I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB ○Model – ‘a simplified representation of a system or phenomenon, as in the sciences or economics,

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

COGNITIVE ERGONOMICS LAB

○ Model – ‘a simplified representation of a system or phenomenon, as in the sciences or economics, with any hypotheses required to describe the system or explain the phenomenon, often mathemat-ically’

○ Perception and attention, action or motor control, and cognition

Human Performance Modeling



○ Misconception -- construction of “intelligent system” AI○ predictions of human performance on human factors problems

not necessarily from basic psychological processes ○ All models are abstractions and by necessity omit certain details ○ Accuracy and generality

General Issues



○ Simplicity and understandability○ Free parameters – how to set and interpret○ Validation – correlation, mean deviation○ Gains

○ Specificity vs. qualitative and vague○ Modeler independent○ Quantitative predictions○ Explanation for observed differences

General Issues



Signal Detention Theory (SDT)○ Make a binary judgment btn signal and noise○ Hit, False Alarm, Correct Rejection, Miss○ p(H) + p(FA) =1; p(CR) + p(M) =1○ Type I error (FA) & Type II error (Miss)○ Decompose performance into detection efficiency (d’) and crite-

rion parameter (β)

Perception and Attention






Visual Search Models○ Feature integration theory (Treisman and Gelade, 1980)

Salience map (Itti and Koch, 2000)




Visual Sampling Models○ Senders (1964, 1983) – a signal at W Hz can be reconstructed

by sampling every 1/W s○ Wickens (2008) – Salience, Effort, Expectancy, Value (SEEV)

Model○ p(A) = sS – efEF + (exEX)(vV)




Workload Modeling○ Neither commonly accepted definition nor how to measure it○ Psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm – response se-

lection bottleneck model (Pashler, 1994): perception, response selection & action

○ Multiple resource theory (Wickens, 2002 and 2008) – the stages, the codes and modalities




Hick-Hyman Law○ Information entropy H = log2(n+1)

○ RT = a + bH

Action & Motor Performance



Fitts’s Law○ MT = a + b*ID

○ ID = log2(2A/W) – Fitts (1954)




Manual Control Theory○ Continuous tracking task

○ Between the desired and their actual behavior○ Transfer function

○ As system frequency increases, the gain decreases and the lag increases




Manual Control Theory○ Crossover model (McRuer & Jex, 1967)

○ Two crossover points: the frequency at which the gain is zero and the frequency at which the lag reaches 180°

○ Optimal control model (Pew & Baron, 1978)







Historical Perspective○ GPS (Newell & Simon, 1963)

○ computational models could effectively capture key elements of human cognitive behavior

○ “modal” model of memory (Atkins & Shiffrin, 1968)

Memory & Cognition



Routine Cognitive Skill and GOMS○ KLM-GOMS○ CPM-GOMS○ NGOMSL




Models of Judgment and Decision Making○ Optimal behavior – A baseline of comparison for human perfor-

mance SEUT, Prospective theory, EBA○ Lens model (policy capturing)




Task Network Modeling○ Network model – a modeling procedure involving Monte Carlo

simulation○ Decomposition of the Task into discrete subtasks;

PERT chart○ Nodes represented by a statistically specified com-

pletion time and a probability of completion○ SAINT, Micro Saint Sharp, IMPRINT

Integrated Models



Cognitive Architecture○ an embodiment of “a scientific hypothesis about those aspects of

human cognition that are relatively constant over time and rela-tively independent of task”

○ The mid-1990’s when including mechanisms for perception and action as well

○ EPIC (1995 & 1997), ACT-R (1998) & QN-MHP

Integrated Models



Cognitive Architecture○ Several modules in ACT-R

Integrated Models

전두엽

측두엽

두정엽

후두엽

소뇌



Cognitive Architecture○ Drawbacks

○ Knowledge in ACT-R code○ S/W integration problem with a rich simulation envi-

ronment○ Setting free parameters○ Exposition of ACT-R not always straightforward

Integrated Models

Documents

I NDUSTRIAL E NGINEERING C OGNITIVE E RGONOMICS L AB ○Model – ‘a simplified representation of a system or phenomenon, as in the sciences or economics,