How to make logical inference?

Reading ComprehensionReading Comprehension

Where there is a way, there is road there is a TOYOTA.

What can you conclude( 得出结论） from the advertisement?

解释：一是表明了质量之高，广告词没有直接宣传产品的质量，而是用销量之大来表明；销量之大也不是用数量直接表明，而是用路来间接表明；二是表明了车的适应性强，“有路必有丰田车”，隐含着不管什么路，丰田车都可以纵横驰骋，往来自如；三是表现出很强的自信心，两个“必有”，语气坚定，给人可以信赖的感觉。

A TOYOTA is of high quality.B TOYOTA adapts to all kinds of environment.C TOYOTA is full of confidence.D TOYOTA is seen everywhere.E All of above.

types of inferenceInference based on certain details or facts

Inference based on logical relationship of the context

Inference based on the author’s opinions or attitudes

→ 推理判断题是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，作出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。

→ 推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求我们在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。→ 推理判断题问句中常含有infer ， imply ， suggest ， conclude ， learn (from) ， intend ， mean ， describe ， purpose 等词，或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如can ， could ， might ， would 等和其他表示可能性的词，如 probably ， most likely 等。

1.We can infer( 推断 )from the passage that ___

What can be inferred from the fact that…____?.

2.The story suggests( 暗示 )that _______ .

3.We can conclude( 得出结论 )from the passage that ____ .

4.Which of the following might happen later ?

5.From the passage we can tell / learn ______ .

6.We learn from …that…_______?

7.What …would probably…_____.

Question forms:

Key point: 意思要靠推断得出，而不是从原文照搬

Inference based on certain details or facts1)Inference about data

EX(1) Family RailcardFor ＄ 20 this railcard allows you to take a second adult and up to 4 children for only ＄ 3 each when you buy single or return tickets. You can travel as often as you like until the card becomes out of date.

Q: A man bought himself a ticket of ＄ 15 and three tickets for his family with a family railcard. How much did he pay?

A. ＄ 44 B. ＄ 29 C. ＄ 24 D. ＄ 15

allows you to take a second adult and up to 4 children for only ＄ 3 each

15+3x3

2) Inference about details

Tokyo ： Three snakes, whose poison could kill a person in ten minutes, are guarding a blue star sapphire （蓝宝石） worth nearly six hundred dollars at a Japanese exhibition of jewels sent from an Indian museum. “Normally it would be forbidden to let these poisonous snakes guard exhibition objects, but it’s different this time because the jewels are being exhibited at a hotel,” a police official said.

Q: The jewels was being shown in ______ A. an Indian hotel B. an Indian museum C. a Japanese hotel D. a Japanese museum

Ex(2)

Four passengers were killed and 39 others injured early Sunday after a bus traveling south on Beijing-Zhuhai Freeway broke through a guardrail and fell off a cliff.Traffic police in Shaoguan City, south China's Guangdong Province, said the bus carried 43 passengers. It set off from Nanyang, a city in central China's Henan Province, at 10 a.m. Saturday headed for Dongguan in Guangdong. All the passengers were residents from Zhenping County in Nanyang City. The accident happened around 3:46 a.m. Sunday when the driver attempted to avoid hitting an unidentified object in front of the bus. You can click the link and watch the video to know more about the accident.

Where is this passage taken from?

A.Newspaper

B. Magazine C. Website D. TV news

Ex (3)

Humans have a very varied diet. We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us. In countries such as France and Britain, people eat foods with too much sugar. This makes them overweight, which is bad for their health. Eating too much red meat and animal products, such as butter, can also be bad for the health. Choosing the right food, therefore, has become an area of study in modem life.

Q: We can learn from the paragraph that______.A. food is chosen for a good reasonB. French and British food is goodC. some people have few choices of foodD. some people care little about healthy diet

Ex(4)

利用句子之间承接与转换关系推断

Now and again I have had horrible dreams, but not enough of them make me lose my delight in dreams. …….Most people do not seem to accept dreaming as part of their lives. They appear to see it as an annoying little habit, like sneezing ( 打喷嚏 ). I can never understand this. My dream life does not seem as important as my waking life because there is far less of it, but to me it is important.Q: What is the author’s attitude toward dreaming?

A.He likes it B. He thinks it puzzling.

C. He used to like it D. He dislikes it

例 1

Inference based on logical relationship of the context

例（ 2 ）抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理

After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the day. The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day. Q: The text suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you _____. A. suffer from poor health B. feel tired and nervous C. dream more often D. breathe quickly

Inference based on the author’s opinions or attitudes

•What’s the author’s main point?•The author seems to agree that_________•In the author’s opinion,________•According to the author,________•This author’s attitude towards …. can best be described as______

Questions forms:

•The author’s main purpose in writing this paragraph is to____.•The tone of this passage is best described as_________

We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programmers is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price!

1 ）注意仔细琢磨作者表达情感和态度的用词方式

Q: The attitude of the author toward advertisers is A. appreciative. B. trustworthy. C. critical. D. dissatisfactory.

Ex(1)

2 ）注意作者对事件下的结论

Ex (2)Why isn’t your newspaper reporting any good news ？ All I read about is murder ， bribery （行贿）， and death ． Frankly ，I’m sick of all this bad news ．This author’s attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to ______ ． A ． complain B ． apologize C ． amuse D ． inform

Ex(3)That poor doctor just couldn’t get my gloves off. Each time he took a step towards me, I broke into painful shouting. the doctor began to stitch( 缝合 ) my head wound, not only did he merrily （快乐地） cut off a long lock of my hair, but used no anaesthetic( 麻药 ) either!

What did the writer think of the doctor?A. friendly.B. cruel.C. hardworking.D. kind

巩固练习Challenge

yourself

(1) Did you ever hear a strange sound coming from the wall? Did it sound like a clock? If so, it may have been made by a beetle. Long ago people thought the ticking meant that someone was about to die. Thus the beetle is called "the deathwatch beetle."

Q: The sound of this beetle ________.A. pleased people. B. surprised people. C. frightened people. D. excited people.

(2) Living in a residence hall （学生宿舍） carries certain obligation. （义务） You have to be considerate of others, especially during study hours. Telephone calls and visits by friends should be short. You have to cooperate in keeping the room as sanitary （卫生） as possible. It is sometimes hard to be tolerant （容忍的） of another person’s habits that may differ from your own.

Q: From this passage, we learn that if you live in a dormitory you must learn to be tolerant of_____?A)Your roommate’s telephone calls B) Habits that may differ from your ownC) Visits by your roommate’s friends D) Roommates who are unsanitary

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(3) “The bedding industry says a bed should be six inches larger than the person using it , so even a king –size bed at 6′6 〞 bed (6 feet and 6 inches) is falling short 25℅of men, while the standard 6′3 〞 bed caters for less than half of the male population,” said TPCGB president Phil Heinricy,“Seven-foot beds would work fine.” Similarly, restaurant tables can cause no end of problems.Small tables, which mean the long-legged have to sit a foot or so away from them,are enough to make tall customers go elsewhere.61.Which of the following might be a bed of proper length

according to Phil Heinricy? A.7′2 〞 B.7′C.6′6 〞 D.6′3 〞62.What may happen to the restaurants with small tables?A They may lose some customers.B They may start businesses elsewhere.C They have to find easy chairs to match the tables.D They have to provide enough space for the long-legged.

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(4) Father ChristmasWe’re looking for a very special person, preferably over40 ,to fill our Father Christmas suit,Working days:Every Saturday from November 24 to December 15 and every day from December 17to December24 except Sundays,10:30-16:00 Excellent pay.Please contact(联系） the Enterprise Shopping Centre,StationParade,Eastboume.

68.We learn form the ads that the the Enterprise Shopping Centre,Station needs a person who________.A is aged between 24 and 40B may do some training workC should deal with general dutiesD can work for about a month

______________________________________________

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(5) Software TrainerIf you are aged 24-25 and have experience in teaching and training ,you could be the person we are looking for.You should be good at the computer and have some experience in programme writing .You will be allowed to make your own decisions ,and to design courses as well as present them.Pay upwards of ＄ 15000 for the right person .Please apply by sending your CV（简历） to Mrs R Oglivie,Palmlace Limited.

70 What kind of person would probably apply to Palmlace Limited?A One with GCSE grade C levelB One with some office experience.C One having good copmuter knowledge.D One trained in producing music programmes.

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     • 正确答案选项的特点 （ 1）正确答案一般其内容的含义比较丰富，更加具有综合性和概括性，尤其是当四个选项都符合常识或者题目意思的时候，意义最丰富的那个选项往往是正确答案； （ 2 ）正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，不会用绝对词汇，而会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably 等；

• （ 3 ）正确答案有的时候反而是与我们通过常识判断得出的结论是相反的。因此，如果四个选项中有三个看上去与常识的判断相符，而余下的那一个却是反常识的，那么那个选项往往是正确答案。  

• 干扰答案选项的特点• 1）只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把

直接表达当成间接推理； • （ 2 ）看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与

原文不符，例如把原文的原因变成了选项中的结果，把原文的手段变成了选项中的目的；

• 3 ）根据常识判断是正确的，然而不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上推理而得出的观点，因此，同学们要注意不能根据自己的主观想法或生活经验去推理，因为命题者考查的是考生揣摩作者意图的能力；

• （ 4 ）虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为推理依据，但推理过头、概括过度；

• （ 5 ）有部分选项的内容纯属编造。

homework

•Do the comprehension exercises on page 31and43.