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Mechanism for implementation of International Humanitarian law(A CASE STUDY OF KASHMIR)21

Mechanism for implementation of International Humanitarian law(A CASE STUDY OF KASHMIR)

INTERNATIONAL HUMANITERIAN LAW IN KASHMIR..12ICRC and Kashmir 12VOILATION OF HUMANITERIAN LAW IN KASHMIR.....13Deaths..14Disappearance .15Prisoner of war15Rape of Kashmiri women...15Attack in hospital ..16Attack on civilians..17Conclusion ..18Bibliography19-20

Mechanism for implementation of International Humanitarian law(A CASE STUDY OF KASHMIR)INTRODUCTION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITERIAN LAWInternational humanitarian law is set of international rules which solve humanitarian problems which arise from international or non-international armed conflicts It aims are to protect persons and property that affected by the war this law is also called LAW OF ARM CONFLICT It protects persons who are not or are no longer participating in the hostilities International humanitarian law is part of international law It is designed to balance humanitarian concerns andmilitary necessity, and subjects warfare to the rule of law by limiting its destructive effect and mitigating human suffering[footnoteRef:1] [1: GSDRC 2013 International legal frameworks for humanitarian action, Topic guide. Birmingham, UK:GSDRC, University of Birmingham http://www.gsdrc.org/go/topic-guides/ilfha page no 14]

Its primarily the duty of states to respect international humanitarian law Other actors also play a role for the implementation of international humanitarian law like the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian institution in Geneva Switzerland The United Nations and NGOs are also obey the IHL for the betterment of civilians affected by armed conflict. International humanitarian law says that War must be fought with in certain legal framework and should be limited the aim of international humanitarian law is to humanize warfare by limiting the human suffering caused by armed conflict. International Humanitarian Law have the following principles Make difference between civilians and combatants prohibition of attacks against thosehors de combat prohibition of unnecessary suffering principle of proportionality principle of humanity

1. MAKE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CIVILIANS AND COMBATANTSMake difference between civilian and combatants means thatonlyfightersmaybedirectlytargeted this principle protectciviliansinarmedconflict or in the condition war if there are no principle for make difference between the civilian and combatants then there would benolimitationonthecondition of war and suffering which is caused by the war become unlimited2. Theprohibitionofattacksagainstthosehors de combatThe prohibition to attack any person hors de combat means the persons those who are no longer participating in war for example sick and wounded persons, prisoners of war, old persons means or if any soldiers from opponent side surrenders or become wounded then it is prohibited to attack that person Additionally they may be grant to more protections if they become the prisoner of war It is forbidden to kill or wound an adversary who surrenders or who can no longer take part in the fighting[footnoteRef:2] [2: International Humanitarian law and the law of armed Conflict COURSE 2012. AUTHOR Antoine A. Bouvier SERIES EDITOR Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D.page 25]

3. TheprohibitionofunnecessarysufferingInternational humanitarian law limited the violence it prohibit the unnecessary suffering and violence which caused unnecessary injuries Even there is limitation when fighters are fighting Onerule thathasbeenestablishedbasedonthisprincipleisthe Prohibitionof use of unnecessary weaponfor example the useofblindinglaserweapons and chemical weapons The use of biological and chemical weapons is prohibited in the Geneva Protocol of 1925 and the use of blinding raser was prohibited in 1980Treaty was updated with the adoption of the Biological Weapons Convention in 1972 and the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1993, both of which strengthened the 1925 and 1980 Convention prohibits the use of munitions that use fragments not detectable by X-ray and blinding laser weapons.[footnoteRef:3] [3: International Committee of the Red Cross Weapons30-11-2011 https://www.icrc.org/eng/war-and-law/weapons/overview-weapons.htm]

4. The principle of proportionalityIt is the principle of international humanitarian law that the punishment in the war should be proportional to the crime means the punishment should be limited and not more than the desire aim of war 5-TheprincipleofhumanityThe principle of humanity started when Henry Dunant the founder of IHL saw the destruction of human rights in battle of solferino 1859 than The principle of humanity have great importance in IHL The principle states that all humans have the capacity and ability to show respect and care for all humans even for enemies the principles of humanity can be found in all major religions and cultures. IHL simply looks to limit the harm, and the principle of humanity is setting out protections for the wounded and sickNEED OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW Before 19491 there were not any law prohibited the use of unlimited force in armed conflict to limit the violence neither the Charter of United Nations nor any other rule of International law Even there is International Human Rights Law which deals with war as well as peaceful situation But there is not as such special provision which work during the war. After World War II countries realised that more conflicts is purely internal character have occurred which led to violation of human rights and create the necessity to regulate the conduct of war also today we are living in nuclear age Nobody can forget the damage which can be caused by the atomic bombs like we saw what happened in Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki also the Day by day advancement of technology increases the threat for human life In 21st century various kinds of advance weapons have been developed this includes Chemical and Biological Weapons. All these technological development create more thread to human society Therefore, there is an urgent need to modify the law so there was the need of law which work for the human society specially in case and during the period of war to save human beings IHL covers two domains the protection of people who are not, or are no longer, participating in hostilities and restrictions in means of waging war, mainly weapons, and to war methods, such as certain military tactics.[footnoteRef:4] [4: Croix-Rouge luxembourgeoise International Humanitarian Law (IHL) http://www.croix-rouge.lu/en/le-droit-international-humanitaire/]

HOW IS IHL IMPLEMENTED?The Implementation of international humanitarian law is the responsibility of the States those who were present at the time of Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocol It is stated in Article 1 common to the four Geneva Conventions which bind the States to respect the Conventions in all circumstancesThe High Contracting Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for the present Convention in all circumstances[footnoteRef:5] [5: Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949. https://www.icrc.org/ihl/385ec082b509e76c41256739003e636d/6756482d86146898c125641e004aa3c5]

States must prevent all violations if they occurs also punish those who are responsible for the violation States have a duty in peacetime and during the time of armed conflicts to take certain legal and practical measures aimed at ensuring full acceptance of IHL. International humanitarian law treaties Preventive policies Spreading knowledge of International humanitarian law in both civilians and the military To make familiar with the rules of international humanitarian law also states have to Translate the treaties of international humanitarian law into the national language then everyone can Easily understand the law also state have to Prevent war crimes and also set punishment for those who commit them Everyone should must respect the sign of Red Cross Red Crescent and red Crystal emblems. 2. Monitor the mechanisms of IHL for the duration of a conflict Protecting Powers Protecting Powers are neutral States appointed to safeguard the interests of the parties of conflict. The role of the Protecting Power is to conduct relief and protection operations and to supervise compliance with International humanitarian law by visiting prisoners of war or civilian who are not participating since the second the system of protecting parties is running The protecting parties have two roles It can conduct relief and protection operations in aid of victims, and can at the same time supervise the belligerents compliance with their legal undertakings[footnoteRef:6] [6: Various mechanisms and approaches for implementing international humanitarian law and protecting and assisting war victims international review of red cross editor Toni Pfanner Volume 91 Number 874 June 2009 page num 287]

RepressionThese is duties of the parties to the conflict to prevent from great violations also It is the duty of States to repress the domestic conflict by domestic prosecutions to avoid great conflict and also it is the duty of military commanders to take action against violators of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols There is also Obligations between States to provide mutual assistance on criminal matters The main cause of suffering in armed conflicts is inability to respect the law which create Even in situations where large numbers of people have been victims of violations those who have suffered direct or indirect personal harm as a result thereof are entitled to reparation[footnoteRef:7] [7: Various mechanisms and approaches for implementing international humanitarian law and protecting and assisting war victims international review of red cross editor Toni Pfanner Volume 91 Number 874 June 2009 page num 288]

International humanitarian law to seek reparations directly from the state who are responsible for the violation Cooperation with the United NationsIn the time of serious violations of IHL, States party to the Geneva Conventions and its Additional Protocols must act in cooperation with the United Nations and work with the United Nations Charter. United Nations also involved in the peace keeping operations ICRCthe International Committee of the Red Cross plays an important role for the implementation of international humanitarian law In time of armed conflict the ICRC serves as a neutral independent body of working with all parties to the conflict to help all victims of armed conflict Their work involves numerous tasks such as visits to persons which are arrested During visits interviews are conducted to check on the conditions of persons and to ensure the well-being of persons but Only rarely will the ICRC go publicly with their concerns in armed conflict The ICRC also provides the relief supplies and medical assistance to victims of armed conflicts repository of information on Persons affected by armed conflict about the missing, sick, wounded person. The ICRC humanitarian programs vary according to the type of armed Conflict. In international armed conflicts the ICRC has a guaranteed right to provide humanitarian assistance to States The ICRC identifies 161 rules which are presented as part of customary international law. In many cases, these rules apply to both international and non-international armed conflicts. Some of the rules deal with the protection of victims, others deal with the conduct of hostilities, and others still deal with the implementation of IHL[footnoteRef:8] [8: THE CONTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL BODIES TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW (IHL) CLAUDE EMANUELLI*Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa, Canada. page num 152]

The International Fact-Finding CommissionTo secure the victims of armed conflict Article 90 of the Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 provides for the establishment of an International Fact-Finding Commission. The Commission was officially constituted in 1991 and is a permanent body whose primary purpose is to investigate grave breaches and other serious violations of international humanitarian law. The Commission is an important means of ensuring that international humanitarian law is both applied and implemented during armed conflict Seventy one States have accepted the competence of the Commission which comprises 15 individuals elected by States.The Commission consists of fifteen experts. The Swiss Ministry of Foreign Affairs carries out the secretariat functions. IHFFC is headquartered in Bern. 71 states have joined the body[footnoteRef:9] [9: "State Parties", IHFFC.]

Physician for human rights (PHR)

Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) is an organization of physicians and other health professionals that brings the knowledge of the medical sciences make investigation and work for the prevention of violations of international humanitarian law. It was founded in 1986 it work to stop torture, disappearances and killing

Kashmir war Kashmir is located between India and Pakistan during the British raj in the sub-continent Kashmir was set up a principality state ruled by maharaja When the British withdrew from India in 1947 the autonomous States such as Jammu and Kashmir were to be given the option of joining either India or Pakistan the Kashmiri people are largely Muslims but maharajah was Hindu It was assumed that people of Kashmir would choose accession to Pakistan However at that same time Maharajah Hari Singh sought help from Indian troops and he signed an instrument of accession with India. The Indian army then took over from the maharajah's forces and it began fighting against Azad Kashmir forces By 1947 the Azad Kashmir controlled one third of the State of Jammu and Kashmir but were unable to hold the whole of it A portion in the north came under Pakistan authority and another part under Chinese control. The largest part Kashmir fell to Indian forces. India seized much of Kashmir in 1947 during the break-up of British colonial rule in the region. In 1949, the United Nations Security Council and its Commission for India and Pakistan decided that Kashmiris themselves should determine their future rule and authorized a UN administered plebiscite of Kashmiris to determine their status but this plebiscite has not yet been held.The number of Indian troops in Jammu and Kashmir is close to 600,000 these troops have engaged in widespread humanitarian abuses[footnoteRef:10] [10: Asad Hashim. "Timeline: India-Pakistan relations". Aljazeera.com. Retrieved 25 June 2015.]

The Data released in 2011 by Jammu and Kashmir government against the violation of IHL by India stated stated thatIn the last 21 years, 43,460 people have been killed in the Kashmir insurgency. Of these, 21,323 are militants, 13,226 civilians killed by militants, 3,642 civilians killed by security forces, and 5,369 policemen killed by Militants[footnoteRef:11] [11: ]

THE KASHMIR WAR AND HUMANITARIAN LAWInternational humanitarian law is applicable at the time of armed conflict The war in Kashmir between the Indian armed forces and Kashmiri resistance fighters automatically invokes humanitarian law Humanitarian law became applicable in Kashmir in 1947 with the first military actions of the Azad Kashmir forces.The Kashmir War is a war of national liberation in defense of the right to self-determination it is not right to refer to this war as a civil war. According to Geneva Conventions of 1949 Article 3 or Protocol Additional II to the Geneva ConventionsIt is incorrect to refer to resistance groups as terrorists given their status as military resistors to foreign occupation in a war of national liberation.The Kashmiri people first formed military units in the late 1940s to defend themselves against the maharajahs forces and then the Indian forces and to prove their right to self- determination. At present there are several opposition military factions of Kashmiris resisting India of which the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) is one of the oldest and widely supported. Our delegate reports that several other groups also enjoy wide following. Kashmiri armed militants operate under their own military commands.There are some current situations in Kashmir which prove it is armed conflict so international humanitarian law is applicable there Armed conflict

It is clear that direct involvement of governmental armed forces and level of the violation in Kashmir like killing, rape, torture etc. so it is an armed conflict

Effective control

India has effective control over Kashmir. Which is one of the essential elements to armed conflict

Great violence

The problem of Kashmir is not a current problem Since the December 1989, the strength of the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir has going on . The more prominent of the insurgent groups include Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HUM), Hizbollah, Harkat-ul- Hizb-ul-Ansar, and Ikhwanul Muslimin so we can say that the problem of Kashmir is armed conflict and international humanitarian law is applicable their

Right of self-determination of Kashmir The United Nations determined many years ago that the Kashmiri people have the right to self-determination and set up a plan for realizing this right and resolving what was then a political and military crisis between India and Pakistan over the disposition of Kashmir but this plan has not able to be implemented and the Kashmiri right to self-determine is as yet unrealized. India and Pakistan have continued to fight over Kashmir a fight that has generated several wars and many military fights between them now that both India and Pakistan have developed nuclear weapons capability The Kashmiri people continue to suffer from serious humanitarian law violations in the course of India military actions against them In the three years since the conflict began, more than 6,000 persons have been killed in Kashmir by all sides and some 15,000 detained. In 1992 alone, some 2,000 were reported to have been killed -- most of them civilians[footnoteRef:12] [12: THE CRACKDOWN IN KASHMIR Torture of Detainees and Assaults on the Medical Community Embargoed for Release February 28, 1993 page num1]

In October 1992 Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) team travelled throughout the Kashmir and they interviewed 45 health professionals including doctors, residents, medical students, ambulance drivers and other medical staff... During visits to three of the major hospitals he interviewed, examined and reviewed medical documents of twenty patients who had been tortured or had suffered injuries as a result of indiscriminate shootings many civilians is being In last twenty years 93, 714 innocent Kashmiris have been martyred, 1, 07,436 children orphaned, 10, 021 women raped and 6, 989 Kashmiri have been killed in custodythe violation of Humanitarian law is because of some acts like Armed Forces Special Powers Acts (AFSPA),Armed Forces (Special Powers) Acts (AFSPA) are Acts of the Parliament of India that gives special powers to the Indian Armed Forces in disturbed areas the act was passed on 11 September 1958 and become the cause of more violation of international humanitarian law in Kashmir Under this Act, all security forces are given unrestricted and unaccounted power to carry out their operations, once an area is declared disturbed. Even a non-commissioned officer is granted the right to shoot[footnoteRef:13] [13: Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN2249-9598, Volume-IV, Issue-I, Jan-Feb 2014 International Humanitarian Law in India: A Critical Case StudyAnita Yadav, Amit Yadav page num 409]

The enforcement of the AFSPA has resulted in numerous incidents of killing torture, rape, disappearance these violation of international humanitarian law like killing rape of Kashmiri women unnecessary armed attacks against the civilian population of Kashmir these all are the elements of internal armed conflict, as well as it amount to the grave breach of the Geneva Convention 1949. Hence, the people of Kashmir are in dire need of help. The country is in ruins, there is need to take action by the United Nations for the protection of innocent people. Besides that, India signed the ICCPR in 1978; taking on the responsibility of securing the rights guaranteed by the Covenant to all its citizens, but the greatest outrage of the provisions of AFSPA under both Indian and International law is the violation of the right to lifeINTERNAIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN KASHMIR The international humanitarian law prohibit torture under any circumstances. According to Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states "No one may be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment."[footnoteRef:14] [14: U.N. General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of December 10, 1948]

The ICCPR ban torture India was also the part of Geneva Conventions of 2 October 1949 according to article 3 prohibits torture in situations of internal armed conflict and give protection also Article 3In the case of armed conflict each Party to the conflict shall be bound to apply the following rules 1) Persons taking no taking part in the hostilities including members of armed forces who do not fighting the hors de combat sick wounds or any other cause treated humanely without any difference on race, colour, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other reason

1) The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared by International Committee of the Red Cross which give them services to the Parties to the conflict. SO India must have to obey the international humanitarian law

ICRC AND KASHMIR

The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Government of India signed a Memorandum of Understanding in New Delhi on 22 June 1995, which allows the ICRC access to all persons arrested and detained Jammu and Kashmir. The purpose of ICRC visits is to monitor the conditions of detention andtreatment of detainees. These visits also helpto restore contact between the person their familiesThe ICRC's findings and reports are transmit this report only to the authorities In March 1994 first time ICRC had invited to assess humanitarian needs in the State of Jammu and Kashmir

ICRC deliver relief material to hospital, flood affected in J&KVOILATION OF HUMANITERIAN LAW IN KASHMIRIndian army violating the humanitarian law against Kashmiri Muslims particularly after 1990 which include disappearances, torture, rape and mass killing In 2010 according to the report of dawn news ICRC accuses India of condoning torture in Kashmir ICRC staff made 177 visits to detention centres in J&K between 2002-2004, meeting with 1491 detainees, 1296 of which were private interviews. considered this group a representative sample of detainees in Kashmir, but stressed that they had not been allowed access to all detainees. In 852 cases, detainees reported what ICRC refers to as "IT" (ill-treatment) 171 persons were beaten, the remaining 681 subjected to one or more of six forms of torture: electricity (498 cases), suspension from ceiling (381), "roller" (a round metal object put on the thighs of sitting person, which prison personnel then sit on, crushing muscles -- 294); stretching (legs split 180 degrees -- 181), water (various forms -- 234), or sexual (302). Numbers add up to more than 681, as many detainees were subjected to more than one form of IT. ICRC stressed that all the branches of the security forces used these forms of IT and torture.[footnoteRef:15] [15: ICRC accuses India of condoning torture in Kashmir WikiLeaks PUBLISHED DEC 17, 2010 05:40AM DAWN http://www.dawn.com/news/591758/icrc-accuses-india-of-condoning-torture-in-kashmir-wikileaks]

There have been repeated cases of violation of the Geneva Convention and international humanitarian law inJammu and Kashmir Indian security forces have continuously violating humanitarian law, and do not follow its provisions regarding treatment of prisoners-of-war civilian protection women protection children protectionRape continues against the Kashmiri people India is not making any difference between civilian and combatant DeathsIn its 1996-1997 report, the NHRC [National Human Rights Commission] stated that 1,375 armed forces personnel had been killed and 2,237 injured in Jammu and Kashmir between January 1, 1988 and April 30, 1997.[footnoteRef:16] [16: United States Department of State,U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 1998 - India, 26 February 1999 http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aa7d8.html]

In 1997 the totals were 918 civilians, 189 security force personnel and 1,114 militants, according to reliable press reports.According to the Kashmiri-Canadian Council, 47,455 Kashmiris have died since October 1989.And 47,000 people dead July 2009

DisappearancesIn 1990 some 700 to 800 people have disappearedPARVEENAfounder of Association of Parents of Disappeared People APDP is a union of the relatives of victims of enforced disappearance in Jammu and Kashmir states that Over 8,000 Men Disappeared in Kashmir Since 1989Kashmir women protest, demanding information and responsibility for missing husbands and children, who were disappeared by rebels or by the Indian security forces and presumably killed[footnoteRef:17] [17: http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=10359]

The number of men disappeared have been so many to have a new term "half-widows" for their wives These are believed to be dumped in thousands of mass graves across Kashmir.Prisoner of warIndian forces do not comply at all with humanitarian law provisions regarding treatment of prisoners of war. There are no publicly acknowledged prisoner of war camps No human rights investigator has ever found a prisoners of war camp International monitoring in this area is found However Indian forces are able to capture some opposition combatants and these prisoners of war are tortured and killed in violation of the Geneva Conventions and customary standards.Rape of Kashmiri womenA small community in the Kashmir Valley becomes known as the Rape Village after the events of Feb 23rd, 1991. The 36 women who were mass raped that night, allegedly by Indian security forces[footnoteRef:18] [18: http://www.kashmirfilm.com Sponsor: Muslim Student Awareness Network Wednesday, February 23, 2005. 7:30 PM]

In January 1994 More than 200 such rapes in Doda and the valley In some of during the same period 5 women were found dead after dying under rape. Rape continues to be a major violation of international humanitarian law against Kashmiri people. According to the Kashmiri-Canadian Council, 6,300 Kashmiri women have been raped but there is no proper figure here how many girls had being rape In April 2002, authorities in Indian-administered Kashmir arrested three Indian paramilitary soldiers following the gang rape of 17-year-old girl[footnoteRef:19] [19: Friday, 19 April, 2002, 17:33 GMT 18:33 UK Kashmir troops held after rapeBBC NEWS http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/1940088.stm]

An investigation by the Jammu and Kashmir state human rights commission has found 2730 bodies in unmarked graves and 574 of these were identified as local people however no details were found as to whether the rapes were by security forces militants or part of crimeAttack on hospitalsKashmiris are facing the attack of forces on hospitals and doctors recently in MAY 2015 The doctor body called upon all the doctors across J-K to wear black bands to protest against continued violence against medical professionalsDoctors Association Kashmir (DAK) said in a statement, Doctors are taken as a soft target and are being repeatedly assaulted across the state for no fault.[footnoteRef:20] [20: Doctor Body Calls For Black Band Protest Against Medical Violence | Kashmir Life]

Attack on civilians Unofficial estimates are well over 60,000-half of them are civilians A number of homes have been damaged and it is the violation of humanitarian law by Indian forces in Kashmir

Conclusion International humanitarian law is the law which is applicable at the time of am conflict to save humanity the there are many institution which are working for international humanitarian law like ICRC but as we can say law is always is only in documents and not truly implemented so same in the condition of Kashmir civilian has being targeting in Kashmir thousands of rape death disappearance are going on in Kashmir in my point of view the laws are always just made but not implemented properly there is need to establish World humanitarian law Court to enforce the law and make is applicable and implemented There is a need of proper implementation machinery at international level and make the demand from the Government of India to take immediate step to put a stop to the violations of international humanitarian law in Kashmir.

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International Humanitarian law and the law of armed Conflict COURSE 2012. AUTHOR Antoine A. Bouvier SERIES EDITOR Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D. Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN2249-9598, Volume-IV, Issue-I, Jan-Feb 2014 International Humanitarian Law in India: A Critical Case Study Anita Yadav, Amit Yadav "State data refutes claim of 1 lakh killed in Kashmir". The Times of India. 20 June 2011 "State Parties", IHFFC. THE CONTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL BODIES TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW (IHL) CLAUDE EMANUELLI*Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa, Canada. THE CRACKDOWN IN KASHMIR Torture of Detainees and Assaults on the Medical Community Embargoed for Release February 28, 1993 Physicians for Human Rights & Asia Watch A Division of Human Rights Watch Copyright (c) 1993 by Physicians for Human Rights and Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The Geneva Conventions of 1949, August 12, 1949, Geneva U.N. General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of December 10, 1948

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Various mechanisms and approaches for implementing international humanitarian law and protecting and assisting war victims international review of red cross editor Toni Pfanner Volume 91 Number 874 June 2009

SUBMITTED TO SIR ramzansubmitted by Darakhshan sheikh (2k13/IR/27)