Icrtptx6grov loor5nov

EgappoV6 g

Kcr r En t rctxuvtriv

APIITOTEAEIO NANENI:THMIOOEI:AAONIKH:

EKAOEHTMHMA EKAOTEON

2009-2010

M" Zap&vq Bal.aorri6ou,

Ku0qy4rpwq toD Tprlputoq Ouorxtlq Af,I@

APIETOTEAEIO NAilENIETH''IOEEEEAAONIKHT

EKAOIT*?i{IiMA EKAOEgO}i

--\

Icrrprlc6g

Tov foor6nolv

Egcppoyri S

Kcrr Enrrcxxuvrrirv

APINOTEAEIO NANENI:THMIOOE::AAONIKH:

EKAOEHTMHMA EKAOEEAN

2009-2010

M. Zult&vq Bal"aor.dSouo

Ka0rlyrltproq roD Tpqparoq Ouolrrlq AIIO

API ETOTEAE IO IlAfiIE N':THif IOOE['-AAONIKHI

EKAOfH?MHMA EKA*gEi]Ii

t0e5- 2006

l. E<pappoyfq tcov lootr5arrrv cclv Ictprxr{

1.1 fevrxri

oi (ovrovoi opycrvroproi e{uptofv filv enrBicooq Touc an6 orivOereq goo-rr€q rc'rlqptr6g 6ra6t6rcooieg, rbote vo npayparonororivror ouorioEetq l,srroupyieq 6nalq6tatpo<pr1, uvczrvorl, trreroBo),rop6q r.l".n. zrotyeia 11 o.upr),6yporir r6v.rcov

oupperfgouv o'e cucrl qv Srobrraoio, pre trg <puorrcdq rur p1prrc6q r6r6qteq rou€, orovrco0oprop6, ytcr napd,6e1ypo,, {ou pu0pori nou }"opBdver lrbpcrv prio 6ro6rrcgotu 11 pro

XnprKn ovd8puoq.

H fruop(n tcov p*6rooroor6nc,:v eivor peydl.rlq olpuoioq oe rfromg pel.6req.

Po8revepyd otorleio 11 p6pro eivsr 6uvsr6v va eroo10o6v oe 6vo oriortlpu, 11

undplowa p6pn prcopotiv vo xo,poKrnprorofv ovnroOrorcirvrcq fvo 11 neproo6tepod'topu pe po8reve pya rcoroiEo auriov rov ororxricrlv. H 6ro6popr1 touq trr6oo ronouo'ttlpotoq eivor 6uvut6v vo Tropd,Kol"ou0eitsr pforri 6rop6porv relyrrrirv Kd,1

e(uptrbvcur rur an6 cqv crvilvsuor rnq erczcepn6pevqq c,rcrvoBo).iog. H pqorl uurirrov pu8ioroor6zrrrv oq r1vr106teq 61er oovero.rp6per nol,ri orqv Ko,?ov6qoq no?ul,cilv

Broxrlprrcrirv 6ro6rrsor6v. Enfcrig 6y.' ouveiogdper ornv pel.6tq goorc).oyrrcirrv

)"erroupyrrirv Ko,r orov rco0oprop6 rov opiov tqg quotoroprctl6 )"erroupyioq cizuorq rcor

ottiv 11ct'lo'tl qq n)'rlpogopic,g crunlq oq Bdorl 8royvcrtogrrirv t6or ocqv rclwrrc1Iatprrr'1. fra acrpd8elyprx q rovovr*1 r*giog Kor q naOol.oyi*1 o.upTrsplgopd roorcodiou oro orbpu tyet peLerq0ei )"enropspiDg ioore o r6r*itepog p6)"oq roD vq,

racovoq0ei ro,r aoooarcd.

Ps8roio6roTrcr x.pnollronorofvrcr Kor orrrv Oeponeio,, pe nrrnr6 nop66erypu ,,,1v

zlyr1 rou 6oCo.

fio ''1v

napay."yrl trrrv po8rotoo.r6norv enrl.6yer*r q rord),1"q)"r1 zrupqvrrquvddpoo4 yro ro (qrofpevo ro6rono.Tcr ro6.ronc nou eivur

icapaywrcl o'uvq0a4 pe apnayrl veepovfou q pe oldoqsi-iuerparLrd, os verp6vro ro6roao onorrofv poppap6rop6 pe

os rrnro.XDvxTl lt.X. oe rrirc)"orpov.

. al"o6oru, oe verp6vro

o'e uva6paorlpo. Ta

rpopnotrrwo oo:purt8ur

Er8rrd yio ro6rozra pe prrcp6 1p6vo (coqq, prrcp6tepo *n6 peprr6g 6pe€, nzapoycrly,l tovc, nptnet vu yiver entt6nou. Anawtircn o-uvenrilq er6rrc6g emruyuvtqg,oirc;q neprypdqerar <re en6peveq nupoypdgouq. xe out6q rtc, nepwraoflq ep0pp6(eror

q p60o6oq rrupoyrriyr.lq un6 "ywvr1rprcq" vour).r6trov. H p60o6oq uutrl onpepu

erpop p6(etur el"rilro'tcr.

H nupurcol,ouOr1or1 tou t1yr106t1 ytvetot pe er$rrr1 rtxylKn rdpepuq q onoto 0q

ovunml0ei oe eru6trrweg TropoTpdpoog '

1.2 fevlxfq F,60o6ot nupaloyqq rcot6nrrrv.

c) Boppap6lop6q Fs qoptlopeva corprfrtr.a (6fopq eartaplvtq)'

Oerrlprloope )"mr6 ot61o, opor6;ropqou ndlouq zrot BopBop8i(scor rc&oets oe

enr<pd,verd, too.

Eoror ott : M = o opt0p6q trov u,t6pov ovo pov66cr 6yrcou tou ot61ou

x: To n&Yocrtou ot61ou

o: evePY6q 8rutoPrl

(q evepy6q Swtopq eivcrt roooprcprfvrl yur rov 6e6opuvo ouvSroop6 ocopo'n6trr:v

ot61ou, 6ncrrq rcot ev6pyeurq rcDv oopclrt8irov)'

1.: otuOepd, 8rd,onuorlq toD tlopoT6pwoil pa8uvepyof

n : upr0p6q rcDv po8reveprirv ot6prrlv ot lr6vo t ratd fijv

urrwoP6lqoq.

N = opr0p6q rov TrpoonLrwoyr{Dv ocopun8icov uvo povd8o 1:6vou.

Xe rd0e y:ovrrc6 8rdocripu dt 0n rop5et:

6tr = (l,troMx - n),) dt (1)

6nou to n.),.dt er<ppri(er rqv tout6lrovrl 6r6onooq roD root6nou TroD o1rlpod(etut

rard tr1v 8dpreru t1g urtrvoB6l.qoqg'

Av onoreoei oTt rcotd rov lr6vo t = 0, 6w und,plouv po8mvepyd dtopo oto

ot61o, 6q),oEn r:0, dneror ofl:

No'Mx -'I +n=;-(l_e "')

H evepy6nltro ro'D 8eiypotog 0s aivur :

nfu=NoMxlt*e-rt; (3)

To p6ye0og N/S = O luportqpi(er tqv poTl xov oopon6irov tqg 66ogu1q ovo povd8o

enrrpdvatoq. Ener8fl 6e o opr0p6g crrlv ot6pov ro0 ot61ou sivst ouvol'rrd No : M"S' t1

o16o11 (3) ypdtpetot:

(2)

(4)nl. = (DoNo(1- "-rt)

To v6qpu qq o16o119 (4) etvor ofl q svepy6nlrc evoc or61ou 8opreircrr rcor <p0dver oe

roopponia 6rsv o pu0p6q nopoyoyrlg rou roo.r6noo sivur iooq lre rov po0p6

8ritorcaorlq too. llpa,rnrd ro 0earpqnrc6 trrfyroro )"crpBd,vetor BopBop6rop6 3-4

rlpr(trlcbv' Aivetsr 6e rlg (Poq erov ocopoo8icrlv x evepy6q Sruroprl x upr0p6-c ar6prrlv

rot otflsu).

p) Boppap8rcp6q pe vetprivro 6s itCIpqvrxt6 crvtt6paotr{pa

H o16o11 (1) roper Ko,r orrv nepintroorl urcavoB6)"r16rlq orov ovtr8poozrlpo. H

nepiztooq 8tap€per oto ort rl 66oprq rov l/rrpovirrlv 6w eivor pncrg 5re60uv<ir1q 6nog r.1

66opr1 roo s7ltrsxDvfi1. Eov l"orzr6v I poq oproci roq o crpr0p6q trrlv crropatrEiov zou

8rcr;repvofv snrgdveru povoSroio,q o'goipoq (ovefiupqrroq Drs60ovolq) ovo pov66u,

7.p6vou, q aupazcdvrrl drgpuoq (1) 6ncoq Kor 01 un6).orneq (2, 3, 4) e(arco)"op0o6v vcr

rolriouv. H pon 6ev snorreiro,l vo eivut ro6tpoTrq. O oprop6g eivar yevtr6g rur arpopd

poll vsrpovicov oe ovtdpoor(pa.

Etqv neptnrooll o,KrlvoBo)"r1oeov oe awr8pcronlpa q porl trrrv verpovi6v

unopei vo eivsr u\+/qln, ouvenritq 11 noo6qro rou or61ou rroD prro,rpfneror oe

Frudrn'epy6 ro'6tozo npfncr vo oupTrepr),qg0ei otrq o16o.srg. O opr0pr6q rrov ot6prov

rou or61ou o'e oflypr1 t ru,rd, n1v arctrvoB6l"4o.q 0a eivar No - n rcn r6te:

n: (DoQrtro-n)dt

Eg'ooov €1ope 6e10ei orl yro t: 0, n:0 0s 61ope:

n: No(l - .-o-)

il: ).No(l - .-t*)

Etor 61ope npoo6yrJroq qg evepl6tqroq orov rc6po q onoio eivur rol1 pe )"No (oprurcr]

;repintcr:or1 nou Oerripei n)"r]pr1 petorponrl roo or61ou os po8rcro6rono, petd, uno

;ruputerup6vq urtrvop6lqo'n).

B€Borcl rord a1v 8rdprcero filg oKrlvoB6),r1oqq Drlapxlr <rfygrovl 6tdonao.r.1

tou root6aou. To 6topa, tou root6noo 7[o1] 6ev 61otv pnarpunti Sivovror otq

-@crt_\ oB l(clt cDq tK TouTou:

dn = (-...v.e "'t -n')dtq i"for1rq6 onoiuq etvar:

(5)

(6)

(7)

(B)

NoMx 1+n= ), (l-e-'"')

H evepy6qro n-1" os plKpfq ap6g tou t 6tvetcrr rog:

n1.: ).(DoNot (10)

6n),oEn eivor. ypuptrnrcl ouvdpqolj rou Xp6vou. H e(ioclorl (9) puq Siver rccrt

g:6vo Kord rov olroio 11 wepy6rlro TrpoosyYt(er tqv p€Yloq npt1, t'n:

ln (Do'- ln ),t*: oo'-?,

Xrov 1r6vo out6 11 evepy6tqto A,n: Nl,, 8ivetar oTro rrlv o16oq:

1rA- = INoe ""m

(e)

(i 1)

(r2)

Eivor ecvep6 otr 11 pfyrotq evep"y6rrlro )"appwer 1ci:pav oe pmp6tepouq p6vooq rccrt

e lvur pela]"r5ttprl ooo peyc,],Drsptl eivor q pon xrllv vetpovitov.

1.3 Er6txti evepyrftqtct

H er$rrrl evepy6rqrclToo po8roroot6nou eivur q evepy6trlto ova povd,6cr p&(og

rou oto0epor) root6nou. Ee no)")"6q e<poppoy6q trrrv rlyqOetiov q er6mr1 wepy6qtct

cnurtei.rgr vo etvor rcstd To 6uvsr6v DVnIn, oort ro noo6 tot otoOepor5 u)"ncof nou

erodyeror (pa(f pe to pu6roro6tono) ot wo Brol.oytrc6 orio"qpcr (1 tov dv0pcono) vu

pr1 6rotop6oet'unv opu)"r1 oDpTrsplqopd tou ouorrlpotoq. Ano trlv 6)'l"q zr)'eupd, otuv

unooord(er o oto0ep6g rpop6oq, n XnptKal Eur8rrcroio, 8uolepoivetor e( ardog qq

pll(pqq ouyrcevtpcooqq rou po8rwepyori ol,rrori, To onoio efvin nap6v o't

trnrcponoo6rqteq. Euvezrrbq yiverur rd,noroq o-upBrBoop6q CIq fipoq rqv er6rrc4

wspy6tqto.

Xnq neprntiooerq ova$pfoerrrv (n,y) rcotd fl1v crKrlvoB6)"qoq oe avrL6po-

om1pu, to no,pu106v po6rwepy6 etvor to6tofio rou rStou otorleiou pe to oppr6

(oroloq). To pcl8toto'6tono ouvencbq 6ev pnopei vo 8ruloptotei pe ouvl'1Oerq lqptr6q

pe065ouq 0,7ro ro oto0ep6 ro6tono. To yeyov6q sut6 nepropi(er ?nv er6rrcr1

evapl6tqto. llup'o),o outd, eatttyldvovtcrr evepy6olteq peprrcrirv Curies ovo

ypcrppdpto.

otov q npl(CIq tou po8rotcrot6nou eivor tqg ralnq tou 6touq t1 neproo6tepo,

ro noooot6 trrrv ot6palv 7[oD petatp6novrol ot pabrevepld eivor oqpcrvar6 oq npoq

to ofvol.o rov ot6pcov. Oncrlo'8r17rort, ro ul"rr6 - ot61oq 6ev npfzrer vu peivet otov

avnSpuoqp* r7r1 porcp6v y'o v0 p1v '.cper

7aryw'deutepoyev6q <pcrv6pevo opaoyrlqverpoviou. Evs tftoro rcopd8erypa etvcri 4 nupalct^1q ,o1, uoco, 5eco1n,y;60co.

xqpovcu<6 noooor6 rou 5eco 7.teru'rp6ntcor ps 60co petd irTro psprKoriq trrrlveq

orrwo$6l"r10qq oe ovo8poofiipcl uryl),r1g porlg 6pcoq r'.v o oxoxoc) noputr^reiver pot6ao porpri 1povrrc6 8rd,oqpra napcryExcxr 6'co oe oqpov'rc6q noo6,1ze6 1ro

61co

8uondtor o'e 6lNi;. r['p'o)"a crutd ernruyxavexaL evepy6cqr* r6pou 30 TBq (g00ciigr) oe o'rlyrcproq ps rnv 0eorprlar*'1 aprl nou eivsr 45 TBq (1200 ciigr).

zr4v neptnrcDoTr rov pu8rwepyri:v noo napayovror .oq npor6vra ci1d,o.r1q, oretErrdq evspy6tqteg eivclr peyo)'rirepee oTro uur6q ruou tropd,yovrol cDq nporirvtcrcwfl6p6o'eov (n,y), ov Kot Trtplopi(ovtcr ofio r1v zopouo1g orogepirrv root6ncov rour8iou ororleiou, nopcy6pevo, olq rel,rrcd, npor6vr' rou ryoq q tou d),rou rcldEou6rdorcuorlg petti

''1v o1dor1. x*v napd8slypo ovog tptrur, o,. 11 pfyrotrl 0earprlnrq

er8rxq rvepy6trltc tou l37cs e(vu ntpinou 100 cirgr il..La nepropi(etor o.e 25 cilgrafio rnv nopouoi'oroOepor5 133cs13.10u y) Kc{r roD parcp6Blou 135cs

o.to, npor6vru cqg

olcio'r1q.

1.4 Te2gvrrc€q crfrpcooqq xur aner*6vqoqg.

To pu6roTo'6rona arcol,ou0oriv 6e6opwr1 6ro6popr1 p6oo oro oiopu Kor rl

ouyrfvrpcoor'1 touq ora 6dgopo p6pq roo o'rirpcrrog eivor yvcootr1. Apu eiva,r 6uvu,r6v

ver ),r1q0ei ru\po<popia uao r1v avtlyeDon rnq arcrwoBo),ioq TroD s(6p1erar. Eroi

pnopei va yiver 6\syxoq qg perarivnong rcov po8rotoor6Trov Ko,1 prirpqorl qgevepy6rrlroq p6oa, o'e 6vo 6pyavo, ofyrcpro'q ps rrlv evepy6qto rov rorrirv nou

neprB6)"),ouv ro 6pyovo 11 rcor roravopq tou roor6nou p6ou oto 6pyovo. Oi perp(oerq

our6q eivur 6ovar6v vo yivouv erp'6oov to ro6tono trntltnr.;r orrLvoBol.ic, ydppo rcar

eq'6oov q orctrvoBol,ia, cruq e[6p1etut u,n6 ro orirpo, or6pq rcur sa6 Bo0ed 6pyavo.

H urctrvopo)'{o crvtlyefeto,r an6 uvrlyeutdq rozroOenlp6voug etrdvar 11 rowri oulv

enrqdveru rou o'iopatog.

O n1'6ov un}"oq ovrlveuttlg e(atteprrcrlq o,rrivoBo)"tcrq ouviorsror on6

oTrrv0lptotq toecoOetqpfvo rovtd ocrlv ?repropl aoo 0u 6repeuvq0ei rCI,r ouv66eror trre

ra oncrpaitqru r1l,ertpovrrcd,, To onois nspt)"apBdvoov 6vo ava),un1 fryouq no),pdov

w66 rcovo),rot.

o ovrlysucqq 0oporcl(erat an6 ovarn0ripqteq arcwoBorieq, n.x. aqo

un6c'rpropu r'1 arcnwopol.ia sn6 d)")"o p€pr1 tou o'cirporoq. llepfd'l.l.secrr ezrioqq un6

rareuOuw(po fioD nepropi(er xqv ezn<pdvera ofilv onoio eivur euoioOrlrog o

avilveorlq. Eriv q srngdvera aou enroupeitar vo 6repetvq0ei eivur ulg rd(4q rclv

peptriov ercrtootrbv 6vaq ru,teu0uvcrlpc4 eupstuq ycoviuq eivur rrcsvonou1nrc6q. fiopttcp6tepeg ern<pdvereq ruDnotpoTroleirat orw6g rccrreo0uvalpag, 6nrrlg <poivsrd,r oro

opps 1(u) ror 1(B). Eriv unaweirut pdrpqoq qq wepy6rrlrCI,q rcu,r6 prlroq pwg

Tpoppllq, q oe 6oo 6ro,o'cd,oerg, q 8rorcprtrrcr1 muv6trlro roo ouo'rrlpo,tog eivor norri

oqpovnrcq napdpetpoq. Anurreicu,l vo, eivar e(or.penrcd ro),r] ioote vo neprypdger pe

peydl"q orpiBero to 6pyovo nou 8wpeuvdror. Oruv snsrseiror t6oo rul,r1 Srorptnrcrl

muv6trlro xpqolpoTroleiror rcsreu0uvnlpag eoc[a<rr1g, 6zrrrrq rpa[vero,l oro oplpa l(y).

H 8rcrrptnxr"l trcov6qrcl, rou ouottlparog aurori eivsr ruolti rcul,titeprl crz6 rqv

uvdcrrorpl pe ra,teu0uvclpa eopeioq yrrlviog Kor Xpqolpofioreitsr Kcr,r orov rcrvqr6

uvtlyemrl rou eoofypopfroD oaprrlfll (scanner). H enrl,oyrl tnq wdpyeroq r(Dv -y 6nrog

Ko,t ro ndyoq rcov rpqpdrov rou eond,(ovtog rco,reo0uvqpo 0u, nplnetvo eivur r6roro

cbore vo uzrogeiiyeror Srapporl urrrvopo),ioq oa6 t6 eva rprltro too rcs,reoOovr1pu o.ro

d)"),o. T6m ernruyyaveruq rcohirepq un66oo'ri too ou<rclporog.

tDruronoiJorrlE

\Krfatal.Ioq

rre6io gnpaarui i'z eftt $,go

W$ €t*p&rcloq (ouvrl0rrrq M6l.uFSog)

EXrtpa 1.1. Trizcor rcc,teu0uvr1pcov. u) Euprlq, B) o.tev6q y) eodooqg.

An6 6va t6toro oriorqpu *no,rrettur vo 8eilver trp nepropl '1g

au{qpevrlgouyrcfvrpcooqq, l.ertoupyei ouvsn<bq zno ano8otrrd edv q Sroqoprrrl an60eo.r1 tou

Xo'pclKtnplog.6vou ul'rrof (n.y. tyl.trl06tq) eivor 6oo ro 6ovst6v eupritepq. To el,oXro.to

civrgveiiortrio p6ye0oq eivar u1q rri€nq too 1 cm, o.uvrl0orq 6e peyohicepo. xtqv er6rrcr.|

nepinrroorl ''1q

*nerrc6vrloqq roD 0upeoer8oriq pe po6rsvepy6 rio6ro, q 6wqopr*.1ouyrcfvrpcrrorl eivor t6oo peyd),q ioote pnopo6v vo, o,vrxvrororiv lapurclpronrcd,upretd prrcpot6pcrrv 6uotd,oecov. H "8rorcprtrrcr1 rrav6Tr1r,a,, qOdvei ccr 2_3 mmeztrpfnovtoq 6rdrcpror1 oqtrieio Trpog oqlreio ror 6tor. q onerrdvqol eiva,r uprcerd

i.entopeprlq.

x''lv odpcoor rov 2-5uotd,oeov, o *fio,p1gpr''tg eivc,r rozo0eqpevoq ndv'oeuly-avrop6 nou rreitsr rstd pnrcoq qq enupdverug (aopd,)"),q),o) nor,r Supeuv&tur pe

ouyprovrl plKprl pstorcivqoq rccrtd tr1v rcriOeq 6reii0uvoq. Eror q snrgdvera oaprirverur

zr-r1pcoq. H onerr6vqoq npoBdrerar oqpeio npog oripeio perorpp&(ovtaq tov opr.0p6

ic'}'rcpoforov rou anupr0pqal (r1 perd<ppaorlyivsrcrr pdocrl rnol,oyrorr.l pe 8rd,rpopoug

rpoTroDg, n'1' otivbeol1 lprilputog ps xov apr0p6 rcporioeov, rcrvoripevrl qorervrl nrlyq

'tta prlroq qcDroypoqrrori qilp). H errc6vs pnopef Ko1 vo 6rrt0ei oe ril,ercrpovrrc6

c[orripa nou peturpfpsr rou6 no]"por.iq rou o,vlxvrlrtq o.tqv o06v4 narpoypriqo, ps

.u|l,uTl, on6te cwo,Kd,ro,oKeud,(ercri rrrq errc6vu, or.lpeio 7[poq onpeto rsr 5iverai ox1lv

o0orr1 6)"ri 11 8repeuv6pevrl enr<pdvero.

1.5 Azerx6vqorl (imaging)

{.vl{p)

Tu ouotrlporo zroo lpqorponorouv 6vo p6vo ovrXveun'1 urcwoBol"iaq

nupouord(ouv ro pretov6rcrqpu 6tr 8ivouv n),rlpogopio s:r6 6vo p6vo oqpeio, cci

or"lpeio nou $ptorcerur q odpool1 rrlv 6e5op6vq ottyt^rl'i. H tepo)"oyio qq oneirc6vqoqq

f,p:r ovunrulOei ruolu o'o1v rcoteii0uvoq qg rcdpepuq r.,:ore q onerrc6vqorl vu

),apBdvetor cir:y1p6vcoq sr6 6)"o to ne6io. To ouotrlparu aur(t unurto6v o clvrlyeunlq

vs eivcn euuioOqroq oe rcdOe o4peio (position sensitive) rccn 6tot vo ondplsr

ov'crotorliu avdpeoo oto oqpeio (orov uvipreucl) 6zou ovrlveferot 6vo yeyov6q rcor

rou oqpreiou (otr1v o06vr1) oco onoio ro yeyov6g onerrcovi(erur.. Aut6 enrruyldvetor

ru,coreud(ovroq rov ovt1..'usDtrl (rprioro)"Io) n rurc)"rrq q6ra (n.y. 6urp6tpou 10"-

12") rcrr pe rnr6)")"ql"q 6reo06tr1or1 rbore vo T"uppdveror orlpo, crn6 6vCI nivoro noh)"cbv

rpcr:ronol.),an)"aourotrrrv. To noo6 xoD qot6q 7[oo cpOdver ot rd0e

rpctrtono),icral"croraoci sn6 6vo yeyov6q t\aprazm on6 trq ouvretolpfvsg too o'rlpeiou

nou r1el unoppogriOei to tpcot6vro (tr1g urctrvopol"toq y). Xqv rdpepo 1 nl"rlpotpopio

cxo'rq, TroD etvor ro o1enr6 oqpu (zcu),p6q) sn6 roD€ tpotonol"),onl"oo'raotfq,

pe'arpt:nmor o.r oqpoto 'x Kot -y 7ro,tl psroeripovtcn oe rcdfioto o06vr1. H opftl

l"erroupl,'iuq qq rcirpep'q rpuivetor oro oygpa2.

ffiI lctixLrr:pc uvuyvrrrprc4q X,YI

i xar l.apnpdrqtcq (Z)7--i*_J--_-r__]----

OroronoL/otf,q ffiWSntxri erts$d

3fixl.tS c'm l'ial

Kff.rst]$iivrlip0q

IXrtpa 1. 2. Xlqpotm6 8rdypoppo rdpepcrq c5nou Anger.

Xe rcd0e r6roro oriorqpu XpqolpoTtoloriv'cur 37 garono)"tron),aoruot6q, oe d)"),o 5e

or"ronlputu meproo6tepoi (61 q 9l prrp6teptlq 6rop€tpou). Otsv evo qrrltirvro

orfflvo0ol"ioq rdprpo aro ro orpsio p (tou cro0svoD:j ernepq0ei ru,rd c4v rriOeqsu;r5Ouvoq, 0u nepdo'er ano pia oirl rou rcrrsuOu'dpa Ko,l 0u rupora,l,6oei

o'nrv0qprop6 o'rov rpriota)"),o. or ouvte.ror,us\,sg -x KCrl -y roo ozrvgqpropo6 ouro60o' eivG,r orcptpioq or i6req roo oqireio P. or qcoronot,i,cnr).aotoor6g Ko,r ro o,uvo8eumd'ql"extpovrrcd rurc),iopcrra 6yolv oleEroorei 6ror cbote vu 8ivouv rlq oovreroyp6veg -xKol -y. Ta ql,erctpovrrcd cord lcurl.rirpora t.iyat. no);vn),orca 6poq r opxq l,ettoppyiogeivcrr e6rorq. otav yiver evoq oznv0rlprop bq, nctpuye.tCIl q(Dg rpog 6)"eq rLg 6reu0uvoerg

rcal Sreyeiper 6)"oug rouq q(Drorol.l"anl"uo.rcor6g. To p6ye0og roo olpotoq rou)"aprl3d,ver o rco06vog e(uprdtor ozc6 trp u,n6otooq o'cqv onoic nporc),qgr1rce 11 ercruopnr.l

roo rporr6q. ,\n6 19 :rcl)"poriq Sqpr.oupyeicor 6vog nu),p6q td,oqg, Kcr1 ro p61e00q toueivnr svd)"oro rnq oovreroypdvqq -x. o no)"p6q our6q pecog6perol orqv crc6rl,rotl -xrou ruurpoypdtpo, (t uno)"oyro'1). rlcrp6poru o.1r1;-Lud(etor o nu).p6g rnq

ouvcecuypevqg -y K0,16iver0r orqv aa6rcl,10r -y rou nalpoypdgou (ri uno),oyrofi.).

To doporo'po rtDv 19 oqpdrcov o,n6 roDq eorono),l.cralvo,oroot6q 6iver rov:rc?'p6 -2. Eav our6g o no),p6q -z avxLyror;ei oulv ev6pyen tov yrippc, szr6 rovaoewrl, ro orlpeio spggvi(etu,l ornv o06vq. Av 6prog npolpytru on6 rpot6vro

prrcp6repq6 wfpysrog (crn6 orc6door1), to orlpu 5w l,apBdverur uz,6ryq, epno8i(ovroq

6tor tqv ouverogopd rpcotovicov on6 orc66ooq o'rTlv errc6vo,. H <ruorceuq nopriyer <rtqv

o8dvrl 6vg p6vo <prorerv6 ol.lpo otq <rnvreruyp6veg x' rccl y, fioll ovnororlofv onqorrvteyp6veq -x K([1 -y roD o'lpeiou an6 ro onoio nporll"oe ro gcor6vro r6ppu snd tovacioevr1. H o06vq tou nolpoypdqou zcoporo},ou0eitsi ouvelrilq on6 r6pepo 6to.r dlote

rci:.0e qrrtrerv6 or'1po rcotoypriqetor oe qiip.

H ouoreurl 6rurog nepryprigeru,r eivcr q nro rcorvr1 ouoreurl ercerrc6vqo.qq rrou

/J''rlolpofiolr1oqrce otrlv floprlvrrr'1 iorprrcrl. llo},),d orlpeiu rnq ouorcsurlg 6xouvpeiaor0ei oqirepcr. ll.x. ener6r'1 Tr{r rnv o:rerrc6vr1or1 rpqolporroleirsr ee''Tco

,co.n

ercnepnet yrippa r4CIv I40 keV, q 0crtpdrrcrrl eivur olecrcd, sn)"6 06pu, 6tor rilcyre or

xcrreuOuwlpsq Ko1 q ouo'rceur1 yivovtor o1enrcd e7,ogp6. fs 140 kev onopporpiovror

zurol.s, unl r,ov rprio'tcrl),o tou NaI 6roi or rcpr5otul.)"or suroi eivor olertrcd l,entoi,

:).irrtdrvovroq filv 8roonopd tou rprrrr6q oa6 ro opprc6 orlpeio tqq o)")"q)"ezri6pu,or1q

xcr 11 8rurprtrrcl rrav6qta nu{dver. or v6eg rdpepeg 61ouv rco},ftepq orcpi$eru o.nq

auvreypfve€ -x Kor -y Kol q or6rcproq roD Kpuordl,),ou 6rvor q i6ru, o.e 6l"q qvearpiwetd too. Meydl"q rup6o6oq eniorlq 61et zrponiv€lornv l,r1qq rcur uvorotu6reurllti: errc6vcq p6ocrt rcov uaol"oyro.trilv.

Mfa an6 flq 7no enwvyeig e<pappoyeq rcov po,Erooor6nrrtv ofilv crrraK6vlorl

eivut 1 tou eyrce<pd,l,ou. Ot onupr0prlt6q toaoOerofvrcrr rcov.ud oro reqd,),r ror $ev

enqped(owst ctzc6 clrctrvoBo)"is sn6 d),)"a pdpq rou orrtporoq. Ermrl,6ov ro oletrr&prrp6 pdye0oq tou rego)"rou tn:'r,ptnsl rrv 6(o6o nlq sKrlvoBo)"ioq xcDpiq peydl"q

e{crloO6vqor1.

H peyo)"rircpr1 entmyta crnoSi8etur otrq er6rrc6g rSr6qreg trov rorrirv tou

eyregd,l,ou, 6nou q 8razcepot6tqro rov torlropd,rcov rcDV ruttd,pcov eivcn r6rcrirepu

prl(pq oe o6lrpror1 pe d),)"ou6 rorofq. Eror q pobrevepy6q ouoto (aou erodyerur

ev8otpl"epiroq) ero'6p1eto,r oro, rccvovrrcd, rrSrropcl os pr.rp6 Bcl0p6 cr)")"ri nolfneproo6tepo oe pn rcrvovrrd, rcritrupo nou ppiorovrar rE.x. oe rcd,aoro 66o. Hr8ruiceprl uttrl Sruzrepot6cltcr oe opro'p6vo rcfrtopo ennrp€nu tqv anerr6vnoq riDv

ta'ucrrv 7[ou ovrtororlotiv o'rov 6yrco.

Ts pu6roio6tona, Troo Xpqollrolrolorivrar ortlv odprool rou eyrce<pd].ou

nepr6louv 131I, 74As 'tl nn'T". To re)"eutoio posroTo6cono erczr6pnr1 -y rr,rv 140 keV

lcrrpig -B, H evfpyeru aotrl Oeopeitar r6erb6r1q rrcr rqv ydppo rdpepa. Enrzl.dov 61sr

ptKpn 4pioera (r,ln (6h) Tcou oqpofver oEL pnoporiv vo lopqyqOorlv peyd)"eq

evepy6uireg Xopiq ya nupll o oo0wqq peyd)"4 66oq.

H onr]'arctlKq orc60eoq d)"),crrv ouo'rcirv oe 8rdqopo 6pyovcl 11 u8eveg Siver

enioqq Suvot6tqteq sqoppoyriq rrov pe066crlv crnerrc6vr1or1g. fru nupd6€1ypCI, ro

ntiyrpeu,q, 6pyclvo nou nopdyovtot Srdqopcr fv(u;ro, pnopei vo cr,TrrlKovrorei pe ouoieq

rcor nepr6louu 7tse, Ko1 lis uu'r6 tov rp6no vo el.e10ei q ).ertoupytc rou. llap6pora

teprrct] equpp6(etor oto ourccirn. Itov Oqpeoer6rl enioqq 6noo ruaporcol,oo0eitcrr to

rpqptt trrtv rotrbv nou l"ertoupylirl prl, 6norq enioqg ra onote),6oporo proq 0epcnetog.

Aertoupyrrc6g psraotdo'slg (rvl1vefovror ercioqg pSorrl trlg on60eoqq tou rro6iou.

Xprlorpozroreiror 132I nou ercndpner -B Kor -y axrrvoBol"io Ko1 61er r1p(ro"il 2.3h.

Auppdvetul on6 "yewqtpro" t'2Te to onoio pe erczropnq orcrLvoBo)"ioq -B percrzrinter

o's t32I. Xe Srd,gopo r6orq lrrlorponoieitor ro 12sI nou erndpnsr -y Ko1 -X evfpyeiu

35.5 keV.

H p60o6oq ootq lercoupyiuq filq rcd,pepoq 6yc;r enerctoOei Ku,l o'rqv

crvo,fiopoyoyrl errc6vcov rcurd 6ref0uvoq rcdOetn oq fipoq .uo ocilpo, oe 8uqopecrcd

enlrce8o. AcpBdvovrcrr no],]"6q 8ro8rd,otuteq errc6veq rcltd pr1rcoq rou d(ovc rou

ocopcrrog. H p60o6og 6ytt nokb ral"r1 8rorpranl ucov6olro.

A),l,oq runoq -y rcd,pepclc ei'ur neprorpeoolis'oq ntpi Tov oo.0evr1. Hnl"qpoqopio ercio4q ovoKo,ro,oKetd(etcr 6ivovta-: sirc6r,eg s7E6 Sref0uvoq r60etr1 roq

fipoq ro o'rirpa, pe rco),r'1 ezriorlq 8rorcprarcr1 rravotrlra.

Mru tpicl p60o6oq sivor ounl nou Bcroi(erol or,lv anerrc6vqorl roo.r6nou nou

ercnepner no(rtp6vru. To po8rovourc?"idro fioo XplorF.onorodvtor ovogcpovtol oe

n) F)

xr.rtpu 1.3. Auo r6pro ouoclpiorcr Troo xptlorpoTrolofvrsr ofilv togroypo<piano(rcpoviou. Tu Tpclppoo'tctcropwo tpr1pota eivcn or ovrlyeuc6q. Or firarcercopsv€qyprxppdq 8eilvouv yeyov6g e(aril"oorlq no(npoviou, oro onoio svo o,fio roercae p:r6pwo tprot6vro 51er ore8ao rci npa qg avi11,euor1q cou.

naporc&trrt napuypd,rpouq Troo clcpoporiv r1g sqoppoy6q totv enrtaluvrrilv. To, no(r-

rp6vra e(ou),cirvovro,r orov etoxo pe q),erctp6vro 6ivovro,q 6uo <pror6vu, r(tl 51 1 keV.

Tcr 6rio rcripro ouotqpota fiou Xpqotlronorofvrsr orqv ropoypogicl no(rrpovirov (pET)

divovtar oto o1qtrro 3. Oncrlq gaiverar oto o'p1po undplouv no)")"Ec,6uvar6rr1reg

/pnonq fi1q n),qpoqopiag un6 "qtr,tg" r'1 ezupdvereq rirote vo yiver ovcrKo,rcroKeufl cr1q

etr6vaq. Ener6q to grrrt6vro q6 e(o,r3)"uroqq eivor 6rio 1pr1o'rponoreito,r o.qv a.vi1veuo.r1

ue0oSoq rooroxpovto1rori. H errc6vo ovo,Kclro,$Keud(erar on6 topfq rri0ereq zrpoq rov

uiovcl rou ooorqparog. H 8rorcpiarcrj rrovdalro rou o.ucrttlporoq pET eivor

e{urpenrcd, rco}.r1. lieproo6cepu yro rqv ropoypagio. pET 8tvovrol orq no,puypdgoug

st:crppoyqg rov rTnro1Dvrcitv otqv Iorprrrl.

11

1.5 Oepazeia

H 0epuneicl yivetcrr pe po6revepya rlotoilu q Lrs enwaylovric,. To pclErwepyd

rodrono Xplctrponororivtcn 11 yro e(cotspiKq clrtwoB6),qoq q pe Xoprryqoq oto orbpu

cbots vu 6roleteu0ei oto uzc6 Oepurueio 6pyuvo. H enr),oyq tqq 0epaneioq yivetot pe

or<i1o tcr rcul"ftepo anote)"6opcro TroD 61ouv nporfryer oq npol6v trlq 6peuvoq.

Xqv nupdypogo outrl 0o crvurpep0ei r1 gepaneic pe ro6tonu (e[coteptrtl

urctrvop6)"qo0. H 0epuneiu Lts tfitro1uw€q ovclrpfpstot o€ trupcxrdro ruopoypdgoug

(ecpclppoydg rrDv sTrlroluvtiov otqv Iutptrtf .

a) 1rco06n16ry q€ lrryy(E

Or pr11ovf.q roor6nrov ouvioTcrvror un6 crro&l.rvo uno8ol6o o onoioq yepi(etcrr

pe p6l,uB6o. Xto rcdvrpo tonogsteiror q po6revep"y6q nnytl. H 6)"11 6reo0rinloq 6ts0f.te.t

our:rceuq rcou <p6per ttp nqyl oe 06o11 crvdOetq o:t6 dvorytrro, to ofioio lprlotpet5et

oqv 6r6),eDoq qg urctrvoBo)"iaq. Ard<popeq p60o6or 61oov XpqolpoTrorn0et yta qv

rivqo'q r1q nnTng ioore vo, z\t'pytru q aaartoripevrl 6riopt1. Xqv onl"oriotepl

nepirurooq n finTTl roao0etei,sr oe Bcrpf peccr),l,rr6 tpo16 o onotoq 8rivcrtot vcr

neprotp6qetor rcr, d 180o citote vo q6per tt1v ztrlyrl an6 cp 06oq "off' o;T qv "on' Ko,1

uvuotp6rpoq, olrlps 4(o). Xto o1npa 4(B) nopouord,(etor pio d),),q 6teo06tqo'r1 qq

7qTnq. Autrl rono0eteito,r oe Bopf perul")"trc6 ouprdpr Trou fttruKrettcrr opr(6v,ro crn6

c'1v 06o11 "off' ocrlv 0roq "on". O),eq oi pr11ov6q trrlv root6nrr:v 61ouv ole8roorei 6tot

ir:ote va 61otv 06o1 "ao<pcl.eioq" rctr q ruqy1 vcr ptroKleitur ouc6pclta, oe 06o11

"of?'. ,4.o16 rJivetol yto l,6youg ao<pu)"eiag rcu0'6oov or pr1luv6q outdq Eev rcdvouv

06poBo rcard tqv 8rdpreru l"ertoupyiuq totq, dpo )"oppdvetor rcd,Oe zrpoqri),cr(q cilote

va eivur BfBomv 6tr to erpoororm6 6w ppiorecst rovtu orqv pnxrwrl edv autrl

Bpiorceror o'uqv 06oq "on".

fi) Miye0oq rou neilfou.

frs npurctrroriq l"6youq tvaq rcoteuguvcipug olebrd,(etor 6tor cbote vu

tnrrptntr 6)"4 tcl 6ovu,td tetpdyova nebiu an6 4cm x 4cm 6roq 35cm x 35cm. Edv

sngrtorivrnr ;re8ifi ti)"),r1q popqriq yra ei6tr6q neprntriroerq, ronoOeteitor enrnlfov

Oropdnoq rdtrrl oa6 tov rcoTeuOrwttlpu.

y) Ilapaomd. (penumbra): H nupoorcLd qg 66opqq pnopei vu percrl0ei ps rlv Iptl(5q

pl,Kprlq 7rxlTlq. B6Boro 6tcrv 1 nqTl eivor plKpl q evepy6qr0 o7rcoq rur q e(ep16pevq

urldpaepo qTne

Krvqrogto*oelffriErccreu8ow{pa4

r Erngdvera

-+^,!.)+.;.. Deprr{rtoq

A!olXrd+

-

Ktt'erifid

XXtpa 1.4. Lwruln oKrlvop6lqong pe ro6rono 60Co. Ot 6uo 6rutd,(eig 6rurp6pouv oroorioqpo psrorcivqoqq rqq Trqynq mq 06oerq "on" - "off' KG,l roDq Ko,cr)Ouvu1peq nourcueopi(ouv rrg 6ruot6o€q rng 66opr1g.

clrrwopol"iu peiioveror eniolq. To np,6Blqpo (enepvtdrur peprrritq pe nry lpriorl mo),6

prey6),qq erSmrlq svspy6qrcrg KoBcr)"nou Ko1 oripepa rcsrooreud(owur nqyriq pe

evepy6qreq rov 100 Ciigr Eivovcoq nqy6q 8rupdrpou lcm 11 )"t16tepo. Xrouq

ypcrpLtrrrrcorig tmtayuvrf,c, Ko,r rd, Bqtorpov Oecopsicur 6tr 11 ond etvor fto)"6 prrpr'1 yrod

ra ql,erctp6vra e<ra6(ov'uo,r o€ evo ao),f prrcp6 o'qtrreio ndvro oro or5ya. Xrlpepu

yn'rrccilq ri napcrorcrd bsv eivsr zp6B),qpcl.

5) Miluvotl r1E iliopryq and ryLarccpdvw.

Evs un6 ro, n),eovercrqp{xrs rqq 66opqq rou KoBu}"rioo otrlv tclwrd Xpqon

etvor 6fi q 56o11 aou zrupdyero,l oro, rfitqo,v€1{r,Kd, otpiopoto rou E6ppctoq eivor piKprl

rur q pfyr,oq 66oq tnwuy4avtrol or Bd0og rcdrro uzc6 ro 66ppa.

II nl"eovercrLrq uuci rcordoru,oq prziopet vo crvtro'tpo<pei e( ardoq rcov

oxeEu(opwcov rll"ertpoviov u,n6 to 8rdqpuylro Ko1 tov rciovo zrou Sru,poprpiovouv or

rctrterOuvnlpeq. Tu zrerpdpcrrcr 61ouv 6ei(ei 6tr 1 rol"freprl an6otaoq tonoe€rrloqq

tor 8ra<ppdyporoq eivor 15cm-20cm ndvcrr sn6 ro 66ppo Kol ro ne6io vu p1v eivcrr

peytr.)"ritepo sn6 20x20cm2. Tu q),ercrp6vtcr t6re orcrporofv 11 orce6d(ovrcr rccr 6ev

<re6vouv o'ro 56ppo. O nupdyovtag crur6q neptopi(tt. npor,rrd tr1v on6oroorl pero[ri

druqpd,yputoq KCrl 66pporoq. Xe peprrcdq neprnr6oerq o lcbpoq 6w enrtp6rcsr oor6q aq

Kareu0uvtrlpsdlclltiv eanr#fov

13

CI,'roordo'rq 6ror lprlorponoreiror qil"tpo q),erccpovicov prero(ri 8ragpriypclrog Kor56pporo6.

xtrlv 0epozceu''*r no,l,or6repo xr,qorpoTrolrl0qrce ro 137cs. H xpno.n rou 60co

dppoe to 1951 rcor o'1pepa, iorog Kor yro nol"l"d arc6prl ysivta,otq po8roOeponeia ro60co

lprlorponoreitcr nol,u neproo6repo uno 6rt ri)"},eq orcrwoBo)"ieq r.1 ouv8roopoiroDq.

NIovd,8cl Ko Bo),riou-60 eyrcar eorq pr6vr1 oro Avuxu prrvrr6 Ivolrofro rouOntario. Elet rctooreuooteI Tto orcrvoBo],r1oerg ouvOdtcrrv eup6rrlv ne6i6v.

'1

2" Or. ezrutalovtfq 6rqv Iatprxrl:

tleplypuqrl

2.1 levrnd

Aa6 to 1945, q ovd,nm(q pqlovrrrv uryq),cov rdoeov Ko,r rcDv povd8rrrv

q),eOepuneiaq root6norv dgepov plCI oqpovarrl ul),oyt1 ortlv nporcanl filq

po8ro0eponeiog. H rorvrl r66a petu(6 tov pu8ro0epsneutcbv eivur 6tr pepucoi rfrcor

rnprivou pzcoporiv o'rlpepo vo e),ey10ofv rcrl"r5tepo Xplolpofioriowuq crrrrvo$o),ieq

uryq)"6tepr1q wdpyetoq un6 6rt oto rcapel.06v.

Arco)"ou0iowoq rLg telvo)"oyrrc6g e(e}"i(erq, prlyalrtc, TroD qrov nol"ri

Sra5e8opeveq 6ywov l,ry6repo 6io,6e6opwtq Kol ovrlKoroord0rlruv on6 vecotepeg

pei.ccrrpeveq povd8eg. fro 20 yt6vta, or pov66eq tou Co 60, nou qtav rur or npioteq

Trou eyrutcrorfi0lrcuv ro 1951, qtcv ot rripreq nrrytq urtrvoBol"iaq ofi1v

po$ro0eporeiu. Movd,6eq Co-60 undplouv era,tovtd8eq orov rc6opo. EtsSurcd

ovrlKoroo'rd0r1rcnv oz16 ypupprrcor5g uaraylvr€q (linacs). Katd qv i6rcr nepio8o

(I951-I971) ro Brlrurpov Bprlrcrv o'qpovnrcdq eqoppoy6q oclv pa8ro0eponeia. BdBaw

or povdbeq out6q or<6pq rcn oqpepa uno<pdpoov on6 1opr1),6 pefpo e(65ou rcor

reivouv vo, ovrlKorsoto0ofv an6 ypopprrcofq enrtcryrlvrtg uryql.ritv wspyetrirv (B)'6ns

nupurcdtrrr, E<puppoy66 rov smro1pvtiov ozlv lotptrctl). Mrcr tunrrrl pq1ovn ro'or6no:v

rjtav yu zcop66erypo q povdSa to, t37cs q onoio r1)"0e rot naprl),0e.

Eviu or 7wy6g arcrvopo)"icrq ovunrul0rlrcrv et6trc6 Tto tqv po8roOepcrnticl, ot

lluprlvmoi @uorroi rotsorcefoo'uv peydl.sq Kol roppfq pqlovfq ytu rrupqvtrcdq

epfl)vsq.

T6roteg rcotooreu6q eivsr or vSor rfnor rcov rcfrlorpov Kot trrlv pey6),rrrv

Tpoptrrirv enwaytv^cav. Or pqlovfq out6q pnopofv vu rcupdyouv 6ovuc6q E6o'peg

verpovicov, nprrrrovirov, 8eorepirrw, yupvor5q auprlveq rcn peo6vru. Tdtouq 66opeq

o o: pcrT rSiorv XpqolpoTrolof vtsr orqv po6to0ep ozr eio.

2.2 Oecilprloq roo oleEreicpof trov 6soprirv oVqi'ttg evfpyeruq

lIpw oolo).r1Oorlpe ps rqv napoyoyl trrrv urrlvcov-X rcsr q]"ercpoviov u\yqlnq

sr,dpyerctq 0u Soripe peprrd, un6 ra npoBl,r]poto rs onoio npi:nu vo enrl,uOofv rbote

t6roreq 56<ipeq va pnoporiv vo Xpnolponotq0oriv oootd otqv 0epuneio tcDv soOsvCIv.

t5

Aivgvtcrr peprrcd. onotelu6opotcr rirors vo yivouv rcutuvoqtd r,a npoB)'qpoto

ole8ruopori toiv pqluvrbv uryrll'qq ev6pyeroq otqv 0epo'aeiu'

a)A6ot1pd\ooq:Hrccrpn6},r1(i)toooplpotoq58eilyertqvpetoBoutqgS6oqqpe

to $dooq 6ruv 66opr1 25 MeV Gzr6 Brltcrrpov (q ypopptrc6 enrtcrluvtli) ero6px€rot oe

*o0evr1.

H 66o11 otqv enrqdvsto erol plKpq (20%), ov6pletor rcpoq wcr p6loto oe

p60oq 5 cm rsr w ouveleia periDvetur erOettrd 6oo to B60oq ut(6ver' Me r8avtKR

E6oprq <pcrrtovtcov DVqIqq evfpystoq, Xcoptq np6oper(r1 q)'erctpoviov' q 66oq eto66ou

0s F:ivcrr nepuuori pr16evtrcr1. E9'6oov or pq1o.v6q oot6g xpqolpoTrorofvtsr o1e6ov

n0vro.re yr(I rqv 0epnnei(x 6yrcrrrv, rccrt'e)"6poto 5 cm rcdtcrr cm6 to 66ppcr, eiv0r

n).eoverctqp0 vs xpqorponotrl0ei 6€opq pe 66oq 66pputoq nou n1.qor6(er to pq6ev rcut

pe roputpq rqq 66oqq 6oo .ro 6uvut6v rno purcpud on6 tqv ernrpdvero' To B60oq qq

rcopu<pr1q e[uprorcrr an6 tqv ev6plercr cr].]d enioqg on6 d],].ouq aclpdyovteq (roprn5]'q

2, oplpcr 5) to orcoio emrtyyuvntrr ua6 YpopltlKo e6tu-1uvt'1 nol) )'ertouplei o'qv

r6ru ovopooTlKn wSpyeru 6rcroq to Brltutpov. H ropm-rlq cl1]fl1 61er qv ropo<pt1 qq

Socirlq oe B60o9 nepinou 3 cm rcur sivor too66votq p€ 16 MeV gn6 Bqtutpov' Ioqrrtg

q6€opquzr6tovlpopprr6enttop:vtrletvotcv(btepqcrn6([DTnTqqBr,ltotpov'

Evu).ldooovruq .c0 tptl,cpo K111 tooq ot6louq o,r0 crye6rclop6 rou ypoppucof

emtu1uwr.1, eivcrr 6wsr6v vo 1,q90ei pro rg, clvoprl 6ooqq r8crvrrn 6nolq tqq

xcrprmu)"qq 2"

fi) ilfdTuvoq (npfuope$fl atd $'ercrpdwa: To oppr6 rpqpo qg rcopzrf]"qq 66oqg

B60ouqnouw6pletuietvutqonoro},oripevrlneptoffiovorrco66pqoqq(rceq.1'

Aootpetpicr). H neproxn suTlt eiv0,t r8toitepc euuiooqxTl Yr0, tov o1e5ruop6 tou

ouotrlpotog roterl0uvoqq qq 66opqq' Ooo Ktrl ov )'o'pBdvetcrr np6voru' o

ruteu0uvfi1po6 pnopei vu arouldyet ql,erctp6vrcr 1crpr1),r1q wfplerog otqv 66opq KOt v0

xuraorp6ry* filv crvorrco$6pqo1 rqq 66opqq. H r56u uutq <pnivero1 XopoKrtlptonxd

orqrcopznr}'eq(3)ror(4)touoplpotog5.Hraprn5}"r1(4)uvttotorleioerco}'6

o'1e6roop6 povdDcrq Co. H enrtpoverurcq 66o.q eivcrr plKpll K0,1 n KopDqll qg 66oqg

enrruyldveror ('10 5 mm. Auq q ratovopri ewcrr lerp6tepn tov rcoprru)"rilv (1) rat (2)

ro,, oxJlporoq 5 u)")"d etvot r'1 rolftepri nou trrnopei vcr entteulgei pe pov6,6.' 60Co

yrodr,.levfpleruT(DvqoTovtoveivati.25MeVcieorlyrcprotlp€Tqvpr6oqwdpyeu

16

/II

I

i-ll1

lIi

II

/I

#I

t too@-uca"

6- soto

d6nPboo8+o

t20 25 MeV Linac 1

o161o xor qlkpo p - Mol,uvo4 onort{ <1tlio*tpov*

- 25 MeV Brlrurpov 425 MeV Linac ItEor6lp Al rar tpiL.rpo Al

i 6sco i

2 4 6 a ;00Bti0oq (cm)

t2545Bs0oq (rym)

IXrlpa 2.5. Kupnri),q 1: Kupmrln qg 66or1q B<i0oog po 25 MeV Brlrorpov q 25Mev ypapprrof enrtcrguvtrl xpqollioTrol6woq or6yo Al rcar gi),tpo Al. rcuparil,q 2:Kopm),q qg 66o119 B60oug ano 25 MeV ypotrrprrc6 ernrcryuwr1 pe Xpno.n or61ouBo?,gpapiou rca,r <pi)"tpou Bol"gpapior. Ko,pmi),q 3: Kupnu)"r1 ovorrco66pq6nq Troeupri ne6io oz6 povd,6u co-60 pe oopcrprl p6lovoq on6 q)"ertp6vrc,, noo pnopei vocrnoqeolOei pe rpi)"tpo 1ol"rcor5 6ivovtog tqv ruprnrlrl 4.

rrov nepinou 8 MeV nou ),u,pBdveror sn6 25 MeV Bqratpov 11 ypaptrnr6 erasayuvrfi.

II rcutuvopq tqq 66oqg pnopei B6Boro vu yiver lerp6reprl olq <pu,iveral o'rqv rcrpnu)"r1

3, nou nporc5nra an6 rcsrc6 o1e6roop6 tr1q povd,6oq rou 6oco. H rupmi),q uurq 61er

peydl"rl enrrpcrverorcrl 66o11, <pOdver oe un6roprl rcopugrl o'e B60oq 2 mm Kqr or pro

8etreprl ropogrl oro 5 mm. xo,rpiog 11 rcapzniirl (3) eivor lerp6teprl ozc6 niv (4). H

crn6topq rcopugr1 oru 2 mm cogei)"rrcr,r or r1)"erctp6vtu xopqlqq wfpyeraq gn6 rov

rcoreuOuva1pCI rqq povd8og rou Co. H ropuqrl out( pzopei vu onopurpov0ei peprrrilq

prrqv xprlo'q <pi)"rpou r1o ro r1)"ercp6vra (ouvrlOcoq cu) ioote vu )"opBdvsrol Tl

ropaulq (4).

ou np6ner vo rovromi 6n 11 p6ruvoq qq 66opr1q oz16 q)"ercrp6vra eivor

rErcrizepu ooBoprl 6rov gcqorpozuororivtcrr erpfa ne6io artrvop6l,qoqg n.1. 30x30 cm2.

Bepoiroq nap6porc zpoB),r1pota apor6ntoov 6tcrv il)qorlrolrororlvtar eop6cr ne6io oz16

^y pu pprrof g enwayuv r{c,

An6 ta 6r.io no,pclndvro nopu,Saypuru tr1g 6ooq6 Bd0oug Kor rl€ p6),r:vor1q qg

66opriq gaivero,r 6tr o ole6roop6q tou e),6y1oo rrlq 66opqg unawei er6rrcr1 pe)"ritr1,

cirote vs enwuyy&verclr 1 rcahiteprl rcoruvoprl.

y) E(opilrtvnq roD rt6{otsl Evs 6}"}"o np6Bl.rlpo ro onoio nptnra vo ovflp€rcuznorei

slvot tl e{oprd},uvo4 tou ere6iou. Mio nqyrl Co ercnfpn€r rov 16ro apt0p6 prrrrovicov o'e

Eauep6o0eto qilwpo1cko6

eor I ":* *':"ill'l ":_J

I7

16 ,do l\r]'u*-l*--'

6),eq x1g 6reu06voerg nepi rov d(ovo qq 66opqg 6tor to nebio noo 7Ec,pdYtrol sivol

ouoloortKd oporopopqo crfi6 ro Kfvrpo rou fis8ioD 6rtlq tq 7ropu96q qg 66c'pt1g

(oxrtpa 6 (a)). Yn&p1et B6Buru pio prrcpr'1 p€ioon rqg 56oqq Trpoq nq Tcopoqfg rou

neEiou, l,6yrr: tqq ori(qor1q cqq un6o'tooqq K01t1q onio),etoq p6oco orcrl8croqq' Avri0ets

6tuv lplorpoftotofvrot q),erctp6vro uryql,r1q ev6pleulq ofi1v tropoTrrlyr1 talv urr[vrrrv -X

(oe Bnrutpov q ypoFprrc6 eznruxDvrd ra <pcrrt6vra ernfpnovtot rcupioq fipog Tnv

6rerl0uvoq tarv ril,ertpovirrlv, oxnpo 1 I, rcct 6tot enttuylfivetur KOKl,tKq

\

try)ffi)

r-J $i?,rpo,& e(opd.Iuvonq

It\i!',

ili)rrpo

nhrxtPovit*v

(a)

IX{pa 2.6. Naypoppa o6lxp1oqq 6eo'piov uocg^ rcar ypcrppmo6 emtupvtl 11

p4"*"pov. (o) Opor6popqq K.rrovopTl on6 nqyq 60Co [,' Tropoolctd yripco oTro rlq

:ropug6q rou zre8totl F) Mn opor6pop<pq K0rovopq 66o'qq on6 66opq orcrlvrrrv -X

oull.qq rv6pyflog.y) opor6poprpo neSio nou enrruy1&vrrol pt <pf)"tpo e€opd)"uvoqq' oevtonmp6q qq 06oqq yivetor pr qcDq p6oot rovrpdv el,€y1ou, 6rccoq qoivetur oto

oxrlpcl.

ruruvopq oto 66ppu tou oo0woriq, o14po 6(B). Mio t6Tou 66opq 6w swst xptlCI"tpq

oulv pu$roOeputeia olrrrrq ro np6B),qpo \enepvtttu lre fllv tono06oloq tou rpil"tpou

e[opd].uvor1q 6nrrrq <poivsror oto oplpo 6(y). E<p',ooov ro <pi]"tpo e(op6],woqq *;ivot

roaogealp6vo orrrots KOI OvTtototlei otov orrlo'16 olebrclop6, r1 rutovoptl qg 66oqg

elvor ou6rcroT1-6 oraoeprl on6 to rcevtpo rou neSioD CI)q flg rco,pu96q tou.

6) Ilapaorctd (Penumbra). o\"ec, or nr1y6q ornvopo),iog 8ivouv 56<ipr1 pe oougeiq

ncrpu<pfq ).6yro tqq nopoorLdg q onoiu npotpleru sa6 to nenepoop6vo p61e0oq qq

nqyrlq. flal.cr6tepo ro,td u1v Xpnq tou Co-60 DnrlpXE to rup6B)"qpu e( arriaq qg

18

5rroo.q6 qg Trnynq, rou rltov peld,i"q (3 cm 6rdperpo-c) Kcr,1 ro 8rd<ppaypa nou

rccOcopr(e to p6ye0oq tr1q 66opqq qtav o-u1vd oe peyd)"r1 an6oruoq cn6 to 66ppLcr rou

aoOsv(. Erlpepo q nopcrorLd eivur ondvro ap6Biqpo eite nponinrsr yto povd8eq 60Co

eits yra, 66opsq ypopg,rriov erntoluvtrbv.

e) Mavd,6a el6y2goo. H 6(o6oq roD ypopprrcof ernroxr.rvrn r rou Bqtotpov 6w srvor

otct0epq. Euveirrirq ananr,ewut 6vo nol,rin)"orco ofotqpcr e),6y1ou rioD fipoo.petpd to

noo6 rqg urctrvoBo),ioq Troo 6i6erur orov ooOevrl ro,r otapa,rd, n1v lertoupyiu qqpqxCIvnq 6tuv oupn)"qpcoOei I ttpn rcoo eiler npop)"egOei. Mto povd8u el.eylou

ouvrl0rrrg snote)"eirut un6 t6o'oepo leyapwr& rcrvrpdv cilore vo e),6y1erur n

eu8uypdprplorl rqq 65opqq Ko,l vo rqv Sruqpei'cor rcwrpopro'pevr1 oto rc6vrpo tou

rpil.cpou e(o pdluvoqg.

0 lDarcwdg wtoxrcni6: Xuvrl0rrlg onorreiro.r pio ouorc€uq I onoiu 8eflver otov

te1vrrc6 to ne6io nou Ocr orccrvoBol,ri0ei. Aut6 ouvr'10roq Elft,cDy4aytrol l.r€ qo:q Kol

xctontpo,, 6narq <poiverot o?o o1nps 6(B). Kavovncd to rpr.riterv6 ne6io rcor ro ne6io

urctwoBoliaq o'upnintouv.

rfl thi)"rpo tQ.ercrpovfay: Er6rrc6'uepo, yl{x eop6o na6io, q 66opq nep#yu o'uvq0cog

4)"crtp6vr"a, 1opr1)"riiv wepyercitv (p6),uvor1 qq 56opqq) rcu,r grrlt6vro. Tu qlertp6vrcr

eivur 6uvot6v vu crTropoKpuv0orlv pepxdtq pe evo gi),rpo ql,ercrpoviov. G ropfa,g

aur6q c,vutrcfoscur or6pr1 pe orcozr6 vo enrreul0oriv ra,),6tepcr uzuotel,foporo.

0) Ilpoff(para oXedmopof: An6 6ou 61ouv ercreeei nupandta <poivetor 6n or

prllavriq urrwoB6l,rlorlq TropoDord(ouv ur6prl relvrrd npoplrlpuro on6 tqv 6(o6o qg66opr1g 6coq to oqpeio qq Oeponeiaq. fro nopd8erypa o <prorerv6q ewonroclq nptnet

vo. ronoOerlOei ro,ro a,n6 tqv provd8o el"6y1ou rqq 66oprqq, 8roqope.nrcd ro rpcoq 6ev

0u Byoiver an6 ro or5oqpu. To qil"rpo tcov 1),ertpovirov nptna vcr eivur 8ru<povdq q

nvr1r5 oritcrtq ioo,e 6tav o oo0svrlg tonoOeclOei yra tqv 0epu,neiu to p.6ye0oq rou

zedior vo pnopet vo rpuvet. Etor ouv6roop6g npoB),qpdttov o6qysi oro 6n 6ev 61er

KclrooKtuooret q r6ecrrr1 pq1ovn. BeBotcoq or regvrrcdq Bel,trcbvovtol Ko,r pnoporipe vcr

noirpe 6n orlpiepu rnupyn enrculqpdvl Xpnq trov gLqlcrvri:v.

2.3 Bqtatpov.

To Bqtcrrpov eivur pio ouo"reurl enwdguvotlq r1),ercrpoviciv. To q)"ercp6vu aurd,

ouvavtar vo e[u1Ooriv an5 rrlv pqxovn nupd"yovrclq 56opq ri].ercrpovirrrv yra 0epuneia

ri vu rcoreu0uvOoriv npoq ot61o oro soorsprr6 tr1q pl1ovnq rirore vo aopdyouv 66opr1

19

uKrlvov -X. I]rltutpov o'rqv evepyerarrl neptoyfirrov 13 pe 45 MeV ru]qotpolroloDvxol

oe ro),),d revtpcr.

Tu or,rorril6rl tprlpato ev6q Br'1tu,tpov rpuivovrcll oro oxrlpcr 7. H enwaluvol

rov r1),srcrpovirrrv ),apBdver lrrrpuv oe 6vcr revtprc6 oco)"r1vo Troo oto eocriteprrc6 rou

61ei yivei rev6. O rurc),rrc6q orol,4vaq eivo,r azr6 nopoe)"dvq rcur eivor tonoOecipfvoq

av&peoo oe er6rrd, popqoTrotqtlevouq n6),oug popqttl o onoioq 8reyeipetor pe

svol").uo6pevq rdoq. Tu r1l.ertp6vro el.euQeprilvowor sn6 0eppuw6pevo vqpa

Ro),<ppopiou KOt Eroleteiiovcrl orov rcur1"rrc6 o'crr)"t1vo,, to orol,qvoei66g, 6not

unolpecirvovtur ot rurlucn fioptio et, ardoq tou pcrlvrloroti ne8tou Kd,1 tn€

onerpoer8or5g eocoteprrrlg 6opnq tou o'co)"r1vo 6oq 6tou <pOdoor:v xTlv tpopd.

roopporciclq, orrivcrq ro (op1po 7(9)). Ooo ta q),ertp6v1o Trpc,Ypotonoror5v qv lcurl'rrq

nopeicr evt6q tou orol.Tivu eintoyivovtor o'uve1rbq. Otov r1 poyvqtrrcrl porl yripcl crn6

rc)"erot6 rur1"m6 ofplrs petcrB6).).etor, Eqproupleitor q).arctprr6 ne6io yripo ar6

rov r),etot6 trycr;y6 rsr edv roaoOetlOei oto rc)"erot6 rcrir),copu 6vcr Bo)"t6petpo 0a

zcrpoolpqoei tdoq (onpa 7(./)). Edv 6vu q)"erctp6vro ppe0ef oto oq;reio A Tou

1&furcrvou orippotoq (oXnpu 7(y)), 0u erre).6oer ror),rrcr1 rpopu pe cro(ov6pevq

ruyltrrpu uv 8sv undplei q ovtioto,oTl rou 1u),rori q onota 6po rog tpfr1. )Jto

pq,rotpov rl .,xropt6 rplpll" 6ra6popr1 e(oogo)"i(etcrr ew6q tou o'cll"qvoerSofg . Ooo to

q)"ercrp6vro ouyrcwtprilver ev6pyero sn6 to petoBul")"6psvo ne6io p6oo, otqv rpoytu, ra

ou(av6pevo pcyvr1arc6 zre8io nfivrrl orqv tpo1ld, <ruyrputei to rcwofpeva q),extp6vta

oe rcurc)"rxq npoplrt otageprlg arcrivaq. To petaBol,.)..6pwo poyvr1orc6 ns6io eniorlq

ernrcpiver r0 ql,€KTp6vru. fru vo yiveto.r or:t6 np6net vo nl"qpor5wur opropweg

ow0rlreq petu{u tou aeSiou orl'lv rpolld rcor qq ponq noo neprrletetcn orc6 o,uc1.

Edv to poyvrlar6 nedio orlv rpogta ervor nol,rl uryq),6 to q)"ertp6vro erte.)'ei

o'nerpoerSrl xpoXLCr 11 onoio ouyrl.iver Trpoq ro rwtpo. Edv to poyvr"1arc6 ne6io etvar

no),ri lopq).d tcl ql"erctp6vru ercte).ofv onetpoerbq rpopta o)"o peyul"rirspnq orctfvaq

onorc).ivovtoq oTro to revtpo (ofnpu 7(p))

IIldu Et6Xoq W

! nsrpoard4i zpcl ui e{6.tor.: KurcX,*xSq *or.?o*va{

|r)TpoXrdrtropBo*itrg

Tpoluttr<roppcxicrg

l*{rtsa Kar wexootrlq AtP6ravaq{tas'.

1

i

i j i rpolrd qlarctpov{r:w

*&*.apl axdvr:lv -X

Tpogr* r{65cot$s nlertFeviaovflrproxrl

.eElb'L

pridrvrrori nesiou J--lil!il/l /7*lo) lffi'^C' -4d

lfdi lf l ', qor"'on i

.) tttttl i, l-*aee9:Arrvaprxdq yptr$dq T

rou p,cyvltrr<od xs6iou li a;*rrI' nirrtprrvttlv

Ara6tox,dr

I 'eaWer<udirdq

Ex4pu 2.7. aopfl Ko,r l"s,roopyio ro, Brlt'rpov. o) Toprl 6nou <poivovrol o porvrrrnq,or n6l"or, ro oc02,'qvo€r66G Ko,r o yerootrlq rov 'ql.sKrpoviov.

p) Tp.pri ralvr1)":rcrpovirov o'ro orrr).r1voerb6s Ko1 p60o6oq'-nopoycoytlq rcov nrctivrov _X. y) Hzopoycoyn tou ql"ertprrcori zre8iou oTro ro psroBu).1,6pwo pcxTvritrK6 ne6io. 6) Krirl,oqierroupyioq rou Brlro,tpov Trou 8eilver tov 1p6vo roo v€r(o,opo6 rcsr tqq 6ruoro).qq. e)E(ui,royt'1 qg 66opqq o,7ro ro Bqrarpov.

Ko'ioq ro porvnrlr6 ne6io upyt(a vu ou(dver un6 ro o (op1pa 7(6)) tor1i'ertp6vro' ero'dyovtot oto oco2'qvoer66g sro)"ouOcbvroq ofisrpoerarl rpop6 6coq 6touo0soouv rnv rpoxLa ro'oppoaiaq. ooo ouldver n poq, ro qrercp6vru cicopefouvn'iplero Ko,r ro oqpreio c 61oov qv pfyroq ev6pyero (oxnpa 7(5). Erlv grlyotrv oa6

n' rpop6 0a enrBpu8rivovtsr rcar 0a peroa60.oov o.e qpept' oro oqpsto D.o;rcrobrlaore edv oto o'rlprero c 1a,)"doouv or ouvgrlrceg roopponia s a'w petroo.rl rou;e$iou orqv rpopd r6re to r1l,erctp6vro ercre).cbvtog ozrerpoer8rl rpowags n6oer o.toioco pepoq roD vrKoo'1rov r1),errpovirrrv (injector) 6zrou copd,yovror srclvrq _x.

Edv snsrteirar lopq),riitepq ev6pyer' niq 66oprqc, or o.uv0rlreq roopponl*g.o;ro0etofvro,r o€ d},),o oqpeio rou

'oircl.oo, 6nrrl6 eivclr ro B yro nopd8erlpu (o.xrrpa

Metcgchiv6ptvri Pori

)1

7(il)) rcnvovroq r{x q}"ertp6vro vu ercte}.ofv ofierposl8r1 tpopd erct6q, 6oq 6tou

qO&oouv qv p6ytofl1 ev€pyero. To Brltotpov zropupever u6pov6q Tr0 rct eic6psvo tpta-

r6ru,pro rou rcrir),or eritq to oqpeio 0, 6aou ru q),erctp6vro etofplowclr {crvd, yr{x vu

entrvo)dBo1\, rov ruxl,o. Etor q ortrvoBo?'.io tou Bqtutpov ncpdletor oe nol'porJq

rcdOe i/180 rou sec nou 8roprofv neptnou 1 psec'

H on66oor1 ficrpoycDyqq artivcov -X eiVsr nohr5 uryril't1 rccrr 6ev unurt8ttot

pnxovlopoq Vf6nq erp'6oov o'1eEov 6Il n ev6pyeur nou 16vouv tcr q)"ercp6vra

mepvrirvtaq rov ot61o perarpLnetur oe orcdvtq -x. H 56opr1 tcov srclvrrrv-X sivor

cDyKsvrpopevq npoq qv np6o0ercr 6reri0uvoq (oxrlpo 1i) otvencug oncrteitcr gil"tpo

e[op6],wor1q. L,vcr gi].tpo on6 u],K61crpr1],or5 otoprrcot crptopori 6zrroq uzr6 dvopoxn t1

ol.oupivro s,ivst to n),6ov rctltd),)"q).o rccr0'6oov crnopu'rpriver qrr:t6vtu lcrprll"col'

evepyeultv enr)'erctmd crno 6vs ofvo)"o <potovicov DVnMq w6pyetag '

II rco?v1)repq ev6pyero yro oepclneicl pe pqtcrtpov eivsr q evdpyeru r{dv 25 MeV'

ToBrltucpovpaopeiezriorlqv0'lpqorponorqOeiY1CIncrpcryroyr.l66opqq

q)"ertpovirrtv, fg rll.ertp6vrcr crnoporcprivovtsr d,n6 to oollqvoe66g pre n1v oooxeurl

rou o111proto6 7(e). Anots),eitul 07co 96)")"u pu).oro6 or8rlpoo nou Tono0erofvtor

rq{r7rrolrevrK& otqv .r.poxra rooppontoq rur orprprbg ert6q on6 uttqv. or poyvrinrc6-c

ypuppfg 0a nepdoouv petd oa6 tov oi6qpo, oqqvowuq wc lcupo e)"e60epo ne8iou

o1: rcfVrpo tou rcuvol,rof. orov rcl qLerctp6vr.u nepr6)"0otv otqv rueprori our{ 6ei'

o,)")"q)"enr5po6v nl.6ov pe ro pulvqflr6 neEio rcr.r ouverurrrq tci(r8erioov eu06ypcr'ppa

6c,tq 6tot 6r,uq6yorv rel,eiroq on6 to Br'ltotpov p6o'co )"ezrto6 nopaoripou 610

o(Dl.qvoer66q (oxql-rs 7(B)). Tu r1).ertp6vru BfBora bsv eivor 8rcrnepuo'trrq crrtrvopo)"ic

6oo or crdveq -X rcrr nupdlouv 8ragopetrrc€q rtrtuvop6q 56o119 07ro r1g o'rdveq -x'

0rpe,yu}."ri"spor?'sptopt6poitotprlcatpovetvutolapqi'6qpo0p6g6r6oqs

o ozroioq npolpymu on6 tov clvenuprrl prllcrviop6 erooyroyqg r1)'ertpovirrlv fipoq ro

o6l,1vOe66q. frg vu rccrl.orp0et q poq gnq,rtofvtcrt enuvo?,"qntr,roi puopoi r:ryq)'6tepot

un6 tqv oulv6trlto fioo Xpqotl-tonorei'cor'

Tu Bqtatp ov otcrburrcio6 crvnroOiorovru'l crn6 y pu pprrof g erntcrluw6q'

2.4 lpapptx6q sntalovtqg (Linac)

Are6to1960utr1p(eouvep,1quvdnru(qTovYpopirrrccbverrrralovtiovyurcc

cv,fyrsq fl1q flupqvufilq @uoKr1q, rnq pa8tooepcrzreiuq rcclr tqq pcr5rolqpeicrq' H

relvol"oyiu rouq u,vazrtril0qre ruptrog on6 trlv oDornporlKq dpeuvu rcutd' n1v 6t6pretu

22

roli Aeftepou llu,yrcoo'pioo no)"6pou y1c( rrv napcrycoyri uvnlnq ropog

4)"ertpopayvqtrrccitv ruprdtov ovntrqq oup"-6qrcg Troo GlEs,lrorivro yra ta rudar. Or

nro povrfpvol Tpoplilrcoi enrru,luvtfc prrlorporcoioriv Tqyeq roluoq 3.000 MHz , nou

8ivouv prlrcoq niporoq o'ro rcev6:

)": c/v = 3.101Ocm/s / 3.000.106/s: 1Ocm

o y-p6voq T, yro pio to).dvrcuoq orlv ro11r gut( eivor 333 ps. or ypupprroi

enrtuluvtfq eivor 11 rou ninou tou to(r6er5ovroq rcrlpcrroq 11 rrrrv o'tcroipcov rcrpdrcov.

Ksr or Erlo trlnot rpoivovrc,r oto oplpo 8.

fputrtpwo{ txrcaTuvrtE roo risnou ta(fie6ovroq rc{;paroq.

Aq uno06ooupe 6n 6vo rl}"erctpopoyvqrm6 rr5pcr oro 3000 MHz peru6i6etgr

oe oarlrlvu nou 61er 6ra6oprco6q 8iorcouq oe on6ors,or1Il4 roo prlrouq rcupcrtoq (),/4),

64)'uEq 2.5 cm (oxrtpo 8(u)). Kord rov d(ova tou o'col.(vo vcr und,pler wo q7,ercrprrc6

zreEio tou orcoiou q rcotovoprl oe 1r6vo 0 vu ervor 6rctq <puivercr,r oro oXnpo 8(u,). Xto

rcdvcpo rou npcirroo tprlpatoq ro ne8io eiv(rr E Tlpoq ro 6e(r6, oro Deftepo rprlpu,

prr166v, oco tpito E npog to uprotepd, o'uo rdtu,pco pr166v Kur ort.lv oov6lero t1 errc6vcr

uuroezrc{vcxlcpBd,veror (aprotepd-6e(rd Seilvero,t pr rcr B6},n). Merd crn6 Xlrovrr6

6r6oqpu Tl4 q 6)"11 errc6vo p,*uroni(acot rccrrd ),,14 npog ru Es(rd,. Merd an6 urtiprl

6vu r|rupto rnq nepr66ot to q)"erctptrc6 ne5io 0o peroroicrorei o'rov orrllqvu rcord,

sKopq Xl4. Ac, uno06oolpe tiopu 6tr 6vcr qlercrp6vro erofpleror oe eva rcupuro5r1y6

oro oqpefo P pe rcrpqto nepinou iorl pre qv ra115qxo, rou gcor6q. @o Bpe0ei o'e 6vs

oovel6q q)"ertpir6 ne6io E, to onoio tou 6iver ev6pyera, rco0cbg to{r8eiier oro ool},rpg.

Ener6rl to r1)"ercp6vro 61ei q6q raplqra nepizrou c, T1 ttELnp6o0errl ev6pyera 0a

eprpovrotei o'uv ctflqon qq ir6(uq tou q),erctpoviou. To 4),erctp6vro oovenirtq 0g

rrerurp6perot o;no p6vo too rccltd pqrcoq rou oco),r1vu po(t pe ro rcr(r8eriov rcupu. H

errovu nupouo'rd,(rror o"ro cff1lLa 8(y). Mor6(er pe to o6pq noD lrsroq6peror onlv

ropuql| rcov rupdrcov. xrouq tnrcupsv'cf.q roD r6nou ra(rDeiiovtoq rtrpuroq ro

r1i,srcrpuc6 ns6io etvsr uryq)"6, 6oq 80 KV/cm cilote evcrq crco),qvoq prlrcouq

1 u€tpoo pnopei vs 8ritoer q?,"ercrp6vro ev6pyerug nepinou 8 MeV.

|rs va, ou)"),r1<p0or1v to r1)"ercrp6vro, orov rcutrruto8qy6 anq,rrofvtar p60obor

23

Xodvoc' '-_4 I C O E F c li I^mW+i

$)Ttq

Ttz

s)

Y}

Iltirverrir,s4lurtpovieov nry{

| 6 Btxporugdrov

qI q(totr}ov l(upd,

Y

c\! --i..',.'t--l--t-7rffi.,F'i*rl*r*ri rqtt

HX,ertprr6 m6(o

Yyfrpa 2.8" Avclrcclpdotooq ruputo6rlyori ps roc,rc6lovreq 8ioroug ],J4 o) Tor1)'errprr6 neEio rpaivrro,r os 8r,drpopeg 06oerq orov KDporo6rly6 Tur, rouq lp6vouq 0.Tl4,T12 r1"2. Ks0ioq evo to(r8eriov rfprcl TEEpva rov K)pd,ro6qy6 ono oprotepd rupoqru 6e(rd.. p) H i6ra avanapao'Eoor rlcx rcupoto6qy6 orooipcov rcupdrrrlv. y) Torllercrp6vro Bpiorceror ouverbq ofllv Kopoqrl rou rcfporoq. 6) To 8raypcppu,8eilverrlv rKropfiq rrov rll"errpovirov KCr,r rlv upnoyrl rouq orov ruputo6qy6 e) Kupa,-to6r1y6q TEoo x,prlorpozcorei'rcn orqv 6q proopyicl o'rooipctrv ru pdtrrrv.

preirrlorlg fl1q colftqrd,q roo r1)"ercrpopclyvqororl rriparog o6rrog rbo.ue vo crv.lotorlei

oqv tc,plr'Fo, r{Dv Ql"erctpovfrov o'rrlv oflypri tou ryercaopod roDq oxov oro],r.1vcl xgr

6tor vs Srorqporivtor otg0epd oqv KopDqrl rou rcripotoq. xto oplpu g(6) 8tverar q

Sto8rrsoio roD l[sKctopof rar qg rupocb0noqq rov r1].errpovirov orov oco],r1vn. 'fo

8rdgypopu Y 6iver nol"porjq oro 3.000 MHz rur 61ei rdoq nepizrou 70Kv

rporcu)"rirvraq coOqoerq rov 1l"erctpoviov, Troo rworjvtgr p€ 0.4gc. To

rllercpopnyvqarc6 r6po ornv eioo8o rou rcuparo6r1yor5 (cprotepd) s1vo1

our,Tovropdvo ornv i6ro roluqro ps rurd),)"r1),r1 Trpoooppoyq nou tjtLTlJyxavtrol pr

peirrlotl qq otr6o-toCI'ng rov Siorrrlv oro rpqpo, our6 rou ruporo8qyori. H on6otaorl

rcr)\/ 6ioruov c,u{dverar 6ra6oprd rbo're vo ovtrororlei or ray^tsrrlra c 6no-c

npoB)'€nerat p6oa otov oo),1vCI,. To rlrqpo clor6 cog napouord,(ero,r oro olTlpa g(6)

ptopei vcr eivst 6va (elrrlpro"tir tprlpro nou ouv66e'rc,r c,n'€uOeioq orov rcuporo8,riy6

(<iXttpu 8(o)) n paopei vcr crnote).e irat an6 no).)d rtrotu tprlpata nou Bpiorcovrur

uptotepd rou lcuporo8rlyof rcrr tel"rrcrirg ouv66ovto,1 o€ our6v. frs vcr l.erroopyei

ocootd ro ofotrlpo our6 rou ro(r8eiiovroq r6porog, ro nipa <pOdvovrog oto 6rcpo rou

Adopt15Leictpovirov

''{*-/'\*-,r

24

K.uiroro8nroto nptnu vo sfioppogdrm oe 6va Bop6 or),6v4ro oqpeio ofrrog ioote vcr

onoqeilyer*r 11 ovdrcl,uoq KCIln o'upBol"r1 pe to rc6po nou gpleror rcovovrrcd,.

fpapprcdE enrcaytvu1 q orao{pav rcuparav.

Tcr r1)"erctp6vra eivor 6uvot6v vo enLroprv0ofv ezriorlg or rcuporo6qy6

oto,ottrrcr;v rcupd,rorv (oxnpu s (F)) To ord,orpo n5pu, 8qproupyeirclr 6tsv 66o rripurutct'ou nldtoDq Kol nepr66ou tc,(deiiouv p6cico rou iErou rcuporo8rlyorl rcard avtt0ece6

6rco0fvoerq. onorq rpaivetar oro opipra g(B)) otrq 06o.erg B, D, F rsr H ro ql_ercrpirc6

ne6io eivat n&vrore pn6sv €vr,l orlq 06o'erq A, c, E rl.n, to r1l,erccprr6 zre8io

tal"crv, ciive, ar npcilru, orcr, oprorc pa p'xa o.ta 6eld r.),.n. H avorcopd<rr*oq rouqtrercrprrori ne6rou oe 1p6vo T:0 eivur : oro tpqpclta A, E ror I rou oro)"l1vu ror11'ercprrc6 ne6io eivCI,r ano 'ca 6e(rd evri: o'to c ror G and ra apro.repd. Merd uno Tl4tcr ql"errprrc6 zrs8io eivu,t ncvtori pr1bev, evrit rlorepo un6 arc6pr1 Tl4 6y5nqv iE1g u),1i

'vriorporgq popqn. Yno06ooupe 6vs ql.erctp6vro nou eiodplercr,r orov ruporo6qy6

out6 pe raybrr:.r,a c. xro o'r1trreio p 0u ppeOei oe 6vo, ne6io apo6 to 6e(rd, o.ro oqpeio

Q oe pq8wrr6 ne6io Ko,l oro R orc6pq pto rpopd o.uo ne6io ,rpo€ ro 6e(rd, 6ro.r rirore

eivctr 6uvu,t6v vcr enwuyiwerat navrore Tipoq ro 6e(ui rcor vo noipver ev6pyera rclgdog

tu(r6e{er rcuto trfi1xoq rou oco}.r1vo. Evog rp6noq 8qproupyiuq aurrirv rcov otuoipcovrcupdrr;lv qoiveror oto op"lpcr 8 (e)).

xuvel6peveq rcor)"6qteq ezrtdluv<rqq ou(er5yvuvrfl,l pera(rr touq ps rrrvrcor?'6r1cc ori(eu(qg. xro 8rdypo;rpu qoiveror to q2.ercrprr6 aeSio o.nq rcor),6tqteq

eartcrluvcitiq oe rcdnoro 1povrrcr1 otrypri. Evo r1l"erctp6vro oro orlpeio V 661etor pro

rboq npoq cu 6e{td,. Edv rpOdo'et ofilv en6pevq rcor}.6n1ta L/Z rou rrirloo opy6tepo, gcl

Bpe0ei (avd oe piu ioorl npog xa 6e(rd, ror oovenrirq 0a, ouyrcevrprilver w6pyeru an6 roordcirtrro ropa. re 6vs rupuro6rly6 oruotpov rn-rpdtrrrv, n fipooqopd ev6pyerug eivar

150 keV ovd' cm. or nepro'o6rtpo1 ypo,ppnrcoi ezrroyuvrlgo'rlprepo eivo,r rou rrinoo tcov

oeuoiprcov rcupdtotv.

To xripro al'eovfxtqpo Tcov ypopprxrirv enwuywrri>v dvcvtr too Brltcrrpovnpo{'pyatut an6 to n6oo azo6oar6q eivcn o tp6noq ps rov oaoio Odvetar ev6pyera

o,r0 r1?'extprivro xaOrbq xrveitor xatd tov df,ova roo xopato64yori. ElouvKclro.oK€Dfl,otei ypcrpptrcoi envuulttvt6q uprcerri:v p),rotrr6rpcov, TroD $ivoov no)"ri uyql.6q

ar,'6pyere6. Brltotpov ev6pyeroq rEava ano 100 Mev 6w eivar 6uvoc6v vo,

Kr/rtroKsuo'o'tofv el ortioq tqg crnrit),eroq rqq evfpyeroq. Otav .uu r1)"ertp6vru rcworivror

25

4

oe KDKl,lKrl tpogla ouvsxioq rTrrro1fvovrol Trpog ro Kfvxpo Kot 6Tot arrwoBo)"oriv

ev6pyeu. E&\, q anri>).etu evfpyero,g lre rov pqlavrop6 crut6 eivot ioq pe tov pu0p6 nou

npnog6petot q evdpy€lc oro ql,ertp6vro an6 r,o petoBu)"6psvo F0,TVnflr6 ne8io.

nepcrtfpar o6(qcq tqq evfpyeroq 6ev eivul 6ovatll. Ev6 to privo epar66ro ctlv

svfpyew fioo pfiopei vu qOrioel 6vuq ypcppr,rc66 eztrta2govtrlq efvclr to n6ctoq.

or, ypoppr.xoi eartcluvrfg 61orv uxdprl 6vo cqpovtrx6 zi"eov6xtrlpa

fvuvtr t(Dv prltutpov fioo cov66etar ps fllv fvtaoq rnq 66cpqq. lio}'u

repro'o'6repa r1l,ercp6vro etvor 6uvot6v vo V€Koorofv rsr vu oul')"qrp0oriv o'tot

ruporo6r1l6 sv6q ypCI.liplKoD etrwaTuvrfi u.n6 6a oe svo Brlrotpov, dtor

eruLru"yldvowur 66oerq 10 pe 100 9op6q psyu)"ritepeg. Enrn)'6ovo eaet8q o ypapptxri;

eantalovtrlq eivur piu ypapptxq xatuoxeorl 6ev uariploov 6ucxoi'ieq ctqv

e[aycoyl tqq 66op4q trlrv qi'extpovdarv on6 fllv pfl1cptl 6q],afin 11 e(cryrrryrl too;

onri tqv pq?(flvrl 6ev uauttei er,6rx6 crictqpa un6xh.crlg (op[pa 7(e))'

Ee ofyrproq pe to pr.lrutpov 01 ypopplKot snrraluvtfq 61ouv enioqq rm

pleroverctrl po,to, rcr onoia Ocl 6of pe aopo,rcdttrr,

Iarywo[ y pappueof urrcayuvriq.

A6yrr: rou 6tr q svdnru(n rcDv TpopplKrrrv ernroprvtrilv npoq)"0e 6zrcoq et8opu

ozc6 tqv €peuvo, oro povtdp rstd tov Aeritepo llgyrc6opto fl6)'epo, 6w nporuiei

6rrul"q(q to yeyov6q 6n or npioreq pqlav6g yro lotprrcor5q orcotofg crvcrno5l0qrav orry

Meyri),r1 Bpetovio, srcol.ouOofpwsq crn6 rowd un6 cqv ovd,nru[q oflq Hvropfve':

llol"meieq qq Apepirctlq.

Or tepro'o6tepot 1d,rp1rot ypoppxoi enrtcrluvr6q p1orpofiorcfv ro6rcwtpo

mounts 6nrrlg goiverot oro o'Xnpd 9, 6noo n fiqYll S oa€1et 80 pe 100 cm un6 tor

d{ovo neprocpo<pqg. fru tqv Oeponeiu o ooQwrlq tonoQeteitgl pt ro rwtpo tot 6^yrot

nou 0s oKflvopof,I0ei ocov &{ova 7r€plotpoqqq. Otav 11 06o'11 roOoprocei arcprBrilg' r

pn1cvi nepuirp€<petor ioote vo 8riroet fi1v TlpoK00optop6vq 56o11 ot6v 6^yrco un6 rqt

piu 6ur50uvoq.

2r

Se*},tive**cxrt*.1*vorJq

Ir6x*q

f,r*},t1vcg enmd;avcqq

Me?vfs*icn*xfu.aq{ Xio

{ tt61oq

pi

urtu$uvrripaq

Map{:qgaadrl,rorlq 3?0o

e)

ItuparcEqy66 Et6loqq

Y)

EXtitrru 2"9. Iutprr6q ypopr,plK6q sTrlrcr,Xuvrqg. Kord)")"r1lq 6reu06q16q T1cr, o) 6 MeV B)8-12 MeV T) 30-35 MeV. 6) M60o5og orpoqrlq rlq S6opriq rce,td 90"

Xpn$rpoTroltirvtcq puyvr1rq 2 70o .

Edv onurtofvtot neptoo6tepo fie8io torv r8irov 6ro.ordoec0v u,)")d oa6 d),)"eq

6la'u0fvoerq, 11 Oeponeio yivecur x@piq enavurono06tqoq rou cro'Oevoriq o),?"d an?"q

neprotpotprl tqq pov66uq. Evol"),urcrucd 11 pqlovq eivsr 6uvoT6v vs aeprorp€gerur

olvelrirg rurd rqv Srdprera qq 0epazreicg.

Or ypopprrcoi enrraluvrfq 6ru06touv ev6pyereq on6 4 tac,35 MeV Ko,l q

evfpyercl uutrl ru,0opi(er ra,r filv Korooreu( tou enrtoluvnl ova,I6yrrrg rnq Xpqsng

rou, 6rcc:q q(riverol Ko,r sro oxrlpcr 9. frs ev6pyereg 4 pe 6 MeV o ocol"rlvoq

ertr*lpvorlg pnopei vs eivar crleard, rovr6q 50-100 cm dlo'te va enmptnrror q

6ieu05rqo'q too oplpotog 9(o). Aucrl eivor Km r 7no anlrl o'1e8io,oq. To rll.errp6vro

tu{rEefouv otov oco}"{vo , KruTrofv otov ot61o oro orlpreto S rcor nctpdyoov 66opr1

aKcivcDv *X, ecepiaou ouppetprrcd, rqq euOeiaq SC. Edv unawtinat 66o'pr1 q),errpoviutv,

c cr61oq petorweitut nh6yn txtrptxovr,oq rc q)"erctp6vur vo pyoriv ano Xtnro

nup&Oupo Ko,r vo rccrreo0uv0orlv crn'euOeiug rupoq tov clo0wt1.

Edv snsrreitor 56opr1 u1rr1hqq w6pyeraq, o oc':l"r1vaq enrtdluvo'r1q lperd(ernr

vu 61er preycrT'ritepo pqrco,c, antufieirut ouveadrq ;rio 6reu0€tqor1 6zrcog rou olrlporog

9(F) n (V). H neptncrooq (B) etvor yro ev6pyereq nepinou 12 MeV evdr 4 (y) Oecopeiror

Mcyvtisqqtoriuuqq i

27

rur:d,},Ir1l,q yru sv6pyet *,25.35 MeV. Itqv 6retl06qor1 (y) q pu8rooupl6trlto afio T,o

rcrir,J"otpov percr<pfpetar orov rcupoto6qy6 p6oco toD 6(ovo qq pqluvrlq rai

uep6rcsvor: aeprotpeq6pevoD r},eroto6 8oleiou B. H 6€opr1 Tov r1},ertpovicov

otp6qetur rutd 60o, po,yvqorcd, Srdpletclr aTEo xlxparto},rr6 poyvllq pu tqv eoricroq

Kffi rK v6ou ctp6<percrl poTvffricd' rcOrd 90o orrlv re<po)'r1 triq pqluvrlg rilote vo zcfoer

otovot6lorjvoe(6},0ercm6}uemonup60upoocrv66oprlq}'ertpoviov.Mra

nupcr},},ayr1 qq 6reu06tnong 0) eivcrt q (s). Tu r1}"erctp6vio otp6tpovtu,r rertd 270o rcrr

Bptorouvtovot6lootoSnopdyovtugs6o,prrlrcrt6tov6[ovoSC.Ton},eov6rniptlqqXpllqqpuyvrlnrqqan6rc},toqqrura2T0oeivot6116ivetotqv66opripelcr}'r5tepq

otcrOep6tqtcr n'ovtt tou payvqtq trov 90o'

Ev t py ua E at av i atv rcat 4 )'em p ov I av'

Met6qvrr}"qpqezntdp;voqtrovq}'ercpovi{Dv,qevfpyerd,touq0oe(uptdrtctt

oTro rov o1e6ru,op6 roD Kupo,ro8qyori Kor rqv ropl nou e<poppo(etut oe sot6v' @s

e{crprdtotenior.lgufi6topeiipcrotovKDp0To6rly6'ooopel6l,oeiv(rrtope6po,t6oo

prrcp6cepqeivutqev€pyetcl.lro,tooriotqpo,tu(t8efovtoqrripcrtoqrite},rrcqrtvr1nrcr1

evfpyercr tou r1),ertpoviou pedov€ro'l Tpopl-tlKd 6oo to pef po tou orrr)"r1vcr au(6vet'

Hovopcrotrrcrtcrprttqgev6p^yetclqTqqpnxovqquvu,q6peturocqvev6plttclt(Dv

q).^ercrpoviov. orcrv n pnxovli xpnolpoTloleitor ^yru otctiveq -X, r'1 w6pyet6 touq eivat

nepircou 25 MeV. fevtrcd or crrtiveq -X 61ouv nepinou ro ll3 tqq p6^yro'tqq evripyeulq

(q onoicr uvu,qfpetur oto ql'ertp6vro)'

Ilepryparpri utv Baoucav orotye{av t1E Ttrlyavrlq

Qg puorrd orol1eru rnq pTixovng Oerr:pofvtot sotd tr1q popqoTrotlo'qg Kol rou

e),6y1ou qq D6opqq' Ito oplpo 10 goivetur q 5uu06c1on rqq rce<pul'r1q pq1twng noi)

il)llolpofioleirot yto Tqv TropCIY(Dyrl q),ertpovicov rcot <pcotovirrrv' Tcr r1)"ercp6vur ano

rov 1opoTo5ril6 eotr&(owor oto oqpeto s otov ot61o, o onotoq eivor opretd nopq

ioo,rev([otopot&toq}"erctp6vro.H^yrrrvtu,rqrotuvopnlovtpcotoviovxcr0opi(eta,t

u,?xO Tqv 6reri0uvo4 nou 61ouv tcr q},ertp6vlcl 7tplv rmnqoouv otov ot61o (oplpcr 11).

HsdoprlouvercioqnpinetvcrsrotqpeitcrroeotaOepqlcrtviclcr,6ncoqenioqqKotTo

oqpeio eotioong s vo eivor oto0ep6 otov lcrlpo. otuv 7lp6rcetrcrt v0 Iprlotponouloor5r'

q)"ertp6vru,toqi)"rpotoupo)'qpuptounouppioretutndvrrroercwqt6un6Bo0po'

28

ps{oKlv€lrol7rpoq ro 6e(td, or5tcrtg cirore ru r1]"erctp6vrei vo 6r6plovrcrt sn5 rqv opopq.

Ar<plBcirq rcdtco un6 rov o161o eivsr ronoOerqpdvo 6vcr 8erSrepo rrvqc6 un6Bu0po rcou

ruepr€1er Erdqopa rpri),),o or66ooqq trov r1),ercrpoviov rcotdl)"q),a, pel rcd,Oe w6pyeu

*)

Oarl srflcucqq \1/: ." - Kcrrvrxrt &.dcefrc{ qleuts*v{6nv

nle r$ovitov "a- tJlt-- "sr*

.r'lj * *- lIa1u; 61610S W

e' $€fr4r w*t '. Sii}}.n *xf$*srti ni*rtfov{**ynlsltoq !:'l V",n".*uriu"'4poa /<jy' \ ,

t;;J \1:,

{niv{*d}

I

tbfltp* a{*p4},*vcrr1;

Oan firrilnrrsrl; i Odl,apo; tovtopilti

lorprKof q ypol-rl-riKor5g rfirro.Xuvrfg 20 -25 MeV.

r{,0\,,q}"tKrpoviov, 6rcotq enioqq Kcrl o1r6plq nou XpqolpoT[olriro1 yro ru, gCIr6v1o. Ev

oovcx€io 11 56opq (eite r1),ercrpoviov eir€ qoroviov) nepvd crr16 KovrKrl rpirno orov

Trpr'oro K{rreDeovrnpcr o oTcoioq stvol Koxcr,oKrl}o,o'p6voq ar6 Bu,p6 p6ta},}"o. Arcprpcbq

rc6ro untl uur6v tov rccrcsuOuvqpu DTrdp1er dl")"o rcrvqt6 ua6Bu0po noD p€pcr to

rpil"i:po eiopd)"uvcrnq. To gt),rpo eivor on6 po),gpdpro rur neprfler dvorypct Trcr vrr

Trrpvoliv ro rtl,eKrp6v1o. Xfilv ouvflera eivcrr ronoOeqpdvoq 0dl"crpoq lovro'pof o

onoioq el,6y1et rnv 66on Kcrl 6vo rovtpriv ouv6e6epevo ps osppopnxovlsp6 nou

ei€yyer rqv ontrrcrl qq 66op'nq. K&tc,r crru6 rov Od,)"apo lovlopoli tivot o $itr)rs1v6q

deirirrlq, o oTroiog Krrr ovooriptrCIl cr7r6 rqv 66opq 6tsv n)"6ov o ooesr'r1q €X€l

roTro0erq0€i ooord, otqv 66op^1r1. To (efyr1 rov KorsD0uwr]prov rord, op06q yovisq

drlvqrvtcl vs, Trrplorp6qovrrrt fiept rov Kow6 d(ovo Kcrt 61ouv 61s6tucr€t Tto

oficrc8rl?Tors p€ys0oq rou 7rs6ioD.

l4Iar:povfr'rv

29

Y}

- -- 1

{ i-1.. I

\ 1'1" Hh*xt@vta

\l,r i\jl. n*"tcc ar#soa

,[ a ***d *wYd***vsn

Itr\," '* qlst€t$Qv{{$v

ll\""*css&vr*,-]Ytr\\i

*i}"s$*.qe^qs@w{lrEv*v6} i

jEXttpa 2.10 B) Evo)')"orttrq 6reu06tr1oq ro)v orolxstrov tqq

uvrllqq ev6pyercrq nou ,onpintt Xpnol gi)'tpoo e(opdl'ovoqq

r",*via"tro, *oiu"tpq rccrtovopq t1q 66oqq pdOouq'

rcegu).,t1q sTnrcrxpvrq

ctno AlzOt (Dort vo

s,€aptt ql'*xtpov{tov

s} KvEr$xr{ l$'

AfaP:i

ql,axrfov{trl

,, ,, --l'6S'**-;-'r+

3Sw

{p)

IXrtpu2.lt.Ilol"rrc6Stdypupporotuvopqqrovo'rcttvov-Xnounopdyovtuto'nopopBap6rop6 o"o1tu p'' 'l}"'*'pou*

'oj tu-ot1 Yolopn s'rrivcov -X (not'

XpqotpoTrotot5vtsr *qu'S'oTucoortrq) 1" noytt ot61o pol'tppo'piou 16o H 66op't1

).crppdvetot rcut6' op0r1 lrrrvio oq npos "i' ai"iin "tt1rt"",loviov (66op'4 90 kv) F I

Kopnru)'r1 A,34k.v ;i'";po*19' x'i't';;ii; Al' Kopznil'eq B' f i0 rsr 20 Me\-

r1).ertp6vtu oe i,ent6 (0,05 cm) po)'qpdpto'

tii(ai lillt' Ili

pefuc;1vJ {},05 c*t

rqa'-

3f

o),,o ourd ro otorleiu TroD 7r€plTpd<pr1rcov oe outr.1 xnv napaypo<po eivu.

tomo0enlp6vcx orlv reqo)"r1 trlq pr11ovr1g ror rcotuLopBdvouv svc lirrpo nou epgdver ta50 cm nn6

''1v rur1yr1 rcui ro qprou

''lg Sicr8popnq npoq ro ro6rcwrpo o.ro 100 cm.

fprlryrrdq rmralrrw{6 ..3S' MeV

To te)'eutoio otorleio nou nptnetvo ovogep0et ppiorcetar urcprprirq rdro crn6

qv rs<pc,}'q rcar eivor evo opOoyirlvro qil,tpo r1),eicpovtrr:v. Xprlo'rponorei.ucrr ioore vo

Eiupoprpcboer ro, lc,porqpio'rcd, qq uvo*o66pr1or1g rqq 66opqq 6rcrv

Xp1jfi poTrolodvrtn eup6u neStcl.

2.5 Yzrepaycilyrpor Tp{rpprrcoi eartalovtfq

oi oupBuarcoi ypapprrcoi ezrroluvrrig rco0rirq l"ertoupyofv os 0eppoxpao.ieq

8coporiou uao<p6pouv uru6 sniol,eto roploq otrq ror)"6rqteg. H uzrrir)"ero aunl eivor

3 MWatls crvd p6tpo rur npo6plsran an6 periporo oro eTngoverorcd o'rprir-potu rcrrv

roil"orqtcov r(Dv l-uKporalpdrcov. Otov or rorl.6qreq our6q ryflowur oe Oepporcpuoiu

uypori q),iou o €7rlro,xuvqg eivor Suvat6v vo Ko,ro,oKeuoorei p6 unio),emg p6vo 3

3l

watts ovd pftpo. Ernru2"6ov pnopei vo .Jiver oupra,yrlq ouo'rceur1 noo .ronoge.uei.usr oi

6va gantry cbore va snorerei povd,Eu ccov Srsordo€ov f^rlo,q povd8uq rcoBa)dou.

2"6 To pixpotpov

To pircporpov eivsr 6voq tnwa,ptvrtlq r1),ercpoviatv TroD pnopet \;f,pl.lolilo7rolqOei otqv pu8iogeparceiu,. Ta q)"ercrp6vro nepvofv utr6 prrporcoil,6tr1rc

6nrL:g to 6va tprltrro tou ypapinrof exwuysvvl, rcor npoolcpprivouv sv6pyeic

an6topa. Erqv ouv61eto, ptto,rcrotivror oe nepropi 6not un6.pytr poyvrlar6 ne6to roitu o8qlei oe r,nirc),trcn rpo6La, t6tou ioore vs {ovoero6},0oDv o'rlv ror},6a1ro. Orur

enuvflpyov'tol 6filv rcor),6tt1ro perd wcl rcrir)"o 0o Bpiorcovror oe rpd.oq p€ Tur

q),ertprr6 rue5io otqv roil,6tqtu rcur 6ror enrrup5vovtar orc6triq picr qopd.

To pirpotpov tytt peprxri nlueovextripoto fvavtr f,oo ypapprxol,

eartulovtr{ yrud pnopei vei <pOricer oe urpq?,6tepeg evfpysms Tro 6e6opdvo 6yxo

tttlxovqq. H eyrcardcruorl w66 pirporpov 25 MeV roo8uvo,prai oe eyrcotdo.raoi

Etao, doecov povd6og rcoBcrl"dou.

2.7 Krixl"orpov

l'o rrirl.orpov onr'1p{€ yru no},}"6 1:6vro dvo oqpuwrrc6 epyo}.eio or-'llupqvrrrl ouorrq. )Jrlpepo rnapxtL er v6ou ev6rgq6pov yra r6toreq pqlovfg )"o-,,-,

tr'rv 8uvurocltcrtv ftoD z[poog6pouv o'rqv 7[opoyrrllrl 8eopritv npcorovirrtv 11 verpovicl'n"

yw rc)"wucr1 Xpxlon. Enrn),6ov, pe filv oripeprvrl reproloyrrcq uvdruru(q sivor $uvorgn

vo, K0,ro,oKetrfl,otofv t6tomq pnxovdg pucpciiv 8roordoerrrv riro'T e vo tr-rnoporiv .,.a

toruo0et10oriv oe gantry(rcegol"r1) ror va 6ioo'ouv 66opq rcurd),)"ql,cr rcateoOuv6pr,l

fipoq rov oo"Oevri. H apXn )"ertoupyioq rou rfrl.otpov <poivero t oro oyppa 12. l

?*t*;it6 llqyri i$vt*rv

"i"r*1,rrv'u<Irrl,; i'\ijtlx,Tlt t*cr1q

X*f ,:*1Vt'r"rr1tAq

ii

klv pr.*:

priydlR t*1urr1*r:

f,Xqpa 2.12. Eye}rdypcrppu nou 8eilver tqv ?'ertoupyicr tou rcrlrc)"orpov.

llo rpqprorcr A, ror B eivsr roi]"eg uyriryrpeq qprrur]"rr6q Ko,ru,oKro6q pe pr,rrcp6

Pcrvc0pfvo rev6 ;reta{ri touq. Tcl A rcur B eivoi rono0eolp6vu p6on oroDq n6}"orq w6g

peyrihotr pct1n/Tlrl ouvslor5g pef prcrcog Ko,r ouv66ovrar pr tcrl"crvtcorr] uvqlqq

ouxv6rriro,q (10 MHz) ror oyq),qg tdo'1q (20 kev). Edv np6rceto,r vo, 6n1ru,Itrv0o6v

nprcor6vru, e),eu0epdlverar 6vo noo6 u6poy6vou oro rcfvrpo ror BopBup6i(srcir pe

r1)"er<tpdvra on6 vripcr Bol,rppopiou drcrTe vcr zrapol0et pia nrlyq 0enrcirlv uivtcov 11

nprrrrtovirr:v, Ta, 0etrrd r6vrs 0u Bpe0or5v oro r1)"erctprr6 ne6io peto{t ccov rpqpti,rcov

A. rcur B ru.r Ocr 6),rovtat un6 to 0enrc6 rptpo rur 0s anrrrOofvro,r crn6 ro *pv1nrc6.

E{ urduq rou ltopntrrcof ne8iou rcr r6v'ru 0a rrvrlOoriv oe rpolrd c6{ou rou 1i1lrc}.ou

6coq 6tou {ovoByouv o;rlo xo cpllps A rcar B. Edv q0do'ouv oro rev6 petalt A rcar IlurptBcbq tqv o'aypr1TroD ro ne6io o),)"d(er, 0u erurru,luvOo6v ror go npoloprlciouv npoq

tq: ir),)'o rpltto, un6 ro A oro B yro, nap66erytrro,. Tcitpo 0o rrvorivtcr, toflrepu,

oirvenrir6 0u rcwr10ofv oe peyo},ftepo rcrirc)"o cirore vo qOdoouv rccrr nd,),r o'ro rcevd 6nou

Oct Bporiv to q}"ertprr6 ne8io vcr o)"),d(er rcor 0o encwuT"r'1q0oriv ro i,6ro.

H l"ertoupyio tou rrlrcl"otpov Baoi(etar oro yeyov6g 6tr evu opyd r,:rvoripevo

i6v Ocr xpergotei tov i6ro xpovo yro vo 5rarp6(sr ro rpr1pcr A (tl B) 6oo Kul 6vo

tu$eoq rcwofpevo ywri ro 6eftepo Ocr rcrvrlOei os peyo),rirepo rcriri"o. Aurd rpo,iverar

urr6 rqv napcrrcd,rco ovd),uor1.

Eotrrt oopod8ro rpoptioD e TroD rtvettor pe roplqrcr v oe op0r1 yolvin CIq Trpoq

rc NroTVIoK6 ne8to B. To ne6io ouro 8rltrnoopyei 66vopr1 F rcdOetri o.ro B Kcr,r oro v.

F:B.e.vEg'6oov q 8rJvopnl F eivor rdOeq oro v, 0u s(o.voyrcdoer ro ocopad8ro vg

rnni0ei oe rurl"rrcrl tpoytu. H orriva tou lctir<?"ou Oei etvor rtrota rrtote q

revrpop6l.o-c 6r5vupq, ^.r' L, vo eEroopporcstrcr on6 tt1v Efvapq i,6yro rou

pnyvrlnrcorl ne8iou o.uvenritg :

*.v' lr : B.e.v Kclr r : m.v / B.e

O 1p6voq peta<popdq roo oolrorl6iou p6ou oro qprn}cl,ro A rcor B tou rfrcl,otpov

eivcrr zr"r / v. Etor o 1p6voq petutpopdq t, Bd,oer xiui;v rcJ"panayro o16oecov, 0u eivur:

t: N.t I v: n.m lB.e

A17'o.611 o 1p6voq petoqopdq etvoi ove(dprqroq rrlq rolllnlroq Kcrr, 6ror Eo eirrur o

[6ioq yrcr 6],eg trq rpoyttc,, yrcl otaOeprl prd(o m.

onorq yvrrrpi(oupe ri pd(o rou o'cDprr,xr8iou e(uptamfi ana rqv rcrfqtei rou.

[-rrv" 6vcr r1]"erctp6vro q u6(qoq ootq otqv p6{ci ewclr no},ri olpuvarcq urc6prl mur 6tuv q

7

=

rfl$)rnrg rou 6ev eivor nol.6 peydlrl. fiu nopd,$erypa wu, r1).ertp6vro evfpyera'q 100

kev 61ei p&(u 1.196 gop6q tqv pd(o rlpepioq tou. Aot6 oqpuiver' 6rt"ca q)'ertp6r''tcr

6ev pnopouv v([ r7rlrcrxuvooriv oto r6r)"otpov nupd p6vo 6tov o)')'6(et oto6ror6 to

r1?'"ertprrc6 ne6io.

AvrurqpetoBo},qqqpd(crqcrovBopfrovoropoo8irrlv6ncoqnprotovicor'"

Eeutepiov 11 6}"rpu 5ev eivgt t6oo peyd},q 6oo tou q},ertpovioo, crurq advtcoq "

petu,Bo},r1 qq p6(0q nepropi(er tqv w6pyer0 7[oD prroporiv va q0d,oouv to ocrrpod8ro.

Etcir 6ttrv e[6],0ouv uzr6 rov top6cr A q B oto rcW6 6t6oqpo aivcrt ?lo]l) crpl&' To

npop},r1pa(en:pvr6totpeoto8rcrrrlau(rloqToupCITvntlKor5ne6iou6pcoqouylp6vtl;

out6 enr8pd otqv eodooq qg 66opr1q. To np6B)"r1po crut6 eler enioqq (enepuora

orqv oqpeprvq telyol,oyio pe rotd'l"l'r1l'o oleburop6 rnq popqqq tcov n6l"ov drote to

o.ropad6rclvanepvofv6ra6oprdun6uyqlorcurlu.pq},5pcryvqttr6ne8iorcClr6totDa

ldvouv qv ror)"r.rcq toug nopeio (eotr'6(owu' rfr)"otpov)'

To rcr5rl,orpov 61ouv 6uo oaou8oieq egoppoy6q orcr voo'oropetu

E(er8rrceupdvu rrl<l,otpov xpqolpoTcolorivtor otqv napayrrlyq Dvnltlg poqq Ko

evepyercrq 56o.pqq vetpoviov 11 ruprrltoviov Yro pcl8rogeponeia' Xpqotponorofvtc

ur6pr1 CI'tTlv svspYozcoiqoq u)''rrcrbv, po pe)'6tq pe rprq06ttq Ko't oe 6w6mooie

8riryvcoorlq. Tcr npoq evepyonoirloq 8eiyputu tonooetorivtat os 061"o'po un6 rw6 xc

urtrvopol,ouvtut pe oorpcrti8rcl DVnMq evfpyerclq. Mrs t6toro pqlovn po vooorcopei

enrcpdner fl1v fiu,pcr,To^1( rccrr rrlv xprlo'n toot6nov pe nol.r5 pmp6g rlpr(o6q'

2.8 fluPuYolYq aroPatrbiolv'

Ano to p6ocr tou lg70 vnilp\a wSuq6pov yilr rnv xpl'lon o(Dpatdtov on

po,Eto0eperneia. It0, <rcrlpcrrl6rcr ott6 oupnepr].apB6vOVru,t rs vatp6vro' to nprot6r'r

6eut6ptu, pupr5tepo r6v,u rcnr apvrlnrcd' zr-peo6vtcr'

1. llerPdwa

oncoq etv(lr yvroot6 n).ofors ficLpoYCDYq vecpovitrlv Dfiapxt1 6roDg TtDpq-vlKo

ovrt6poofilpeq, 6pcoq to vetp6vra uutd 6w eivur pqo'rlro 6ttlv po8moeponeto 1li

eivCI,t rcord to nl.eio.tov geppucd (prrpog nopdyovtclq not6qtuq Q)' Adopeg vetpovi'

peydl.rlg wSpyeroq nopdlovtor ono ye'wr1rp1sq vtrpovlrrrv' 6nrrrq or yewqcpreg D'

o,fio ro rrir)"otpov Kot roDq ypappmor5q enrtcrluvt6g'

o) f uwrltpreq D-T (Aeutepiou-Tpniou)'

o sn)"o6otspoq rp6rog ,r*poTCIyr1q verpovitov uyrl)"r'lg ev6p"yercrq ytvero,t pe

popBupdrop6 ot61ou tpitlou pe 56op4 8eotepiou. Tcl Seurspro erntcrli5vovrs,r l.r,€

ouvepl td,oq tqq td6lg tcov 200 KV. To verp6vro nopdyovtor rcgtd rqv ur6l,ou0r1

uvriiipcorl:

]n+]H-+jHe+jn + l7.6MeV

H ev6pyeru rilDv 17.6 MeV porpd(ecor orov 7rupqvo Hl,iou Ksl oro verp6vlo ro oaoio

idyrrr tqq pd(aq tou natpve t 14.1 MeV. Ta verp6wo ercafpnovtgr ro6rponu, rror rlpcq roDg oe rd0e Sreriouvorl etvar prrcpr1. Aur6 eivs,r rcor rc peyal.6repo zp6p?''qF,cr rnq

no"puyrrtyrlq vetpovicrtv ono ov,r8pdoerg. H npoond,0eru af(r1oqg rqG poqG p6oar fl1q

utriqoq6 too per5putoq rou 8eutepiou o6r-1yei o's Ko,r{lorpo<pq roo or61ou rou rprtior_r

xrv.l ouvenioq 6ev nporeivercrr ou,v )"r5or1 oro np6B2,qpo,. l{ peyu},ritepr1 po4 ruou 61er

errteul0et p6oco yewr1rplCI,q vtrpoviarv eivsr nepinou 5.1012 nisec oe ycoviu 4n y"{:pat

{r,fio rov ot61o. xqv crn6orcroq toD 1 m Ko,l ovo, cm'es '.;lvat

ll(4n.to4y 6r},u64

4.la7lcrn2.sec. H poq uutrl torv verpovirov avnororlei oe 0.15 Gy/min, aprl pu0pori

dooqq oprorcr'1 rbore vo, Oecopeiror Xplo.ltrq yru pu8ro0eponeiu..

Or yewr]tp€-q verpol/icov ninou D-T eivCI,t 6uvat6v v{r Kcr,ru.oKeugo.uofv oe

lrrn*p€g Drcrotdoerq ri:o"rs vo enwptnerur vo, tono0e.rq0oriv os gantry pe ro6rcevtpr.1

iccrtnvopttl' @a ap6zrel 6proq va ezrrl"u0ei ro np6p)"r1po rqq poqq ritore va 6ro0ofv o.e

rlwrrcq X,pI6?1.

B) llopuycoyq vetpovicrtv o,7ro rrirc),orpov.

OTsv Ssutdpro o\[n?,nq evdpyeruq oTro

Xupql"od utoprrcod oplOpori, onalc, nX ro Bqp6),ro,T qv noparcdtco uvd8puor1:

2, a*eonn-+t!a+ j" + 4.36Mev

'fo. rrsrp6vru e(6p1ovro.1 o,7ro tov o.161o rcupiog rotd rqv spxlKq 6ref0uvoq rou

Seurep too. Etor npon5nrer 56opr1 vetpovicov rtco,voTrolrltrrrt g portq.

To gdcrpcr rov vrrpovicov eivsr ouveldq ps r.rlv rwolu, ott 11 wdpysru rcDV

verpovirov rcupoiveTar pero,(rl pq6sv Kot rqg pfyroqq (nepkoo) w6pyei.u6 roo

seurepiou. xro olqpo 13 Eiveror q porl rov v€rpovicov svo MeV oto lm" o.rr1v

:nprloOru 6ref0uvo'q, yra 66opq 8sutepiou 20pA. H o),orc)"r1pcop6vq poq biverol orov

ni',rtl,xct I. Ano Tov nivo,ra <ruvdysrut otr q poq uorl rcrtv verpovirov efvor uvrl),6tepq

rcrirc)"orpov npoonintet trr ul"rrcd

naptiyovto,r vstp6vru orlpigrovo pe

35

6uvot6v vo, Xpnolponorq0oriv oe pe'yoXritspeq oTroor&oerq yro 0eponeio 6nrrlq ezrtol;

8ivouv rlp 6uvot6qta 1pr1or1q qil"cpot pe oron6 tqv e(op6l.tvoq Kot1pop<ponoirloq

&tx,l#*'"*"I

, ,aU*6ee?t Sil*Ap,

&,

h

3.{Ltrx.

fv*gyetc *cm*pd*rHl &deV..sl

i

tI.&l

1

.^* |

1.2!o

IXrtpu 2.13. To qdoPcr tcrlvBripu)"iou pe 6eut6Pro 16, 33

:?i 1;"\ e&

ffiv &,#y r,w wrrw{rav tM*v \

vrrpoviov tou n0pdyovr0tror 50 MeV.

ono popB0p6ro'Pro

llivuxuq 1. Oi'oxl'rlpolpfvq porl tcrrv vetpoviorv otqv np6o0tu

6reri0ovcq ocv oov6p"qoq rqg evfpyerog too 6eotepiou

( Afcpt150 pA)

Evfpyera, MeV @, n/cmz.sec

16 1.5 100

1-t 13.9 i0E

50 29.0 100

roD rceSiou tcov vetpoviorv l

To nopoy6pevu vetp6vro 6nroq ei8ape 6ev eivor povosvepYtrcKd. To yelov6:

our6 zrepur?',€rcet tov unol,oyrop6 tqq 66oqq, ndvtoq 6ev 0ecopaitur perovfrcTqpa' To

rr5prc perov6rctr1po, nporrintel 0,7ro ro p6ye0oq tou rrirl,otpov Trou 6ev ezrrtpfrust rnv

npoooppoytl r01; oe gantry, Ov K11,1 tel,eututu enrleiporiwsr t6coror ole$rcropoi" Eto

neproo6tepn vooq).eumd rfvtpc, TroD 1pTlflpoTrolotivtst rcrirl"otpov, ou'c6 eivcn

tonoQeqpwo 6tor rrlore vg Siver opr(6voa 56opq.To $eut€prcl rccr0o8qyotivrclt TIpo:

35

rov or6IO p6oco oco)"qvc ioote vo tapd,yerur opr(6wru 6eopr1 verpovirrtv. Xe pepircd

r€vtpo (ru.1. Cleveland) prlorponorofv rntd rov i6ro tp6rco 6uo 66opreq fieutepicov,

aruo {eloprotoriq 1c'rpoog, Trou rl prcr, 6iver opl(6vna 66opr1 rcur 11 d,},},q rcato,rdpurpr1.

Ka.xeu 0 ovni p eq v np ov{av ;

Tir vetp6vro ),6yrrr 67,),euyr1g rpoptiou 6ev u),)"r1)"enr6porlv pr ro ql.ercrp6vra, rurd, tqv

Er*)'euor1 rooq {L7ro qv 6}"11, Ko,r tK cofrou otoporofv 6rioro}"s. Aivouv rqv evfpyerd

rcuq p6oro o'rceDd,oerov pe roDq zrupriveq (e),aonrrl q pq e),aonrcri orc65ooq). Eov q

orffiuoq eivu,r pe Bclpf mprlva (.nx.M6luB6oq) ovro,l.).d,ooatot pmp6 noo6 evdpyerug

(e)"aonrcr1) pe uvdotorpl avd,rcpouon 'rou ruupr1vo. Eror q 56cipq tr.tlv vetpovicov

Er*nepvo qv ril"r1 (ny. mv Mo)"r;B6o). Euv ro vsrp6vro ol,)"r1rern6pd, pe mpqvcr roll

oroior q pd,(o eivor ouyrcpiorpq pre n1v pd(a rou, yivercri peruqopd ev6pyeruq a?Eo ro

verp6vro otov rn-rpr1vcr. fru napd8erypa oe oriyrcpouon pr o6poy6vo (npcr-rr6vro) ro

vetp6vto pnopei vu ldoer onoroE4note evdpyeru, crno p166v ecoq repinou tr1v svdpyerg

nou rcut61er. H pr6oq evfpyero rou vstpoviou petd tqv oiul,rll"eni8pcrorl pre u6poy6vo

ett'at 37o/o qq upprcrlq rou ev6pyercrc. fra Buprl u6poy6vo, 11 p6ori evepyero per6 rqv

u?'l"ql,erd5puor1 eivcrr 48o/o evrco yru *r,0purca 85o/o. Apo yra vo, oro,prd,g]o'ouv tu

verp6vro o,norteiror ofioppoqqr(q n),orlorog oe udpoy6vo Knt d,vOparca.

Al')"oq rp6noq gnopp6prlong rcDV verpovic,rv eivor q upnayrl noo tgpBdver

1d':puv oe prrcpdg ev6pyereq. Kord, to <porv6pevo uur6 8qproupyeitur vf.oq auprlvilq Kol

olXv& ercn6pne'ror cucuvo Bo),ia yd,ppcr.

nuvencttq Trcr rnv ruter50uvoq rcur unopp6eqorl r(Dv verpovicrtv uncrrtei.uur

ouv6rclop6q ul"rrcritv 1atrrr1l,ori otopKof aprgpori yio rqv peirrtorl qq ev6p.ye1fig rcDv

ve, poviov rul u)"rr6v uryrl),o6 oroprrcof clpr0pot Tru Tllv anopp6gqon r(DV ydpprcr zou

etn€pnov,ur rord filv optroTq tou vetpoviou. Or rorsu0uvtqpeg tcov rretpovictlv

ouvd0rr:g rco,TcroKeod(ovtor uTLo oerpdq enurdScov a.rEo Bopropwo (to'ttB) {riho,

nupu<pivq q n)"oo'nrc6 nou eva)"),d,oercr,1 fm snine8s uao orod,)"1.

Or eyrca,ucrrdoeiq ncpoyrriyrlg verpovicov sno rcrirloTpov sfvor oyrcrir6er6 rcgr

o,rprBd_c.

2) Ilpardvra rcat 6mripm..

Sopnop6vo oropad8ra D\iq)"l'lq ev6pyerog u.qto ypoppurc6 €TrlroXUVrTl

rurc?'orpov dlouv r6r6qreg nou unoBcrtvouv lprlorp€_c crnv pabrooep(lrce{n. fiX.

T'I

nl

66oq B60ooq Trpoq to t6)'og trlq tppdq touq p6oo orqv ulq eivut uryql'q )"6yrrl qc

rcopcu},qqBragg.xtoolqpcr14tpuiveto,rqrcupzc6},r.1B60oq8eutepiool90MeV.xto

rSro op.1po btvovtor rcor rcupnril,eq Bd0ouq q),ercrpovicriv 6ro<p6pcrlv wep"yeriov Yto rt]\'

ori6pro.rl pe to 6eut6Pro.

ItLsffqp$vr{t A,a*.td'Pr*

tffi ldeV

r.*.-"..--*-.-!"... e1?

**1

*S

.*fi

r*

Lft

"d

{O*€te:

**

,!&

n***s*

& vs$*, *rx

IXrtpa 2.14.KaWtb)"q Bd0ouq (56od Seutepiou w€pyerug 190 MeV'

3) BaPia tdvra'

flclpdyovtut([T[oYp0pptKosT[t0XUvTTl.Etcrneproo6tepcrtetpd,putcr6lolr

XpTlotpozrolq0ei rruprlveq N6ov (450 MeVN)' O[uy6vou (400 MeVA{ ) q dv0pura

(260MeVN).TcrBup6crt6vtuncrpouor&(ouvuryrl},r.1ruprnl},r1Bragg(r6tcoqKopl)qll

rst 6ivow ev6ro<p6povtu onotal"foporCI"

4) t-Prctiwa.

Tu n-peo6vu nup6yovro,r or peyd.l,a rcr5r)"orpov n TpopptKofq ezntaluvt6q' To

nt6vra6loovenioqqercputuller5otpqrccrprnr}"qBraggKDptoq},6lrotcovcrvrl8pdoerrlr.

rcrtd, tqv e(uqavtorl tou. To percv6rctqpcl Tov 8eopiov trrrv ntovirrlv eivat q 1op1i.n

touq *vtcroq Kor eK rorirou 6ev eivor 6uvut6v vo peroqtpOofv po.rcptd uno to oqpeio

nopolro^yriq rouq. H petugopdl touq &),1.rrro tt unuweineptn)'oro ouodpoto poyvrltrilY

oo€ l.l re}.lKq popgq trlq 6€opr1q vu eivcrr erperal.).e6otpq' Ercioqq q 66opq tr'lr"

nrovtov rc,p#Tetrll,ertp6vrcl rot vetp6vro rc6T1 nou eivur crvenr0ripqto r1'lv xprlon fii;

66opqq orqv 0eponeio. Irlpepcl xpliolpoTrolotivtsr er6rrc6q rutooreufg ouv(0rrlq rovto

oepqltlv6qfiopcr,ToYllqnpcr;toviorv'Tocrnotel'6opcrtatrovnrovirovosorpofvtut

3I

eircDoctKd )"6yrri tcov po8roBro)"oyucdrv r8rotqrrov rov rnovirriv rcor ovop6vrro,r oo1e6uop6q ourore),rirv ouo.a1 prdrcov 0epaneiu g.

39

3.1 fevtxri

To 1995 oopr).qpio0rFov 100 p6vrct on6 tl1v ovorcdl"uryqTolv orT lvrov -X un6

tov Wilkelm Roentgen ortlv feppuvtu'

Kut6 ta newd,potcr trov rs0o6triov orrr),,qvov 7[0,poTqpr'10qrce "f,vcr v6o ei6oq

urrwo$o),icrq" TEOD rcdver tCI, oteped uvflrceipevu 6roquvq' H egoptrroyq rnq

avur<&l"uryqq oDrqq rpoylrcrroTroq0rirce d,peou ror o ocolrlvoq rcDv urtivov -X 6ywe q

anoppi tou npiotoD ernroxDvcl ocopan8iov. Or eqcrppoy6q Tcov sKclvcrlv -X fyivcl.

ouorcb8eqp6poqqqraOrlpepwqq(onqraro'tvet6l,e6ovol'lpCIvardon'lvnor6nitaulq

(r*rnq psq.

Tcren6pwu,35lp6vur6qepovoqpovtrrc6gemornpovlK6qovarco)'rhye4'crlJ'dt1

telvol,oyicl T.Dv €Trrxoxuvtcov nepropioclre oe q),erctpootu'orc6q povdSeq rccn rdoerg

rdrco roo 1 MV.

Toezopevopey&},oBlipa6lrve6tcrvoE,rnestLawrenceKutuore60,o.txo

nprirro rcrSrlcrpov oto Berkeley rc 1932. Aret60qrcrv 6tor 56opeq vetpovitov rur

ovural,6q0r.1xov v6cr telvqtd po6revepy6 rcr6tonu. Aa6 to 1936, to rc0rc)"otpov tou

Lawrence (37 rvroiov) ernr&grve 66opeq beutepiou 6coq 8 MeV, trpoorpfpovroq rqv

peyul,ftepq napoyilvetpovirov otov rc6opo rcar telyqzd pa8twepyd ro6torcu'

o Ermest Lawrence Ko1 o a6eptp6g roo John orivtopo 5r6pl"eyw

ev6rogfpouoeq urtpuccq equppoy6q TOv root6zccov noo nupdyovtsr oa6 to rrir)'otpov

otrg pr.o)"oyrr6q rut ro,tprr6q 6peuveq, rcu0cbg enio'qq torv root6nov Ko't trov 8eopiov

vetpovic,rv omlv oepureiu tou ruprcrvou. To 1938 11 prlt6po trov LaWrence rltuv o

nprbroq uo.0evr1q fio1) roD 6ywe 0epuneio enrtulcbq pe vetp6vrcr crn6 to rcfrl'otpov' H

r00o6qyqoq ToD Lawrence otqv rcolut5peoorl qq crn66ooqq tcDv snrtoSlvtrbv rcor

qqnor6t4Tflq'Tovpqlovo},opriovo.td0rlreru0oproorrlFdolTtlgo,rlpeprvq€

cepro),oyioq o'rooq oqpepworiq mwayvvttr'

.4z16 t6te, no)")"o' n)'eovertrlporo rnq tepro)'oyioq rov ezntoluvtiov npori)'0ov

crn6 rov ypoppl<6 enttuluwrl dnou Alvarez, trlq Van de Graff, ng nr1y6q ropiog

rl6otpov,turnepolcoyrpou),rrc6,otnlroxl)vtr1qofylporpovK{Ltqnupoyrrlyqeenrcri:v

rtivrrrrv. Me irl,cr sutd, tcr 6e6opevg 66coouv ouvSruoporiq fioD noptlluyuv ernta'1uvt6q

6r.cr<p6prov o5ttcov 6ncoq ql.eictpootuctrcofg, rcrkl"otpov, pirpotpov' ypopprrco6g

3. Or enrto2guvtfq arqv latPrxrl:

40

Ern:caxDvrtq Kol oliyxloorpov Ttoo x,cro'rpoTrorofvror oqpepa 6),o rsr nepro.o.6repo o.eerpoppoy6g.

x''p IctprKri, or erwaysvrtgrprlCI'rporrolorivror o4pepo rcstd 6uo rp6aouq oeonerrc6vr10r1 rcor

'eponeiu. xqv anerr6vl0q o s7r1r01pv rrlg napayer orcrwoBol,io qonoia

'runepvd rov oo.'wr1, q napayet po'uvepyri ulrrcri aoo eivor Euvar6v vsero'o1o0fv oro ociipa rou ao.oevr1. H uvd),uo.r qq zcporcfnrououg err.vog rn€arctwOBOl"iog cz6 ro orirpa rou a,cr'evr1 XrDrolpo,Eol'itor o.tqv .dyvalo.l K*,r o?ovrco0oprop6 qg nrOavritg onartoripsvqq 0eponeioc.

3.2 Anerxrivqoq (imaging)

xrqv rluprlvrr4 Iurprrc'1, p06revepyd <poptrroreuarcd ul.rrd (poErogripparco)Eivovrsr oroDq ao''weig K01 n rcoravop' qq er)"u6prynq *KrlvoBorio6 yaw,*uvrlve'ovtut an6 e{erSrreupdvsq TapILa rcdpepeg. Topioypagrrc'g errc6veg pepcbv to,ori>poro6 enerepya(ovr',l w o'uveleia pdo.ro uno).oyro.a1. H

'zsrr6v40r1 uurtl 6fvet8ruyvo:onrcfg n)'Ipogopieg nou urpopor5v n1v l.ertoupyfu too o.rbporoq Ko,r ?ovperopol'rop6 K0,1 0uptr)"qpiover 'v'Toplr(s€ rr K0r00K'1*o.'rc6q err6ve6 7ro1lnap'yovrur pe r*l"eq pe0660uq 6nrrlg 11 ropoypogia pe crcrfve6 _X, T topoypaqiouaol'oyroctl (cT, computerized Tomography) 11 anerr6vqon powrlarcor5 ouvrovio.pori(lvrRT).

Yno)"oyi(tror 6' 61ouv ilolioltrozrolr'ei pa'rogrippurca pe €gsplro ytq anet-rc6vqor1q o'tqv 'uiyvCIoq

o€ nep{nou 20 er.ar.a.0eveig n*yrcoopirog rca,r en1o,ro.

3.3 Ilcpuyaryr{ roorrizrrov

rlepiruor-r or 20% rov uo.'evi,v Trou xrorolporoirl0av po.rorpdpparoegupp60rqKs s1.'07o,y4 (pe 6veor1) ul"rrcrirv no, napuyovr'' o€ rc'rr,otpov. yn*pl0uvn&va an6 200 *lrl,oxpov T.ayKoopirrl'. flepi ro 35 rerroupyoriv oe epnoprr.getrrtpeieq szrorcl,erortrcri pre rqv rcapay.riyrl p*6ro<popprircolv. A),),or 25 enwuyvvrdq;toptiyouv ro'6rona y:fyotltu o''1v Iarprrc'l. To ro6rozs surd 61ouv 6l"l.erpo verpovirovK'r ouvri'alq napuyovrur p€ BopBap6rop6 p€ npar6vw. ol"s r0" rcorvrirg

;pqo'r*ofiol0ripsvo ratprrcri ro.6rozuc nap&yovrar oa6 compact rcrir<l,orpov p€ e..vipTereq

'o,q r0 40 Mev rcor 6vraoq 560pr1q 50-400 pAmps. Er5rrcd o1e6r*op6va ouoal;raro

6rox{Dv aepr6louv zcoo6alteq epn}.ou'op6vcriv otsoepiov roor6zrov org ul,rrcd:geqpiug (qq rri{nq rclv gr). or o.161or Sdlovrur ropp6q 66o.pe6 apcotoviorv ror 61er

o'1e6ro,otei rcoi q u,ur6puu1 perurtvrlorl rouq (petri qv arcrrvoB6)"r1oq o ot61oq eivur

tc'yppd, pa6revepy6q).

O n7,r1 pn q Bro pqlcrvrrc6q rurc)"o q nopo,ycoyq q roo.u6nrrrv neprl"o pBdver nupoyo,yrl

oT61crrv, nupuyrrtyrl roor6nov p€ BopBupSrop6 orov entraywnl, 6rd0eoq,

norerd,propo, percqopd, rc.)".n. (trreprrcd un6 rs po8revepyd-po8roqdppurca dlouv

prrp6lptivo (arng).

Ot ezrtruluvt6E zrou npoopi(ovrol yro tt1v dpeuvo ot4v rccr,e60uvoq ouq 6notq

Kol ro, epnopucci rr!<l"otpov eivoi erSrr6g compact rorcorceudq fioD Trpooqfpovtor un6

e{et8rrceuprfveq etarpeieq. Tu rpmlpro olebroopoti epnoprrciov rcfrc}"otpov sivor or

pr.rcpdg 6taot6oerq roiv poTvqriov, roluprl rcor u,noDourrl lertoupyio tou payvrlol rcn

tov ooorlpd,tov poSroouyv6oitoq, q 66opr1 TCDv lrpcoroviav nptner va eivor uvqtrqg

6vruoqg, ot Sruordoerq rTlg 6€opqq rcl)"rltg rc0olpiop€veq Kcr,r nhnpqq cruror

patonorqpl6vog rl)"ey1og p6oco onol,oyroq. Or aroruloerg on66oonq rov prllavcitv

sutrrrv oupnepr),opBdvouv raTeiu d,vo6o rccn rd0o6o qq 66opqq, u\yq)"Tl u,(rornodcr

orqv rlpeptlora nopCIyroy( BpopBrcov r.oor6aov rcrr el61ro'uo Xerprop6 sn6 ro

npoorrlzrrrc6 cbcrte vir e),aytoronorofvt0r ot 66oerg nou ncripver rcr,d T]1v 8rdprelo filq

epyuoia,g.

To 1987 6yrve 6va peyd)"o Brlpu apoq ouc'1 tr1v rurerl0uvol trL:v eprzroprrriw

urcotrnloeov 6t<rv q IBA pe to fluv/pro qg Louvain oto B6l"yro rcurcroreriooov ro

xrir),otpov Cyklone 30. Htuv to trpcirto povt6),o orl1v Tropo,ycoyrl orcprpofq rcor uvqhliq

wruoqg 66opr19 ndvco a,ru6 300 pAmp. H npbrq povd8cr eyrcorootd0rlKs orqv

Apeptrrl on1, Io,rprrrl @uorr( ulg Amersam. H 66opq npotrpqOqrca va eivo,r tdrorcl

noo vo oplctrorrol€i qv un66o6q roD ot61ou Ko,r vd, l-rsylororror€i tlv 0copdrcqorl rou

rard, rov lerprop6 roD. fevrr6, o ot61oq Kol r,a oroulparcr q),e1erpro'pori

rccrtcorceud,(orztcrr ano e{er8trceupeveq ercrpeieq Kor o'uvrl0rrtg 61ouv erSrror5g

epzropmof q o'leEruoporJq.

I'u ro6tonu, fiou nopdyovtur on6 ro, nirc),orpov Srsd0wtor oe rc6vrpu

Ihprivrrrlr; Iurpncqq rog uao),uprcro'pdvc, ev6o"rpu pu8rotpdppu,Ko, Troo nepi6louv pwp6

noooo,6 pu8rotoot6?rou ps wepy6tqro eioq 200 MBq (( 5 mCuries). Tu ro6ronu aur&

s,fi$rteitar vo txouv oprerl evepy6nlro rrlore vc 8ivorv clrprBrl Sruyvcrlo'nn1

nl"rlporpopio yto 15-30 min aepioSo trnerrc6vqorlq. A)").d 11 wepy6qro rov av6orprov

roor6ercov 0u np6ner vcr eivsr oprcerd Xopnli cbore vs 8ivouv orov oo'0evr1 rupoyponrq

6doq prrcp6teprl on6 5 mSv (0.5 Rad) .

^1+L

4[6 p6vq qg n evfpyeto tqq o,rcrrvoBo).iaq ydpp u 0a np1net va eivcr uvnrrlt6oo rbore vu ell'pycrsr oa6 touq rcrofq tou aoOwr1 Ko,r vo, uruoqeriyovror enrnl,or66orxrv 0?EelK6v10r1 ),6yar orc65cor15 compton. Aa6 qv ri}"l"r1 nl.eopri 11 ev6pye,o, ro,vTdpps 00 npEner v' eivor aprcerd xapn)"n ioo.re vo erwp'ntt *nocel,eopianrcrlrate6guvo'4 Trpoq rov ovrgveo,,l qq y6ppa, rdpepog. or ev'pyereq rcDV yrippo nouXpq o1pofi olorivrur ouvrl 0 roq eivor 5 0_3 0 0 KeV.

o p6vog qpio'erog (alr'1q rou root6zou au nptna va erwp9ner ,,1v 6rc6ucaofanupuyay'fiq roD K0,r r4v rayeia 8rovoprl ro,., o'r0 vooorcopeiu , 0a np'net6pcr>q vo eivarrcar crpretri prrcp6q rirore vu c,rogeiiyovra,t ro mpoBl,rlpcrca t16 660qq orov uo0evr1.

To rcorvioq XplolpoTrorofpeva ro6tozo 61ouv g:6vo qpioero6 (corlg qq fi$1qtorv 3 qpeprilv' Xp4orponorofvtar neptnou 30 rorprrcri ro6rono nou zcoptiyovroi oro'qenrruluvrdq nlrcl"orpov.

To nl,6ov rcow6 po8ro<pdppoKo TroD nupayeru o?oog enwuyuvr*,q eivor ro0d)"ro-201 ('otTl) KCI'l xpqotponorsitsr oe enine8o pourivoq yru unernovrlo.erc rap6r6qrrlq napdycrrv'rpdrroorlg ro,., pDor(ap6iou. flopdyecar pe BopBap6ro.pr6 tou 0al,iou_203;re npott6vro evfpyerog 25 w2g MeV.

Irivaxag 1' Korvri pa'rorprippdK,r noo nup&yovtar aao x6n],o"pov

H nayrc6opro atruiulon yrCI, ofielKovrloeq rlupqvr*.1g Iotprr4q au(river rura T-8 o/o rw 1p6vo' H (r]firor yra ro6toer a ano ru *irr.orpov <ruvef(eror Ko,r ore(er8rreupdveq etorpeis q ncLpayay4q dtorrov prllavrilv typ,v or6lorq va g0doouv66opeg aprrr.uowirrv 500- 1 000 pAmp.

Or rccrsorcsuoorfq rov ydppo rcdtrrepoq Beltriovouv qvrripepo-q evci) or etorpeieq qoppoK€o'rcrilv avo(qtoriv v6s npoi6vrazapuyolyrlg roor6nov o.ro, rrircl.orpov.

relvol"oyio cov

ror Srct8rrcaoieq

lorftono lprivoq qpioerag

(crrr{g (copeq)

Evrfpyera

axtivorv y (keV)

Anerm6vqoq

opyrtvou"ut Tl / 3.U 80 KopDrd,tt In 67.2 240 M6),uvor'1

o'Ga/8.3 100 roq 300 Korl"rd

rtrl13.2 160 OopeoeiSqg

3.4 Topoyprxrpio exaoparlq zro(rtpovioo (Positron emission tomography, PET)"

H totrroypuqia ercnopnr"lq no(rtpoviou (PET) etvcrr pia npolcr:p1pwq tepucq

q6 lluprlvirclq Iotprrqq TroD XpqorpoTroleirur yro 6peuvu oro payol"rirepa rcwtptr. H

por,'ubrrrl uutq 8royvcoom( ru)"rlpogopio enrruyldverur un6 ropoTpoqtKdq perprloerq

qq Broppeioq rur trlq quorol"oyiug rcov rotc'rrv Ko,r rov opyrivcov. Xqv Oecripio 11

no€lr1o'ri oled(etor pe Brolqpm6q pecoBol"6g nou pnoporiv vo zroporlpq0orlv ps rqv

trr60o6o PE f crprcetd nprv ovrlyeu0o6v uvoroprrdq petaBol"6q.

Xtqv teprrtctl PET q po8revepy6g ouoiu eivcrr 6vcr ro6rono aou ercadtrrnel

iro(rrp6vro. Tcl no(rrp6vrcr e(aii),cirvov,o,r pe to q)"ercrp6vro oTo oiopu ror Sivouv 6uo

y&ppo pe rcateu0uvoq 180o. H avilveuorl tcov 6fo ydppu yiverar ps p60o8o

oriprnrrooqq, Trou etvsr rcol"ri crnobotrrcq orov rca0opro;r6 rnq rctuvopqq xou

po&revepyor5 l1yr106tr1 oro 1iopo. Eruer6r1 oe pio clnl"r1 onem6vqorl czunttoriv,cr

perpr'1oer.q <puoro),ofoq orov 1opol<rqp1trp6 rcov rlvrl0errrrv-popicov Xpnolpoftotor5vtor

Bpoppru ro(iTono. H nopoycrryrl too roor6zrou Ko,1 o XctpclKtqprop6q ouvrl0cog

?Epcr:Tilcrxofiorofvror in situ.

Tcr nro rorvrbq Xprlolpofioloripevo po8tovourcl"i8ru etvcr 6v0porcuq-11 (Ip{{Dn

20 min), to n(coco-I3 (10 min), o(uyovo 15 (2 min) Ko,t to tp0opro-l8 (i10 min).

Evu orioclpa PET tyerrpiu rcriprcr otorleic:

i) Enrtoluwrl ocopoa8ic'rv pe ot6loug yru rnv napoycoy4 root6nov nou

ercn6pnorw no(rtp6vro.

ii) Xrlprrd p6pru npoq oriv0eoq Kor XopoKtrlprorrp6 tov entOuprltcirv

rlvq0etcov.

iii) Kdpepo PET yra petpqoerg nlq Korovopqg tou t1vr106tr1 o'to oritpc, (in

vivr:).

Ts KuKl"orpov 61ouv ytvet or otdvtop tntru'yuv#,q o.fi1v Trcrpoyroyq ttrtv

roor6ncov, Xplolf-rofiorrirvrog apcrlr6vur 10-18 MeV, rcur 5-9 MeV 6eutf pia. To peupu

rqq 66op1g eivor 6roq 75 pAmps. Ta oqpreprvd PET rrirc).orpov etvat svte)"d)q compact,

oylld oDrolroroTrorrlp6veq pqlav6q rcurd).).r1?,eg po neprBd),ov Noooropeiou. O)"4 ta

vrio PET rrix).orpov, Booi(owur ofllv retrvo),oyio 'ucov Oenrrirv r6vto:v rbote vu

DretKo).rivetcrr q e(uyCIyl rqg 66o'pqq Kcx,t vo, el.cpotonorctrot q ovorroS6pqo'n rnq

napay6 pevqq po6rw6py€1{xq.

44

ro (ercivr1po rng pqxov4g rcor q u,rcrvoB6l.qoq eivor our6poro rirore o xpTlo.rrl_c6er'6xsr aapd p6vo va entxll',ro ororxeio no' 0u, xopq,Krqplo.rei rcui peprrcfq apprc6qnapap6tpoog rnq ortrvoB6l"r1oq6. Me e(aipeoq ro o(uy6vo-r5 ro an'norrprevoeaine8o qq pa8rw6pyeroq r1o plo mnr*1 odproo.q eivut 200 MBq. Mr* un)"r1napoyroyq eivut aprce rrlyw8rio r'lzeproo6cepeq oupiooerg aoowiov.

H texvrrrl pET svszmlgrlre nepi ra p6ou tou 1970. Eip,epa undplouvnep{no, 140 revcpu pET ruyrcoopioq €K r(Dv onoi'v rc prod Bpiorcov.rur otqvApepirq. H Dra8rrsoio pET eivor nop6polo rqq oupBa'rcr1g urcrrvoB6),qoqg roor6noucrlld, pe ru)"r5tepq euoroOqoio rar cur66oon orov Xapo.

H PET pzuopei vo o7r€rKovioer rcsr va, petprloer noooarcd, v6eq Biop41ovrrc6qnopopr6rpouq 6nroq n poq ro,

'ipoeo g, )anupu o{60 rcor xp'orr qq y},urc6(r1g,

petapo)"top6 ror o(uy6vor, peraqopd oplo(6cov, zrurvonlrsg ono6eKrd)v Ko,rcnu,oy5l,r1on rou eTKrqd),ou rst trov dlJ,rov opyd,votv.

o nLo rcorv6q rryri'i'1q 7ro, lpqo'rpronorcfzur eiv*r ro gg6pro-lgvreo(uyl"ur6(n GDG) , rcd'' ovd).oyo

"'1g (dxapqg noD rpno'ponoreiror o,,p pe),6r1

rou peruBo)"ropori qq y)"urc6(qq orov eyr6qa),o rar dl"l.a 6pyovcr. or epeuvqtdqptropofv vo xo,pdKrqpioouv neproo6rep x) aTEo 500 ouv06oerg rord)"1,q),e6 yro pETalfua ru rcwqpa'rcd Bropiprrcd povr6),u undplouv yra p6vo 15 ano our€q qqouv06osr6.

lio)")o, u:rool6peveg erpoppoydq undploov oro, ne6is rng oyro)"oyiaq,veupo),oyiuq rcor rcap6ro)"oytoq.

rciv oyrcol"oyio q PET xrDrollrolroreirur orlv ovilveuorl cou cfnou K{r1 ro1)

Ba0pori Tov Trporoyevrilv 6yrccov Kor rcDV per*otdoecov, orrrv en6rtaori rou 6yrcou

Ilivaxag 3.2. ITLap uyolTrl pa6rovoox.?,r6lorv Tro "opoypagicr

pET.

N(p,a)"c

(d,n)"o

fip1v vo XrlpoupTl0e| orqv Sraqoporuotrlon rnq v6rcprriorlg un6 tqv orcrLvoBolia oe

o'16oq pe rov 6yro, c'tov pu0p6 nou ILxIXEL 11 6e6opevr1 rrepropl rcat trl)"oq oclv

undrproq ofilv XttpoDpylKtl Kot QoppoKeutrrcq 0epaneio.

Or equpproy6q o'tqv vei-rpo),ofo nepr),crpBdvoDv rliv er5peori qq 06oqq tcov

rcdvrprrtv qg ezn)"r1yioq, eriro),r1crvi1yeool qg no0r1o1q too Alzheimer rsr 6u<poprr(

Etdyvroori rcrvqnrct1q otcl(ioq 6nolq eivar 11 Parkinson.

Iqv xup6ro).oyiu n teprrrcrl PET lpqortrronoreitur ornv erripqo.q 'rnq

Brcuoip6tqtgq roD puorcop8torcof tototl, I onoia, eivar ou1yfi npoonuttot5pevrl

nl.rlporpopto Ttc[ eyleipqori bypass. H brdyvcool ps d),).eq pe066oug oulvd

onomyldvel o{qv 8rcrniotaroq tqq Brroorp6qtcrq tou ro'to6, no}"}"6g gopfq o8qyiovtcrq

oe lerpor5pyqoq TroD 6ev qtuv ovuyraiu.

H eKTitrqon enioqg rcov 01ro9p6(ecov rov oprlprrilv eivor pio ptlotptl

s<puppoy( rnq t€IVlKllq PET otqv ro,pEto?voyia.

H noyr6opru (r1rr1oq ouocqpocov PET erflpdtu,r o'e 15-20 pov&Etq tov

1p6vo. Av rur 6ev eivot ur6pr1 piu 6ro6rra,oiu poutivog, o,vopfvato,r 6tt 6tov to

ct,o'qcr)"1or1rd tupeiu oplioouv v0 Til"qpd)voDv trq s(ecdostq te1vtKtlg PET' t'1

rc),rvrrcq XpTlcq trlq pe066ou 00 ou[r10ei puy8ciio. Te]"eutoiu 61ouv ?Iporo0ti

ypoppucot enrtoluvtdq X,opqlqq ev6pyttoq yrcr PET, opoq yrcr lapql'6q

er,6.pyeraq rrlq td[qq rrov 4 MeV urcrttofvtd,t uryq],& per5po,to cqg 66o'pqq rilote

vo qg&ver T1o, Tlv orurrofpevn roptlyrrlyri tou tcrot6nou. Ot rotoo'reu0o't6g

nd,vrroq o'uo'rqpdtrov PET npoono,Oorjv vo etodyouv rtlv telvrrrl KcLt orcl

epn6pro. Xapq).citvovroq ro r6otog tou ouo'tqpotoq rot o1e6rd(ovtaq v6cl

rdtota fiou vcr, cru(dvouv ttlv Xpqoq toug on6 couq ooOevelg.

{vrxvaurriq

F*Srevepydq

x-uF{vnq

46

Xffi pa 3. I S. Avsnopdo.rooq oo.n1 paroq ropoypagio,g no(rrpoviou.

Ooo au(dvrr n

:T::":::ou rcaorcivo.r. Ears 50yo r.ov ooosv,(i)v on6 rcaprcwo rcdvoirv pa8roOspoaeio

,, yturro, ;;;;rr*clreipclorl tcov rcrcor1 Oarv mlrrd,prov.

4.X Po6ro0epcraeic cxtivrov _X

H nr6 rorvq oz6 ng pa'ro'eponeieq eivo,r q cov o,rcrlvrov -X 6zrou 06opq<porrovicov 4 ro r1l'ercrp6vra fioD ?q napri70,v ond(ouv 6eopor5q o6poy6vou rrrivrcurtriprrrv rou ocrrparoq Ksl anopoviovouv 6to.r rctinoro n),riporpopio roo DNA zcoueivor anopoin'1rr1 0rov nolhankaor.aop6 torv rurrdpcov. H 5ra6rrcoo.is uual p,nopsf vae)"ard)oCI'er (rcur e(o<pavioer rel.rrrirg) r0 rcorcor1'r1 *i'uopu o6rly6vrog oe n2,r1pr1anav6p0rooq' 0r r'r''vrrczropruq 6rog6prrrv roprcrvopdrcov q o.e

'rooaopri rou6.

T'o 6pyova qq pu6ro0epundug eivor o..uvrl'rrlq wug ypopprrc6g emra..wr.qq,'ercpovicov' K0'1 rcl ql,ertp6vrc xpro1po7ro106v.r0q cz,eu'eioq o.rqv'\l'errpr:'e panei'" (nepinou r0o/o aw so.'svi'v rcd,vouv aunl rqv 'eponeio).

xuvq'rrlqto ril.srcrp6v'o rpnorponororivror 'ppeou

, Er1l.c6r1 BoprBap'i(ouv 6vs ot61o nou 6ivereupeic 66opri rp rrttovicrrv u \ryhl q ev6pyero g.

H on)'orio'tepr1 pqlovrl ouvio'ro,rc,t on6 peprrd tprqpato rou €7rlro,xuvm] ora 3GHz' rnwuyuvovrag r12,ercrp6vw ors 6 Mev. Evoq ryol6psvog *roxoqBoL<ppapioux.prolpo'roriru' onlv napay.'yrl 4 Graylmin urcdvrov _X nou rcureu''verc,r, <reopo0yriivro top4, npo6 rov ao0evr1. o enrruluvalq etvor ouv8e8epevog eiutivro o.sroorevtpKd nepro.rpeg6pevq Briorl (ro gantry) n&ya uno rov ooOevq, o onoiogo<peil,er vo nopapeiver cnol,frco g arivri rog.

flro nol,rin)"oKor szrrro,luvr.g rertoupTo'v 6rrlg ru 1g Mev pe o.ron6 ,,paf{qoq rou Bd'0uq 'reiosuonG

qq arrrvoBo}"i*q K01 peirr:o,r1 tqq 6r0eoq' ro1)66pporo6. Evsl.l'arc'r 6. pnopeivo xJoro.rpono'10ei 'eponeia

pe r1l.ercp6vro 6ra<p6provevepyerrirv yro p[rcp6rep0 K01 peraB].r1rd Brioq 6reto.6Dorg, nepinou 0.5 cm/rVlev. Meour6 rov rpo.'Eo or €n,q'vsl',rcot rotoi pnopo'v vo oepaneuo0riv lrrlpig eni8poorl qgarrrvoBol"iog oe Ba0rirsprg K'l avuroprrcri o.rlpuivouoeq zreprolfg rou ociipotoq.

o mnoq crur6q rou eTnro,xuvr,f 6yxr. pnKoq l-2 p6rpu, eivat ouv8e8sprevoq

nopd)')"q)'o fipoq rov ooOwr1 pe 6vu poyvnrn nou rcreoOriver rqv 66opq oro orio.rlpu

pcr6ro0eponeiu,q to onoto nepr),apiBdver rov oc61o, nario rcLvr1t6 rcgteuOuvn1pa,

eErcrcorq 'uou fie8iou qq 66opr16, e(opoirooq roD puOpori crlg 66o11g Ku,1 rou onorcof

ne8ioo rcar 6)"ey1o rqg wfpyeraq.

Xtov rc6opo undplouv nepinou 200A trnruyuwSg oxdvc,rv -X yro Qepuneiu. Or

6uorc6q Xd)pq 61ouv nepinou 2 povd8eg uvd ercaropripro nl"r10uopori.

IIo)"16q Koro,oK€oo,o'nrc6q eturpeieg rorprrciov ouorceurirv rcorooreud(ouv

ouottltrruco Oeponeioq pe arcdveq -X 6noiq General Electric, Mitsubishi, Philips,

Siemens K01 rl Varian.

H Oaponeio pe orriv€q -x napapfver n 7no rorvri rcc'r q0qvrl Oeponetu pe

enrtaluvr(. Or pe)")"owrrdq rccrl"utepefoslq rcDv prqlovcilv eond,(ovrot ornv rol,rireprl

nupofi qg 66o119 orov Ko,pKrrrc6 6yxo. llo),)"ua),oi rcu,teu0uvrrlpsq popponoro6v tom6io r(Dv orcdvcuv-X fipoq rov Broio,rprrc6 ot61o Ko,1 <popqt6 pqlovr.lpcltu

anetrc6vqoqq zrioco orc6 tov oo'Oevr1 e),6y1ouv qv 06oq Kd,l rnv napoficrlq 66oqq.

xuv0ereq compact r'nyfq orcrivov-X 61ouv uvonru1Oei pe 6),ey1o .16oo c*q

trpoq rnv Oepcneto, o)")d rsr Soorp6tprlon or fipoyl.rcorc6 1p6vo, wo.rrlpo.ucitvovraq CT

oupcotrl oe piu p6vo ouorceur1. O),orc7,r1p(Dlrsvn 8rdyvoorl rccrr $spuneiu, eivor q

rurefOuvorl trlg fpeuvoq rcar ovdam[qq rirore vo rutu]"cppdver q pnrovn prrcp6repouq

lcbpouq oro voooKopeio, lopq),6repo r6otoq l.eiroupyioq rctr el,olroronoiqo.rl trov

e(oteprrrilv lerptoprbv riiore q rc}"rvrrcq 6ro,6rrcuois vo eivor clnl"or5oreprl.

4.2 @tpunefa pe vetprivra

H otdvrcrp po8ro0eporceio lrrlorprorsorei ardveq -X r.1 q),errp6vra, ru onoiu

61ouv lcrpq),6 LET. Avd0etc,, o'olpuci8ro 6nrrlq ta vetp6vro nou eivor ortrvopolio

uryrl)'or5 LET61ouv 8rogopetrrcrl po8roBrol,oyrrq oz6rcpror1. To 1960 r<),rvrrfq 6o6p6g

$ro Hammersmith Hospital too Aov8ivoo 66er(ov 6n or c,rctrvopo).r1oe1q pr raytu

vetp6vro 61ouv r)"wucd n)"eovsrcnlprsro Tro pepmoriq rcororiOerq 6yroug. Efpgrrlvo pe

fl6 np6ccpoteg rcl"rvrrcfg 6onp6q rilouv Kcrro,o'K€Doorei peprrcfq eyKoroordoeq ro 1980,

yta Oepazreia pe tuyla vetp6vru 6nac, n.y. oto flov/pro qq Oudo'ryKrov, o.r0 Seattle

K(r,r oro UCL.A. Or rueproo6rcptq un6 rLg veritcepeg p11ov6q rulqorponororlv 6€opeq

nporoviov on6 rcr5rc).orpov wdpyewq 42 pe oe 66 MeV pe wtdoerq 66o'pqq 15 pe 60

pAmps. or 66opeq ro,v ,rp(Drovicov petaq.povrol oe edrrcofq lrilpou6 Oeponeiog, 6nounap&yovrar ro verp6vw an6 ot6louq Bqpu)"iou.

H 6er5tepq yeweri tolv rrrvtriov 8orcLprirv 66er,(e 6rr arcprBeiq 66opeE verpovicovncru 6ivovr.'r orqv neptoffi rou 6yroo eiv*r nro orlpovar66 un5 0, q 0epo,neic perpcor6vro. Me o'ron6 vu enrteul0ei orprBrlq lerrlprerpio rqq 660pqq, or 660.peg ro,vnprrltovtrov petorp6povtol pso(D ev6q gantry ro onoio 8ivarur vo z[€pro.rp6gerur yrSparsn6 rov ao''wr1 Ko'lvo,

'ivouv qv 66opq oru6 onors' tporeyovio. E:riorig q popqq qq

6do'pqq rov vetpovirov, rou ns8iotr Tov vetpovrirlv on,l:g ?u6yeran, np6ner vuTrpoc*ppootei oe e(arpsrLrcd svr1K0,vovrK66 pop<p66 Xpnolporsoliowaq ev', eufl,rrcoorio'a1 po roreu 0ovtq p criv.

H 6rs6rroo'ia qq 'ep*zueioq

orrpei),er vc eivsr r'161").11l"o opyuvrop*vr, p€guouco66, p*6ro0eponeor6g, rpuorrcofg vooorcopieiou Krr,r d)").c e(arErreupwu p6l.r16nroq d)"},olo'r€ o,7co,1ro6v rc,r or cr \ MRT oopcotfg. H 0epaneia pe verp6vrao'ovqocoE npayparororeirsr p6vov oe rprlpatcr orccrvop6)"r10r1q 6yrcorv rrov peydl.rovrarprrrilv rcdvtpcov.

oacrlo'8r1nots n geponsio pre verp6vra eivar norri orprBrirreprl an6 qvo"t-rptBoflrcr1 oepozeio pe ql"erctp6vro 11 qcot6vro. ruv4orrrg q l.s*oopytcl tou rr5r)"orpovyiverar ps oDvslogopd rc'r dl,l.alv lpqotrirv er6rrcrirv eq6oov o pr6voq n1g 66o.pqg yrutrrf'u rp€1ouoo 0epo,rceiu eivsr p6vo l,iyo Lmr6" aL),6" nepdy,er ev8rdpeo.eg 5r*rcon6q.flcpaya:yq pcdroloot6nav il pET pnopei va yivet o.uylp6vog p€ rnv

'eponeio rrrlv

verpovirrrv. Eni rou nup6wog undpl0uv nepinou 66ro eyrcutao,rrioerg yu oeponeio ;revetp6vtu zoyrcoo'picrlg, 6pcoq e{ ortiog rov fieproprotrriov cclv fixed Ssopriov, xopnrngei,€pyerog q xsprrTlq 6vrcroqg p6vov peprrc6g u,a6 aor6q 66vavtcrr vo apotrrqOefoouvrqv unarrof pevqg orcpiperuq 66o.pr1.

To d"rvucti arcorel,foporo rnq 0eporueicg pe verp6vra eivar no).ri w0apuvnrcdytu edtrcfq ntptnraoet€ 6yrccrrv n.x. y.a roug 6yroug rov orel.oy6vov oSwcov 11

','poaeta pe vetp6vro

'errlpeiro. 11 ra)"rirepr1. A).),eg neprnrcboerq 6nou un6olercr

no)')'d ri Ospunei* pe verp6vra eiv*r to npolrrlpqp€vo o8evorcoprivcopa rou npoordu.l,neprnrciioerq 6yrcrov oro rcerpd,)"r K'r rov ),orp6 (oB6prco), opro.pwor aitror rcoprivo.u r'vznveup6vrrlv ror o'dprccopcr, Tov ootrirv Kd,r rcDv pal,*rccirv rorrirv.

ooov urpop& ra pex)rov'rcd o'uo'1pors rng Oeponeioq pe verp6vro wEapxer T1

enr)"oy( pstu{ri 66o Boorrcrilv o.leSnopiov:

o) Eva prrcp6 nirl"ocpov ps sorrlrsprr6 oT61o, ouv8e8eprfuo c,n'eu0eiuq enavrrr

oro gantry qq Oepozreioq ioote vs snote),6oer 6vu ouprnuyfq prlldvqpu ei6trc6 yrs fllv

Oeporueiu pe vetp6vro. Evu, r6roro pqldvrlpru, yrcl nu,pd6er^1trro 61er crvontul0ei oto

Harper Hospital o'ro Ntrlrport XplorlroTrolriwtoq evs uaepcryrilytpo rcrir).orpov

8eutepiou nou l"er,oopyei oro 48.5 MeV.

p) Eva r6x)"otpov oe (e1o:pro't6 061"upo, trs rnv Tpoppn qq 66opqq

ouv8e8epfvrl oe 6vo, 11 nepioo'6r€pouq Oo?"dpouq Oepaneioq lrs Trsplorpeg6pwo

to6revtpo gantry (woq aitoroq ole6rcrop6q 8tvetat oto t6l"oq rnq no,poyp&goo). O

mnoq aonlq tqg pqlovqq 6yrr Ko,rtroKsDclorei epnoprrl, n.y. oriotqpo nou l"ettotpyet

oro 60 MeV 61er Ko,rooKtucrotei an6 tnv Scanditronix.

Oncoq Kol ottlv nepinrroori tcrrv o,rrivcov-X, 11 pe)")"ovtrrcr1 ovdncu(1 oto ne6io

crut6 e[opturan cnr6 tqv peioorl too rc6oroug rov ouonlpd,tcrtv Kot tqv rcotoorceutl

ouvo?,.rrrirv ouo'clpdrcov rcurd)")"q),c0v y1o aeprB6)"ovro voooKolreirrrv 6nou 11 teprrrctl

ror pq1uvrrcr1 unoot(pr(q r1vcr1ofiirio8r1nore 7no firptopto'trsvq crn6 to neprBd,l")"ov trrtv

enwu'1wt(UDv"

Onrog oupBo,iver Kot ps ttg d)")"eq 0epozreum6q pe066ouq, o smtflXDvtrlq eiva,r

rl lriu p6vo ouvrotioocr ev6q prllcrvqpcrrog 0epcrneiclq. Etor eivcrr oqpovm6 vu

Ko,rooKtuootor5v ol"or)"rlpropwu ouotrlparcr 7[oD vo ;.rnoporiv vo te0oriv o'rq

unqpeoieq tov totptrrbv equppoycilv.

,.,r,e fi fi,p{t?e*Td lt sr polrtCI}\, ff ?cs Krir}" ot p ot,'t',:jl,isrtffi ver: e pi,rr?-e io o'tt1ro S*paxe[u rou K'optci\tou

Mffiffi

-.X.r;xlorpot

&arp4.*eue e piou

Orop*rr*q *tt: vetpdt'tfixur xursu0uvrrlpul

Et6p:qSupql.iou

Enrl,aT{[r,i:plerag

50

ilir.,1wiiT$jl

Ex{po 4.16. Avanclpdoruoq opydvroorlq Noooropeiou yro aiv 0epozreio pe verpovra.(Duivetar 11 06o11 rou *ir),otpov Ko,l n f.r€roqopd qq 66opnq. H tpctiroyporpiu 8eilyerqv repo)"r1 (gantry) Kor rnv tono06zr1or1 tou oo0evori!.

4.3 Oepuaelcr pe aport6vra

Kord rqv rSav'<n nepintrriorl tqq pa6ro0 tpaneiuq anuwewutwo peydl"o noo6ev6pyeraq vs ozrod0ersl o'rov 6yrco rccrr rccr06].ou o.roD6 neprBdl"ovreq uyreig rotorig. HOepuneto pe npror6vrc zr),riord(er norri crur6v .rov orcoa6 )"6yco qq peyuhStepqqouyr<6wproo4q 66o,19, qq rco)"rirq rcoOcoprcip6vrlq epB6)"eroq rov nporrovirov Kor firqoqpeturctlq oa60eoqg rqq ev6pyeroq 6ncoq opi(etar ouc.1 ott6 ,,p ,,rcc,pznil.q

Bragg,,.xto nape)"06v r uvunmlrl rTlg r).wrrr1q

'eponeiog pe nprrlt6vru 6w

e0ro6io0r1re o116 rqv nolunl,or6Ttlto, to p6ye0og Ko,r ro rc6oroq. frs vcr eivor r)"wrrcioqevepydq, anawewan evfpyero peprrcirlv ercrovt&8ov MeV, rcdtr nou rlrav cl6rivcrtop61pr npo rlvoq T1o eyrotoordoslq o€ vooorcopeio Ko,r ro, nepi uvrarv.atofto,, 6nouflnptne vo epycoooriv pe ollv0ero trr1 e(er6rrsup6vo npoocrrnm6 nou rltov rcurdl.l.r1),oyra dpeiwu o'o1v l{uprlvr*1 @uorrn 6poq oxLyLalurprrc6g etpappoy€q o.e vooorcopeio.

llp6ogor' 6vuq crpr0p6g e(er8rrceop6vrrrv opyuvro.prirv Kfl,r epnoprrcrivEturperiov epyd,oOr1rcuv <re ouotrlpato er8rrcd, yru rlv Oepo,neio pre npcrrt6vrcr. Mta sn6cut€g, 11 IBA oro B6l,yro ty'' rco,ruoreud,oer e(onrrop6 Tro l.eitoupyia orvooorcopeio, o oaoiog pnopei vo o'rqpi(er n)"r1pcrrg wcl rcrfutpo oepozueigq ra,r Srod6eturo'e compact out6poco oriorqpa pe uryrllrl ev6pleio K1k)"orpov rcc,r ro6Ksvrpo gantry,

1'o oriorqprs suc6 €1sr eyruru,o.ro0ei oto fevm6

o'tr1v Boo'rritvq.

Nooorcopeio fllq Moocrlouo.frqq,

'fo orioclpu rqg 0epaneioq pe nprrtr6vrcr aepilopBdver:

i) Iodgoovo rrircrorpov 235 Mev ruor,r 6tver 56o.peg qg 1.5 pAmp. pe er6rrc6q

nporpu)d,(e1q ioors vu nepropi(fl rlv priyro.nl 8uvanl 66o11.

ii) MeroBrltrl evripyeto nrq 8fciprlg e0 pe 235 Mev) pe 67.ey1o tqqEroo'nopoq qg 66o'pi1q.

iii) lVletorpopd qG 66o'pqq rcur o.forqpu o.riv8eolg qq e[66ou uno xo o.riorqprcr

enrhoplq evdpyerog oto gantry rr t* gantries r*r trq fixed ypopp€q qq 66oprig.

Kutd pqrcog roD o'uo,rlpuroq psrcr,qopdq qq E6o'pqq yiverar 8roprcrlq 6l.ey1og rrrrv

X,opoKrlploflrrbv qq 66oprig trre 0ol"6pooq tovro'trrof nol)"rilv ouppdrrrlv ro,r our6prcrrq

6rrip0rrlor1.

iv) Ta gantries eivur <ruv6e6ep6v* ps er6rrcd drcpo rcurd, qv 6raSpopq rqE

66otrrqq ylcr rov 6)"eyyo n1q. Er6tr<6q teryrrcdq equpp6(ovrd,r yro tov 6).ey1o rng popprlq

qg E6<rpr1q.

v) xtioqpo e2'6y1ou ro ottoio oupzrepr)"uppdver ,,1v p,ovd6o el,6y1ou rouenrtogrvtrl pe crve(dpfil?oDq rccrr o'uv6e6ep6voug o€ 6irmo orcropiov .,e)"6y1ou

0eponeiug". M6oco rou 8ncnioo ouro6 rd0e 6vs un6 ra o.uoolpota el,fylou triq0epuaeiu,g pnopei vo avu)"d,Ba ?ov 6)"eyyo rou nircl.orpov (nou yweru pe pov66n

eleyl6pev4 uzr6 uno).oyrou1) tqv rpotllrl tqg 66opqq KCrl rrv ozr'*1 tou gantry.

vi) xrioqpa 6ra1eipr1or1q rng uorpdl.eroq, ove{dptqto ano ro or5orqpo

e),6y1or, Trou xpTlolprorcorei fiporpoppoa(6pevoug ),oprco6g controllers rcor rcl.eivet .ro

orioclpu edv rofro onartrl0ei.

vii) Popnonrc6 oriocipu ao0evo6q pe e[on]"rop6 8raprcoriq e].6y1ou nou

neprpd),l"er n),r1prrlg tov oo0evr1.

Aiyeq erorpeieq 61ouv aporeiver 61,2,"a, o.uotrlporo, tq, onoio, pnopei vc6ru<p6pouv oqv o6)")"qvn roo ole6roopori yro ro gantries, qq 06or1q rou uogevrl q tao'uomlpato uoqdl"eurq K0,r e)"€y10u. To o60rqpa oepcneiog ps npcor6vro rrgKu).rq6pvro (Roma Linda university Medical center) Bcro.i(etar oe ofylpocpovnpcrrrovicov Ko,t Ko'ro,oKeu6on6e uno 'to Fermi National Accelerator Laboratorv roLauwrence Berkeley Laboratory r.),.n.

52

BrB),roypurpio

l) N' Dyson "Radiation physics with applications in Medecine and Biorogy,, EllisHorwood 1993

2) H.E. Jons and J.R. cunnigham, "The physics of Radiology,,, charles c. Thomas1 988

3) CERN Courrier 35/tgg5

4) E.L. Alpen'.Radiation Biophysics,, prentice Hall 1990

ilivuraq llepreloprfvrov

Eguppol6q rCIv roo?6ncov trcqv Iatprxri

fernrcti

M60o6or napoycrryrlq roor6nrov

Edrrq evepydtrporolv root6nev

Telyrr6E oripcrlorlg rur mrerr6vqoqq

Anerr6vnoq (imagrng)

Oeponeia (Koprilrro 60)

On enwerprwfg crrlv latprrcr{ (Ilepryparprl)

Fwrrcri

CIedlprlotl tou ole6roo'pof rarv 8eopiov uvqffiq w6plerog

Bqrotpov

f pupprrc6q erwapsvrflq (Linac)

Iutprroi ypopprrcoi enwuytvrt q

Yae p oyioyrpor Tpo ptrlKo i emrayu rtq

M{rporpov

Krird.otpov

IIa,p oyroyrl ocrr pottOiov

Ol ezrrtaXpvt6g 6rrlv latprnr{ @<pappoy6q)

fwrrcd

Aroerr6vqorl

flup uyclytl roor6nrrrv

To poypaqio ercno prqq rco(rrpovfou

Oepunetu

pe orrlveq -Xpe vetp6vro

pe nprot6vtn

Br$l.royps<pio

1

2

4

6

7

12

16

16

l9

22

25

30

30

30

JJ

38

39

39

4l

45

45

46

49

51

54

Kardoraoq o1r1p6tov

Xf'lpu 1. Trinor rareuOuvalprrlv

Xfrlpa 2. Xplpcnr6 8uiypoppa yrippo rdpepag

XXnpu 3. Kripra ouorqpoto ro;roypogia6 ruo(rrpoviou

l61fra 4. Lwraletq urctrvoB6lrio16 pe 6oco

!1rpa 5. Kopnu}eq 66o119 Bri0oug (trcwayuvrflror pavd8a 60Co)

IXqtrs 6. Ardypoppo oriyrprotlg 8eoprilv 60Co rcsr ypupprrcori

enrzaluvn1 q Bqrorpov

XXnpo 7. Lopilrcor l,erroopyio, rou Brltatpovxxtttio 8' Avcnopdoroon rcuporo8rlyorr pe roo,rcfxovrs€ 8iorcouq v4Xtr1pa 9 Io,tprr6g ypcpprrc6q ezntaluvr4q

Xtrnps 10. Xrotlsio qg rceqolqq rou Iorprrori ypapprrori erntoluvt4xxTrps 11. rlol"rrc6 8rdypuirpu rcar*voprlg crdvcrrv -X oao Boppop6ro.p6or61ou pe rll,acrp6vro

Ie).f6s 6

"g"10,,

12

*16

" 1g

,, 2A

6a ^

tZJ

,, 26

,, 2g

*29EXnpo 12. Aerroupyiu rou rcrircl.orpov

ZWpa 13. @dopcr verpovicov ozuo Boppop6rop6 Be pe 6err6proE1rtpu 14. Kopf),q 66or1q Bri0ouq ql"ercpovirov rar 8eurepiou

XXnpa 15. Efoqps ropoTpogiog no(rzpoviou

xxnpry 16. Avanupdoroorl opydvaioqg Noo'orcopeioD ylo eiiv 0epuzreia

trre verp6vro

*31,, 34

ac ^.JO

,, 44

<52

55