-.- - .. . h. . .

IJAMBO RY'ffiANZE

Ngabo z'lgihugu, Banyarwanda, Banyarwandakazi.Minisiteri y'lngabo z'lgihugu yifujekubagezaho aka gatabo gakubiyemo inyigishonyinshizerekeye uko u Rwanda rwacu ruteye,uko rwategetswe mbere y'Abazungu n'igihe cyabo kugeza igihe cya demokarasi. Dutekerezakwandika aka gatabo, twifuzaga kugeza ku Ngabo z'Igihugu ubumenyi rusange ku mitererey'lgihugu cyacu n'amateka yacyo, cyane cyane ko abenshimuri bo ari bato, bakababatarashoboye kumenya ayo mateka, cyangwa se bakaba bataragize amahirwe yo kuyiga mumashuli. Mbere twari twatekereje kukagenera Ingabo gusa, kubera ko ari zo zagize uruharerw'ibanze mu kurengera 19ihugumuri iyi myaka itatu tumaze mu ntambara. Twashakaga rerako Ingabo zacu zimenya amavu n'amavuko y'Igihugu cyazo, zikamenya abaturage bacyon'amoko abagize. Zikamenya uko Igihugu cyategetswe ku ngoma zo hambere no mu gihe cyademokarasi, maze ngo zibone kukirengera koko zizi icyo zikora, cyane cyane kugira ngoibyiza bya Revolisiyo yo mu wa 1959 byazanywe n'imyivumbagatanyoy'imbaga nyamwinshiy'Abanyarwanda bitayoyoka.

Nyamara twaje gusanga ko Ingabo z'lgihugu, n'ubwo ari zo zishinzwe kurengeraIgihugu ku mipaka yacyo no hagati, zitabishobora zonyine zidafatanyijen'abandiBanyarwanda. Ni nako byagenze muri iyi ntambara na n'ubu itararangira burundu. AboBanyarwanda na bo twasanze bagomba kumenya Igihugu cyabo, kuko abenshi muri bo na bobatagize amahirwe yo kugezwaho imiterere n'amateka y'lgihugu cyabo. Aka gatabo rerakagenewe Ingabo z'lgihugu n'Abanyarwandabose.

Muri aka gatabo nk'uko byavuzwe haruguru, tugamije kubagezaho imiterere y'uRwanda n'abaturage barwo, imitegekere y'u Rwanda kuva rwaremwa rukitwa u Rwanda, habaigihe cy'ingoma z'Abahutu, haba igihe cy'ingomantutsi y'Abanyiginyababifashijwemo n'Abega,haba ingoma z'Abahutu zo mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfoy'u Rwanda. Aka gatabokagamije kandi kubagezaho imitegekere y'iki gihugu igihe cy'Abazungu b'Abadage n'igihecy'Ababiligi. lmitegekere y'Ababiligiyishingikirijeingoma nyiginya,Abahutu bagize imbaganyamwinshi barushaho gukandamizwa, ari byo byaganishijekuri Revolisiyo yo mu wa 1959.Aka gatabo rera karabagezaho muri make iby'iyoRevolisiyo ari yo yazanye demokarasi,kakabagezaho n'imitegekere muri Repubulika zombi zakomotse kuri iyo Revolisiyo.

Na none, aka gatabo karabagezaho mu magambo ahinnye ibyiza byakozwe n'izoRepubulika zombi, n'ingorane zahuye na zo, cyane cyaneRepubulika ya kabiri yahuyen'intambara y'Ukwakira 1990 ari na yo yayogoje iki gihugu ikiroha mu bukene, abantu barapfa,abandi barakomereka bikomeye, ibintu byinshibirangirika.Aka gatabo karanavuga rero murimake iby'iyi ntambara n'ubu dukeka ko itararangira neza, cyangwa se ngo irangire burundu,niba abayishoje bagikomeje umugambi batangiranyewo gufata ubutegetsi butagabanywa.

Mu gice cya nyuma cy'aka gatabo, tarabagezaho ibyerekeranyen'amashyaka menshin'uko tubona akwiye kwitwara. Tukabagezaho kandi n'uko tubona u Rwanda Abanyarwandabifuza rukwiye kumera, kugira ngo habe umutekano uhamye, ari wo ngombwa kugira ngoibikorwa by'amajyamberebitere imbere, maze igihugu cyacu kigarure ubuyanja muby'ubukungu n'imibereho myizay'abaturage.

Ngabo z'igihugu, Banyarwanda, Banyarwandakazi. Urwo Rwanda dushaka si urundi,ni uru dutuyemo rwa ba Sogokuru n'Abasokuruza. Ariko turifuza, ndetse tugashaka twese koruba u Rwanda rw'amahoro ashingiyekuri demokarasi isesuye. Umunyarwanda wese yabaUmuhutu, Umutwa cyanga Umututsi akisanzura, haba mu magambo cyangwa se mu bikorwabyubaka. Turashaka u Rwanda umuntu atazira ubwoko bwe cyangwa akarere aturukamo.

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Twumvise ko hari bamwe baba batazi neza amateka y'u Rwanda ngo baba bahakana ko ntamoko yahoze mu Rwanda, ngo yaba yarazanywe n'Abazungu. Ibyo uwabyemera, yabayerekana ko atazi koko amateka y'iki gihugu, akaba akwiyerero gusomana ubushishozi akagatabo, ndetse n'ibindibyinshi byanditswe ku mateka y'u Rwanda. Icyo twe dushaka, ni ukonta Munyarwanda n'umwe ugomba kwitwaza ubwo bwoko ngo yumve ko asumba abandi, ngoyumve ko ibyiza by'iki gihugu ari we byaherer$o wen~e. Amoko yose, Abahutu, Abatutsin'Abatwa basigaye inyuma bakaba bagomba kurushaho gukangurirwa gutera imbere, bagombagufatanya kubaka iki gihugu kandi bagasaranganya ibyizabigikomokaho. Inda ninin'umururumba byitwaza irondamoko n'irondakarere bigomba gusezererwa burundun'Abanyarwanda bose.

IL-Turashaka u Rwanda rufite demokarasi nyayo, ishingiyeku guharanira kurengera

uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu, abantu bakubahana. Turashaka u Rwanda rufite umutekanoubumbatiwe n'Ingabo zarwo. Kugira ngo uwo mutekano ushyike koko, Ingabo zigomba kubaindakemwa mu mico no mu myifatire.Turashaka rero Ingabo zitivanga mu bya politiki,zigendera ku muco no ku mategeko bigenga demokarasi. Turashaka Ingabo zubahirizaamategeko yose y'igihugu n'azigenga, maze zikabera Abanyarwandabose urugero muri byose.Ngurwo rero u Rwanda twifuza, mwebwe Banyarwanda, Banyarwandakazi namwe Ngaboz'Igihugu, tugomba gufatanya kubaka.

Ntitwarangiza iri jambo, tudashimiye abantu bose badufashijekandi bakitanga kugirango twandike aka gatabo. Muri abc twashimira abarimubamwe bo muri Kaminuza y'uRwanda twitabaje, batazuyaje kutugezaho ubumenyibwabo ku byo twabasabye kudufashamo.Turashimira ukuntu bigomwe imirimoyabo ndetse n'ibindibyari bibafitiyeinyungu, bakihutirakudufasha uyu murimo turangije. Turashimira kandi bamwe muri ba Ofisiyebakuru b'Ingaboz'lgihugu bashishikariye kwandikisha aka gatabo, bagira ngo bageze kuri bagenzi babo n'abobashinzwe kuyobora amavu n'amavuko n'imitererey'uru Rwanda. Tuboneyeho gushimiran'abandi bose batahwemye gutera ingabo mu bitugu Ingabo z'lgihugu, ngo zibone ukozirangiza umurimo wazo w'ibanze wo kurengera Igihugu n'abaturage bacyo, cyane cyane muriiyimyakaitatuy'intambara. ~

Turangije dusaba Ingabo z'Igihugu n'Abanyarwandabose kwitabira gusoma akagatabo, bakicengezamo inyigisho nyinshizigakubiyemozatubera intango n'inkingi yo kubakauru Rwanda rwacu, no kurengera ubusugire bwarwo mu gihe rwatatiwe n'umwanzi aho yabaaturutse hose. Turasaba abakuru b'imitwey'lngabo gusoma no gusobanukirwa n'ibikubiye muriaka gatabo, kugira ngo bashobore gusobanurira abo bayobora ibyo baba badasobanukiweho.Turasaba kandi abandi banyabwenge bose babishoboye kumenyeshaAbanyarwanda ibyizabinyuranye by'lgihugu cyabo, kugira ngo Umunyarwanda arusheho kujijukirwa, bityobigatuma agira ubumenyiremezo ku mateka y'Igihugu cye, bwatuma ashobora kukirata nokukirengera, ari mu mvugo no mu ngiro mu gihugu hagati no mu rwego mpuzamahanga.

Na none ngo nta byera ngo de! N'ubwo twihatiye kubamenyesha muri make ukurikw'amateka ya politiki y'igihugu cyacu, hari byinshitutavuze. Kandi wenda n'ibyavuzwe ntawabura icyo abinengaho. Byaba byiza rero umusomyiw'aka gatabo atumenyesheje ibikwiyegukosorwa cyangwa gufuturwa, cyangwa se kongerwaho. Bityo aka gatabo karamutsekongeye kwandikwa, kakaza kanonosoye kandi kanogeye abasomyi. Tubaye tubashimiye reroibitekerezo bijora by'ingirakamaro byatwunganira mu kubaka u Rwanda.

Ngubwo ubutumwa twifuzaga kubagezaho, Ngabo z'lgihugu namwe Banyarwanda,Banyarwakazi. Twifurije amahoro Abanywandabose aho bari hose.

2

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Minisitiri w'Ingabo

3

IRIBURIRO

U Rwanda ubu rugeze mu gihe gikomeyeumuntu yagereranya na cya kindi cyo mu wa1959 aho rwibohozaga ingoyi ya cyamin'iya gikolonize. Icyo gihe igihugu cyari mu ntambarakubera bamwe bashakaga ko ibintu bihinduka,abandibagatsimbarara ku muco wa gihake noku ngoma ya cyami. Amaherezo abashakaga demokarasi.n'uko uburenganzira bwosebushingiye ku moko bwavaho ni bo batsinze, ugutsinda kwabo kwemerwa n'umuryangompuzamahanga,u Rwandarugeraku bwigengeku itarikiya mbereNyakanga1962,rushyirahoItegekonshinga.

rya kidemokarasi. Ubwo habayeho Repubulika ya mbere ari na yo yateje intambwe igaragarademokarasi mu gihugu. Ariko yahuye n'ingorane zikomeye zatumye idakomeza iyo nzira yademokarasi nk'uko yari yayiteganyije,biyiviramointandaro yo kuvaho.

Ubwo hagiyeho Repubulika ya kabiri ituma igihugu gitera imbere ku buryo bugaragara.Ariko na yo ntiyashoboye gukemura bimwe mu bibazo by'ingutu byariho nk'icy'uturereeren'icy'impunzi.Icyo kibazo cy'impunzi ni na cyo cyaje kuba urwitwazo rwo gushoza intambara y'Ukwakira1990 yari igamije mu by'ukuri gufata ubutegetsi vuba na vuba ku ngufu iyo Ingabo z'lgihuguzitakigoboka.

Umuntu yakwibaza impanvu iyi ntambara yamaze imyaka irenze itatu kandi na n'ubuumwuka wayo ukaba utarava mu kirere kandi mu kirere kandi demokarasi ishingiyekumashyaka menshi yaragarutse mu Rwanda. Twibaze rem impamvu abanyapolitikibatumvikana, ngo igihugu kigere kuri demokarasi izira igitugu,ikinyoma n'uburiganya bwose,maze ibibazo by'amoko n'uturere bikomeza gukururuka bikavaho burundu, ntihagire uzongerakubigenderaho .

Muri aka gatabo rem tugiye kureba duhereye mu ntangiriro y'u Rwanda ukuntuAbanyarwanda n'abasekuruza babo babayeho n'uko babanye kugeza ubwo barema igihugukimwen'inzegoz'ubutegetsibwitena n'ubu.Mbeseturashakaibibikurikira: ~

-Kureba uko u Rwanda rwatuwe n'amoko arugize hamwe-Kureba ukuntu utwo turere twategekwaga kugeza aho twose

ngoma imwe ya cyami ari yo ngoma y'Abanyiginya.- Kureba uko ubukolonize bwaje mu Rwanda n'ukuntu bwakoranye

yariho.- Kureba amajyambere n'ibibazogikolonize yakemuye cyangwa

ubwayo.- Kureba ibyateguye uru Rwanda rw'ubu n'ukuntu rwahindutse

mu rwego mpuzamahanga kandi kigendera kuri demokarasi.- Kureba ingorane zikomeza gutera ibibazo hagati y'Abanyarwanda.Uko

ingoma zigenda zisimburana, uva ku bwami no ku gikolonize ukajya muri Repubulikakandi n'uko Repubulika zasimburanyekugeza ku bibazo by'iyintambara.

- Kureba ukuntu bubahiriza amategeko agenga demokarasi kandi yubahiriza buriwese byaba umuti w'indwara y'u Rwanda.

Iyo ni yo gahunda aka gatabo kifuza kukugezaho wowe Ngabo y'igihugu naweMunyarwanda wese kugira ngo umenye igihugu cyawe aho kiva, aho kigeze n'ahokigana. Bityo uzarusheho guhagurukira kukirengera.

n'uturere twarwo.tubumbiwe ku

n'ingoma

yakuruye

igihugu cyemewe

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UMUTWE WAMBERE

U RWANDA N'ABATURAGE BARWO

Kuva na kera u Rwanda rwari igihugu abantu benshi bashatse guturamo kubera ubwizabwacyo.Hariabawga ko u Rwandarwab~je .

guturwa n'abantu bitwa Abarenge, ariko abo bantu nta Weuzi ibyabo neza. Nyuma y'ahorwatuwe n'Abahutu, Abatutsi n'Abatwa kandi kugeza ubu ni bo bakirutuye.

1.1.Tumenye imbibi n'imiterere y'u Rwanda

U Rwanda ni igihugu kiri muri Afurika yo hagati. Gifite ubuso bwa km226.338 niukuwga ko kijya kungana n'u Burundi cyangwa u Bubiligi.Mu majyepfo yarwo hari uBurundi, mu burasirazuba hari Tanzaniya, Zayire iri aho rirengera naho Uganda iri mumajyaruguru.

Ni igihugu cy'ibibayan'ibisiza, gifite imisozimyizakandi myinshi, kikagira n'imigeziitemba igana mu ruzi rwa Nili n'urwa Zayire. Izo nzuzi zombi zigabanywa n'imisozi yitwa"Crête Zaïre-Nil", ituruka ku birunga ikagera ku ruzi rwa Rusizi. Muri ako gace,imisozi nimiremire cyane kuko imyinshiifite m 2.300, uhereye ku nyanja ndetse ikagera kuri m 3.000 kumusozi wa Ruhungwe uli mu Bugoyi hafiya Bigogwe. Amazi ari iburengerazuba bw'iyomisozi atemba agana mu ruzi rwa Zayire, naho ay'iburasirazubaakagana muri Nili. Muburengerazuba bw'iyo misozi ni ho hari ikiyaga cya Kiw gifite hafi km2 1.000. Icyo kiyaga nicyiza cyane kubera imisozi igenda ikinjiramondetse n'ibirwabyinshigifite, nk'ikirwa cy'Ijwi,icya Nkombo n'ibindi. Abantu benshi, cyane cyane abanyamahanga,bakunda kujya gusuraimigi ya Gisenyi, Kibuye na Cyangugu iri ku nkombe zacyo. Mu burasirazuba bw'iyo misozimiremire ni ho hari igipande kinini cy'u Rwanda; ni na ho hari imigeziya Nyabarongon'Akanyaru itemba igana mu Kagera. Hari n'ibiyagabyinshicyane, kuko uturutse mumajyaruguru hari ibiyaga bya Burera na Ruhondo byakira amazi aturutse mu Rugezi rwo kwaBasebya ba Nyirantwari. Ni no muri ibyo biyaga umugezi wa Mukungwa uturuka ujya guhurana Nyabarongo mu Masangano. Wakomeza ugana mu majyepfoukagera mu Buganza hariIkiyaga cya Muhazi gikomokamo umugezi wa Nyabugogo unyura hafi ya Kigali. Hafi ya Zazamu Gisaka hari ibiyaga bya Mugesera; Sake hari za Cyohoha zombi ndetse n'ikiyaga cyaRweru u Rwanda rugabana n'u Burundi biri mu Bugesera. Muri pariki y'Akagera ho hariibiyaga byinshi nka Nasho, Ihema, Mihindi,Rwanyakizinga.

Mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda ni ho hari bya birunga byamamaye ku isi kuko ari hohonyine hasigaye ingagi zo mu misozi miremire.Ibyo birunga rero ni byo bigize umunara w'uRwanda kuko Karisimbi ibisumba byose ifiteuburebure bwa m 4506. Hakurikiraho Muhaburaifite m 4320, Bisoke m 3822, Sabyinyo m 3647 na Gahinga m 3476.

Ku byerekeye iby'imitererey'ikirere, u Rwanda ni igihugu kigwamo imwra ihagije, kuburyo imyaka ishobora kwera nta kibazo, usibye ko hari ubwo itagwira igihe bigatuma imyakaitera neza. Muri rusange mu Rwanda hagwa imwra ihwanye na mm 1100, ariko imwra ikunzekuba nke mu burasirazuba bw'igihugu cyane cyane mu Mutara, mu Bugesera no mu Mayaga.

Imwra igwa ari nyinshi mu birunga no kuri Crête Zaïre-Nil.Naho iyo usuzumye ukoibihe by'ikirere bikurikirana, imwra itangira kugwa ku Muhindo mu kwezi kwa (Nzeri)igakomeza mu Kwakira, mu Gushyingo no mu Kuboza. Uhereye muri Mutarama cyangwa seigeze hagati, ni ho Urugaryi rutangira rukarangira mun Gashyantare ishira cyangwa se

5

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Werurwe itangira.

Muri icyo gihe ni ho itumba ritangira rikazarangira muri Gicurasi cyangwa muriKamena. Impeshyi itangira muri Nyakanga ikarangira muri Nzeri.

u Rwanda rero ni igihugu cyiza, ariko uko Imana yarutatse ibyiza byinshi ni koyarwimye n'ubukungu bwo mu butaka. U Rwanda rufite amabuyey'agaciro make mu butakabwarwo, ku buryo nta mari nyinshi atuzanira. Mu butaka bw'u Rwanda haboneka Gasegereti,Wolftam (Wolufaramu) na Columbo-Tantalite (Kolumbo-Tanalite), ariko ayo mabuyey'agaciro aboneka ari make cyane. Na Zahabu iraboneka, ariko umusaruro wayo nturenza ibiro20 cyangwa 30 mu mwaka. Cyakora mu kiyaga cya Kivü harimo umwuka witwa Méthane (Metani) mwinshi. Bavuga ko umuntu agereranyije,uwo mwuka watanga ingufu zingana n'iza t36.000.000 za Mazutu. Hashobora kuvamo kandi ifumbirenyinshiyakoreshwa mu mirima y'uRwanda n'ibihugu duturanye.

Twibuke kàndi ko u Rwanda ruri kure y'inyanjacyane, kuko iyo uturutse ku nyanjay'Ubuhinde ugomba gukora km zirenga 1500,waturuka ku nyanjaya Atlantika, ukarenga km2500. Kugira ngo ugere kuri Mediterane, wakora km 3700, naho kugera muri Afurika y'epfoni km 350. Ubwo rero biragaragara ko kugeza ibicuruzwa by'u Rwanda ku nyanja bigoyecyane, kuko bigomba kwambuka ibihugu byinshikandi n'imihandaatari myiza.

1.2. Abaturage b'u Rwanda

Twigeze kuvuga kare ko u Rwanda rutuwe n'Abahutu, Abatutsi n'Abatwa. Muri abobantu, Abahutu ni bo benshi kuko barenga 85%, hagakurikiraho Abatutsi, naho Abatwa bo nibake cyane kuko batagera kuri 1%. Abo baturage se bageze mu Rwanda gute? Padiri AlegisiKagame, mu gitabo yanditse yise Inganji Kalinga, atubwira ko u Rwanda rwabanje guturwan'Abatwa bakoraga umwuga wo guhiga, kuroba no gusoroma imbuto mu ishyamba.Ngo bababarakurikiwe n'Abahutu baje batema ishyambabarihinga. Nyuma y'aho haza Abatutsi bo bariaborozi b'inka. Yakomeje avuga ko Abatutsi bagize abandi baturarwanda abagaragu kukobataribaziubworozibw'inka,bataziubutegetsibushingiyeku ngoman'ubwiru. '\

Ubushakashatsi bushya bwasanze atari ko byagenze, ko Abahutu bari bazi ubworozi bw'inka,ko bari bazi ubutegetsi bushingiye ku ngoma n'ubwiru, ahubwo ingoma nyiginya yiganyeinzego z'ubutegetsi bw'Abahutu. Ibyo bigashaka kuvuga ko abemeza ko Abatutsi ari bo bajenyuma, kuko ari bo bazanye izo nzego, bakazana n'ubworozi bw'inka atari byo.Abashakashatsi basanze ahubwo u Rwanda rwamye ari igihugu kigendwa n'abahinzi n'aborozi;basanze kandi nta wushobora kwemeza ko ari uyu cyangwa uriya wahageze mbere. Kandi nokumenya uwahageze mbere ntacyo bimaze kuko ari Abahutu, ari Abatutsi cyangwa Abatwa,bose batuye u Rwanda kuva kera.

Abanyarwanda se muri iki gihe tungana dute? Dukurikije ibarura ry'abaturage ryo muri1991, icyo gihe Abanyarwanda bari 7.157.551. Abagabo bari 3.488.612 naho abagore bari3.668.939 ni ukuvuga ko abagabo ari 49%. Perefegitura ifite abaturage benshi kurusha izindini iya Kigali Ngari ifite abaturage 914.034, igakurikirwa n'iya Gitarama (851.451) Byumba(782.427), Ruhengeri (769.297) na Butare (764.448). Ituwe n'abaturage bake kurusha izindiniperefegitura y'Umugi wa Kigali (235.664) ikurikirwa na Gikongoro (467.332) hakaza Kibuye(470.643).

6

IMBONERAHAMWE N° 1

ABATURAGE B'U RWANDA UKULIKIJE PEREFEGlTURA

Iryo barura ryerekanye ko n'ubwo Abanyarwandabatangiye kugabanya imbyaro zabo,bariyongeracyanekuko mumwakawa 2000bazababakabakaba10.000. 000 ; kuberakoubwiyongere bwabo ari 3,2% buri mwaka, ari ko kuvuga abantu bagera kuri 22.000. Bizabarero ngombwa ko Leta ifata imigambiihamyeyo kugabanya ubwiyongere bw'abaturage, nahoubundi ubukene mu Rwanda buzagenda bwiyongera kubera ko abaturage bazakomeza kurutaumusaruro.

Abantu benshi bakomeje kwibaza impamvuu Rwanda ari cyo gihugu gituwe cyanemuri Afurika. Basanze ko biterwa ahaninini uko Umunyarwanda ari umuntu ukunda abanacyane, kuko abona ko kubyara ari bwo bukungu buruta ubundi. Wa musizi yabivuze ukuriavuga ko "kwibyara gutera ababyeyi ineza". Ababyibazakandi basanze ingoma ya cyamiyarashoboye kurinda Abanyarwanda; kuko bamwe bacuruzaga abantu bari bagizwe cyanen'Abarabu batashoboye kugera mu Rwanda kuko ingabo zarwo zabimiriye.Ntitwakwibagirwano kuvuga ko u Rwanda ari igihugu kibereyeubuzima, kandi ko ubutaka bw'u Rwanda bwerabihagije.

Abanyabwenge bakeka rero ko ibyo ari byo byaba byaratumye u Rwanda ruturwa cyane, kandiibindi bihugu duturanye bidatuwe cyane usibye u Burundi bumeze nk'u Rwanda.

1.3. Ibibazo mu bukungu bw'u Rwanda

Muri ibi bihe u Rwanda rufite ibibazo byinshiby'ubukungu. Ibyo bibazo ni byinshicyane ku buryo ntawabirondora byose. Twahisemo rero bimwe byo gutanga urugero.

1.3.1. Ubukungu cyimeza

Ubusanzwe ubukungu cyimezaImana yageneye u Rwanda ni buke cyane. Mujyamwumva ko ahandi bakijijwe n'ubucuruzi bw'amabuyey'agaciro nka Zahabu na Diyama,abandi bakavuga Peteroli ibyara Lisansi mu butaka bwabo ; abandi bagira amashyamba maninicyane, bakuramo imbaho z'ubwoko bwinshi. Igihugu nka Zayire ibyo byose kibikizeho. Mu

7

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Perefegitura Abaturage %Butare 764.448 10,7Bvumba 782.427 10,9Cvamrogu 514.656 7,2Gikongoro 467.332 6,5Gisenvi 734.658 10,3Gitarama 851.451 12,3Kibungo 652.941 9,1Kibuve 470.641 6,6Kigali-Ngari 914.034 12,7Umugi wa Kigali 235.664 3,3Ruhengeri 769.297 10,7Iwteranvo 7.157.551 100,0

Rwanda ubwo bukungu cyimeza ni buke cyane.

Amabuye y'agaciro bajya basanga mu butaka bw'u Rwanda ni oka Gasegereti,Wolufaramu, Columbo-Tantalite na Zahabu. Ayo mabuye ariko aba ari make cyane kandiakaba ari mu kuzimu ku buryo kuyageraho ari intambara, ibyo bigatuma kuyacukura bitwaraamafaranga menshi cyane, wayagurisha ku masoko mpuzamahanga inyungu ikaba oke. Icyo nikimwe mu byatumye ya sosiyete yacukuraga amabuyey'agaciro mu Rwanda bitagaSOMIRWA ihomba. Ubwo bucuruzi bw'amabuyey'agaciro bwagerageje kuzuka nyumay'ihomba rya SOMIRWA, ariko ubukungu buzanira u Rwanda ni buke, yewe n'ikawa twajyagatugenderaho yabaye nyinshi ku isi ku buryo ibicirobyayo byaguye ku masoko mpuzamahanga.Cyakora ntitwabuze byose kuko Imana iremau Rwanda yarutatse ibyiza binogeye amasobyinshi. Twigeze kuvuga imisozi n'ibibaya,ibiyagabyinshin'ibirunga n'ingagi, imparan'imparage n'izindi nyamaswa nyinshiziba muri pariki y'Akagera. Ibyo byose rero tubicunzeneza byatuzanira amafaranga atari make kubera ba mukerarugendo.

1.3.2. Ubwiyongere bukabiie bw'abaturage

Abaturage b'u Rwanda bariyongera kuburyo bukabije cyane. Iyo dukurikije amabaruray'abaturage ajya aba mu gihugu, dusanga buri myaka 20 Abanyarwanda bikuba kabiri. Doreoko mu mwaka wa 1970, Abanyarwanda bari 3.572.550, naho ibarura ryo muri 1991,ryerekanye ko Abanyarwanda bari 7.157.551 ari ko kuvuga ko bari bamaze kwikuba kabiri.Muri icyo gihe nyamara ubutaka bw'u Rwanda ntibwigeze bwiyongera na busa. Ni ukuvugarero ko ubutaka bwari busanzwe butunze umuryango umwe noneho bugomba gutunga ibiri.Ntitwibagirwe ko umusaruro w'ibihingwautigeze wiyongera, ahubwo ko wagiye ugabanukakubera ubutaka busaza kandi nta fumbire ihagije.Dore oko mu wa 1970 buri muryangowatungwaga muri rusange na ha 1,5 cyangwa ha 2 hamwe na hamwe, none ubu wa muryangousigaye utunzwe na ha 0,7 kubera iminaniabana bagiye babona.

Ni ukuvuga rero ko umusaruro wagiyeugabanuka kuri buri muryango. Ibyo bikabaaribyo bituma ahanini inzara zarabaye karande mu Rwanda. Ntitwibagirwe kandi ko iyoabaturage biyongera gutyo abato baba benshi cyane (47,5 % b'Abanyarwanda ntibarageza kumyaka 15 naho 56,7% bafite munsi y'imyaka20) kandi nta butaka bwo kubaha buhari.

Ubwo abo bato bose bagenda bavamo abashomerikubera kubura akazi kandi n'amashuri yokubigisha imyuga akaba ari ntayo, abenshikandi bakaba batayajyamo.

Hari kandi n'ibibazo byo kuvura abaturage no kubabonera ibibatunga. Ubundi arikokugira abaturage benshi bishobora kuba ubukungu, igihe ayo maboko yose afatanyije kugirango yizamure. Turemeza rero ko Abanyarwandabagize amahoro bashobora kwisuganya,bagashyira hamwe, bakubaka igihugu cyabo.

1.3.3. Kuba kure y'inyania

Tuzi twese ko ibintu byinshibikoreshwa mu Rwanda bitumizwa mu mahanga, ibyobintu rero biza mu bwato bikagera muri Kenya (Mombasa) cyangwa muli Tanzaniya (Dar esSalaam) noneho amakamyo akabipakira kugera mu Rwanda. Twibuke ariko ko gutwara ibintumu bwato bihendutse cyane kubera ko ubwato bwikorera imizigo myinshiishobora kurenzatoni 100.000, noneho igiciro cy'ubwikorezikuri buri toni kikaba gito cyane ku buryo kuva iBulayi kugera Mombasa bitajya birenza F 500 kuri toni. Gutwara ibintu mu makamyo byobirahenda cyane kubera ko amakamyo atajya arenza toni 50. Ubwo rero igiciro cy'ubwikorezikuri buri toni kiriyongera cyane bigatuma n'ibicuruzwabihenda. Dore ok'ubu kuva Mombasa

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kugera i Kigali k:wikoreratoni imwe bitwara F 15.000. Ayo mafaranga agomba k:wishyurwakuri ibyo bicuruzwa, kandi na none akishyurwa n'uzabigura ageretse ho n'igiciro cy'ibyo aguze.Bityo rero ibyo bintu bituruka mu mahangabikagera mu Rwanda bihenda cyane kubera ko uRwandaruri kure y'inyanja. .

Mu by'ukuri ariko na none, kuba u Rwanda ruri hagati y'ibindibihugu by'Afurika aribyo Zayire, Tanzaniya, Uganda n'u Burundi, bishobora gutuma ruba gahuzamiryango, ndetsen'ibyo bicuruzwa bikaba byabanza kunyura mu Rwanda mbere yo kujya mu bindi bihugu.Birashaka gusa ko abantu bakoresha ubwenge bwabo bakumvikana kandi bagafatanyan'abaturanyi babo.Mu magambo make rero biragaragara ko u Rwanda rufite ibibazo by'inzitane mu rwegorw'ubukungu, wakongeraho n'ibyatewe n'intambaranoneho ugasanga amizero y'u Rwanda arimake. Ni yo mpamvu Abazungu bategetse u Rwanda gukurikiza porogaramu bise"Programme d'ajustement structurel" ari ko kuvuga ko rugomba guhuza imari ikoreshwa mumishinga n'umutungo ruba rwasaruye. Iyo por~garamu i~ozwe neza yagombye kuzamuraubukungu bw'igihugu, ariko akenshi igira ingaruka mbi kuko mu minsiya mbere abakozi baLeta benshi birukanwa, ifaranga rigata agaciro, ibiciroby'ibicuruzwa bikiyongera ...Ni ukuvuga rero ko mu minsi iri imbere hari ibibazo by'ingutu, ariko Abanyarwandabazabyikuramo nibafatanya

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