D E CirONG

T U Y E N T R U Y E N K Y N I E M 60 N A M C H I E N T H A N G D I E N B E E N P H U (07/5/1954 - 07/5/2014)

I. Chien thang Dien Bien Phu, moc vang trong lich su* dan toe 1. Boi canh lich sir Ngay 19/12/1946 voi L6i keu goi toan quoc khang chien cua Ho Chu tich, toan

Dang, toan dan, toan quan ta anh dung buoc vao cuoc khang chien truong ky chong thuc dan Phap xam luge.

Thuc hien ducmg loi khang chiln toan dan, toan dien, lau dai, dua vao sue minh la chinh, voi vu khi tho so va tinh than "cam tu cho To quoc quyet sinh", quan va dan ta da Ian lugt danh bai cac chien luge quan su cua thuc dan Phap. Chien dich Viet Bac Thu - Dong nam 1947 c6 y nghia quan trong trong nam diu khang chien toan quoc. Chidn thing nay la don quylt dinh lam thit bai hoan toan chi^n luge danh nhanh, thang nhanh cua dich, bao ve an toan can cu dia each mang va dau nao khang chien, mo ra giai doan moi cua cuoc khang chien, Chi8n thing Bien giai nam 1950 da tao ra niot buoc chuyen co ban cho cuoc khan^ chien buac vao ^iai doan mai, giai doan ta nam quyen chu dong chien luge tren chien truong chinh Bac Bg, chuyen han sang lien tuc tin cong va phan cong dich. Quan ta cang danh, cang manh, cang thang, quan vien chinh Phap cang ngay cang lun sau vao thi bi dong, lung tung. Vung giai phong ma rgng, chinh quyen dan chu nhan dan dugc cung c6.

D8 cuu van tinh the, buac vao Thu - Dong nam 1953, thuc dan Phap va can thiep My da cho ra dai Ke hoach Nava tang vien Ian ve binh luc va chi phi chien tranh, muu toan trong vong 18 thang se tieu diet phan Ian bg dgi chu luc cua ta, kiem soat lanh tho Viet Nam va binh dinh ca Nam Dong Duong. K I hoach Nava la ke hoach chung, la no luc cuoi cung cua thuc dan Phap va can thiep My nhim gianh lai the chu dong c6 tinh quyet dinh ve quan su tren chiln truong, lam ca so cho mot giai phap chinh tri c6 Igi cho chung. DI dat dugc muc tieu do, Phap va My da lap ke hoach den nam 1954 quan chu luc Phap c6 7 su doan co dong chiSn luge voi 27 binh doan lam nim dim thep.

V8 phia ta, thang 9/1953, Bg Chinh tri hgp ban va quyet djnh ma cuoc tiln cong chiSn luge Dong - Xuan voi phuong cham: tich cue, chu dong, ca dong, linh hoat, tieu diet sinh luc dich, b6i duang luc lugng ta, chgn noi dich so hor va noi tuong doi yeu ma danh, chgn nhung huang dich co thk danh sau vao vung tu do, day manh chiln tranh du kich, giu vung th§ chu dgng, kien quyet buoc dich phai phan tan lire lugng. Quan va

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dan ta da phoi hgp vai quan va dan Lao, Campuchia lien tiep mo chien dich va gianh thang Igi d Lai Chau, Trung Lao, Ha Lao, Dong Campuchia, Tay Nguyen va Thugng Lao, tieu diet nhieu sinh luc dich, mo rgng vung giai phong, lam pha san am muu tap trung luc lugng cua dich, huge quan Phap phai phan tan luc lugng de doi pho tren khap chien truong Dong Duong, d4y chung vao tinh thk bi dgng chidn luge. Khi phat hien huong tien cong chien luge cua ta vao Tay Bac, Lai Chau va Thugng Lao, Bg chi huy quan vien chinh Phap da cho quan nhay du chiem Dien Bien Phu.

Dien Bien Phu la cu diem co y nghia chien luge khong che ca mot vung rgng Ion cua Tay Bac va Thugng Lao. Tuy la ke hoach nam ngoai du kien ban dau cua Ke hoach Nava cua Phap va My, nhung cac tuong linh Phap va My da lien tiep cho tang cuong luc lugng, xay dimg Dien Bien Phu thanh mot tap doan cu diem manh nhat Dong Duong. Dich da cho tap trung d day 16.200 quan gdm 21 tilu doan trong do co 17 tieu doan bg binh, 03 tieu doan phao binh, 01 tieu doan cong binh, 01 dai dpi xe tang, 01 phi dgi khong quan, 01 dai dgi van tai co gioi. Tap doan cu diem Dien Bien Phu dugc b6 tri thanh 3 phan khu Bic, Trung, Nam voi 49 cu diem, huy dgng toan bg linh du va 40% luc lugng co dgng tinh nhue nhat cua Phap o Dong Duong; he thong hoa luc mat dat kha manh voi 02 tieu doan phao 105mm, 01 d^i dgi phao 155mm, 01 dai dgi sung c6i 120mm dugc bo tri o Muong Thanh va Hong Cum; hai san bay Muong Thanh va Hong Cum voi gan 100 Ian chiec len, xuong moi ngay co the van chuyin khoang 200 den 300 tin hang va tha du tir 100 din 150 ten dich, dam bao nguon tiep vien cho quan Phap trong qua trinh tac chien. Tap doan cu diem Dien Bien Phii la tap doan cu dilm phong ngu manh nhat cua Phap 6 Dong Duong luc bay gio. Nava coi Dien Bien Phu nhu "mgt phao dai khong thi cong pha", la noi thu hut de tieu diet bg dgi chii luc cua ta. Dien Bien Phu da tro thanh quyet chien dilm cua Ke hoach Nava.

Truoc tinh hinh do, ngay 06/12/1953, Bg Chinh tri hgp va nhan dinh, Dien Bien Phu la tap doan cu diem manh nhung ch6 yeu co ban cua dich la bi co lap. ve phia ta, Dien Bien Phu la mgt tran cong kien Ion nhat tu truoc toi nay; dien ra tren dia ban rimg nui hilm tro, duong co dgng cho phao kho khan, thoi gian chuan bi cho chien dich gap, nhung CO y n^Ta quan su, chinh tri va ngoai giao rat quan trgng. Kho khan Ion nhat cua ta la van dh cung cip hau c4n nhung chung ta c6 the khac phuc dugc. Bg Chinh tri quyet dinh mo Chi8n dich Dien Bien Phu va thong qua phuong an tac chiln, thanh lap Bg Chi huy chien dich. Dang uy mat tran do Dai tuong V6 Nguyen Giap lam Tu lenh kiem Bi thu Dang uy chien dich. Chinh phu quyet dinh thanh lap Hgi d6ng cung cap mat tran do dong chi Pham Van D6ng lam Chu tich. Voi y nghia dac biet quan trgng cua chiSn dich, Bg Chinh tri va T6ng Quan uy da quySt dinh tap trung 04 dai doan bg binh, 1 dai doan cong phao voi tdng quan s6 tren 40.000. Chip hanh quylt dinh cua Bg Chinh tri, mgi cong viec chuan bi cho chiSn dich dugc tien hanh khan truong. Ca nuoc da tap trung sue manh cho mat tran Dien Bien Phu voi khau hieu "Tat ca cho tien tuy8n, tit ca dk chiln thing". Cac don vi bg dgi chu lire nhanh chong tap kit, ngay dem

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bat rumg, xe nui mo duong, iceo phao, xay dung tran dia, sin sang tien cong dich. 261.451 dan cong, thanh nien xung phong bit chap bom dan, huong v6 Dien Bien bao dam hau can phuc vu chien dich.

2. Dien bien ciia chien dich Ngay 25/01/1954, cac don vi bo doi ta d vi tri tap ket sEn sang n6 sung theo

phuong cham tac chien "danh nhanh, giai quy It nhanh". Nhung nhan thay dich da tang cuong luc luong phong ngu vung chic. Bo Chi huy va Dang uy chiln dich da dua ra quyet dinh dung din: giu* vimg quylt tam tieu diet tap doan cu diem Dien Bien Phu, thay doi phuong cham tac chien sang "danh chic, tiln chic". Da^ la quyet dinh dung dan nhung ta cung gap khong it kho khan. Do la, thoi ̂ ian tac chien dai hom, each danh Cling khac nen c6 nhiing viec ta phai chuan bi lai tir dau, nhat la viec to chuc, bo tri he thong hoa lire chien dich. Voi dia hinh hilm tro, phao cua ta keo vao tap trung tai tran dia da kho khan, nay thay doi phuong cham tac chien lai phai keo phao phan tan ra cac tran dia moi tren cac diem cao tao thanh vong cung bao vay tap doan cu diem Dien Bien Phu, de ban true tilp vao cac muc tieu duoi long chao cang kho khan hon. Voi tinh thin qua cam, khong quan ngai ^ian kh6, hy sinh, quan va dan ta da tim moi each vugt qua thu thach hoan thanh xuit sac nhifm vu.

Iran quyet chiln luge Dien Bien Phu da dien ra 3 dgt. Dgt 1: Tij ngay 13/3 din 17/3/1954, quan ta da muu tri, diing cam tieu diet ggn cu

diem Him Lam va Doe Lap, buc hang cu diem Ban Keo, pha vo cua ngo phia Bac cua tap doan cu diem Dien Bien Phu; diet va bat song tren 2.000 ten dich, pha huy 25 may bay, xoa so 01 trung doan, uy hilp san bay Muong Thanh; Pir6t, Tu lenh phao binh Phap d Dien Bien Phu bat lire truoc phao binh cua ta da diang luu dan tu sat.

Dgt 2: Tu ngay 30/3 din nga^ 30/4/1954, quan ta dong loat tiln conp cac cu dilm phia Dong phan khu trung tam that chat vong vay, chia cit va lien tuc tien cong, kiem soat san bay Mucmg Thanh, han chi tilp vien cua djch cho tap doan cu diem. Dich het sue ngoan co, muon keo dai thoi gian. Nava hy vgng din mua mua ta phai coi vong vay. Day la dgt tin cong dai ding, dai ngay nhat, quyet liet nhat, gay go nhat, ta va dich gianh giat nhau timg tic dat, timg do^ giao thong hao. Dac biet tai doi CI ta va dich giing CO nhau toi 20 ngay, d6i A l giang co toi 30 ngay. Sau dgt tan cong thu 2 khu trung tam Dien Bien Phu da nim trong tim bin cac loai sung cua ta, quan dich roi vao tinh trang bi dgng, mit tinh than cao dg.

Dgt 3: Tir ngay 01/5 din ngay 07/5/1954, quan ta danh chilm cac cu dilm phia Dong va mo dgt tong con^ kich tieu diet toan bg tap doan cu diem Dien Bien Phu. Dem ngay 06/5/1954, tai doi A l tran chiln diu giua ta va dich dien ra quylt liet, quan ta ao at xong len tieu diet cac 16 cot va dung thuoc no pha cac ham ngam kien co cua djch. Ten quan Tu chi huy d6i A l va khoang 400 ten dich con song s6t da phai diu hang. 17 gio 30 phut ngay 07/5/1954, ta chiem so chi huy cua dich, tuomg Do Cat cung toan bg Bg Tham muu va binh linh tap doan cu dilm Di?n Bien Phu phai ra hang. La

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ca "quyet chien, quySt thing" cua quan doi ta tung bay tren noc ham chi huy cua dich. Ngay trong dem do quan ta tilp tuc tiln cong phan khu Nam, danh dich thao chay ve Thuang Lao, den 24 gio toan bo quan dich da bi bit lam tu binh.

Sau 55 ngay dem chien dau diing cam, muu tri, sang tao quan va dan ta da dap tan toan bo tap doan cu dilm Dien Bien Phu, tieu diet va bit song 16.200 ten, bin roi 62 may bay, thu 64 6 to va toan bo vu khi, dan dugc, quan trang quan dung cua dich.

Cuoc tien cong chiln luge Dong Xuan 1953 - 1954 voi dinh cao la chien dich Dien Bien Phu la nigt tran quylt chiln chiln luge, mgt tran tieu diet diln hinh rihat va la tran dau danh thang My, true tilp dua din viec ky Hiep dinh Gicmevo ve cham dut chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh d Dong Duong. Tao co so va dieu kien dl nhan dan ta tien len gianh thang Igi vT dai trong cuoc khang chien chong My, giai phong mien Nam, thong nhat To quoc.

II. Nguyen nhan thang loi va y nghia lich sur 1. Nguyen nhan thang Igi Dang ta, dung diu la H6 Chii tich da de ra duong loi khang chiln, duong loi quan

su doc lap, dung dan, sang tao. Ket hop chat che nhiem vu chien luge chong de quoc va phong kien, vua khang chien vua kien quoc xay dung che do moi. Ngay tir ngay dau ching thuc dan Phap xam luge. Dang ta da lanh dao nhan dan thuc hien cuoc khang chien toan dan, toan dien, dua vao sue minh la chinh; xay dimg luc lugng vu trang nhan dan g6m 3 thu quan (bg dgi chu luc, bg dgi dia phuong, dan quan du kich) lam nong cot cho toan dan danh giac, kit hgp chat che chiln tranh du kich vai chiln tranh chinh quy; tiln cong quan su, dich van va n6i day cua quin chung; dau tranh quan su vai diu tranh chinh tri, kinh t l , van hoa, rigoai giao. Trong tr$n quyet chien chien luge Dien Bien Phu, long yeu nuoc va tinh than "quyet tu cho To quoc quyet sinh" da tao nen y chi quylt chiln, quylt thang ciia toan Dang, toan dan, toan quan, quyet tam danh thing ke thu xam luge, gianh doe lap, tu do cho dan toe.

Nhan dan ta rit anh hung, tir nong thon din thanh thi, tu mien nui din mien xuoi, X\i tre din gia nghe theo lai keu ggi ciia Dang va Bac Ho da phat huy cao do tinh than yeu nuoc, chii nghia anh hung each mang ra sue thi dua xay dung hau phuong vung chic, thi dua gilt giac lap cong, dong gop sue nguoi, sue ciia bao dam diy dii mgi dieu kien cho chiln truong, tilp them y chi quylt chiln, quylt thing cho cac luc lugng vu trang ngoai mat tran.

Quan dgi ta truong thanh vugt bac ve tu tuong chinh tri, lire lugng, to chuc chi huy, trinh do tac chiln, trang thilt bi quan su va bao dam hau can cho chien dich quan sir quy mo Ian chua tiimg c6; chip hanh nghiem menh lenh chien truong vugt qua mgi kho khan, thu thach, muu tri, sang tao, dGng cam hy sinh lap nhieu chiln cong tren khip chiln truong Dong Duong, hoan thanh xuit sic nhiem vu o chien truong Dien Bien Phii.

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Chiln thing lich sii Dien Bien Phu con co su chi vien, co vu va ung ho cua cac nuoc xa hoi chu nghia, phong trao dau tranh vi hoa binh cua nhan dan tien bo tren toan thi giod, trong do co ca nhan dan Phap, dac biet la cua cac nuoc tren ban dao Dong Duong cung chung chien hao, da tao nen sue manh thoi dai cua chiln thing lich su Dien Bien Phii.

2. Y nghia lich sur a- Doi vol nhan dan ta - Trong lich su dung nuoc va giiJ nuoc ciia dan tgc ta chiln thing Dien Bien Phii

la mot trong nhiing dinh cao choi loi, mot ky tich ve vang ciia thai dai Ho Chi Minh. - Trong cuoc khang chiln ching thuc dan Phap, chiln thing Dien Bien Phii la

chien thing vi dai nhit, giang don quylt dinh tao buac ngoat lich sii lam thay doi han cue dien chiln tranh giua ta va dich, true tilp dua din viec ky kit Hiep dinh Giomevo ve cham dut chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh a Dong Duong.

- Chiln thing Dien Bien Phii da kit thuc thing Igi cuoc khang chiln chin nam chong thuc dan Phap va can thiep My; chim dut hoan toan ach xam luge ciia thuc dan Phap tren dit nuoc ta va cac nuoc tren ban dao Dong Duong; bao ve ya phat trien thanh qua each mang Thang Tam; mo ra giai doan each mang mai, tien hanh each mang xa hgi chu nghia a mien Bic, diu tranh giai phong mien Nam, thong nhit To quoc, dua ca nuoc di len chii nghia xa hgi.'

- Chiln thing Dien Bien Phii da lam tang nilm tu hao dan toe, niem tin tuong tuyet doi vao su lanh dao ciia Dang Cong san Viet Nam do Chii tich H6 Chi Minh sang lap va ren luyen; co wu toan Dang, toan dan, toan quaii mgt long, mgt da chien dau duoi la CO ve vang ciia Dang, vi nin dgc lap, tir do ciia To quoc, vi hanh phuc cua nhan dan.

b-Doiv&ithegi&i - Chiln thing Dien Bien Phii mang tam voc thai dai, gop phin to Ion vao phong

trao diu tranh vi hoa binh, tiln bg ciia nhan loai. - Chiln thing Dien Bien Phii giang mgt don chi mang vao nen mong ciia thuc

dan Phap va can thiep My, danh sap thanh luy ciia chii nghia thuc dan cu a yi tri xung ylu nhit, danh diu su sup d6 ciia chii nghia thuc dan cii tren pham vi toan thi giai; bao hieu sir thit bai chiln luge toan ciu phan each mang ciia chu nghia thuc dan moi do de quoc My cam dau.

- Chiln thing Dien Bien Phu la chiln thing chung cua cac nuoc tren ban dao Dong Duong, chien thing cua phong trao cong san ya cong nhan quoc te, ciia phong trao diu tranh vi hoa binh, tiln bg xa hgi tren toan thi gioi.

- Chiln thing Dien Bien Phii ciia dan tgc ta da chung minh mgt chan ly ciia thai dai: cac dan tgc bi ap buc, bi xam luge nlu co y chi kien cuong va duong loi diing dan,

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sang tao, biet doan ket dau tranh vi doc lap tu do thi dan toe do nhit djnh thing Igi; da thoi thuc va co vii cac nuoc thugc dia d chau A, chau Phi, My la tinh dung len diu tranh tu giai phong, thoat khoi ach xam luge cua chu nghia thuc dan, d l qu6c.

III. Phat huy tinh than "quyet chiln, quyet thing" ciia Dien Bien Phu, toan Dang, toan dan, toan quan ta chii dong nim bit thoi cc, vu-ot moi kho khan, thir thach xay dvtng va bao ve vung chic T6 quoc Viet Nam xa hoi chu nghia

Chien thang lich su Dien Bien Phii da giang don quylt dinh, dap tan no luc cu6i ci!mg cua thuc dan Phap ya can thiep My, true tilp dua den viec ky kit Hiep dinh Gionevo ve cham dut chien tranh, lap lai hoa binh o Dong Duong; mgt nua dIt nuoc dugc giai phong, mo ra thai ky each mang moi dua mien BIC qua do len chii nghia xa hgi, lam hau phuong viing chac cho su nghiep diu tranh giai phong mien Nam, thong nhat To quoc. Chiln thing Dien Bien Phii da tro thanh di san tinh thin quy bau.

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Tiep noi chien thang lich sii* Dien Bien Phii nam 1954, dan tgc ta da viet tiep ban anh hung ca choi Igi trong thai dai Ho Chi Minh lap chiln cong hiln hach Dien Bien Phu tren khong nam 1972; Chien dich Ho Chi Minh nam 1975, giai phong hoan toan mien Nam, thong nhat dat nuoc, dua ca nuoc di len chii nghia xa hgi; gianh dirge nhung thanh tim to Ion va co y nghia lich su trong cong cuoc d6i mai gin 30 nam qua, dua dat nuoc ta len mgt tam cao mai, the va luc mai, chii dgng va tich cue hgi nhap, hgp tac qu6c t l .

Ky niem 60 nam Chien thang Di$n Bien Phii chiing ta tu hao ve Dang Cong san Viet Nam quang vinh, mgt Dang Mac - Lenin chan chinh; tu hao ve Chu tich Ho Chi Minh, danh nhan van hoa the giai - anh hung giai phong dan tgc, nguoi sang lap va ren luyen Dang ta; tu hao v l dan tgc anh hung, ve cac luc lugng vu trang nhan dan, ve Quan dgi nhan dan Viet Nam bach chiln, bach thing,

Hien nay, tinh hinh the giai va khu vuc co nhieu bien dgng: Tinh hinh Bien Dong luon tiem an nhimg dien biln phiic tap, nguy co mIt 6n dinh. Cac nuoc Ian tiep tuc gia tang can du, canh tranh anh huang vai miic do quy mo khac nhau a cac khu vuc. Chiln tranh cue bg, xung dot vii trang, xung dot dan tgc, ton giao, hoat dgng khiing bo van dien ra co the gay mat on dinh a khu vuc va nhieu noi tren the giai.

Sau gin 30 nam doi moi, thi va lire ciia dIt nuoc ta da Ion manh, nhung ben canh nhiing thuan Igi ca ban, co hgi va thach thiic vln dan xen cac thi luc thu dich gia tang thuc hien am muu "dien bien hoa binh", bao loan lat do, Igi dung van de ton giao, dan tgc, dan chii, nhan quyen... d l can thifp vao cong viec ngi bg nuoc ta, chong pha Dang, Nha nuoc va sir nghiep doi mai ciia nhan dan ta. Tinh hinh do doi hoi toan Dang, toan dan, toan quan khong ngung mai sic canh giac, phat huy cao do ngi luc; phat huy sue manh ciia khoi dai doan kit toan dan tgc ma nong c6t la lien minh cong nhan - nong dan - tri thuc duoi su lanh dao ciia Dang; giir vimg va tang cuong doan kit quan dan, doan ket hiiu nghi voi nhan dan va Quan dgi cac nuoc theo truyen thong ciia Dang, ciia dan tgc va ciia Quan dgi ta; ket hgp sue manh thai dai, tao dung thoi co, vugt qua

thach thuc, thuc hien thang Igd nhiem vu xay dung va bao ve To quoc Viet Nam xa hpi chii nghia.

Cac the he di truoc khong cam chiu lam no le da phat huy cao do chii nghia anh hung each mang, dung cam, sang tao danh thing moi ke thu xam luge, hoan thanh ye vang su nghiep giai phong dan tgc. Cac thi he ngay nay quyet tam phat huy tinh than Dien Bien Phii, dam nghi, dam lam, nang dgng sang tao trong su nghiep doi moi, lap nen ky tich moi trong su nghiep xay dung va bao ve T6 quoc.

Tiep tuc xay dung va ciing co nen quoc phong toan dan vimg manh, xay dung the tran quoc phong - an ninh vimg chic, nang cao tiem luc quoc phong. Tang cuong cong tac quan ly nha nuoc ve quoc phong, nang cao chit lugng, hieu qua cong tac giao due quoc phong, chat lugng cac khu vuc phong thii tinh, thanh pho. Ket hgp chat che giiia quoc phong - an ninh - kinh te - doi ngoai. Chii trgng xay dung cac khu kinh te - quoc phong tren tuyen bien gioi, vung sau, vung xa, tao the tran quoc phong - an ninh bao ve T6 qu6c, phat triln kinh te - xa hgi, nang cao doi song nhan dan, xoa doi giam ngheo, xay dung "thi tran long dan" vimg chic d cac dia ban chiln luge. To chuc cac luc lugng vu trang hgp ly, d6ng bg, can doi giiia bg dgi chii luc, bg dgi dia phuong va dan quan tu ve, cac quan binh chiing phii hgp voi yeu ciu tac chien moi. Tiep tuc nang cao chit lugng tong hgp, xay dung Quan dgi nhan dan, Cong an nhan dan each mang, chinh quy, tinh nhue, timg buoc hien dai, co ban ITnh chinh tri viing vang, trung thanh tuyet doi voi Dang, voi To quoc va nhan dan dii sue hoan thanh mgi nhifm v\ trong tinh hinh moi.

Chiln thing lich su Dif n Bien Phii mai mai la niem tu hao, la nguon sue manh co vii toan Dang, toan dan, toan quan ta ra sue phin diu thuc Men thang Igi muc tieu nhiem vu phat triln kinh t l - xa hgi nam 2014, Nghi quylt Dai hgi Dang cac cip, Nghi quylt Dai hgi Dan^ toan quoc l in thu XI va cac nghi quylt, kit luan Hgi nghi Trung uong. Tich cue trien khai, ph6 biln, tuyen truyin va thi hanh Hiln phap nuoc Cong hoa xa hgi chii nghia Viet Nam nhim nang cao y thuc trach nhiem ciia nhan dan, ton trgng, chip hanh va bao ve Hiln phap vi muc tieu dan giau, nuoc manh, dan chii, cong bing, van minh./.

B A N TUYEN GlAO TRUNG U*ONG