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ប្រ្រសាទបាពួន

អំពីប្រ្រសាទ៖ ស្ថតិនៅចំកណ្ដៅលអតីតរាជធានីអង្គរធំ និងនៅខាងតៅបូងពៅះបរមរាជវំាង ដៅល មានវត្តមមានមនុសៅសរស់នៅជាប់ហូរហៅមកឥតដាច់។ ក្នុងរយៈពៅលជាចៅើនសតវតៅសកន្លងមក បៅៅសាទបាពួនជាបូជនីយដា្ឋៅនមួយក្នុងចំណៅមបូជនីយដា្ឋៅនសាសនាធំៗនៅក្នុងបៅទៅស កម្ពុជាសម័យបុរាណ។ រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធររាងពីរា៉ៅមីតមានបីថ្នៅក់ អមទៅដៅយថៅវព័ទ្ធរជុំវិញ បៅៅសាទ ភ្នំមួយនៅះ បានសាងឡើងនៅពាក់កណ្ដៅលសតវតៅសទី១១ ដើមៅបីតម្កល់លឹង្គពៅះឥសូរ។ នៅ ដើមសតវតៅសទី២០ បៅៅសាទបាពួនបានបង្ហៅញខ្លួនឡើងវិញបនា្ទៅប់ពីកប់បាត់នៅក្នុងពៅៅអស់ រយៈពៅលជាចៅើនរយឆ្នៅំដូចបៅៅសាទនានាផៅសៅងទៀតនៅក្នុងតំបន់អង្គរដៅរ។

ក្រុមការងារជួសជុល៖ សាលាបារាំងចុងបូពា៌ៅបៅទៅស (EFEO)រយៈព្រល៖ ១៩៩៥-២០១១

នៅឆ្នៅ១ំ៩៩៥ សា្ថៅប័នសាលាបារំាងចុងបូព៌ាៅបៅទៅស សហការជាមួយអាជា្ញៅធរអបៅសរា បានរៀបចំ ជួសជុលបៅៅសាទបាពួនឡើងវិញ ក្នុងបំណងបន្តមការងរជួសជុលដៅលចាប់ផ្ដើមដៅយអភិរកៅស អង្គរក្នុងទសវតៅសឆ្នៅំ១៩៦០។ ជញ្ជៅំងគៅឹះធ្វើពីថ្មភក់ មិនអាចទប់ដីដៅលស្ថិតនៅខាងក្នុងរចនា សម្ពន័្ធរពីរ៉ាៅមីតបានឡើយ ដូច្នៅះតៅវូរើថ្មមួយចំនួនចៅញដើមៅបីពងៅងឹជញ្ជៅងំគៅះឹឡើងវិញ។ គៅបាន ធ្វើជញ្ជៅងំការពារកំុឲៅយដីហរូចៅៅះនៅតាមខឿនទាងំប។ី ការងរជសួជលុកត៏ៅវូបានអនវុត្តមជាបន្តម បនា្ទៅប់ ដៅយមានការធ្វើកំណយបុរាណវិទៅយាដើមៅបីពិនិតៅយមើលគៅឹះ ការសាងសង់រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធរ ពងៅឹងដៅលមានបង្កប់បៅព័ន្ធរបង្ហូរទឹក និងរៀបថ្មដើមបិទពីមុខជញ្ជៅំងដៅលចាក់ថ្មីនៅះ។ ក្នុងវគ្គ ទ២ី ថៅវនងិមណ្ឌបផៅសៅងៗតៅវូបានជសួជលុ នៅពៅលនៅះយើងបានឃើញចមា្លៅកក់ៅឡៅតទាប នៅតាមជញ្ជៅំងថៅវ ដៅលជាចមា្លៅក់ស្ថិតនៅក្នុងចំណៅមចមា្លៅក់ចាស់ៗជាងគៅ នៅក្នុងឧទៅយាន អង្គរ។ រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធរខឿនជាន់លើនៅតួប៉មបៅៅសាទក៏បានពងៅឹងដៅរ។ ផ្នៅកខូចខាតដៅលធ្វើពីថ្ម បាយកៅៀមតៅវូបានជសួជលុដៅយបៅើថ្មថ្មខី្លះៗ ចពំៅះផ្ទៅខាងលើខឿនដៅលមានលនំងឹហើយ យើងបានកៅៅលថ្ម និងជួសជុលក្លៅងទា្វៅរទាំងបួនឡើងវិញ។

គមៅៅងក៏បានគិតគូដល់ការពងៅឹង និងជួសជុលចមា្លៅក់ពៅះពុទ្ធររូបចូលនិពាន្វនៅខឿនទីពីរ លើជញ្ជៅំងខាងលិចនៅបៅៅសាទ។ ផ្ដើមចៅញពីការរើថ្មពីកន្លៅងផៅសៅងនៅបៅៅសាទដៅយសារ មូលហៅតុប្ដូរសាសនា បៅហៅលជាក្នុងសតវតៅសទី១៦ ចមា្លៅក់ពៅះពុទ្ធររូបនៅះចាំបាច់តៅូវជួសជុល ឡើងវិញ ហើយការងរតៅូវបានអនុវត្តមពីចន្លៅះឆ្នៅំ១៩៩៩ដល់ឆ្នៅំ២០០៨។

បៅៅសាទដៅលបានបិទដើមៅបីធ្វើការដា្ឋៅនជួសជុលអស់រយៈពៅល១៦ឆ្នៅំ បានបើកជូនភ្ញៀវចូលទសៅសនាឡើងវិញនៅចុងឆ្នៅំ២០១១។

LE TEMPLE DE BAPUON

LE MONUMENT : Implanté au cœur de l’ancienne cité royale d’Angkor Thom, au sud du Palais royal, occupé sans discontinuité durant des siècles, le Bapuon est l’un des plus grands édifices religieux du Cambodge ancien. Structure pyramidale à trois étages surmontée de galeries pourtournantes, ce temple-montagne dédié au culte du linga fut construit au milieu du XIe siècle. Resté caché sous la forêt tropicale pendant des centaines d’années, le Bapuon est l’un des premiers monuments angkoriens à être défriché au début du XXe siècle.

MAÎTRISE D’ŒUVRE : École française d’Extrême-Orient DURÉE : 1995 à 2011

Engagée en 1995, la restauration du Bapuon a été réalisée par l’École fran-çaise d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO), en partenariat avec l’Autorité Nationale APSARA. D’un point de vue technique, le projet visait à poursuivre et à ter-miner les travaux engagés par la Conservation d’Angkor durant les années 1960. Les remblais du massif pyramidal ne pouvant être maintenus par les murs de soubassement en grès, un démontage préventif avait été réalisé en vue de restaurer ces dispositifs après l’insertion de murs de soutène-ment destinés à améliorer la stabilité de l’ensemble.

Les grandes phases du chantier ont donc été rythmées par des procédures complexes de déposes préventives des protections de latérite mises en place entre 1970 et 1972, afin de fouiller les remblais jusqu’à la côte requise permettant d’entreprendre la construction des structures de consolidation munies de leurs dispositifs drainants.

Le socle supérieur sur lequel était érigée une tour sanctuaire a également été stabilisé sans apport de matériaux complémentaires. Les maçonneries de latérite instables et altérées ont été remplacées au cas par cas, et la stabilité retrouvée du massif a permis de remettre en situation le dallage, le plan de l’édifice et les encadrements des portes tournés vers les quatre orients. Le programme intégrait la consolidation et la restauration de la sta-tue du Bouddha couché sur le second étage de la façade ouest du temple. Résultant d’une refonte religieuse du site approximativement datant du XVIe siècle, ce projet nécessitait la dépose préventive des maçonneries ins-tables de cette gigantesque statue, afin de stabiliser son assise et faciliter sa restauration.

Le temple, négligé pendant plusieurs siècles, a enfin retrouvé sa splendeur que les visiteurs peuvent admirer depuis la fin de l’année 2011.

BAPUON TEMPLE

THE MONUMENT: Located at the heart of the ancient royal city of Angkor Thom, south of the Royal Palace and constantly occupied throughout the centuries, Bapuon is one of the largest religious buildings of ancient Cam-bodia. Surrounded by galleries, it is shaped as a pyramid with three tiers, encircled by terraces or galleries. This mountain-temple built in the mid-11th century, was dedicated to lingam worship. Enshrouded by tropical forest for hundreds of years, Bapuon was one of the first Angkorian monuments to be cleared off in the early 20th century.

OPERATING TEAM: École française d’Extrême-OrientDURATION: 1995–2011

Restoration work began on the Bapuon in 1995. The École française d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO), in partnership with the APSARA National Authority, imple-mented the project. Its technical objectives were to resume and bring to completion the work started by the Angkor Conservancy in the 1960s. The building’s sandstone bases were not strong enough to hold in the backfill of the pyramid’s structure, so a preventive disassembly was carried out to reinforce them with the insertion of retaining walls to improve overall structural stability.

The major phases of the project included meticulous work on laterite stones stacked up as a protection measure between 1970 and 1972. The back-fill had to be excavated to the correct gradient so that the reinforcement structures could go in, along with appropriate drainage devices.

The upper platform on which a sanctuary tower once stood was also consolidated with no materials added. Wobbly and damaged laterite stonework was replaced on a case-by-case basis and once the inner core had been made stable, the flagstone was re-laid. The overall layout of the building along with the doors opening out to the four cardinal directions was likewise restored. The program included consolidation and restoration of the Reclining Buddha statue on the second tier of the temple’s wes-tern façade. Built circa 16th century when the site was refitted following a change in religion, this giant statue was suffering from severe instability, so it had to be taken down piece by piece and its foundation stabilized, after which it was put back up.

The temple had suffered much neglect over the centuries and, restored in all its splendor, has been reopened to visitors since late 2011.

បៅៅសាទបាពួន

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s 1/2. Restoration of eastern courtyard, first tier s 3. Western gopura, second tier s 4. Overview of work site s 5. Terminal motif of northern gopura, second tier

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