

Depending on the legal status of lands to be affected

by the route of the electric cables, before obtaining

the setting up authorization, certain specic

authorization procedures for securing said affected

lands should be observed.

The rights of usage and the easements granted by virtue

of law are regulated by Law no. 123/2012 on energy

and natural gas2(the Energy Law), which grants the

developer certain rights of usage or easements over

plots of land surrounding the energy plant.

The right of usage granted on the basis of Energy Lawmay be exercised during the period required for the

erection, relocation, dismantling or modernization

of the energy capacity, as well as for interventions

in case of damage. The statutory easements may be

underground, terrestrial or aerial passage easements

required for installing and removing electric cables and

other equipments belonging to the energy plant, as well

as for access to their location.

Such rights affecting land owned by the State and local

authorities are granted free-of-charge during the entire

lifespan of the energy plant, while those affecting third

owners properties follow specic rules stipulated by

Energy Law, as detailed under point 1.1.4.1 below.

2 Law no. 123/2012 on energy and natural gas, published in the Roma-

nian Ofcial Gazette no. 485 of 16 July 2012 and entered into force on 19July 2012.


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1.1.4.1. Exercitarea drepturilor de uz i servitute

asupra terenurilor aate n proprietatea privat

a terilor, astfel cum este reglementat n Legea

Energiei i n Hotrrea de Guvern nr. 135/ 2011

n vederea stabilirii termenilor i condiiilor n care

dezvoltatorul poate exercita drepturile legale de uz i

servitute, proprietarii terenurilor afectate de aceste

drepturi pot solicita dezvoltatorului s ncheie convenia-

cadru, astfel cum este aprobat n anexa la Hotrrea de

Guvern nr. 135/20113(HG 135). Durata conveniei va

acoperi de principiu, att perioada necesar executrii

centralei electrice, ct i perioada ulterioar de

ntreinere i funcionare a centralei electrice.

n toate cazurile n care se vor ncheia astfel de

convenii, cuantumul maxim al indemnizaiei la care

sunt ndreptii proprietarii n schimbul afectriiterenurilor se va stabili prin negociere de ctre pri,

cel mult la nivelul chiriei minime pe m 2stabilite

de ctre administraia public local n a crei raz

teritorial se a terenul pentru folosina unui teren

din aceeai categorie i se calculeaz numai pentru

suprafaa de teren ce urmeaz a efectiv afectat de

exercitarea drepturilor de uz i servitute. n situaia n

care la nivelul administraiei publice locale n a crei

raz teritorial se a terenul nu exist stabilit un

nivel al chiriei minime pe m2, cuantumul indemnizaiei

va determinat de ctre un evaluator autorizat n

condiiile legii, ales de comun acord de ctre pri, al

crui onorariu va acoperit de ctre dezvoltator.

Pe lng indemnizaie, proprietarii terenurilor afectate

de exercitarea drepturilor de uz i servitute vor

despgubii pentru prejudiciile cauzate de realizarea

centralei electrice, prejudicii ce vor evaluate avndu-

se n vedere anumite criterii (e.g. suprafaa de teren

afectat de lucrrile prevzute n convenie; tipurile de

culturi i plantaii existente pe terenul afectat la data

ncheierii conveniei; valoarea produciei afectate de

lucrrile efectuate de dezvoltator; etc.).

Vor benecia de indemnizaii, respectiv de despgubiri

i proprietarii terenurilor afectate de exercitarea

drepturilor de uz i de servitute care la data intrrii

n vigoare a Legii Energiei aveau n derulare convenii

privind exercitarea acestor drepturi reale ncheiate n

condiiile legii.

3 Hotrrea de Guvern nr 135/2011 pentru aprobarea regulilorprocedurale privind condiiile i termenii referitori la durata, coninutul ilimitele de exercitare a drepturilor de uz i servitute asupra proprietilorprivate afectate de capacitile energetice, a conveniei-cadru, precum i

a regulilor procedurale pentru determinarea cuantumului indemnizaiilori a despgubirilor si a modului de plat a acestora, publicat n MonitorulOcial al Romniei, partea I, nr. 236, din 05 aprilie2011.

1.1.4.1 Exercise of rights of usage and

easements over third owners properties,

as provided under the Energy Law and

Governmental Decision no. 135/2011

In order to set the terms and conditions under which the

developer may exercise the statutory rights of usage and

easements, the owners of affected lands may request

the developer to execute the framework agreement as

approved in the annex to Governmental Decision No.

135/20113(GD 135). The duration of the agreement will

cover, in principle, the necessary period required to erect

the energy plant, as well as the necessary period required

for the maintenance and operation of the energy plant.

In all cases where agreements will be executed, the

maximum amount of compensation to be paid to the

owners is to be established by the parties, but not higherthan the level of minimum rent established by the local

scal authority per sqm of land having the same category,

and shall be calculated only for the surface of land

directly affected by the rights of usage and easement

rights. Where no minimum rent is established by the local

scal authority, the amount of compensation is to be

determined by an authorised expert chosen by the parties

and paid by the developer.

Besides the compensation, the owners of lands

affected will be indemnied for any damages caused

by the energy plant, damages to be determined with

consideration to a series of criteria (e.g. the surface

of land affected by the works agreed upon under

the agreement; the types of culture and plantation

existing on the affected land at the execution date of

the agreement; the value of production affected by the

works performed by the developer; etc.).

The owners of the lands affected by the rights of usage

and easement rights, that have ongoing agreements

regarding the exercise of these rights upon the entry

into force of Energy Law, shall also benet from said

indemnities and compensation.

3 Government Decision no. 135/2011 for the approval of the proceduralrules on conditions and terms of duration, content and limits of rights ofusage and easement rights over private properties affected by energy ca-pacities, the framework agreement, as well as for determining the amount

of compensations and indemnities and the payment method thereof,published in the Romanian Ofcial Gazette no. 236 of 5 April 2011.


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In case of an ongoing agreement between the parties,

pursuant to GD 135 and the Energy Law, the owners of

the affected lands have the option to request for a new

contract observing the form and content of the agreement

approved by GD 135 to be executed with the developer.According to Article 16 (7) of the Energy Law, the developer

is bound to execute the agreement no later than 30 days

after the request addressed by the owners of affected

lands. However, neither GD 135 nor the Energy Law provide

(i) a sanction in case developers do not reply to the land

owners request or do not agree on the amendment of

the already in-force agreement, respectively (ii) if a legal

deadline is to be met by the land owners in order to request

the conclusion of the agreement.

1.2 Romanian land register

systemIn relation to the real rights on real property in

Romania, opposability/transfer of said rights is

also important.

Under the current Land Register system any

establishment, transfer or limitation of rights

pertaining to real property is generally effective

between the parties upon signing the underlying

agreement (e.g.the transfer deed). The lack of

registration following execution of a transfer deed

does not prevent ownership transfer or establishment

of other real rights; however, this transfer will not beopposable towards third parties until registration with

the Land Register.

The statutory easement rights and the rights of usage

granted on the basis of Energy Law are opposable

towards third parties without being required

registration with the Land Register.

The Romanian Land Register system will face some

changes in the future. Pursuant to the Civil Code, the

entries in the Land Register will have a constitutive

effect and real rights will not be transferred prior to

their legal registration with the Land Register. Rights

will rank according to the date, hour and minute of their

registration applications4.

4 These provisions of the Civil Code will apply only to those agreementsexecuted /rights established after the entry into force of the new CivilCode, namely after 1 October 2011, and only after the completion of the

cadastral works for each administrative-territorial unit and registration ofthe lands with the Land Registers.

n cazul existenei un contract deja ncheiat ntre pri,

conform HG 135 i Legii Energiei, proprietarii terenurilor

afectate au opiunea de a solicita ncheierea unui nou

contract, care s aib forma i coninutul conveniei

anexate HG 135. Conform art. 16 alin. 7 din LegeaEnergiei, dezvoltatorii sunt obligai s procedeze la

ncheierea conveniei-cadru n termen de maximum

30 de zile de la solicitarea proprietarilor. Cu toate

acestea, att HG 135 ct i Legea Energiei nu prevd (i)

o sanciune n cazul n care dezvoltatorii nu rspund

cererii proprietarilor de terenuri, sau nu sunt de acord

cu modicrile contractului care este deja n vigoare,

respectiv (ii) un termen legal n cadrul creia proprietarii

de terenuri pot solicita ncheierea contractului.

1.2 Sistemul de carte

funciar n RomniaOpozabilitatea/ transferul drepturilor reale asupra

imobilelor n Romnia este strns legat de sistemul

crii funciare.

Sub actualul sistem al crii funciare, orice constituire,

transfer sau limitare a drepturilor cu privire la

imobile opereaz ntre pri, ca regul, prin semnarea

contractului, respectiv a actului de transfer. Lipsa

nregistrrii ulterioare a acestor contracte sau acte

de transfer nu mpiedic transferul dreptului de

proprietate sau constituirea altor drepturi reale; cu

toate acestea, cu anumite excepii, un astfel de transfersau constituire de drepturi nu va opozabil terilor

dect n momentul nregistrrii n cartea funciar.

Drepturile de uz i de servitute acordate n baza Legii

Energiei, avnd caracter legal, sunt opozabile terilor

fr necesitatea nscrierii acestora n cartea funciar.

n viitor sistemul crii funciare va suferi o serie de

modicri. Potrivit Codului Civil, nscrierile n cartea

funciar vor avea efect constitutiv de drepturi, n sensul

n care drepturile reale asupra imobilelor nscrise n

cartea funciar se vor dobndi, att ntre pri ct

i fa de teri, numai prin nscrierea lor n cartea

funciar. nscrierile n cartea funciar i vor produce

efectele de la data nregistrrii cererilor, inndu-se ns

cont de data, ora i minutul nregistrrii acestora4.

4 Prevederile Codului Civil se vor aplica doar acelor contracte ncheiate/drepturi constituite dup intrarea n vigoare a noului Cod Civil, respectivdup 1 octombrie 2011, i doar dup ce lucrrile cadastrale vor ncheiate

pentru ecare unitate administrativ-teritorial i crile funciare vor fostdeschise pentru terenurile n cauz.


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1.3 Situaii care ar puteampiedica/ntrzia proiectulde investiie

1.3.1 Proprietatea public

Conform dreptului romnesc, imobilele deinute de

stat i unitile administrativ-teritoriale se mpart n

dou categorii: imobile aate n proprietate public,

cele care aparin domeniului public i imobile aate n

proprietate privat, ce aparin domeniului privat.

Importana de a ti n care dintre aceste categorii este

inclus terenul necesar pentru co

Documents

Horwath & Schonherr - 2012