ichthyo_ch. 4.ppsx

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    igestionSystem

    iktiol - ch 4 - tamu 68IV2013 1

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    What is digestion?

    • the breakdown of large insolublemolecules into smaller soluble moleculeswhich can pass through the wall of the

    gut into the blood.

    • mechanical & chemical breakdown offood into nutrients.

    • chemical reactions breaking down foodand releasing energy from nutrients.

    iktiol - ch 4 - tamu 68IV2013 2

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    iktiol - ch 4 - tamu 68IV2013 3

    • Ingestion

    • Processing

    • Absorption• Elimination

    Digestion System

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    iktiol - ch 4 - tamu 68IV2013 4

    • Primitive chordates wereflter eeders.

    •  Jaw development allowedmore aggressive methods oeeding

    • However some o the largestmammals retain fltereeding !baleen whales".

    ngestion

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    iktiol - ch 4 - tamu 68IV2013 5

    • Proc#rement and manip#lationo ood$ sensory.

    • present in shar%s bony fsh and

    amphibians• cannot move independently

    • An e&tension o the gland#larfeld o the pharyngeal 'oor is#sed by terrestrial amphibiansto capt#re prey

    ong#e !Primary (ong#e"

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    Primary (ong#e) mesenchyme ohyoid arch

    • present in shar%s bony fsh and

    amphibians

    • cannot move independently

    • An e&tension o the gland#larfeld o the pharyngeal 'oor is#sed by terrestrial amphibiansto capt#re prey

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    comparison

    Digestion System

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    Vertebrate Digestive Tube

    Myxini &lampreys

    Chondrichthys   Non-TeleostActinopterygii

    oral cavity oral cavity oral cavity oral cavity

    pharynx gill openings gill openings gill openings

    esophagus short short short

    stomach absent   present present

    intestine simple with

    spiral valve

    simple with

    spiral valve

    simple with

    spiral valve

    cloaca present present   absent

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    Teleosts Lungfishes Amphibians

    oral cavity oral cavity oral cavity oral cavity

    pharynx gill openings gill openings gill openingswhen larval 

    esophagus short short   long

    stomach   present absent   present

    intestine simple, NO  spiral valve simple withspiral valve

    NO  spiral valve,small intestine

    large intestine

    cloaca   absent present present

    Vertebrate Digestive Tube

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    internal organs

    Digestion System

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    • Brain: seat of the mental faculties of a fish.

    • so!ha"us: !art of the #i"esti$e tract connectin" the mouth to the

    stomach.

    • %orsal aorta: $essel in the &ack that carries &loo# from the heart to

    the or"ans.

    • 'tomach: !art of the #i"esti$e tract &et(een the eso!ha"us an# the

    intestine.

    • )ir &la##er : !ocket in (hich urine collects.

    • '!inal cor#: !art of the ner$ous s*stem that connects the &rain to

    all other !arts of a fish.

    • +i#ne*: &loo#-!urif*in" or"an.• ,rinar* orifice: o!enin" for eliminatin" urine.

    • enital rifice: o!enin" relate# to the "enital or"ans.

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    • )nus: en# of the #i"esti$e tract.

    • ona#: hormone-secretin" se/ual "lan# of a fish.

    • Intestine: last !art of the #i"esti$e tract.

    • *loric cecum: cul-#e-sac relate# to the intestine.

    • all &la##er : small sac containin" the &ile.

    •i$er : &ile-!ro#ucin" #i"esti$e "lan#.

    • eart: &loo#-!um!in" or"an.

    • ills: res!irator* or"an of a fish.

    • ooth: har# or"an of a fish use# to shre# foo#.

    • *e: si"ht or"an of a fish.• lfactor* &ul&: &ul"in" !art of the smell or"an of smell of a fish.

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    nares or e/ternal nostrils  locate# on the un#ersi#e

    $entral surface of the rostrum anterior to the a(s.

    ) nasal fla! se!arates the incurrent from the

    e/current o!enin". ater !asses into an# out of the

    olfactor* sac !ermittin" the shark to #etect the

    o#ors of the (ater.

    he !atches of !ores on the hea# in the areas of the

    e*es snout an# nostrils are the o!enin"s of the

    am!ullae of oren9ini. hese sense or"ans aresensiti$e to chan"es in tem!erature (ater !ressure

    electrical fiel#s an# salinit*.

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    Internal anatom* of a shark:

    lar"e lon" an# $er* !o(erful selachian fish. It is $i$i!arous.

    • arietal muscles: set of muscles of the si#e of the hea#.

    • Verte&ra: each of the &ones formin" the s!inal column.

    •  eural arch: arche# !art of a $erte&ra relate# to the ner$ous

    s*stem.

    • Bo#*: main !art of a $erte&ra.• %orsal fin: locomoti$e lim& on the &ack of a shark.

    • )nterior intestine: !art of the #i"esti$e tract ust after the stomach.

    • 'tomach: !art of the #i"esti$e tract of a shark &et(een the front

    an# rear !arts of the intestine.• +i#ne*: &loo#-!urif*in" or"an.

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    Internal anatom* of a shark 

    • '!inal cor#: !art of the ner$ous s*stem containe# in the s!inal

    column.

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    Internal anatom* of a shark 

    • eart: &loo#-!um!in" or"an.• Ventral aorta: &loo# $essel in the aomen that carries &loo# from

    the heart to other or"ans.

    • Inner s!iracle o!enin"s: fissure containin" the $iscera.

    • =outh: entrance to the #i"esti$e tract.• har*n/: intersection of the res!irator* an# #i"esti$e tracts of a

    shark.

    • nce!halon: seat of the mental ca!acities of a shark.

    • 'kull: &on* case of the &rain.

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    li$er 

    s!iral $al$e intestine

    stomach

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    Chemistry of DigestionHydrolysis digests foods:

    • Carbohydrates (starches) - become simplesugars

    • Proteins - become amino acids

    • Fats - become fatty acids & glycerol• Nucleic acids (RN! "N) - become

    nucleotides

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    Carbohydrate Digestion

    • #egins in mouth - sali$ary amylase brea%s donstarch

    • 'talled in the stomach

    • ostly occurs in small intestine aided byfolloing enymes:

    a* Pancreatic enymes - brea%s starch into

    maltoseb* altase - brea%s maltose into + glucoses

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    Carbohydrate Digestion

    c* 'ucrase - brea%s sucrose into , glucose and ,fructose

    d* actase - brea%s lactose into , glucose . ,

    galactose

    • ast / enymes produced by small intestine*

    Folloing absorbtion! glucose! fructose! &

    galactose transported to the li$er here they arecon$erted to glycogen*

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    Fat Digestion

    0astric lipase of stomach brea%s don some fats*

    ost fat digestion occurs in small intestine*bile emulsifies fat! e1posing more fat to enymes*

    #ile salts lin% fat molecules to ater molecules2 (normally

    fats are hydrophobic)*

    Pancreatic lipases continues fat digestionsubunits no cross into micro$illisubunits are reassembled into triglycerides! combined ith

    cholesterol! and transported to the circulatory system*

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    Protein Digestion

    • 'tomach - pepsinogen con$erted to pepsin in thepresence of HC* Pepsin brea%s some of the

    peptide bonds of some proteins*

    • 'mall intestine - Pancreatic enymes trypsin &

    chymotrypsin brea% proteins into smaller and

    smaller units* 3he pancreatic enyme

    carbo1ypeptidase brea%s peptides into free aminoacids* 'e$eral enymes produced by the small

    intestine further brea% peptides into amino acids*

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    mino acids- absorbed and transported to the li$er*

    use# #irectl* &* the li$er to make li$er !roteins  others con$erte# to acet*l coen9*me ) use# in citric

    aci# c*cle

    other amino aci#s sent to $arious !arts of the &o#* for

     !rotein s*nthesis.

    Proteases must be acti$ated before being usedre$ents them from &reakin" #o(n !ancreas (here the*>re

    ma#e ? store#.)cti$ation occurs (hen the* come in contact (@ certain

    chemicals foun# in the small intestine.

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    Nucleic Acid Digestion

    4nymes called nucleases brea% don nucleic acids

    such as RN (ribonucleic acid) and "N

    (deo1yribonucleic acid) into nucleotide chains*

    3he pancreas produces ribonuclease and

    deo1yribonuclease

    small intestine produces nucleases that brea% don

    nucleotides into smaller subunits*