IEEE Ultra wideband Presentation - · PDF fileIEEE Ultra wideband Presentation October 21, 2003 ... • Ultra-Wideband Tutorial IEEE 802.15-02/133r1 by Matt Welborn ... • Section

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003

1IWT - Leading edge wireless solutions !

IEEE Ultra wideband Presentation

October 21, 2003

Jim Silverstrim

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Agenda

• UWB technology• FCC regulation • Comparison to commercial wireless standards

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


References

• A Brief History of UWB Communications by Dr. Robert J. Fontana, President Multispectral Solutions, Inc. http://www.multispectral.com/history.html

• Ultra-Wideband Tutorial IEEE 802.15-02/133r1 by Matt Welborn (XtremeSpectrum) and Kai Siwiak (Time Domain)

• Ultra Wideband Communication for Low Data Rate Ad-Hoc WPAN by István Z. Kovács Aalborg University, Denmark

• Ultra-wideband – a Disruptive RF Technology by J Wilson, Sept 2002, http://www.intel.com

• Ultra-wideband Technology for Short-Range, High-Rate Wireless Communications Jeff Foerster Intel Labs

• A Tutorial on Ultrawideband Technology by John McCorkle IEEE 802.15-00/082r1• Understanding UWB – Principles & Implications for Low Power Communications IEEE

802.15-03/157r1• Palowireless UWB Resource Center http://www.palowireless.com/uwb/• Spread Spectrum Scene http://www.sss-mag.com/uwb.html• Ultrawideband Planet.com http://www.ultrawidebandplanet.com/• UC Berkeley UWB Group http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/UWB/links.htm• University of Southern California UltraLab http://ultra.usc.edu/New_Site/

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB Technology

• Short electric pulses (sub-nanosecond) are generated, transmitted, received and processed

– Very low duty cycle pulses– No energy content at 0 Hz– Occupied bandwidth >> information bandwidth

• Form of spread spectrum where RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum– Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude– Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total– UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible random noise to

conventional radios

Narrowband (30kHz)

Wideband CDMA (5 MHz)

UWB (Several GHz)

Frequency

Part 15 Limit

Ultra-Wideband Tutorial IEEE 802.15-02/133r1 by Matt Welborn (XtremeSpectrum) and Kai Siwiak (Time Domain)

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


History of UWB Technology

• Before 1900: Wireless Began as UWB– Large RF bandwidths, but did not take advantage of large spreading gain

• 1900-40s: Wireless goes ‘tuned’– Analog processing: filters, resonators– ‘Separation of services by wavelength’– Era of wireless telephony begins: AM / SSB / FM– Commercial broadcasting matures, radar and signal processing

• 1970-90s: Digital techniques applied to UWB– Wide band impulse radar– Allows for realization of the HUGE available spreading gain

• Feb 14, 2002: UWB approved by FCC for commercialization

Ultra-Wideband Tutorial IEEE 802.15-02/133r1 byMatt Welborn (XtremeSpectrum) and Kai Siwiak (Time Domain)

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB Definition for Commercial Usage

• Definition from First Report and Order FCC 02-48, February 14, 2002– Bandwidth

• Instantaneous bandwidth >= 20% bandwidth or >= 500 MHz bandwidth• -10dB emission points• 2(fH – fL )/(fH + fL )

– Very Low Power Spectral Density (PSD)• In band average EIRP < -41.25 dBm/Hz (FCC Part 15 unintentional emission

limit)• In band peak EIRP 0 dBm/50 MHz

– Approved Spectrum is Application Specific• Ground penetrating radars & wall imaging: <960 MHz and 3.1 – 10.6 GHz• Thru-wall Imaging & Surveillance Systems: 1.99 to 10.6 GHz• Medical imaging, communication and Measurement Systems: 3.1 to 10.6 GHz• Vehicular Radar Systems: 22 to 29 GHz

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB Motivation for Usage• Consider Shannon’s capacity equation

– Capacity increases faster as a function of BW than a function of power.• Compare capacity of Tx power limited “narrowband” systems operating

in dedicated bands with Tx power spectral density limited overlay system (UWB)

– Derive P based on Tx constraints, propagation environment, and operational scenarios

Where : C = Channel Capacity (bits /sec)B = Channel Bandwidth (Hz)P = Received Signal Power (watts )No = Noise Power Spectral Density (watts /Hz)

C is an increasing function of B

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB Technology – How it works?

• A signal with ultra-wide bandwidth is generated using electrical short, baseband pulses (100 ps to 1 ns)

• Data transmission: pulse modulation– Amplitude, position or phase modulation

• The base-band pulses are applied directly to the antenna– Low cost equipment with minimal RF components– Ultra wideband antennas

• A correlation receiver or a RAKE receiver is used to capture the signal energy

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB Technology – Signal generation• Time domain - pulse waveforms

– Gaussian mono-cycle (Rayleighpulse): 1st derivative of Gaussian pulse

– Gaussian doublets: two Gaussian mono-cycles

– Wavelets mono-cycle– Complex shape

• Frequency domain– Pulse length/ shape determines:

center frequency, bandwidth, spectral shape

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6−2.5

−2

−1.5

−1

−0.5

0

0.5

1

Time [nsec]

Am

plitu

de [V

]

Simple1st deriv2nd deriv3rd deriv

pulse width

Gaussian pulse:

1 10−50

−45

−40

−35

−30

−25

−20

−15

−10

−5

0

5

Frequency [GHz]

Pow

er [d

B]

1st deriv2nd deriv3rd deriv

Gaussian pulse:

−3dB

Doublet Monopulse Wavelet

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB Technology – Pulse modulation

• On-Off Keying (OOK)• Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)• Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

– Low data rates (< n x 10 Kbps)– Many users/ devices (> 1000)

• Pulse Bi-Phase Modulation– High data rates (> 100 Mbps)– Low number of devices/ users

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB Technology – Channelization

• None– Single pulse detection -requires 7 to 10dB SNR above background at receiver

• Time hopped spread spectrum (TH-SS)– Uses PN sequence to “pseudo-randomly” shift the position (in time) of a periodic

pulse train from its nominal position: time hopping– Information bits are encoded in the time shifts of the pulses by M-ary PPM– Reception is using a correlation receiver: multiplies the received RF signal with its

locally generated “template” waveform and integrates to yield a single sample (pulse integration)

• Direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS)– Uses high duty cycle DS-SS coded sequence of wide band pulses transmitted at

GHz rates– Can provide high data rates, up to 100Mbps, at relatively short distances– Reception is by the RAKE receiver: bank of correlators with MRC combining of the

samples at the output of the RAKE fingers

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB Technology – Antennas• Antenna is critical part of pulse-shaping filter

– monopole, electric dipole, magnetic loop– planar, printed circuit: bowtie, equiangular spiral, ...– 3-D geometry: disc-cone, equiangular spiral, meander line, ...

Ultra Wideband Communication for Low Data Rate Ad-Hoc WPAN by István Z. Kovács Aalborg University, Denmark

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB Attributes

• Ultrawideband Operation (> 500 MHz)– Better multipath fading performance (like any wideband signal would)– Large processing gain (> 40 dB) improves Anti-Jam (AJ) properties– Covert operation (Low Probability of Intercept/Detection (LPI/D))– Precise location on the order of a few centimeters

• Simple transceiver design based on pulse waveform– Few functions– Low cost, low power dissipation, small size, low weight– Higher energy efficiency due to pulsed battery operation

• More Efficient Use of the Spectrum– More users per unit of bandwidth– Reduced near-far interference resulting from low duty cycle operation– Full-duplex operation in the same frequency band– Unregulated (FCC Part 15) operation

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Pulsed Based UWB System

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


FCC UWB Regulations

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Part 15 UWB Regulations

• Subpart F – Ultra-Wideband Operation• Section 15.501 Scope.• Section 15.503 Definitions.• Section 15.505 Cross reference.• Section 15.507 Marketing of UWB equipment.• Section 15.509 Technical requirements for ground penetrating radars and wall

imaging systems.• Section 15.110 Technical requirements for through-wall imaging systems.• Section 15.511 Technical requirements for surveillance systems.• Section 15.513 Technical requirements for medical imaging systems.• Section 15.515 Technical requirements for vehicular radar systems.• Section 15.517 Technical requirements for indoor UWB systems.• Section 15.519 Technical requirements for hand held UWB systems.• Section 15.521 Technical requirements applicable to all UWB devices.• Section 15.523 Measurement procedures.• Section 15.525 Coordination requirements.

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Emission Limits for Indoor Communication and Measurement Applications

• Equipment must be designed to ensure that operation can only occur indoors or it must consist of handheld devices that may be employed for such activities as peer- to-peer operation.

• Operate in 3.1 – 10.6 GHz band

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Emission Limits for Outdoor Communication and Measurement Applications

• Equipment must be hand-held• Operate in 3.1 – 10.6 GHz band

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Emission Limits for Ground Penetrating Radar, Wall Imaging & Medical Imaging Systems

• Operation is limited to law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations, scientific research institutions, commercial mining companies, and construction companies.

• GPR & Wall Imaging – Below 960 MHz or 3.1-10.6 GHz

• Medical - 3.1-10.6 GHz• FCC will notify or

coordinate with NTIA.

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Emission Limits for Thru-wall Imaging & Surveillance Systems

• Operation is limited to law enforcement, fire and rescue organizations. Surveillance systems may also be operated by public utilities and industrial entities.

• Thru-wall Imaging – Below 960 MHz or 1.99-10.6 GHz• Surveillance – 1.99-

10.6 GHz• FCC will notify or

coordinate with NTIA

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Emission Limits for Vehicular Radar

• Devices to detect the location and movement of objects near a vehicle– Enable near collision avoidance, improved airbag activation, and

suspension systems that better respond to road conditions. • Operation of vehicular radar in the 22-29 GHz band using directional

antennas on terrestrial transportation vehicles – Center frequency of the emission and the frequency at which the highest

radiated emission occurs are greater than 24.075 GHz. – Attenuation of the emissions below 24 GHz is required above the

horizontal plane in order to protect space borne passive sensors operating in the 23.6-24.0 GHz band.

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB Comparison to commercial wireless standards

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Transceiver Comparison

Ultra-wideband Technology for Short-Range, High-Rate Wireless CommunicationsJeff Foerster Intel Labs

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB Model using Agilent ADS

Bi-PhaseTransmitter

PPMTransmitter

Bi-Phase Receiver Reference Pulser

PPM ReceiverReference Pulser

Correlator

Bit Slicer

Data In

SpreadingCode

Noise Source

Data Out

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB Eb/No Simulation Results

TX Out Pulse Stream

RX InputSignal and Noise

Data In

Data Out

Bit Errors

TX Output Spectrum

Noise Spectrum

Bit Errors versusEb/No

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Received Power as a Function of Tx/Rx Separation

A Tutorial on Ultrawideband Technology by John McCorkleIEEE 802.15-00/082r1

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Environment Channel models• IEEE 802.15.3a Study recommendation

– Channel Modeling Sub-committee Report Final IEEE P802.15-02/368r5-SG3a

– Saleh-Valenzula model– Four indoor model parameters for short range high data rate: CM1,

CM2, CM3, CM4– Typical values for indoor channels

• RMS delay spread between 19-47 nsec• Mean values between 20-30 nsec for 5-30 m antenna separations• Multipath delay spread increases with range• Multipath amplitude fading distribution log-normal with 3-5 dB STD

- No Rayleigh fading

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Where UWB Fits versus IEEE 802.11

Understanding UWB – Principles and Implications for Low Power Communications – A TutorialIEEE 802.15-03/157r0

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Where UWB Fits versus IEEE 802.15

Understanding UWB – Principles and Implications for Low Power Communications – A TutorialIEEE 802.15-03/157r0

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


802.15.3a Study Group• Develop alternate physical layer as supplement• Bit Rate and Range

– 110 Mb/s @10m, 200 Mb/s @4m, 480 Mb/s@4m desirable at PHY SAP after FEC decoding• BER <10-5 (corresponds to 8% packet error for 1024 octet)

– Acquisition Time• <6 us for piconet CCA• <20 us from beginning of preamble to beginning of header

– Coexistence and interference from other wireless devices• 4 UWB piconets operating in close proximity with isotropic antennas• 802.15.3, 802.15.1, 802.11b, 802.11a, microwave ovens, generic in-band modulated interferer, generic

in-band tone interferer • Models and evaluation methods included in P802.15-02/105r13

• Power Consumption and Power Management modes – <100 mW for 110 Mb/s, <250 mW for 200 Mb/s, power save modes

• QoS– Uncorrected error rate ≤8% packet error for 1024 octet– Equivalent BER of <10-9 at PHY SAP

• Add location aware enhancements• Size and Form Factor

– Antenna not included in size requirements– PC Card, Compact Flash, Memory Stick, SD Memory

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB PHY Based on Time Frequency Interleaved OFDM

• Group the 528 MHz bands into 4 distinct groups.

• Group A: Intended for 1st generation devices (3.1 – 4.9 GHz)• Group B: Reserved for future use (4.9 – 6.0 GHz).• Group C: Intended for devices with improved SOP performance

(6.0 – 8.1 GHz).• Group D: Reserved for future use (8.1 – 10.6 GHz)

Multi-band OFDM Physical Layer Proposal IEEE 802.15-03/267r2

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


TFI-OFDM Advantages

• Coexistence with current and future systems• Scalability:

– More channels can be added as the RF technology improves.– Digital section complexity/power scales with improvements in technology nodes

(Moore’s Law).– Analog section complexity/power scales poorly with technology node.

Discrete Time PHY Proposal for TG3aIEEE 802.15-03/099r1

• Low cost, low power, and CMOS integrated solution

• One transmit and one receive chain

• Antenna and pre-select filter are easier to design

• Inherent robustness in all expected multipath

• Excellent robustness to ISM, U-NII, and other generic narrowband interference.

• Ability to comply with world-wide regulations

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


802.15.4a Study Group

• UWB Interest– High precision location capability– High aggregate throughput, – Scalability to data rates, range, power consumption, and cost

• Call for applications– Open 8 Sept 2003– Close 7 Nov 2003

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


WPAN Comparison

8 or 64 bit piconetaddress

16

Guaranteed time slots

1 sec to 1 hour

0.2 x

6 mo battery life

±40 ppm

10 m100 m

250 kb/s

2.4 GHz

802.15.4

±40 ppm±25 ppm±25 ppm±20 ppmClock Accuracy

10 m100 m

4.5 m >200 Mb/s10 m > 110 Mb/s

10 m10 m Class 3100 m Class 1

Range

20/40 kb/s110-480 Mb/s11, 22, 33, 44, 55 Mb/s

1 Mb/sData Rate





SCO voice, Async data

QoS

1/10TBD5None (FH)Number of Channels



8 bit piconetaddress

8 bit piconetaddress

8 per piconet, 64 per scatternet

Number of Nodes

2x

30 – 80<100

UWB

802.15.3a

1 sec to 1 hour

0.2 x

6 mo battery life

896/902 MHz

802.15.4

1.5x1Complexity

<<1 sec5 secConnect Time

UWB2.4 GHz2.4 GHzFrequency Band

<80<30Current Drain (mA)

802.15.4 a802.15.3802.15.1Service

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB Commercial Applications

• Communications– Video and audio distribution

• Digital Camcorder• Video Player• PC to LCD projector• Interactive video gaming• DOD and Public Safety

– High speed data transfer• MP3 player• Kiosk downloads• Printers and scanners

– IEEE 802.15.3a link layer protocol– Link to IEEE1394 and/or USB 2.0

• Localization -integrated position location and communication

– Cooperative location and tracking– Asset identification and tracking (RF ID

tag)

• Radar – non cooperative object detection, tracking and identification

– Surveillance• Proximity detection and alert• Weapon detection

– Ground Penetrating radar• Low frequency required

– Wall imaging– Medical imaging– Thru-wall imaging

• High peak power required– Vehicle collision avoidance

• High frequency allocated– Pattern Reader

• Radar signature of reflective Universal Product Code

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB Military/Government Applications

• Communications– Tactical Handheld & Network LPI/LPD– Wireless Intercom Systems LPI/LPD– Radios– Precision Geolocation Systems– UAV/UGV Datalinks

• Radar– Non-LOS LPI/LPD Groundwave Communications– LPI/LPD Altimeter/Obstacle Avoidance– Radar Tags– Intrusion Detection Radars– Precision Geolocation Systems– Proximity Fuzes

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


UWB Communication Suppliers

Prototype demonstratedPrecision location and data on ad hoc network

Military contracts (primarily DARPA), Helix Investments

Aether Wire and Location(Nicasio, CA)

R&DNetworkingInternalIBM Research(Zürich, Switzerland)

R&DActive in 802.15.3a study group

Multimedia data transferInternalTexas Instruments

First chips released this yearActive in 802.15.3a study group

Multimedia data transferInvestors include Cisco Systems, Motorola and Texas Instruments

Xtreme Spectrum(Vienna, VA)

Chips scheduled for release 2003UWB data over cable network; precision location,

UndisclosedPulse-Link (Fantasma)(San Diego, CA)

Prototype demonstratedActive in 802.15.3a study group

Data transferInternalIntel(Santa Clara, CA)

Military systems in use; civilian applications under development

Voice communications; data transfer; precision location; radar

Military contracts (primarily DARPA, air force and navy)

Multispectral Solutions(Germantown, MD)

Radar products on the market; first communications chips to be released this yearActive in 802.15.3a study group

Multimedia data transfer; precision location; Thru-wall radar

Investors include Sony and Siemens

Time Domain(Huntsville, AL)

StatusApplicationsFundingCompany

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Product Announcements

PulsON 300: Avail ??Indoor multimedia data transfer using 802.15.3a standard

PulsON 300 Chipsets 300TAC: 1 timer, 1 Corr300C: 2 timers, 2 Corr300AP: 8 timers, 8 Corr


PulsON 200: Avail 2002Eval kit $50K

Multimedia data transfer; precision location; Thru-wall radar

PulsON 200 Chipset2 Tx chips, 2 Rx chips, 1 RF Processor chip


Announcement Dec 2001 Navy contract

Data and precision location for up to 1 km

UndisclosedMultispectral Solutions(Germantown, MD)

4th Generation chips availablePrecision location and data on ad hoc network

Tx Chip (Driver2)Rx Chip (Aether5)Antenna (Monopole Large Current radiator

Aether Wire and Location(Nicasio, CA)

General Avail mid 2003$19.95 for qty of 100KEval kit $50K

Indoor multimedia data transfer using 802.15.3a standard

Trinity Chipset (4 chips)XSI 112 LNA, XSI102 RF Transceiver, XSI122 BB, XSI141 MAC

Xtreme Spectrum(Vienna, VA)

Chips scheduled for release 2003UWB data over cable network and wireless network

UndisclosedPulse-Link (Fantasma)(San Diego, CA)

PulsOn 100: Avail 2000Multimedia data transfer; precision location; Thru-wall radar

PulsOn 100 Chipset2 Timer, 1 Dual Corr


StatusApplicationsProductCompany

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Keys to UWB success

• FLEXIBLE - provide variable spectral filling of the wideband channel and better co-existence

• SCALABLE - scale performance with technology advancement and with application requirement

• ADAPTABLE - accommodate potentially different worldwide regulations

• LOW COST - enable full CMOS integration• LOW POWER – mW/Mb ratio must be 5-10x better than 802.11 and

must include scaling to the power requirements of small battery powered CE devices

• SINGLE STANDARD – unlike cables, the wireless PAN market requires that all UWB systems cooperate to prevent interference with one another

UWB and Wireless PAN Reality vs. PerceptionMark Bowles [email protected]

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Summary

• Ultrawideband - What’s Old Is New Again!– Wireless could have gone straight to UWB if DSP had been available

• Cornucopia of Commercial and Military Applications– Communications, radar, geolocation, automation, measurement, etc.

• UWB Has The Potential for Revolutionary Change– Regulatory changes are needed to FCC Part 15 to realize full potential

• UWB Development Has Only Just Begun– Propagation, antennas, circuits, devices, waveforms, signal processing,

radio architectures, MAC/network protocols, etc.

Ultrawideband (Impulse Radio) Communications Technical Challenges Dr. James A. Freebersyser Program Manager, DARPA/ATO

JES 2003:0020 PA1 10/21/2003


Contact Information

Innovative Wireless Technologies1047 Vista Park Drive Suite AForest, VA 24551

Phone 434-316-5230Fax 434-316-5232Web site: [email protected]

Documents

IEEE Ultra wideband Presentation - · PDF fileIEEE Ultra wideband Presentation October 21, 2003 ... • Ultra-Wideband Tutorial IEEE 802.15-02/133r1 by Matt Welborn ... • Section