HSG Presentation

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ROLE OF HAND SANITIZERS

IN INFECTION CONTROL AMONG HEALTH CARE

WORKERS (HCWs)

SKP PHARMA LTD.5, Vori Close, off Acme Road, Ogba, Lagos.

To be presented by:

OKE, MUSHAFAU ADEBAYO



INTRODUCTION

Hospital-associated infections represent a serious and growing health problem. (Harley et. al., 1985)

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)estimates that approx. 2 million people acquire hospital-

associated infections each year and that approx. 90 000 of thesepatients die as a result of their infections. (Zerr, et. al. 2005)

Healthcare workers carry antibiotic-resistant bacteria, fungi, and viruses on their hands and act as a vector of transmission.( http://www.med.yale.edu/ynhh/infection/presentations/slide3.html )

The CDC and many other experts promote hand hygiene as thesingle most important measure in the prevention of hospital-associated infections. (Boyce and Pitter, 2002)

http://www.med.yale.edu/ynhh/infection/presentations/slide3.html




Hand Hygiene has 2 major components which are:

Handwashing - removal of microorganisms (germs) with(ordinary) soap and water.

Hand Antisepsis - removal or destruction of microorganismsusing an antimicrobial soap or an alcohol-based hand rub.

Despite the evidence and expert opinion supporting hand

hygiene, many studies have shown that health care workersperform it approx. 50% of the times they should. (Zerr, et. al. 2005)

Barriers to HCW hand hygiene compliance:

lack of time skin damage that accompanies frequent washing with soap

and water.



What are hand sanitizers? alcohol-containing preparations designed for application to

the hands for reducing the number of viable microorganismson the hands. (CDC, 2002).

They are used for avoiding the transmission of pathogens.

supplements or alternatives to hand washing with soap and

water. (FDA, 2009).

Types

Various preparations are available, including gel, foam, andliquid solutions.

Active Ingredients

isopropanol, ethanol, n-propanol, or povidone-iodine.



Inactive Ingredients

a thickening agent such as polyacrylic acid for alcohol gels,

humectants such as glycerin for liquid rubs,

propylene glycol, and essential oils of plants.

Antimicrobial Activity

antimicrobial activity of alcohols can be attributed to theirability to denature proteins (Larson and Morson, 1991) and possibly by dissolving membrane lipids (Prescott et. al., 2002).

Alcohol solutions containing 60% – 95% alcohol are most

effective, higher concentrations are less potent because proteins are

not denatured easily in the absence of water ( Larson and Morson, 1991 ).



Alcohol-based hand gels address the barriers to HCW hand

hygiene compliance:

they require a fraction of the time for effective hand washing (Mody et. al., 2003)

they are less damaging to the skin than soap and water. (Boyce

et. al., 2000)

more effective in killing many microorganisms (Larson et. al., 2001)

Studies have demonstrated increased frequency of hand hygieneand decreased frequency of hospital-associated infections with

provision of alcohol hand gels in the context of institution- widehand hygiene campaigns. (Zerr, et. al., 2005)



Spectrum of Activity

Bacteria and Fungi:

germicidal activity against gram-positive and gram-negative vegetative bacteria

multidrug-resistant pathogens (e.g., MRSA ( Methicillin-

resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and VRE ( Vancomycin-resistant

Enterococci) )

Mycobacterium tuberculosis , and various fungi

(Price (1939, 1938); Sakuragi et. al., 1995; Kampf et. al., 1999.)

very poor activity against bacterial spores, protozoanoocysts, and certain non-enveloped (nonlipophilic) viruses.(Coulthard and Sykes, 1936)



Spectrum of Activity (contd.)

Viruses:

herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus[HIV], influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and

vaccinia virus)

Hepatitis B and C are susceptible to 60-70% alcohol.

rotavirus, adenovirus and rhinovirus are susceptible to 60-70% ethanol and 70% isopropanol .

Hepatitis A and some enteroviruses are susceptible to 70-80% ethanol.

(Platt and Bucknall, 1985; Krilov and Harkness, 1993; Sattar et al, 2001)



Effects on skin

rapidly germicidal when applied to the skin. However,

regrowth of the normal skin flora occurs slowly after use (Lilly

et. al., 1979).

the drying effect of alcohol on the skin can be reduced oreliminated by adding 1% – 3% glycerol or other skin-

conditioning agents (Walter, 1965).

Alcohol-based sanitizers vs. ordinary/antimicrobial

soaps

an alcohol-based rinse can prevent pathogen transmissionmore effectively than can handwashing with plain soap and

water when the hands of HCWs are heavily contaminated.(Ehrenkranz and Alfonso, 1991)



Alcohol-based sanitizers vs. ordinary/antimicrobial

soaps (contd.)

alcohol-based products reduced the number of multidrug-resistant pathogens recovered from the hands of HCWs moreeffectively than did handwashing with plain soap and water(Huang et al, 1994).

alcohol reduced bacterial counts on hands more than washing hands with antimicrobial soaps or detergents(containing hexachlorophene, povidone- iodine, 4%chlorhexidine, or triclosan) (Casewell et al, 1988)

alcohol-based rinses or gels containing emollients causedsubstantially less skin irritation and dryness than the soaps orantimicrobial detergents tested (Boyce et al, 2000).



How to use Apply enough of the product to the palm of your hand to wet

your hands completely. Rub your hands together, covering all surfaces until they are

dry.

around the fingernails,

between the fingers, on the back of the thumb,

and around the wrist

If your hands are visibly dirty, however, wash with soap and

water. [CDC, 2002 and Mayo Clinic, 2009 ]



When to Use For HCW

Before entering a patient’s room

After contact with a patient After removing gloves

( http://www.med.yale.edu/ynhh/infection/presentations/slide15.html )

Others

Before: preparing food, eating, treating wounds or giving medicine,

touching a sick or injured person,

inserting or removing contact lenses

After

preparing food (especially raw meat or poultry), using the toilet,changing a diaper, touching an animal or animal toys, leashes or waste, blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing into your hands,treating wounds, touching a sick or injured person, handling garbage or something that could be contaminated, such as acleaning cloth or soiled shoes. [Mayo Clinic, 2009)





Religious Concerns

Alcohol is considered haraam, or forbidden, in

Islamic tradition However, some Islamic scholars and The Muslim

Council of Britain state that the alcohol in handsanitizer used as medicine is halal, or permissible[islamonline.net, 2009]

because protection against disease is among the aims thatMuslims are commanded to pursue, so it is permissible totouch [islamonline.net, 2009]

the alcohol in hand sanitizer evaporates and is notabsorbed significantly through the skin so it cannotcause intoxication.[(http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/

PMC1803104/ ) ]



SKP HAND

SANITIZER GEL Active ingredient: isopropyl alcohol 62%

Other ingredients:

• water

•glycerine

• propylene glycol

•fragrance

•triethanolamine

•carbopol 940

•acetate

•isopropyl myristate



SKP HAND SANITIZER GEL

Features and Benefits

•kills up to 99.9% of common germs that can

be transmitted by contaminated hands.

•It is easy to use and dries quickly after rubbingfor at least 15 seconds.

• provides a better skin tolerance and microbial

killing strength when compared to antiseptic

soaps.

•It is a viable alternative to hand washing with

soap especially where there is no water or use

of water may not be appropriate.



SKP HAND SANITIZER GEL

Features and Benefits•First to be registered by NAFDAC in

Nigeria

•Portable (Different sizes -60ml and

120ml)

•Lemon fragrance

•Cheaper than imported brands

•Made in USA

• Availability



Available

@ Momrota Pharmacy, Oke Oyi & General, Ilorin.

Ayo Pharmacy, Oke Oyi & Amilegbe, Ilorin.

Mojlat Pharmacy, Lajorin Road, Muritala, Ilorin.

Food & Nut Stores, Taiwo Road, Ilorin.

Martrite Supermarket, GRA, Ilorin (very soon).

Pharmacy outlets and supermarkets in Lagos &Port-Harcourt.



We are hopeful that the managementand staff of this hospital will adopt

SKP Hand Sanitizer Gel in their effort

to promote hand hygiene as part of theimproved infection control measures.



S/N

o Product

Name Active Ingredients Intended Purpose

1 Glucotin DS

Caps Glucosamine,

chondroitin,

calcium, vitamin D. Special formula for healthy joints and

building block for joint and cartilage. Effective management of osteoarthritis.

2 Calcifer

Caps Iron, folic acid, calcium,

vit. B12, vit. D,

magnesium,

manganese, etc.

Amino acid Chelated calcium and iron for

maximum absorption. Supplement for strong bones and rich blood. Effective for anaemia and osteoporosis.

3 Osteoforte

Caps Calcium, vit. D, zinc,

manganese, etc. For strong, healthy bones and active life.

Other SKP Pharma Products



REFERENCES

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Zerr, DM, Garrison, MM, Allpress, AL, Heath, J and Christakis, DA. (2005). Infection control policies and hospital-associated infections among surgical patients: variability and associations in a multicenter pediatric setting. PEDIATRICS Vol. 115 No. 4

( http://www.med.yale.edu/ynhh/infection/presentations/slide3.html ) accessed 04/08/2011.

Boyce J, Pittet D, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the Healthcare InfectionControl Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002;51(RR-16):1 – 56.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings: Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. MMWR 2002;51(No. RR- 16):[inclusive page numbers].

"Tentative Final Monograph for Health-Care Antiseptic Drug Products; Proposed Rule" (http:/ / www. fda. gov/ OHRMS/ DOCKETS/ ac/ 05/ briefing/ 2005-4184B1_01_16-FDA-TAB15. pdf). Federal Register 21 CFR Parts 333 and 369 (United States Federal Government) 74 (56): 12613 – 12617. March 2009.

Larson EL, Morton HE. Alcohols [Chapter 11]. In: Block SS, ed. Disinfection,

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Prescott, l.M., Harley, J and Klein, D.A. (2002). Microbiology . 5th ed. The McGraw-Hill Companies. P. 147.

Mody L, McNeil SA, Sun R, Bradley SF, Kauffman CA. Introduction of a waterless alcohol-based hand rub in a long-term-care facility. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.2003;24:165 – 171.

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Larson EL, Aiello AE, Bastyr J, et al. Assessment of two hand hygiene regimens for intensive care unit personnel. Crit Care Med. 2001;29: 944 – 951.

Price PB. Ethyl alcohol as a germicide. Arch Surg 1939;38:528 – 42.

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Sattar SA, Tetro J, Springthorpe VS, Giulivi A. Preventing the spread of hepatitis B and C viruses: where are germicides relavant? Am J Infect Control 2001;29:187 – 97.

Lilly HA, Lowbury EJL, Wilkins MD, Zaggy A. Delayed antimicrobial effects of skin disinfection by alcohol. J Hyg (Lond) 1979;82: 497 – 500.

Walter CW. Editorial: disinfection of hands. Am J Surg 1965;109:691 – 3.

Ehrenkranz NJ, Alfonso BC. Failure of bland soap handwash to prevent hand transfer of patient bacteria to urethral catheters. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol1991;12:654 – 62.

Huang Y, Oie S, Kamiya A. Comparative effectiveness of hand-cleansing agents for removing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from experimentally contaminated fingertips. Am J Infect Control 1994;22:224 – 7.

Casewell MW, Law MM, Desai N. A laboratory model for testing agents for hygienic hand disinfection: handwashing and chlorhexidine for the removal of klebsiella. J Hosp Infect 1988;12:163 – 75.

Boyce JM, Kelliher S, Vallande N. Skin irritation and dryness associated with two hand-hygiene regimens: soap-and-water handwashing versus hand antisepsis with analcoholic hand gel. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21:442 – 8.

"Mayo Clinic staff" (Oct. 16, 2009). "Hand washing: Do's and don'ts, How to use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer" (http:/ / www. mayoclinic. com/ health/ handwashing/ HQ00407). Mayo Clinic.

http://www.med.yale.edu/ynhh/infection/presentations/slide15.html accessed 04/08/2011.

"Using Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers as a Protection from Swine Flu" (http:/ / www. islamonline. net/ servlet/ Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English- Ask_Scholar/ FatwaE/ FatwaEAskTheScholar& c id=1251021359062) . IslamOnline.net. March, 2009.

"Can Alcohol-Based Hand-Rub Solutions Cause You To Lose Your Driver's License? Comparative Cutaneous Absorption of Various Alcohols" (http:/ / www. ncbi.nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/ PMC1803104/ ). Antimicrob Agents Chemother (American Society for Microbiology). March 2007. . Retrieved 2009-10-16.









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