IACS Shipbuilding Standard

Shipbuilding and Repair Quality Standard

Part A Shipbuilding and Repair Quality Standard for New Construction

Part B Repair Quality Standard for Existing Ships

Appendix - Referenced IACS Unified Requirements

IACS Rec. 1996

No. 47

47-1

No.47(1996)

t

___________________________________________________________________________

Part A Shipbuilding andRepair Quality Standard forNew Construction___________________________________________________________________________

PART A - SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIR QUALITY STANDARDS FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION

1. Scope2. General requirements for new construction3. Qualification of personnel and procedures3.1 Qualification of welders3.2 Approval of welding procedures3.3 Qualification of NDE operators4. Materials4.1 Materials for structural members4.2 Under thickness tolerances4.3 Surface conditions5. Cutting5.1 Gas cutting5.2 Plasma arc cutting5.3 Laser beam cutting6. Fabrication and fairness6.1 Flange longitudinals and flange brackets6.2 Built-up sections6.3 Corrugated bulkheads6.4 Pillars, brackets and stiffeners6.5 Maximum heating temperature on surface for line heating6.6 Block assembly6.7 Special sub-assembly6.8 Shape6.9 Fairness of plating between frames6.10 Fairness of plating with frames7. Alignment8. Welding8.1 Typical butt weld plate edge preparation (manual welding)8.2 Typical fillet weld plate edge preparation (manual welding)8.3 Typical butt and fillet weld profile (manual welding)8.4 Lap, plug and slot welding8.5 Distance between welds8.6 Automatic welding9. Repair9.1 Typical misalignment repair9.2 Typical butt weld plate edge preparation repair (manual welding)9.3 Typical fillet weld plate edge preparation repair (manual welding)9.4 Typical fillet and butt weld profile repair (manual welding)9.5 Distance between welds repair9.6 Erroneous hole repair9.7 Repair by insert plate9.8 Weld surface repair

REFERENCES1. IACS Bulk Carriers - Guidelines for Surveys, Assessment and Repair of Hull Structure2. TSCF Guidelines for the inspection and maintenance of double hull tanker structures3. TSCF Guidance manual for the inspection and condition assessment of tanker structures4. IACS UR W7 Hull and machinery steel forgings5. IACS UR W8 Hull and machinery steel castings6. IACS UR W11 Normal and higher strength hull structural steel7. IACS UR W13 Allowable under thickness tolerances of steel plates and wide flats8. IACS UR W14 Steel plates and wide flats with improved through thickness properties9. IACS UR W17 Approval of consummables for welding normal and higher strength hull structural steels10. IACS UR Z10.1 Hull surveys of oil tankersand Z10.2 Hull surveys of bulk carriers Annex I11. IACS Recommendation No. 12 Guidelines for surface finish of hot rolled plates and wide flats 13. IACS Recommendation No. 20 Guide for inspection of ship hull welds

1. Scope

1.1 This standard provides guidance on shipbuilding quality standards for the hull structure during newconstruction and the repair standard where the quality standard is not met.

Whereas the standard generally applies to- conventional ship types,- parts of hull covered by the rules of the Classification Society,- hull structures constructed from normal and higher strength hull structural steel,

the applicability of the standard is in each case to be agreed upon by the Classification Society.

The standard does generally not apply to the new construction of- special types of ships as e.g. gas tankers- structures fabricated from stainless steel or other, special types or grades of steel

1.2 The standard covers typical construction methods and gives guidance on quality standards for the mostimportant aspects of such construction. Unless explicitly stated elsewhere in the standard, the level ofworkmanship reflected herein will in principle be acceptable for primary and secondary structure of conventionaldesigns. A more stringent standard may however be required for critical and highly stressed areas of the hull, andthis is to be agreed with the Classification Society in each case. In assessing the criticality of hull structure andstructural components, reference is made to ref. 1, 2 and 3.

1.3 Details relevant to structures or fabrication procedures not covered by this standard are to be approved by theClassification Society on the basis of procedure qualifications and/or recognised national standards.

1.4 It is intended that these standards provide guidance where established shipbuilding or national standardsapproved by the Classification Society do not exist.

1.5 For use of this standard, fabrication fit-ups, deflections and similar quality attributes are intended to beuniformly distributed about the nominal values. The shipyard is to take corrective action to improve workprocesses that produce measurements where a skewed distribution is evident. Relying upon remedial steps thattruncate a skewed distribution of the quality attribute is unacceptable.

2. General requirements for new construction

2.1 In general, the work is to be carried out in accordance with the Classification Society Rules and under thesupervision of the Surveyor to the Classification Society

2.2 Provisions are to be made for proper accessibility, staging, lighting and ventilation. Welding operations are tobe carried out under shelter from rain, snow and wind.

2.3 Welding of hull structures is to be carried out by qualified welders, according to approved and qualifiedwelding procedures and with welding consumables approved by the Classification Society, see Section 3. Weldingoperations are to be carried out under proper supervision by the shipbuilder.

3. Qualification of personnel and procedures

3.1 Qualification of welders

3.1.1 Welders are to be qualified in accordance with the procedures of the Classification Society or to a recognisednational or international standard, e.g. EN 287, ISO 9606, ASME Section IX, ANSI/AWS D1.1. Recognition ofother standards is subject to submission to the Classification Society for evaluation. Subcontractors are to keeprecords of welders qualification and, when required, furnish valid approval test certificates.

3.1.2 Welding operators using fully mechanised or fully automatic processes need generally not pass approvaltesting provided that the production welds made by the operators are of the required quality. However, operatorsare to receive adequate training in setting or programming and operating the equipment Records of training andproduction test results shall be maintained on individual operators files and records, and be made available to theClassification Society for inspection when requested.

3.2 Qualification of welding procedures

Welding procedures are to be qualified in accordance with the procedures of the Classification Society or arecognised national or international standard, e.g. EN288, ISO 9956, ASME Section IX, ANSI/AWS D1.1.Recognition of other standards is subject to submission to the Classification Society for evaluation. The weldingprocedure should be supported by a welding procedure qualification record. The specification is to include thewelding process, types of electrodes, weld shape, edge preparation, welding techniques and positions.

3.3 Qualification of NDE operators

3.3.1 Personnel performing non-destructive examination for the purpose of assessing quality of welds inconnection with new construction covered by this standard, are to be qualified in accordance with ClassificationSociety rules or to a recognised international or national qualification scheme. Records of operators and theircurrent certificates are to be kept and made available to the Surveyor for inspection.

4. Materials

4.1 Materials for Structural Members

All materials, including weld consummables, to be used for the structural members are to be approved by theClassification Society as per the approved construction drawings and meet the respective IACS UnifiedRequirements. Additional recommendations are contained in the following paragraphs.

All materials used should be manufactured at a works approved by the Classification Society for the type andgrade supplied.

4.2 Under Thickness Tolerances

The maximum permissible under thickness tolerance, for hull structural plates and wide flats with thicknesses of5mm and over, for both normal and high strength steels, is -0.3mm. The thickness is to be measured at randomlocations whose distance from an edge shall be at least 10mm. Local surface depressions resulting fromimperfections and ground areas resulting from the elimination of defects may be disregarded provided theimperfections or grinding are in accordance with the requirements of Section 4.3 Surface Conditions.

4.3 Surface Conditions

4.3.1 Definitions

Minor Imperfections: pittings, rolled-in scale, indentations, roll marks, scratches and grooves

Defects: Cracks, shells, sand patches, sharp edged seams and minor imperfections not exceeding the limits of table 1 in case that the sum of the influenced area exceeds 5% of the total surface in question

Depth of Imperfections or defects: the depth is to be measured from the surface of the product

4.3.2 Unrepaired Conditions

Minor imperfections, in accordance with the limits described in Table 1, are permissible and may be leftunrepaired.

4.3.3 Repairs of Defects

Defects are to be repaired by grinding or welding irrespective of their size and number. Repair by grinding maybe carried out over the entire surface up to a depth equal to the under thickness tolerances given in para.4.2.

The sum of the repairs by welding and of the repairs by grinding, reducing the nominal thickness by more than0.3mm, shall not exceed 2% of the total surface in question.

4.3.4 Repairs by Grinding

For ground areas with a thickness less than the minimum permissible thickness stated in para.4.2, the nominalthickness is not to be reduced by more than 7% or 3mm, whichever is the lesser. Each single ground area is notto exceed 0.25m2.

The defects are to be completely removed by grinding. Complete elimination of the defects is to be verified by amagnetic particle or dye penetrant test procedure. The ground areas must have smooth transitions to thesurrounding surface.

4.3.5 Repairs by welding

Local defects, which cannot be repaired by grinding, may be repaired by chipping and/or grinding followed bywelding in accordance with the qualified procedures approved by the Classification Society concerned.

Any single welded area is not to exceed 0.125m2. The weld preparation should not reduce the thickness of theproduct below 80% of the nominal thickness. Welding is to be completed with one layer of weld bead in excess,which is subsequently to be ground smooth, level with the plate surface. The soundness of the repair is to beverified by ultrasonic, magnetic particle or dye penetrant methods.

Plate Thickness SurfaceArea

100% 15% 5% 2%

3 t < 8mm N + 0.1 0.2 - 0.4 -N 0.2 - 0.3 0.4N - 0.1 0.2 - - 0.4N - 0.2 0.1 0.2 - 0.4N - 0.3 0.0 0.2 - 0.4

8 t < 25mm N + 0.2 0.3 - 0.5 -N + 0.1 0.3 - 0.4 0.5N 0.3 - - 0.5N - 0.1 0.2 0.3 - 0.5N - 0.2 0.1 0.3 - 0.5N - 0.3 0.0 0.3 - 0.5

25 t

4.3.6 Further Defects

4.3.6.1 Lamination

Investigation to be carried out at the steelmill into the cause and extent of the laminations. Severe lamination is tobe repaired by a local insert plates. The minimum breadth of the plate to be repaired by insert is to be:

1600mm for shell and strength deck plating in way of cruciform or T-joints, 800mm for shell, strength deck plating and other primary members, 300mm for other structural members.

Local limited lamination may be repaired by chipping and/or grinding followed by welding in accordance withsketch (a). In case where the local limited lamination is near the plate surface, the repair may be carried out asshown in sketch (b). For limitations see paragraph 4.3.5.

(a) (b)

4.3.6.2 Weld Spatters

Loose weld spatters are to be removed completely by grinding to clean metal (see Table 9.13) on:

shell plating deck plating on exposed decks in tanks for chemical cargoes in tanks for fresh water and for drinking water in tanks for lubricating oil, hydraulic oil, including service tanks

5. Cutting

5.1 Gas Cutting

The deviation u of cut edges (see sketch (a)), from a right angle or from a required slope, and the roughness ofthe cut edges R, is to meet the following requirements:

Mechanised Gas Cutting Manual Gas Cutting: Free Edges

Cut Thickness Standard Limit Strength Members Standard Limit

a20mm u=0.6mm u=1.2mm u=1.5mm u=1.5mmR=100m R=150m R=150m R=300m

Others

a>20mm u=0.75mm u=1.5mm u=1.5mm u=1.5mmR-100m R=150m R=300m R=500m

Manual Gas Cutting: Welding Edges

Standard Limit

Strength Members u=1.5mm u=1.5mmR=400m R=800m*

Others u=1.5mm u=1.5mmR=800m* R=1500m*

Individual non-sharp notches caused by torch failures (scouring) are not to be greater than 3mm in depth. Deeperscores should be removed by grinding.

* Unless the welding procedure needs smaller tolerances.

a

u

u

a

(a) deviation u from a right angle or from a required slope

5.2 Plasma Arc Cutting

The deviation u of the cut edge (see sketch (a)), from a right angle or from a required slope, and the roughness ofthe cut edge R, is to meet the following requirements:

Mechanised Plasma Arc Cutting

Cut Thickness Standard Limit

a20mm u=1.0mm u=1.5mmR=100m R=150m

a>20mm u=0.75mm u=1.5mmR=100m R=150m

The tolerances for manual cutting are to be agreed by the Classification Society concerned.

5.3 Laser Beam Cutting

The standard range and the tolerance limits for the deviation from a right angle or from a required slope of thecut edges and the roughness of the cut edges are to be agreed by the Classification Society concerned.

6. Fabrication and fairness

6.1 Flanged longitudinals and flanged brackets (see Table 6.1)6.2 Built-up sections (see Table 6.2)6.3 Corrugated bulkheads (see Table 6.3)6.4 Pillars, brackets and stiffeners (see Table 6.4)6.5 Maximum heating temperature on surface for line heating (see Table 6.5)6.6 Block assembly (see Table 6.6)6.7 Special sub-assembly (see Table 6.7)6.8 Shape (see Table 6.8 and 6.9)6.9 Fairness of plating between frames (see Table 6.10)6.10 Fairness of plating with frames (see Table 6.11)

7. Alignment

The quality standards for alignment of hull structural components during new construction are shown in Tables7.1, 7.2 and 7.3. The classification society may require a closer construction tolerance in areas requiring specialattention, as follows:

Regions exposed to high stress concentrations Fatigue prone areas Detail design block erection joints Higher tensile steel regions

8. Welding Details

8.1 Typical butt weld plate edge preparation (manual welding) - see Table 8.1 and 8.28.2 Typical fillet weld plate edge preparation (manual welding) - see Table 8.3 and 8.48.3 Typical butt and fillet weld profile (manual welding) - see Table 8.58.4 Lap, plug and slot welding - see Table 8.68.5 Distance between welds - see Table 8.78.6 Automatic welding - see Table 8.8

9. Repair

9.1 Typical misalignment repair - see Tables 9.1 to 9.39.2 Typical butt weld plate edge preparation repair (manual welding) - see Table 9.4 and 9.59.3 Typical fillet weld plate edge preparation repair (manual welding) - see Tables 9.6 to 9.89.4 Typical fillet and butt weld profile repair (manual welding) - see Table 9.99.5 Distance between welds repair - see Table 9.109.6 Erroneous hole repair - see Table 9.119.7 Repair by insert plate - see Table 9.129.8 Weld surface repair - see Table 9.13

Detail Standard Limit Remarks

b

a

compared to correct size

+ 3 mm + 5 mm

TABLE 6.1 - FLANGED LONGITUDINALS AND BRACKETS

+ 3 mm + 5 mm per 100 mm of a

Angle between flange and web

compared to template

Straightness in plane of flangeand web

+ 10 mm + 25 mm per 10 m

a

Breadth of flange


Frames and longitudinal

+ 1.5 mm + 3 mm per 100 mm of a

Distortion of face plate

d

d < 3 + a/100 mm d < 5 + a/100 mm

Distortion of girder and transverseat upper edge and flange

+5 mm +8 mm per span betweenprimary members

TABLE 6.2 - BUILT UP SECTIONS

a

a


Mechanical bending

R > 3t mm

Breadth of corrugation

Depth of corrugation

+ 3 mm + 6 mm

+ 3 mm + 6 mm

h

P P

Pitch and depth of swedgedcorrugated bulkhead comparedwith correct value

TABLE 6.3 - CORRUGATED BULKHEADS

h : + 2.5 mm h : + 5 mm

Where it is not aligned with other bulkheads

P : + 6 mm P : + 9 mm

Where it is aligned with other bulkheads

P : + 2 mm P : + 3 mm

Breadth of corugation web

+ 3 mm + 6 mm

Material to be suitable forcold flanging (forming)and welding in way ofradius

R

t


4 mm 6 mm

Pillar (between decks)

D

Cylindrical structure diameter(pillars, masts, posts, etc.)

+ D/200 mm + D/150 mm

max. + 5 mm max. 7.5 mm

Tripping bracket and small stiffener,distortion at the part of free edge

a < t/2 mm

at

HD

F0

Snipe end of secondary face platesand stiffeners 0 = 300

H = 15 mm

D = 25 mm

F = 15 mm

+ 5 mm- 5 mm

+ 10 mm- 5 mm

+ 5 mm

TABLE 6.4 - PILLARS, BRACKETS AND STIFFENERS

max. 8mm

TABLE 6.5 - MAXIMUM HEATING TEMPERATURE ON SURFACE FOR LINE HEATING FOR PLATE FORMING

Item Standard Limit Remarks

ConventionalProcessAH32-EH32 &AH36-EH36

Water cooling justafter heating

under 650C

TCMP typeAH32-EH32 &AH36-EH36(Ceq.>0.38%)

Air cooling afterheating

under 900C

Air cooling andsubsequent watercooling afterheating

under 900C (startingtemperature of watercooling to be under500C)

TMCP typeAH32-DH32 &AH36-DH36(Ceq.0.38%)

Water cooling justafter heating or aircooling

under 1000C

TMCP typeEH32 & EH36(Ceq.0.38%)

Water cooling justafter heating or aircooling

under 900C

NOTE:

Ceq = C + Mn6

+ Cr + Mo + V

5 +

Ni + Cu15

(%)

TABLE 6.6 - BLOCK ASSEMBLY


Flat Plate Assembly

Length and Breadth 2.5mm 5mm

Distortion 10mm 20mm

Squareness 5mm 10mm

Deviation of interior members from plate 5mm 10mm

Curved plate assembly

Length and Breadth 2.5mm 5mm Measured along

Distortion 10mm 20mm the girth

Squareness 10mm 15mm


Flat cubic assembly

Length and Breadth 2.5m 5mm

Distortion 10mm 20mm

Squareness 5mm 10mm


Twist 10mm 20mm

Deviation between upper and lower plate 5mm 10mm

Curved cubic assembly

Length and Breadth 2.5mm 5mm measured along

Distortion 10mm 20mm with girth

Squareness 10mm 15mm


Twist 15mm 25mm

Deviation between upper and lower plate 7mm 15mm

TABLE 6.7 - SPECIAL SUB-ASSEMBLY


Distance between upper/lower gudgeon 5mm 10mm

Distance between aft edge of boss and aftpeak bulkhead

5mm 10mm

Twist of sub-assembly of stern frame 5mm 10mm

Deviation of rudder from shaft centre line 4mm 8mm

Twist of rudder plate 6mm 10mm

Flatness of top plate of main engine bed 5mm 10mm

Breadth and length of top plate of mainengine bed

4mm 6mm


TABLE 6.8 - SHAPE

CL

Rise of floor amidships

Cocking-up of aft-body

Cocking-up of fore body

Deformation for the distance betweentwo adjacent bulkheads

Deformation for the whole length

+ 50 mm

+ 15 mm

+ 30 mm

+ 20 mm

+ 15 mm

per 100 m againstthe line of keelsighting

TABLE 6.9 - SHAPE


Length between perpendiculars 50per 100m

Applied toships of 100metre lengthand above.For theconvenience ofthemeasurementthe point wherethe keel isconnected tothe curve of thestern may besubstituted forthe foreperpendicularin themeasurementof the length.

Length between aft edge of boss andmain engine

25mm

Moulded breadth at midship 15mm Applied toships of 15metre breadthand above.Measured onthe upper deck.

Moulded depth at midship 10mm Applied toships of 10metre depthand above.

TABLE 6.10 - FAIRNESS OF PLATING BETWEEN FRAMES


Shell plateParallel part(side & bottom shell)

4mm

Fore and aft part 5mm

Tank top plate 4mm 8mm

BulkheadLongl. bulkheadTrans. bulkheadSwash bulkhead 6mm

Parallel part 4mm

Strength deck Fore and aft part 6mm 9mm

Covered part 7mm 9mm

Second deckBare part 6mm 8mm


Forecastle deckpoop deck

Bare part 4mm 8mm


Super structuredeck

Bare part 4mm 6mm


Outside wall 4mm 6mm

House wall Inside wall 6mm 8mm


Interior member (web of girder, etc) 5mm 7mm

Floor and girder in double bottom 5mm 7mm

s

d

d

s

300 < s < 1000

TABLE 6.11 - FAIRNESS OF PLATING WITH FRAMES


Shell plate Parallel part 2 /1000mm 3 /1000mm

Fore and aft part 3 /1000mm 4 /1000mm

Strength deck(excludingcross deck) andtop plate ofdouble bottom

- 3 /1000mm 4 /1000mm To be measuredbetween on trans.space (min. l=3m)

Bulkhead - 4 /1000mm 5 /1000mm

Others - 5 /1000mm 6 /1000mm

l m

l = span of frame(minimuml = 3 m)

d


a < 3.0 mm

TABLE 7.1 - ALIGNMENT

a < 0.15t strengtha < 0.2t other

t

a

a

t

Alignment of fillet welds

Where t3 is less thant1, then t3 should besubsituted for t1 inthe standard

t1t2

t3

a

a1

a

t1

0

a) strength and highertensilea < t1/3 measuredon the median

a1 < (5t1 - 3t2)/6measured on theheel line

b) othera < t1/2 measuredon the median

a1 < (2t1 - t2)/2measured on theheel line

t1 < t2


a) strength and highertensile steel

a < t1/3 measuredon the median

b) other

a1 < t1/2 measuredon the heel line

a1

Alignment of butt welds



Alignment of flange of T-longitudinal

a b

a < 0.04b strength a = 8.0 mm

a t

Alignment of height of T-bar,L-angle bar or bulb

Primary membersa < 0.15t

Secondary membersa < 0.20t

3.0 mm

d < L/50L

d

Alignment of panel stiffener

Alignment of lap welds

a

a

a < 2.0 mm

a

Gap between bracket/intercostal andstiffener

a < 2.0 mm 3 mm


d > 75 mm

s < 2.0 mm


d

Position of scallop

ss

Gap around stiffener cut-out

s

a

Gap between beam and frame

a < 2.0 mm


Square butt

G

t

0

G

t

R

Single bevel butt

G

t

R

0Double bevel butt

Gt R

0

Double vee butt, uniform bevels

G

t

R

0

0

h

Double vee butt, non-uniform bevel

TABLE 8.1 -TYPICAL BUTT WELD PLATE EDGE PREPARATION (MANUAL WELDING)

t < 5 mmG = 3 mm

t > 5 mmG < 3 mmR < 3 mm = 500 - 700

t > 19 mmG < 3 mmR < 3 mm = 500 - 700

G < 3 mmR < 3 mm = 500 - 700

G < 3 mmR < 3 mm6 < h < t/3 mm = 500

= 900

see Note 1

see Note 1

see Note 1

see Note1

see Note 1

Different plate edge preparation may be accepted or approved by the Classification Society on the basisof an appropiate welding procedure specification.

NOTE 1

For welding procedures other that manual welding, see paragraph 3.2 Qualification of weld procedures


Single vee butt, one side welding withbacking strip (temporary or permanent)

G

t

0

TABLE 8.2 - TYPICAL BUTT WELD PLATE EDGE PREPARATION (MANUAL WELDING)

G = 3 - 9 mm = 300 - 450 see Note 1

Single vee butt

G

t

0

R

= 500 - 700

R < 3 mm

G < 3 mm

see Note 1


NOTE 1



G

t

Tee Fillet

TABLE 8.3 - TYPICAL FILLET WELD PLATE EDGE PREPARATION (MANUAL WELDING)

G < 2 mm

G

t

R

0

Single bevel tee

G < 3 mmR < 3 mm = 500

see Note 1

G0 0

Small angle fillet

= 500 - 700

= 700 - 900G < 2 mm

see Note 1

see Note 1

G

t

Single bevel tee with permanentbacking

G < 4 - 6 mm

Not normally forstrength members

also see Note 1

o o = 30o - 450


NOTE 1


Detail Standard Remarks

G

t

G

t

R

0

r0

Single J tee

R

Double bevel tee symmetrical

TABLE 8.4 - TYPICAL FILLET WELD PLATE EDGE PREPARATION (MANUAL WELDING)

Limit

G = 2.5 - 4 mmr = 12 - 15 mmR = 3mm > 350

t > 19 mmG < 3 mmR < 3 mm = 500

G

t

r0

R

Double J bevel symmetrical

G = 2.5 - 4 mmR < 3 mmr = 12 - 15 mm > 350

see Note 1

G

t

R

500 500

Double bevel tee assymetrical

t > 19 mmG < 3 mmR < 3 mm

see Note1

see Note 1

see Note 1


NOTE 1



S

a

450

Fillet weld leg length

0

Fillet weld toe angle

< 900

R

t 0 h

< 60o

h < 0.2R

Butt weld toe angle

Butt weld undercut

D

Fillet weld undercut

TABLE 8.5 -TYPICAL BUTT AND FILLET WELD PROFILE (MANUAL WELDING)

s = leg lengtha = throat depth

s > 0.9sda > 0.9ad

sd = design s

ad = design a

maximumh 6 mm

over shortweld lengths

in areas of stressconcentration and fatigue,the Class Society mayrequire a lesser angle

D = 0 mm 0.5 mm

D = 0 mm 0.5 mmD


bt1t2

t1 > t2

b = 2t2 + 25

Fillet weld in lap joint

bt2

b > 2t2 + 25 mm

Fillet weld in joggled lap joint

TABLE 8.6 -TYPICAL LAP, PLUG AND SLOT WELDING (MANUAL WELDING)

l L

Plug welding

t < 12 mm 12 < t < 25 mm

l 60 mm 80 mmR 6 mm 0.5t mm

t < 12 mm t > 12mm

G 20 mm 2tl 80 mm 100 mm

L 2l - 3lmax. 250 mm

q

0

G

l L

tR

Slot welding

G

t1

t1 > t2

t

location of lap joint tobe approved by theClassification Society

q 40o-50o 30o

G 12mm t mm

L > 2l


Scallops over weld seams

d

Distance between two butt welds

d

Distance between butt weld andfillet weld

d > 10 mm

d > 0 mm

d

d

Distance between butt welds

TABLE 8.7 - DISTANCE BETWEEN WELDS

d > 5 mm

for r > 30 mm

for cut-outs

d > 30 mm

for margin plates

d > 300 mm

150 mm

r

d


G

G

G

Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)

0 < G < 0.8 mm G < 5 mm

TABLE 8.8 - AUTOMATIC ARC WELDING

Edge preparation as perTables 8.1 and 8.2

SAW may follow WPSapproved by theClassification Society

see Note 1

Detail Repair standard Remarks

t

a

Alignment of butt joints

a b

LAlignment of flange of T-longitudinal

a

Alignment of height of T-bar,L-angle bar or bulb

Alignment of lap welds

a

a

t1t2

t3

t1 < t2


TABLE 9.1 - TYPICAL MISALIGNMENT REPAIR

a

Where t3 is lessthan t1, then t3should be substitutedfor t1 in standard

a) strength and higher tensile steel

t1/3 < a < t1/2 - generally increaseweld throat by 10%

a > t1/2 - release and adjust over a minimumof 50a

b) Other

Strength membersa > 0.15t1 or a > 3 mmrelease and adjust

Othersa > 0.2t1 or a > 3 mmrelease and adjust

2 mm < a < 5 mmweld leg length to be increased by the sameamount as increase in gap

a > 5 mmmembers to be re-aligned

When 0.04b < a < 0.08b, max. 8 mmgrind corners to smooth taper over aminimum distance L=3a

When a > 0.08b or 8 mmrelease and adjust over minimum L=50a

When 3 mm < a < 6 mmbuilding up by weldingWhen a > 6 mmrelease and adjust over minimum L=50afor primary structure and L=30a elsewhere

a > t1/2 - release and adjust over a minimumof 30a

L


TABLE 9.2 - TYPICAL MISALIGNMENT REPAIR

a

Gap between beam and frame

a > 2 mm - release and adjust

a

Gap between bracket/intercostal andstiffener

When 2 mm < a < 5 mmweld leg length to be increased byincrease in gap

When 5 mm < a < 10 mmchamfer 300 - 400 and build upwith welding

When a > 10 mmincrease gap to 50mm and fitcollar plate

b

b = (2t + 25) mm, min. 50 mm

t t1

t > t1


Position of scallop

TABLE 9.3 - MISALIGNMENT REPAIR

ss

Gap around stiffener cut-out

s

d

b (min. 50mm)

When d < 75 mm, web plate to becut between scallop and slot, andcollar plate to be fitted

When s > 10 mmcut off nib and fit collar plate withsame height as nib

b

20 mm < b < 50 mm

When 5 mm < s < 10 mmnib to be chamfered and built up bywelding

When 2 mm < s < 5 mmweld leg length to be increased as muchas increase in gap opening over 2 mm

OR fit smal collar over scallop

OR fit collar plate over scallop


Square butt

G

t

0

G

t

R

Single bevel butt

G

t

R

0Double bevel butt

Gt R

0

Double vee butt, uniform bevels

G

t

R

0

0

h

Double vee butt, non-uniform bevel

TABLE 9.4 - TYPICAL BUTT WELD PLATE EDGE PREPARATION REPAIR (MANUAL WELDING)

When G < 10 mmchamfer to 450 and build up bywelding

When G > 10 mmbuild up with backing strip; remove,back gouge and seal weld;or, insert plate, min. width 300 mm

When 3 mm < G < 3t/2 mm (maximum25mm)

build up gap with welding onone or both sides of preparation, withpossible use of backing strip asnecessary, to maximum t/2.

When G > 25 mm or 3t/2an insert plate, of minimum width300mm, to welded in place

300 mm

where a backing strip is used, the backing stripis to be removed, the weld back gouged, and asealing weld made

max. t/2

Detail Repair Standard Remarks

Single vee butt, one side weldingwith backing strip

G

t

0

G

t

0

Single vee butt, one side welding

Single vee butt

G

t

0

R

TABLE 9.5 - TYPICAL BUTT WELD PLATE EDGE PREPARATION REPAIR (MANUAL WELDING)

When G < 25 mm or G < t/2build up edge preparation on one orboth sides, grind edge preparation,weld with backing strip, removebacking strip, back gouge,

When G > 25 mminsert plate, min. width 300mm

300 mm

When 3 mm < G < 3t/2 mm (maximum25mm)build up gap with welding onone or both sides of preparation, withpossible use of backing strip asnecessary, to maximum t/2.

When G > 25 mm or t/2an insert plate, of minimum width300mm, to welded in place

300 mm

Where a backing strip is used, the backingstrip is to be removed, the weld back gouged,and a sealing weld made

max. t/2

and back weld


G

t

Tee Fillet

G

t

300- 450

G

TABLE 9.6 - TYPICAL FILLET WELD PLATE EDGE PREPARATION REPAIR (MANUAL WELDING)

2 mm < G < 5 mm - leg lengthincreased to Rule leg + (G - 2)

5 mm < G < 16 mm - chamfer to300 to 450, build up with welding,on one side, with or without backingstrip, grind and weld

G > 16 mm or G > 1.5t - new plateto be inserted (min. 300mm)

300 mmminimum

t1

t

t2a

b

Liner treatment

t2 < t < t1G < 2 mma = 5 mm + fillet leg length

Not to be used incargo area or areasof tensile stressperpendicular toliner


G

t

TABLE 9.7 - TYPICAL FILLET WELD PLATE EDGE PREPARATION REPAIR (MANUAL WELDING)

3 mm < G < 5 mmbuild up weld

G > 16 mm - new plate to beinserted of minimum width 300mm

5 mm < G < 16 mm - build up withwelding, with or without backingstrip, remove backing strip if used,back gouge and back weld

300 mmminimum

G

t

R

0

Single bevel tee


G

t

G

t

R

0

r0

Single J tee

R

Double bevel tee symmetrical

G

t

R

500 500

Double bevel tee assymetrical

G

t

r0

R

Double J bevel symmetrical

TABLE 9.8 -TYPICAL FILLET WELD PLATE EDGE PREPARATION REPAIR (MANUAL WELDING)

When 3 mm < G < 16 mmbuild up with welding using ceramicor other approved backing bar,remove, back gouge and back weld

When G > 16 mm - insert plate ofminimum height 300mm to be fitted

300 mmmin.

as single bevel tee


S

a

450

Fillet weld leg length

Fillet weld toe angle

> 900 grinding, and welding,where necessary, to make < 900

R

t 0 h

Butt weld toe angle

D

Butt weld undercut

D

Fillet weld undercut

TABLE 9.9 - TYPICALFILLET AND BUTT WELD PROFILE REPAIR (MANUAL WELDING)

Where D > 1 mmundercut to be filled by welding

Increase leg or throat bywelding over

Short beads, less than50 mm, to be avoidedin higher tensile steel

> 900 grinding, and welding,where necessary, to make < 900

Microgrooves of groundedge to be parallel to mainstress direction

Where 0.5 < D < 1 mmundercut to be ground smooth(localised only)

0


Scallops over weld seams

TABLE 9.10 - DISTANCE BETWEEN WELDS REPAIR

Hole to be cut and ground smooth toobtain distance


TABLE 9.11 - ERRONEOUS HOLE REPAIR

Holes made erroneously D < 200 mm

D

Strength membersopen hole to minimum 75 mm dia.,fit and weld spigot piece

0GD

l

t

t1

= 300 - 400

G = 4 - 6 mm1/2 t < t1 < tl = 50 mm

ORopen hole to over 300 mm and fitinsert plate

Other members

open hole to over 300 mm and fitinsert plateOR fit lap plate

t1

t2

L

t1 = t2 L = 50 mm, min

Holes made erroneously D > 200 mm

D

Strength membersopen hole to over 300 mm and fitinsert plate

Other membersopen hole to over 300 mm and fitinsert plateOR fit lap plate

t1

t2

L

t1 = t2 L = 50 mm, min

The fiting of spigot piecesin areas of high stressconcentration or fatigueis to be approved by theClassification Society

Fillet weld to be madeafter butt weld


TABLE 9.12 - REPAIR BY INSERT PLATE

B

L

Repair by insert plate

L = 300 mm minimum

B = 300 mm minimum

R = 5t mm100 mm minimum

(1) seam with insert piece is to bewelded first

(2) original seam is to be releasedand welded over for a minimumof 100 mm

B

L

(2)

(2)

(1)

(2)

(2)

(1)R

(4) (4)

(3)

Lmin

(2) (1)150 150

(4)

(3) (3)

Repair of built section by insert plate

Lmin > 300 mm

Welding sequence

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Web butt weld scallop to befilled during final pass (4)


TABLE 9.13 - WELD SURFACE REPAIR

Weld spatter 1. Remove spatter observed beforeblasting with scraper or chippinghammer, etc.

2. For spatter observed after blasting:

a) Remove with a chipping hammer,scraper, etc.

In principal, nogrinding is appliedto weld surface

h < 3 mm

Irregularity of manual weld

When the surface irregularity exceeds3mm, apply grinding until theirregularity becomes less than 3mm

This repair standardis applicable to filletwelds also

Arc strike

Remove the hardened zone by grinding

b) For spatter not easily removedwith a chipping hammer, scraper,etc., grind the sharp angle ofspatter to make it obtuse

___________________________________________________________________________

Part B Repair Quality Standardfor Existing Ships___________________________________________________________________________

PART B -SHIPBUILDING AND REPAIR QUALITY STANDARD FOR EXISTING SHIPS

CONTENTS:

1. Scope2. General requirements to repairs and repairers3. Qualification of personnel3.1 Qualification of welders3.2 Qualification of welding procedures3.3 Qualification of NDE operators4. Materials4.1 General requirements to materials4.2 Equivalency of material grades5. General requirements to welding5.1 Correlation of welding consumables to hull structural steels5.2 General requirements to preheating and drying out5.3 Dry welding on hull plating below the waterline of vessels afloat6. Repair quality standard6.1 Welding, general6.2 Renewal of plates6.3 Doubler on plates6.4 Renewal of internals/stiffeners6.5 Renewal of internals/stiffeners - transitions inverted angles/bulb profiles6.6 Termination of straps6.7 Welding of pitting corrosion6.8 Welding repairs of cracks6.9 Grinding of shallow cracks

REFERENCES

1. IACS Bulk Carriers - Guidelines for Surveys, Assessment and Repair of Hull Structure2. TSCF Guidelines for the inspection and maintenance of double hull tanker structures3. TSCF Guidance manual for the inspection and condition assessment of tanker structures4. IACS UR W 11 Normal and higher strength hull structural steels5. IACS UR W 13 Allowable under thickness tolerances of steel plates and wide flats6. IACS UR W 17 Approval of consumables for welding normal and higher strength hull structural steels7. IACS Z 10.1 Hull surveys of oil tankers and Z 10.2 Hull surveys of bulk carriers Table IV8. IACS UR Z 13 Voyage repairs and maintenance9. IACS Recommendation 12 Guidelines for surface finish of hot rolled steel plates and wide flats10. IACS Recommendation 20 Guide for inspection of ship hull welds

1. Scope

1.1 This standard provides guidance on quality of repair of hull structures. The standard covers permanentrepairs of existing ships.

Whereas the standard generally applies to- conventional ship types,- parts of hull covered by the rules of the Classification Society,- hull structures constructed from normal and higher strength hull structural steel, the applicability of the standard is in each case to be agreed upon by the Classification Society.

The standard does generally not apply to repair of- special types of ships as e.g. gas tankers- structures fabricated from stainless steel or other, special types or grades of steel

1.2 The standard covers typical repair methods and gives guidance on quality standard on the most importantaspects of such repairs. Unless explicitly stated elsewhere in the standard, the level of workmanship reflectedherein will in principle be acceptable for primary and secondary structure of conventional design. A morestringent standard may however be required for critical and highly stressed areas of the hull, and is to be agreedwith the Classification Society in each case. In assessing the criticality of hull structure and structuralcomponents, reference is made to ref. 1, 2 and 3.

1.3 Restoration of structure to the original standard may not constitute durable repairs of damages originatingfrom insufficient strength or inadequate detail design. In such cases strengthening or improvements beyond theoriginal design may be required. Such improvements are not covered by this standard, however it is referred toref. 1, 2 and 3.

2. General requirements for repairs and repairers

2.1 In general, when hull structure covered by classification is to be subjected to repairs, the work is to be carriedout under the supervision of the Surveyor to the Classification Society. Such repairs are to be agreed prior tocommencement of the work.

2.2 Repairs are to be carried out by workshops, repair yards or personnel who have demonstrated their capabilityto carry out hull repairs of adequate quality in accordance with the Classification Societys requirements and thisstandard.

2.3 Repairs are to be carried out under working conditions that facilitate sound repairs. Provisions are to be madefor proper accessibility, staging, lighting and ventilation. Welding operations are to be carried out under shelterfrom rain, snow and wind.

2.4 Welding of hull structures is to be carried out by qualified welders, according to approved and qualifiedwelding procedures and with welding consumables approved by the Classification Society, see Section 3. Weldingoperations are to be carried out under proper supervision of the repair yard.

2.5 Where repairs to hull which affect or may affect classification are intended to be carried out during a voyage,complete repair procedure including the extent and sequence of repair is to be submitted to and agreed upon bythe Surveyor to the Classification Society reasonably in advance of the repairs. See Ref. 8.

3. Qualification of personnel

3.1 Qualification of welders3.1.1 Welders are to be qualified in accordance with the procedures of the Classification Society or to a recognisednational or international standard, e.g. EN 287, ISO 9606, ASME Section IX, ANSI/AWS D1.1. Recognition ofother standards is subject to submission to the Classification Society for evaluation. Repair yards and workshopsare to keep records of welders qualification and, when required, furnish valid approval test certificates.

3.1.2 Welding operators using fully mechanised of fully automatic processes need generally not pass approvaltesting, provided that production welds made by the operators are of the required quality. However, operators areto receive adequate training in setting or programming and operating the equipment. Records of training andproduction test results shall be maintained on individual operators files and records, and be made available to theClassification Society for inspection when requested.

3.2 Qualification of welding proceduresWelding procedures are to be qualified in accordance with the procedures of the Classification Society or arecognised national or international standard, e.g. EN288, ISO 9956, ASME Section IX, ANSI/AWS D1.1.Recognition of other standards is subject to submission to the Classification Society for evaluation. The weldingprocedure should be supported by a welding procedure qualification record. The specification is to include thewelding process, types of electrodes, weld shape, edge preparation, welding techniques and positions

3.3 Qualification of NDE operators3.3.1 Personnel performing non destructive examination for the purpose of assessing quality of welds inconnection with repairs covered by this standard, are to be qualified in accordance with the Classification Societyrules or to a recognised international or national qualification scheme. Records of operators and their currentcertificates are to be kept and made available to the Surveyor for inspection.

4. Materials

4.1. General requirements for materials4.1.1 The requirements for materials used in repairs are in general the same as the requirements for materialsspecified in the Classification Societys rules for new constructions, (ref. 5)

4.1.2 Replacement material is in general to be of the same grade as the original approved material. Alternatively,material grades complying with recognised national or international standards may be accepted by theClassification Societies provided such standards give equivalence to the requirements of the original grade or areagreed by the Classification Society. For assessment of equivalency between steel grades, the general requirementsand guidelines in Section 4.2 apply.

4.1.3 Higher tensile steel is not to be replaced by steel of a lesser strength unless specially approved by theClassification Society.

4.1.4 Normal and higher strength hull structural steels are to be manufactured at works approved by theClassification Society for the type and grade being supplied.

4.1.5 Materials used in repairs are to be certified by the Classification Society applying the procedures andrequirements in the rules for new constructions. In special cases, and normally limited to small quantities,materials may be accepted on the basis of alternative procedures for verification of the materials properties. Suchprocedures are subject to agreement by the Classification Society in each separate case.

4.2. Equivalency of material grades

4.2.1 Assessment of equivalency between material grades should at least include the following aspects;- heat treatment/delivery condition- chemical composition- mechanical properties- tolerances

4.2.2 When assessing the equivalence between grades of normal or higher strength hull structural steels up toand including grade E40 in thickness limited to 50 mm, the general requirements in Table 4.1 apply.

4.2.3 Guidance on selection of steel grades to certain recognised standards equivalent to hull structural steelgrades specified in Classification Societies rules is given in Table 4.2

5. General requirements to welding

5.1 Correlation of welding consumables with hull structural steels

5.1.1 For the different hull structural steel grades welding consummables are to be selected in accordance withIACS UR W17 (see Ref.5).

5.2 General requirements to preheating and drying out

5.2.1 The need for preheating is to be determined based on the chemical composition of the materials, weldingprocess and procedure and degree of joint restraint.

5.2.2 A minimum preheat of 50o C is to be applied when ambient temperature is below 0C. Dryness of thewelding zone is in all cases to be ensured.

5.2.3 Guidance on recommended minimum preheating temperature for higher strength steel is given in Table 5.1.For automatic welding processes utilising higher heat input e.g. submerged arc welding, the temperatures may bereduced by 50o C. For re-welding or repair of welds, the stipulated values are to be increased by 25 o C.

Items to beconsidered

Requirements Comments

Chemicalcomposition

- C; equal or lower- P and S; equal or lower- Mn; approximately the same but not exceeding 1.6%- Fine grain elements; in same amount- Deoxidation practice

The sum of the elements, e.g. Cu, Ni, Cr and Moshould not exceed 0.8%

Mechanicalproperties

- Tensile strength; equal or higher- Yield strength; equal or higher- Elongation; equal or higher- Impact energy; equal or higher at same or lower temperature, whereapplicable

Actual yield strength should not exceedClassification Society Rule minimumrequirements by more than 80 N/mm2

Condition ofsupply

Same or better Heat treatment in increasing order;- as rolled (AR)- controlled rolled (CR)- normalised (N)- thermo-mechanically rolled (TM)1)- quenched and tempered (QT)1) 1) TM- and QT-steels are not suitable for hot forming

Tolerances - Same or stricter Permissible under thickness tolerances;- plates: 0.3 mm- sections: according to recognised standards

Table 4.1 Minimum extent and requirements to assessment of equivalency between normal or higherstrength hull structural steel grades

5.3 Dry welding on hull plating below the waterline of vessels afloat

5.3.1. Welding on hull plating below the waterline of vessels afloat is acceptable only on normal and higherstrength steels with specified yield strength not exceeding 355 MPa and only for local repairs. Welding involvingother high strength steels or more extensive repairs against water backing is subject to special consideration andapproval by the Classification Society of the welding procedure.

5.3.2. Low-hydrogen electrodes or welding processes are to be used when welding on hull plating against waterbacking. Coated low-hydrogen electrodes used for manual metal arc welding should be properly conditioned toensure a minimum of moisture content.

5.3.3 In order to ensure dryness and to reduce the cooling rate, the structure is to be preheated by a torch orsimilar prior to welding, to a temperature of minimum 5oC or as specified in the welding procedure.

Table 4.2 Guidance on steel grades comparable to the normal and high strength hull structural steel grades given in Classification Society rules

Steel grades according to Classification Societies rules (ref. 5) Comparable steel grades

Yieldstress

Tensilestrength

Elongation Average impactenergy

ISO630-80

EN ASTM JIS

Grade ReHmin.N/mm2

Rm

N/mm2

A5min.%

Temp.

C

J, min.

L T

4950/2/31981

EN 10025-93EN 10113-93

A 131 G 3106

ABDE

235 400 - 502 22

+200-20-40

- -

27 2027 2027 20

Fe 360BFe 360CFe 360D-

S235JRG2S235J0S235J2G3S275NL/ML

ABDE

SM41BSM41B(SM41C)-

A 27D 27E 27

265 400 - 530 220-20-40

27 20Fe 430CFe 430D-

S275J0G3S275N/MS275NL/ML

-

-

-

-

-

-

A 32D 32E 32 315 440 - 590 22

0-20-40 31 22

-

-

-

-

-

-

AH32DH32EH32

SM50B(SM50C)-

A 36D 36E 36 355 490 - 620 21

0-20-40 34 24

Fe 510CFe 510DE355E

S355N/MS355N/MS355NL/ML

AH36DH36EH36

SM53B(SM53C)-

A 40D 40E 40 390 510 - 650 20

0-20-40 41 27

E390CCE390DDE390E

S420N/MS420N/MS420NL/ML

AH40DH40EH40

(SM58)-

-

Note : In selecting comparable steels from this table, attention should be given to the requirements of Table 4.1 and the dimension requirements of the product with respectto Classification Society rules.

Carbon equivalent Recommended minimum preheat temperature ( 0 C )1) tcomb 50 mm 2) 50 mm70 mm 2)

Ceq 0.39 - - 50Ceq 0.41 - - 75Ceq 0.43 - 50 100Ceq 0.45 50 100 125Ceq 0.47 100 125 150Ceq 0.50 125 150 175

Table 5.1 Preheating temperature

NOTES

1) Ceq = C + Mn6

+ Cr + Mo + V

5 +

Ni + Cu15

(%)2) Combined thickness tcomb = t1 + t2 + t3 + t4 , see figure

= =

t1 t2 t1 t2

t3

t4

6. Repair quality standard

6.1 Welding, general

d

d

Fig. 6.1 Groove roughness

NOTE :Slag, grease, loose mill scale, rust and paint, other than primer, to be removed.

Item Standard Limit RemarksMaterial Grade Same as original or

higherSee Section 4

Welding Consumables IACS UR-W17(ref. 6)

Approval according. toequivalentinternational standard

Groove / roughness See note and Fig. 6.1 d < 1.5 mm Grind smooth

Pre-Heating See Table 5.1 Steel temperature notlower than 5oC

Welding with water onthe outside

See Section 5.3 Acceptable for normaland high strengthsteels

-Moisture to be removed by a heating torch

Alignment As for newconstruction

Weld finish IACS guide forinspection of ship hullwelds (ref. 10)

NDE IACS guide (ref. 10) At random with extentto be agreed withattending surveyors

6.2 Renewal of plates

3

21

4

14

32

100mm 100mm

R

R = 5 x plate thicknessmin. 100mm

Fig 6.2 Welding sequence for inserts

Item Standard Limit RemarksSize insert Min. 300x300mm

R = 5 x thicknessCircular inserts:Dmin=200mm

Min. 200x200mmMin R = 100 mm

Material grade Same as original orhigher

See Section 4.

Edge Preparation As for newconstruction

In case of noncompliance increasethe amount of NDE

Welding sequence See fig.6.2Weld sequence is1 2 3 4

For primary memberssequence 1 and 2transverse to the mainstress direction



NDE IACS guide (ref. 10)

6.3 Doublers on plating

Local doublers are normally only allowed as temporary repairs, except as original compensation for openings, within the main hull structure.

R

Pitch

Size ofslot

ld

t

Slot weld throat

Fig. 6.3 Doublers on plates

Item Standard Limit RemarksExisting plating General: t > 5 mm For areas where

existing plating is lessthan 5mm plating apermanent repair byinsert is to be carriedout.

Extent/size Rounded off corners. min 300x300mmR > 50mm

Thickness of doubler (td) td tp (tp = originalthickness of existingplating )

td > tp/3

Material grade Same as original plate See Section 4

Edge preparation As for [newbuilding]new construction

Doublers welded onprimary strengthmembers: (Le: leglength)when t > Le + 5mm,the edge to be tapered(1:4)

Welding As for [newbuilding]new construction

Welding sequencesimilar to insert plates.

Weld size(throat thickness) Circumferencial and inslots: 0.6 x td

Slot welding Normal size of slot:(80-100) x 2 tdDistance from doubleredge and between slots:d < 15 td

Max pitch betweenslots 200mm

dmax = 500mm

For doubler extendedover several supportingelements, see figure 6.3

NDE IACSRecommendation 20( Ref. 10)

6.4 Renewal of internals/stiffeners

12

3

dd

Min. size of insert

Release fillet weld overa distance d prior towelding sector 3

Fig 6.4 Welding sequence for inserts of stiffeners

Item Standard Limit RemarksSize insert Min. 300 mm Min. 200mm

Material grade Same as original orhigher

See Section 4.

Edge Preparation As for newconstruction.Fillet weld stiffenerweb/plate to be releasedover min. d = 150 mm

Welding sequence See fig.6.4 .Weld sequence is1 2 3



NDE IACS guide (ref. 10)

6.5 Renewal of internals/stiffeners - transitions inverted angle/bulb profile

The application of the transition is allowed for secondary structural elements.

b1

b2

tf

tf2

15o

1:4

bf

1:4

l

==

t1

t2

h1

h2

15o

Transition angle

Fig. 6.5 Transition between inverted angle and bulb profile

Item Standard Limit Remarks(h1 - h2) < 0.25 x b1

| t1 - t2| 2 mm Without taperingtransition.

Transition angle 15 degrees At any arbitrary section

Flanges tf = tf2bf = bf2

Length of flatbar 4 x h1

Material See Section 4.

6.6 Termination of straps

Rb

Taper /b > 3

Strap

Assymmetrical arrangement

Symmetrical arrangement

Increased throatthickness

Taper /b > 3bStrap t

t

Increased throatthickness

Fig. 6.6 Termination of straps

Item Standard Limit RemarksTapering /b > 3 Special consideration

to be drawn to designof strap terminations in

Radius 0.1 x b min 30mm fatigue sensitive areas.Material See paragraph 2.0

General requirement tomaterials.

Weld size Depending on numberand function of straps.Throat thickness to beincreased 15 % towardends.

Welding Welding sequencefrom middle towardsthe free ends

See sketch. Forwelding of lengths >1000mm step weldingto be applied.

6.7 Welding of pitting corrosion

NOTES:Shallow pits may be filled by applying coating or pit filler. Pits can be defined as shallow when their depth is lessthan 1/3 of the orginal plate thickness.

Grind flushStart outside pitFinish outside pit

Welding direction

Fig. 6.7 Welding of pits

Reference is made to TSCF Guidelines, Ref. 2 & 3.

Item Standard Limit RemarksExtent/depth Pits/grooves are to be

welded flush with theoriginal surface.

If deep pits or groovesare clustered togetheror remaining thicknessis less than 6 mm, theplate should berenewed.

See also IACSRecommendation 12( Ref.9)

Cleaning Heavy rust to beremoved

Pre-Heating See Table 5.1 Required whenambienttemperature < 5oC

Always use propanetorch or similar toremove any moisture

Welding sequence Reverse direction foreach layer

See also IACS guideno. 12


NDE IACS guide (ref. 10) Min. 10% extent Preferably MPI

6. 8 Welding repairs for cracks

Tab

A

Fig. 6.8.a Step back technique Fig 6.8.b End crack termination

1

Fig 6.8.c Welding sequence for cracks with length less than 300 mm

Fig. 6.8.d Groove preparation(U-groove left and V-groove right)

3 2 1

3 2 1

o

R

Item Standard Limit RemarksGroove preparation =45-60o

r= 5 mmFor through plate cracks asfor newbuilding. Else seefig 6.9.d

Termination Termination to haveslope 1:3

For cracks ending on edgesweld to be terminated on atab see Fig 6.9.b

Extent On plate max. 400 mmlength. Vee out 50 mmpast end of crack

On plate max 500mm. Linear crack,not branched

Welding sequence See fig 6.9.c forsequence and direction

For cracks longerthan 300 mm step-back techniqueshould be used Fig6.9.a

Always use low hydrogenwelding consumables


NDE IACS guide (ref.10) 100 % MP or PE ofgroove

100 % surface crackdetection + UE or RE forbutt joints

6.9 Grinding of shallow cracks

Disk grinder Rotary burr grinder

Max. grindingdepth

Final grinding direction

Main stress direction

+

Fig 6.9 Grinding

Item Standard Limit RemarksExtent For short cracks only

max. 4 tt = Plate thickness

Max. length100 mm

See also IACSrecommendation 12,(ref. 9)

Grinding direction Final grindingmicrogrooves parallelto main stress direction

Grinding always to befinished by a rotatingburr and not a diskgrinder

Grinding depth Max. 0.2 tt = Plate thickness

Always smoothtransition

NDE IACS guide forinspection of ship hullwelds (ref. 10)

100 % MPI

___________________________________________________________________________

Appendix - Referenced IACSUnified Requirements___________________________________________________________________________

APPENDIX - REFERENCED IACS UNIFIED REQUIREMENTS

CONTENTS

IACS UR W7 Hull and machinery steel forgingsIACS UR W8 Hull and machinery steel castingsIACS UR W11 Normal and higher strength hull structural steelIACS UR W13 Allowable under thickness tolerances of steel plates and wide flatsIACS UR W14 Steel plates and wide flats with improved through thickness propertiesIACS UR W17 Approval of consumables for welding normal and higher strength hull structural steelsIACS UR Z10.1 Survey of oil tankersand Z10.2 Survey of Bulk Carriers Annex IIACS UR Z13 Voyage repairs and maintenanceIACS Recommendation 12 Guidelines for surface finish of hot rolled steel plates and wide flatsIACS Recommendation 20 Guide for inspection of ship hull welds

W7

Hull and machinery steel forgings

W7.1 Scope(1978)W7.1.1 All important steel forgings, as defined in the relevant construction Rules, are to bemanufactured and tested in accordance with the requirements of the following paragraphs. Theserequirements are also applicable to rolled slabs and billets used as a substitute for forgings and to rolledbars used for the manufacture (by machining operations only) of shafts, bolts, studs and othercomponents of simple shape.

W7.1.2 These requirements are applicable only to steel forgings where the design and acceptance testsare related to mechanical properties at ambient temperature. For other applications, additionalrequirements may be necessary especially when the forgings are intended for service at low or elevatedtemperatures.

W7.1.3 Alternatively, forgings which comply with national or proprietary specifications may beaccepted provided such specifications give reasonable equivalence to these requirements or are otherwisespecially approved or required by the Classification Society.

W7.1.4 Where small and identical forgings are produced in large quantities the manufacture may adoptalternative procedures for testing and inspection subject to the approval of the Classification Society.

W7.2 Manufacture(1978)W7.2.1 All important forgings are to be made at works where the manufacturer has demonstrated to thesatisfaction of the Classification Society that the necessary manufacturing and testing facilities areavailable and are supervised by qualified personnel. A programme of approval tests may be required inaccordance with the procedures of individual Societies.

W7.2.2 The steel used in the manufacture of forgings is to be made by the open hearth, electric or basicoxygen process or by other processes approved by the Classification Society.

W7(1978)

IACS Req. 1980

s

s

W7.2.3 Adequate top and bottom discards are to be made to ensure freedom from piping and harmfulsegregations in the finished forgings.

W7.2.4 The plastic deformation is to be such as to ensure soundness, uniformity of structure andsatisfactory mechanical properties after heat treatment. For components where the fibre deformation ismainly longitudinal, the total reduction ratio is generally to be in accordance with Table 1.

Table 1

W7.2.5 Where disc type forgings such as gear wheels are made by upsetting, the thickness of any partof the disc is to be not more than one half of the length of the billet from which it was formed providedthat this billet has received an initial forging reduction of not less than 1,5:1. Where the piece used hasbeen cut directly from an ingot or where the billet has received an initial reduction of less than 1,5:1, thethickness of any part of the disc is to be not more than one third of the length of the original piece.

W7.2.6 Rings and other types of hollow forgings are to be made from pieces cut from ingots or billetsand which have been suitably punched, bored or trepanned prior to expanding or drawing on a suitablemandrel. Alternatively, pieces from hollow cast iron ingots may be used. The wall thickness of theforging is to be not more than one half of the thickness of the prepared hollow piece from which it wasformed. Where this is not practicable the forging procedure is to be such as to ensure that adequate workis given to the piece prior to punching, etc. This may be either longitudinal or upset working of not lessthan 2:1.

W7.2.7 For certain components, where grain flow is required in the most favourable direction havingregard to the mode of stressing in service, the proposed method of manufacture may require specialapproval by the Classification Society. In such cases, tests may be required to demonstrate that asatisfactory structure and grain flow are obtained.

W7.2.8 The shaping of forgings or rolled slabs and billets by flame cutting, scarfing or arc-air gougingis to be undertaken in accordance with recognized good practice and, unless otherwise approved, is to becarried out before the final heat treatment. Preheating is to be employed when necessitated by thecomposition and/or thickness of the steel.For certain components, subsequent machining of all flame cut surfaces may be required.

W7.2.9 When two or more forgings are joined by welding to form a composite component, details ofthe proposed procedure are to be submitted for approval. Welding procedure tests may be required.

IACS Req. 1986

W7.2.3

W7contd

IACS Req. 1980

s

NOTES1. L and D are the length and diameter respectively of the part of

the forging under consideration.2. The reduction ratio is to be calculated with reference to the

average cross-sectional area of the ingot. Where an ingot is initially upset, this reference area may be taken as the average cross-sectional area after this operation.

3. For rolled bars used as a substitute for forgings (see W7.1.1) the reduction ratio is to be not less than 6:1.

TotalMethod of manufacture reduction ratio

Made directly from ingots or from forged 3:1 where L>Dblooms or billets 1,5:1 where LD

Made from rolled products 4:1 where L>D2:1 where LD

W7.3

W7.3 Quality of forgings(1978)W7.3.1 All forgings are to be free from surface or internal defects which would be prejudicial to theirproper application in service.

W7.4 Chemical composition(1978)W7.4.1 All forgings are to be made from killed steel and the chemical composition is to be appropriatefor the type of steel, dimensions and required mechanical properties of the forgings being manufactured.

W7.4.2 Details of the proposed chemical composition for alloy steel forgings are to be submitted forapproval.

W7.4.3 For carbon and carbon-manganese steel forgings the chemical composition of ladle samples isto comply with the following overall limits:

Carbon 0,60% max.Silicon 0,45% max.Manganese 0,30/1,50%Sulphur 0,040% max.Phosphorus 0,040% max.

Residual elements:Copper 0,30% max.Chromium 0,30% max.Molybdenum 0,15% max.Nickel 0,40% max.

W7.4.4 For alloy steel forgings the chemical composition of ladle samples is to include the content ofall alloying elements and is to comply with the following overall limits and the requirements of theapproved specifications:

Carbon 0,45% max.Silicon 0,45% max.Sulphur 0,035% max.Phosphorus 0,035% max.

W7.4.5 At the option of the manufacturer, suitable grain refining elements such as aluminium, niobiumor vanadium may be added. The content of such elements is to be reported in the ladle analysis.

W7.4.6 Where steel forgings are intended for welded construction the proposed chemical compositionis subject to approval by the Classification Society.

W7.5 Heat treatment (including surface hardening and straightening)(1978)W7.5.1 At an appropriate stage of manufacture, after completion of all hot working operations, forgingsare to be suitably heat treated to refine the grain structure and to obtain the required mechanicalproperties.

W7.5.2 Except as provided in W5.5.7 and W5.5.8 forgings are to be supplied in one of the followingconditions:(a) Carbon and carbon-manganese steels Fully annealed

NormalizedNormalized and temperedQuenched and tempered

(b) Alloy steels Quenched and temperedFor all types of steel the tempering temperature is to be not less than 550C.

W7contd

IACS Req. 1980

s

s

s

W7.5.3 Alternatively, alloy steel forgings may be supplied in the normalized and tempered condition, inwhich case the specified mechanical properties are to be agreed with the Classification Society.

W7.5.4 Heat treatment is to be carried out in properly constructed furnaces which are efficientlymaintained and have adequate means for control and recording of temperature. The furnace dimensionsare to be such as to allow the whole forging to be uniformly heated to the necessary temperature. In thecase of very large forgings alternative methods of heat treatment will be specially considered by theClassification Society.

W7.5.5 If for any reasons a forging is subsequently heated for further hot working the forging is to bere-heat treated.

W7.5.6 Where it is intended to surface harden forgings, full details of the proposed procedure andspecification are to be submitted for the approval of the Classification Society. For the purposes of thisapproval, the manufacture may be required to demonstrate by test that the proposed procedure gives auniform surface layer of the required hardness and depth and that it does not impair the soundness andproperties of the steel.

W7.5.7 Where induction hardening or nitriding is to be carried out after machining, forgings are to beheat treated at an appropriate stage to a condition suitable for this subsequent surface hardening.

W7.5.8 Where carburizing is to be carried out after machining forgings are to be heat treated at anappropriate stage (generally either by full annealing or by normalizing and tempering) to a conditionsuitable for subsequent machining and carburizing.

W7.5.9 If any straightening operation is performed after the final heat treatment consideration shouldbe given to a subsequent stress relieving heat treatment in order to avoid the possibility of harmfulresidual stresses.

W7.6 Mechanical tests(1978)W7.6.1 Test material, sufficient for the required tests and for possible re-test purposes, is to be providedwith a cross-sectional area of not less than that part of the forging which it represents. This test materialis to be integral with each forging except as provided in W7.6.7 and W7.6.10.

W7.6.2 For the purpose of these requirements a set of tests is to consist of one tensile test specimenand, when required, three impact test specimens. When impact tests are required, either Charpy V-notchor Charpy U-notch test specimens may be used at the option of the manufacturer, unless otherwisespecified by the Classification Society.

W7.6.3 Test specimens are to be cut with their axes either mainly parallel (longitudinal test) or mainlyperpendicular (transverse test) to the principal direction of fibre deformation.W7.6.4 The location of the axes of test specimens with regard to the distance below the surface of theforging is to be in accordance with the requirements of individual Classification Societies.

W7.6.5 Except as provided in W7.6.10 the number and direction of tests is to be as follows.

(a) Hull components such as rudderstocks, pintles etc. General machinery components such as shafting, connecting rods, etc.One set of tests is to be taken from the end of each forging in a longitudinal direction except that, at the discretion of the manufacture and if agreed by the Surveyor, the alternative directions or positions as shown in Fig. 1, 2 and 3 may be used. Where a forging exceeds both 4 tonnes in mass and 3m in length one set of tests is to be taken from each end. These limits refer to the 'as forged' mass and length but excluding the test material.

W7.5.3

W7contd

IACS Req. 1980

s

s

W7.6

(b) PinionsWhere the finished machined diameter of the toothed portion exceeds 200mm one set of tests is to be taken from each forging in a transverse direction adjacent to the toothed portion (test position B in Fig. 4). Where the dimensions preclude the preparation of tests from this position, tests in a transverse direction are to be taken from the end of the journal (test position C in Fig. 4). If however, the journal diameter is 200mm or less the tests are to be taken in a longitudinal direction (test position A in Fig. 4). Where the finished length of the toothed portion exceed 1,25m, one set of tests is to be taken from each end.

W7contd

IACS Req. 1980

Test position B(transverse)

Test position A(longitudinal)

Fig. 1 Plain shaft

Test position C(transverse)


Fig. 2 Flanged shaft

Test position B(longitudinal)

(through bolt hole)

Test position D (transverse)

Fig. 3 Flanged shaft with collar


Test position C(transverse) Test position B

(longitudinal)

s

W7.6

W7contd

IACS Req. 1980

Test position C(transverse)

Fig. 4 Pinion



L

D d


L = length of toothed portionD = diameter of toothed portiond = jornal diameter

Test Position A(transverse)

Test position B (transverse)

Fig. 5 Gear wheel

Test Position A(equivalent to longitudinal, see W7.6.3)

Test position B (equivalent to longitudinal, see W7.6.3)

Fig. 6 Gear rim (made by expanding)

W7

(c) Small pinionsWhere the finished diameter of the toothed portion is 200mm or less one set of tests is to be taken in a longitudinal direction (test position A in Fig. 4).

(d) Gear wheelsOne set of tests is to be taken from each forging in a transverse direction (test position A or B in Fig. 5).

(e) Gear wheel rims (made by expanding)One set of tests is to be taken from each forging (test position A or B in Fig. 6). Where the finished diameter exceeds 2,5m or the mass (as heat treated by excluding test material) exceeds 3 tonnes, two sets of tests are to be taken from diametrically opposite positions (test positions A and B in Fig. 6).

(f) Pinion sleevesOne set of tests is to be taken from each forging in a transverse direction (test position A or B in Fig. 7). Where the finished length exceeds 1,25m one set of tests is to be taken from each end.

(g) CrankwebsOne set of tests is to be taken from each forging in a transverse direction.

W7contd

IACS Req. 1980

s

Fig. 7 Pinion sleeve

Test position A(transverse)



Test position C(transverse)Coupling end

Fig. 8 Solid forged crankshaft

Test position B(longitudinal)

(h) Solid forged crankshaftsOne set of tests is to be taken in a longitudinal direction from the coupling end of each forging (test position A in Fig. 8).Where the mass (as heat treated but excluding test material) exceeds 3 tonnes tests in a longitudinal direction are to be taken from each end (test positions A and B in Fig. 8). Where, however, the crankthrows are formed by machining or flame cutting, the second set of tests is to be taken in a transverse direction from material removed from the crankthrow at the end opposite to the coupling (test position C in Fig. 8).

W7.6.6 For combined web and pin crankshaft forgings and other forgings where the method ofmanufacture has been specially approved in accordance with W7.2.7, the number and position of testspecimens is to be agreed with the Classification Society having regard to the method of manufactureemployed.

W7.6.7 When a forging is subsequently divided into a number of components, all of which are heattreated together in the same furnace charge, for test purposes this may be regarded as one forging and thenumber of tests required is to be related to the total length and mass of the original multiple forging.

W7.6.8 Except for components which are to be carburized or as otherwise specially agreed, testmaterial is not to be cut from a forging until all heat treatment has been completed.

W7.6.9 When forgings are to be carburized after machining, sufficient test material is to be provided forboth preliminary tests at the forge and for final tests after completion of carburizing.For this purpose duplicate sets of test material are to be taken from positions as detailed in W7.6.5,except that irrespective of the dimensions or mass of the forging, tests are required from one positiononly and, in the case of forgings with integral journals, are to be cut in a longitudinal direction.This test material is to be machined to a diameter of D/4 or 60mm, whichever is less, where D is thefinished diameter of the toothed portion.For preliminary tests at the forge one set of test material is to be given a blank carburizing and heattreatment cycle simulating that which subsequently will be applied to the forging.For final acceptance tests, the second set of test material is to be blank carburized and heat treated alongwith the forgings which they represent.At the discretion of the forgemaster or gear manufacture test samples of larger cross section may beeither carburized or blank carburized, but these are to be machined to the required diameter prior to thefinal quenching and stress relieving heat treatment.Alternative procedures for testing of forgings which are to be carburized may be specially agreed withthe Classification Society.

W7.6.10 Where a number of small forgings of about the same size are made from one cast and heattreated in the same furnace charge, batch testing procedures may be adopted using one of the forgings fortest purposes or alternatively using separately forged test samples. These test samples are to have areduction ratio similar to that used for the forgings which they represent. They are to be properlyidentified and heat treated along with the forgings. In such cases at least one set of tests is to be takenfrom each batch. Hardness tests may additionally be required for certain types of forgings. (SeeW7.7.7.6).W7.6.11 A batch testing procedure may also be used for hot rolled bars, not exceeding 250mm diameter,which are intended for the manufacture (by machining operations only) of straight shafting, bolts, studsand other components of similar shape. A batch is to consist of either:(i) material from the same piece or rolled length provided that where this is cut into individual

lengths, these are all heat treated in the same furnace charge, or(ii) bars of the same diameter and cast, heat treated in the same furnace charge and with a total mass

not exceeding 2,5 tonnes.

W7.6.12 Tensile and impact test specimens are to be machined to the dimensions given in W2.

W7.6.13 All tensile and impact tests are to be carried out at ambient temperature (generally 18-25C)using test procedures in accordance with W3. Unless otherwise agreed all tests are to be carried out in thepresence of the Surveyors.

W7.6

W7contd

IACS Req. 1980

s

s

W7.7

W7.7 Mechanical properties(1980)W7.7.1 Tables 2 and 3 give the minimum requirements for yield stress, elongation, reduction of areaand impact test energy values corresponding to different strength levels but it is not intended that theseshould necessarily be regarded as specific grades. The strength levels have been given in multiples of40N/mm2, or 50 N/mm2 in case of alloy steels, to facilitate interpolation for intermediate values ofspecified minimum tensile strength.The requirements given in these Tables relate to test specimens taken from subsurface positions, i.e. withtheir axis at a distance from the surface of up to 10% of the diameter or thickness. Where test specimensare taken at a greater distance from the surface (see W7.6.4) the values given in the Tables may bemodified at the discretion of individual Classification Societies.

W7.7.2 Forgings may be supplied to any specified minimum tensile strength selected within the generallimits detailed in Tables 2 or 3 but subject to any additional requirements of the relevant constructionRules.

W7.7.3 The results of all tensile tests are to comply with the requirements of Tables 2 or 3 appropriateto the type of steel, specified minimum tensile strength and the direction of test.

Table 2. Mechanical properties: carbon and carbon-manganese steel forgings

W7contd

IACS Req. 1980

s

Specified Yield Elongation Reduction Charpy test averageminimum stress on 5,65 S0 of area energy (J) min.(3) Hardnesstensile (N/mm2) (%) min. (%) min. (Brinell)(4)strength min. V-notch U-notch(N/mm2)(1), (2)

L T L T L T L T

360 180 28 20 50 35 32 18 30 20 95-135400 200 26 19 50 35 32 18 30 20 110-150440 220 24 18 50 35 32 18 30 20 125-160480 240 22 16 45 30 32 18 30 20 135-175520 260 21 15 45 30 25 15 25 17 150-185560 280 20 14 40 27 25 15 25 17 160-200600 300 18 13 40 27 18 12 20 15 175-215640 320 17 12 40 27 18 12 20 15 185-230680 340 16 12 35 24 18 12 20 15 200-240720 360 15 11 35 24 18 12 20 15 210-250760 380 14 10 35 24 18 12 20 15 225-265

L denotes longitudinal test specimen; T denotes transverse test specimen.

NOTES1. For intermediate values of specified minimum tensile strength, the minimum values for yield stress,

elongation, reduction of area and impact energy may be obtained by interpolation.2. The following ranges for tensile strength may be additionally specified:

specified minimum tensile strength < 600 N/mm2 600 N/mm2tensile strength range 120 N/mm2 150 N/mm2

3. When impact tests are required they are to be carried out at ambient temperature (18-25C) and unless otherwise specified either Charpy V-notch or Charpy U-notch test specimens may be used at the option of the manufacturer.

4. The hardness values are typical and are given for information purposes only.

W7.7

Table 3. mechanical properties: Alloy steel forgings (quenched and tempered)

The average energy value from a set of three impact test specimens is to be not less than the appropriatevalue given in Tables 2 or 3. One individual value may be less than the required average value providedthat it is not less than 70% of this average value.

W7.7.4 The requirements of Table 3 are applicable to the general range of alloy steels used in marinepractice and at the discretion of individual Classification Societies may be modified for special types ofalloy steels.

W7.7.5 Where more than one tensile test is taken from a forging the variation in tensile strength is notto exceed the following:

Specified minimum tensile Difference in tensilestrength (N/mm2) strength (N/mm2)

W7.7.6 At the discretion of individual Classification Societies hardness tests may be required on thefollowing:(i) Gear forgings after completion of heat treatment and prior to machining the gear teeth. The

hardness is to be determined at four positions equally spaced around the circumference of the surface where teeth will subsequently be cut. Where the finished diameter of the toothed portion exceeds 2,5m, the above number of test positions is to be increased to eight. Where the width of a gear wheel rim forging exceeds 1,25m, the hardness is to be determined at eight positions at each end of the forging.

(ii) Small crankshaft and gear forgings which have been batch tested. In such cases at least one hardness test is to be carried out on each forging.

The results from these tests are to be to the satisfaction of the Surveyor and, for information purposes,typical Brinell hardness values are given in Tables 2 and 3.

W7.7.7 The variation in hardness on an individual forging or in a batch of small forgings is to complywith the following:

Specified minimum tensile Difference hardnessstrength (N/mm2) (Brinell number)

W7.8 Inspection(1978)W7.8.1 Before acceptance, all forgings are to be presented to the Surveyors for visual examination.Where applicable, this is to include the examination of internal surfaces and bores. Unless otherwiseagreed the verification of dimensions is the responsibility of the manufacturer.

W7.8.2 When required by the relevant construction Rules, or by the approved procedure for weldedcomposite components (see W7.2.9) appropriate nondestructive testing is also to be carried out beforeacceptance and the results are to be reported by the manufacturer.

All such tests are to be carried out by component operators using reliable and efficiently maintainedequipment. The testing procedures used are to be agreed with the Surveyors.

W7.8.3 Magnetic particle or liquid penetrant testing is to be carried out when the forgings are in thefinished condition. Where current flow methods are used for magnetization, particular care is to be takento avoid damaging finished machined surfaces by contact burns from the prods. Unless otherwise agreed,these tests are to be carried out in the presence of the Surveyor. Acceptance standards for defects foundby magnetic particle or liquid penetrant testing are to be to the satisfaction of the Classification Societyand in accordance with any specific requirements of the approved plan.

W7.8.4 Ultrasonic examination is to be carried out following the final heat treatment and at a stagewhen the forgings have been machined to a condition suitable for this type of examination. Both radialand axial scanning are to be carried out when appropriate for the shape and dimensions of the forgingbeing examined. Unless otherwise agreed this examination is to be carried out by the manufactureralthough Surveyors may request to be present in order to verify that the examination is being carried outin accordance with the agreed procedure.

W7.8.5 When required by the conditions of approval for surface hardened forgings (W7.5.6 refers)additional test samples are to be processed at the same time as the forgings which they represent. Thesetest samples are subsequently to be sectioned in order to determine the hardness, shape and depth of thelocally hardened zone and which are to comply with the requirements of the approved specification.

W7.8.6 In the event of any forging proving defective during subsequent machining or testing, it is to berejected notwithstanding any previous certification.

W7.9 Rectification of defective forgings(1978)W7.9.1 Small surface imperfections may be removed by grinding or chipping and grinding. Completeelimination of these imperfections is to be proved by magn

Documents

IACS Shipbuilding Standard