saba-firuz metreveli

ilia da akakiliteraturuli narkvevebi

T b i l i s i2 0 1 1

Saba MetreveliILIA CHAVCHAVADZE AND AKAKI TSERETELI/Literary Essays/

vuZRvni saqarTvelos damsaxurebuli maswavleblis, Cemi

qarTuli enisa da literaturis pedagogis _ JuJuna cibaZis

naTel xsovnas

wignSi Sesulia sxvadasxva dros gamoqveynebuli werilebi didi qarTveli mwerlebis, iliasa da akakis, mxatvruli mem-kvidreobis irgvliv, Seswavlilia maTi mentaluri da Semo-qmedebiTi Taviseburebebi, Sefasebulia is Rvawli, romelic am or qarTvel mamuliSvils miuZRvis qarTuli Teatris winaSe.

es wigni adre gamoqveynebuli naSromebis meore gadamuSave-buli gamocemaa, Tumca zogierTi gamokvleva ibeWdeba pirve-lad da gankuTvnilia mxolod maTTvis, visTvisac literatura

sulSi GaRvrili saTnoebaa.

redaqtori iuza evgeniZe

recenzentebi: mariam niniZe nana fruiZe

ydis dizaini da dakabadoneba giorgi bagrationisa

© saba-firuz metreveli, 2011

gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2011

ISBN 978-9941-436-24-6

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s a r C e v i

1. winaTqma 4

2. ilia WavWavaZis `gandegilis~ problematika 7

3. ilia da qarTuli Teatri 36

4. liturgiuli cnobierebis gamovlenis zogierTi aspeqti akakis publicistikasa da pirads werilebSi 61

5. `keTili saqme _ qristianobis sveticxoveli~ (arsen kaTalikosisa da Tornike erisTavis dialogis Sesaxeb akaki wereTlis `Tornike erisTavis~ mixedviT) 74

6. akaki wereTlis `gamzrdelis~ qristianuli koncefcia 84

7. akaki wereTlis Teatraluri esTetika 99

8. РЕЗЮМЕ 132

8. REZYME 134

9. damowmebani 137

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winaTqma

adamianis cxovrebis mizani WeSmaritebis Secno-baa. Tavisuflebac, albaT, pirvelxatisken swrafvaa. yovelTvis vcdilobdi mecxovra am SegnebiTa da Se-grZnebiT. TviTSemecnebis rTul gzaze ilia WavWava-Zis xateba mifaravda, misi ukvdavi saxeli minaTebda mZime cxovrebas. Cemi pirveli samecniero werili maSin daibeWda, roca universitetis mesame kur-sis studenti viyavi. Jurnal `religiaSi~ mivitane sakurso naSromi, ilias `gandegilis~ problematika, _ es iyo 1993 weli, urTulesi dro: omis, ngrevisa da mwvave SimSilis periodi. ̀ gandegiliT~ Sedga Cemi, rogorc mkvlevris, `naTloba~ da amaSi raRac gan-sakuTrebulsac vxedav _ TiTqos asketizmi Sinagan mdgomareobad meqca da dRemde mebrZvis, rogorc am wuTisofelSi CarCenil, yvelgan da yvelasTvis zed-mets.

ilias `gandegilis~ problematikas TiTqmis ucv-lelad vbeWdavT. marTalia, mas Semdeg bevrma wyal-ma Caiara, Seicvala kvlevis strategiaca da meT-odologiac, magram me dResac ise vfiqrob, rogorc mesame kursis studenti maSin vwerdi. narkvevSi mizanmimarTulad aRar SevitaneT am sakiTxTan daka-vSirebuli Tanamedrove kvlevebi, radgan ZiriTadi konceptualuri mimarTulebebi mainc igive darCa da axla interpretaciaTa axali nakadi wamovida mxolod, Tumca gverdi ver avuareT, Cveni azriT, bolo periodis umniSvnelovanes siaxleebs da es gamokvlevac mciredi cvlilebiT ibeWdeba am wignSi. ilias `gandegili~ mxatvruli teqstia da misi anal-izi, TavisTavd, moiTxovs kulturuli, sociologi-

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uri Tu fsiqologiuri refleqsebis CarTvas, Tumca Cven erTi mimarTuleba avirCieT da gandegiluri cxovrebis arsis warmoCeniT SevecadeT gamogvekveTa ZiriTadi konceptebi.

rac Seexeba akaki wereTlis `gamzrdelis~ qris-tianul koncefcias, meoTxe kursze dawerili sakurso naSromia, esec Jurnal `religiaSi~ gamo-qveynebuli 1994 wels. SesaZlebeli iyo am werilis redaqtireba axali realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ma-gram aRar davtvirTeT filosofiur-hermenevtiku-li interpretaciebiT. CvenTvis ufro mniSvnelova-nia is studenturi mRelvareba, romelic mas SerCe-nili aqvs.

amdenad, warmodgenili wigni CvenTvis Sexvedraa warsulTan, Tumca ara _ misi nostalgia.

akaki wereTlis Semoqmedebis irgvliv Sesrule-buli Sromebis didi nawili Seqmnilia ivane javaxiS-vilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-tis `akakis kabinetis~ bazaze, roca jer kidev ar-sebobda universitetSi aseTi samecniero-kvleviTi centrebi, vidre ganaTlebis damangreveli reformis msaxvrali xeli Sebilwavda maT.

TeatriT gataceba ar aris am wignis avtoris bolodroindeli akviateba. qarTuli Teatri mzr-dida, ayalibebda Cems pirovnebas, esTetikasa da ge-movnebasac. iliasa da akakis Teatraluri Rvawlis warmoCeniT SevecadeT, kidev erTxel dagvedasture-bina qarTuli Teatris Seucvleli funqcia rogorc erovnuli ideologiis dacvisa da ganmtkicebis, mSobliuri enis Senaxvis, erovnuli suliskveTebis amaRlebis, xalxis gamofxizlebis, ise mxatvrul-esTetikuri gemovnebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. garda imisa, rom Teatrze zrunva qarTvel samocianelebs sazogadoebis Rirsebis saqmed miaCndaT, maTi mxri-

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dan aseTi interesi pasuxi iyo imazec, Tu rogor uyvardaT Cveni erovnuli identobis es `niSansveti~ saqarTveloSi.

am wigns vuZRvni Cemi qarTulis maswavleblis _ JuJuna cibaZis xsovnas, qalbatonisas, romelmac gansazRvra Tavisi Segirdis aramxolod profesiuli arCevani. dagvianebul madlobad mimiTvalos misma naTelma sulma es ridi da krZalva!

saba metreveli

Tbilisi, 17 Tebervali, 2012 weli

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ilia WavWavaZis `gandegilis~ problematika

1883 wlis 8 Tebervals daviT sarajiSvilis binaze didi qarTveli poeti, ilia WavWavaZe, sajarod kiTxu-lobs Tavis axal nawarmoebs _ `gandegils~. aRniSnuli poema imave wlis `iveriis~ meore nomerSi daibeWda, ra-sac qarTul presaSi mohyva azrTa Sexla-Semoxla. albaT, Znelad moiZebneba XIX s.-is qarTul literaturaSi meore nawarmoebi, romelic kritikosTa aseTi cxoveli intere-sis sagani gamxdariyos. es ki mis WeSmarit Rirebulebaze miuTiTebs.

gazeTi `droeba~ werda: `poema `gandegili~ iseTi nawarmoebia, romelic Cvens poetur literaturaSi, ueWvelia, sapatio adgils daiWers da, romelic avtoris saxels ramdenime axal sxivs miumatebs~ (droeba 1883).

`gandegils~ pirveli literaturul-kritikuli wer-ili iona meunargiam uZRvna. is fiqrobda, rom avtori mwyemsi qalis saxiT gvixatavs romeliRac poets, ro-melic gatacebulia bunebis simSvenieriT (kavkazi 1883:).

daviT soslani `sakvirao maslaaTSi~ werda: `gande-gili~ yvelaze susti nawarmoebia rogorc Sinaarsis, ise formis mxriv. am poemiT iliam dagvimtkica, rom mas jer kidev ver miugnia Tavisi ZiriTadi miznisaTvis da, nacv-lad eris winamZRolobisa, `wminda xelovnebis Teorias~ ukmevs gundruks. ilia am poemiT xalxis misayuCebel da zarmacTa yuris dasatkbob xmebs damReris~ (droeba 1883:).

d. soslanis Sexeduleba poemis laitmotivis Sesaxeb ganaviTara estate boslevelma (mWedliZem) werilSi ̀ ilia WavWavaZe da misi axali poema `gandegili~. cxovrebisa-gan gandgomisa da gaqcevis Tema qarTul literatura-

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Si, e. boslevelis azriT, axali ar aris. amis samagali-To nimuSad kritikoss n. baraTaSvilis `merani~ miaCnia. am grZnobas ver acda verc grigol orbeliani, magram `amgvari mimarTuleba Cveni poetebis muzisa... jer isev tipiurad, principulad ar gamoxatula, rogorc `gan-degilSi~. am nawarmoebSi ilias pesimistur Sexedulebas saaqaozed sazRvari ara aqvs~ (Sroma 1883:).

mixeil zandukeli `gandegilis~ Sesaxeb werda: `il-ias Rrma rwmeniT, arsebobs sulieri simSvide da sulieri dakmayofileba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gareSe. vinc moindomebs, cxovrebis gareSe ipovos dakmayofileba, simSvide, is ise daiRupeba ukvalod, rogorc daiRupa gandegili~ (zandukeli 1954: 314).

ilias axalma qmnilebam ise gamoacocxla qarTuli az-rovneba, rom ewyoboda poemis ganxilva, e.w. literatu-ruli gasamarTleba. am gasamarTlebaTa monawile ̀ bralm-debeli~, vladimer baqraZe, SeniSnavda: `mwiri laCaria, romelsac akrTobs cxovrebis quxili, mas ar Seswevs una-ri borotebis winaaRmdeg brZolisa... ase iZia Suri bune-bam gandegilze misi kanonebis daTrgunvisaTvis~ (Cveni gazeTi 1910:). gandegilis cxovreba agebuli iyo SiSze, farisevlobasa da winaaRmdegobebze da, ra Tqma unda, misi daRupva savsebiT kanonzomier movlenas warmoad-gendao. vl. baqraZes ilia ar warmoudgenia gandegilis damcvelad da ambobs, rom gandegilis gamtyunebiT davg-mobT im oportunizms, im laCrobas, im farisevlobas... im egoizmsa da sazogadoebrivi idealebis uaryofas, rom-liTac xasiaTdeba Tanamedrove momenti~ (iqve).

kita abaSiZe iyo erT-erTi pirveli, romelmac daicva ilias ̀ gandegili~ da gaakritika e. bosleveli, magram mas gamoekamaTa `g-ka~, romelic daJinebiT acxadebda: `gan-degili ilias pesimizmis xatebaa, is cxovrebas uaryofs da gaurbis~. misi msjeloba iqamdec ki midis, rom ambobs: poemidan srulebiTac ar Cans gandegilis damarcxeba da

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cxovrebis gamarjveba. piriqiT, gandegili cxovrebis mSvenierebaze ufro Zlieri gamodga. gandegili maSin iqneboda gamarjvebuli, rom mas mwyemsi qali gadaekoc-na, Caxveoda, masTan erTad gamoqvabuli mietovebina da sawuTro uRlis zidvas Sesdgomoda... magram, gandegili swored amis winaaRmdeg moiqca, `amdenaT, is reaqcionuri nawarmoebia~ (mnaTobi 1911:).

kita abaSiZe wers sapasuxo werils. misi azriT, `qal-Si gandegili macdurs ar xedavs. Tavzardacemuli mwiri nugeSad mzis sxivs moelis Tavisi siwmindis Sesamowme-blad, magram Tavisi manugeSebeli mzis sxivis qveS ga-nutevebs xelovnurad tanjul suls. amrigad, cxovrebi-sagan gaqceul mwirs aRar eyo Zala, kvlav dabruneboda cxovrebas, magram igi wawymedili da uvargisi aRmoCnda samonastro (saiqio) cxovrebisTvisac. igi orive mxriv damarcxda. i. WavWavaZe gviCvenebs ara Tu uazrobasa da usafuZvlobas asketizmisas, gvimtkicebs, rom igi Seu-Zlebelia~ (abaSiZe 1962: 176).

kita abaSiZes kvlav gamoepasuxa g-ka, romelmac gadaWriT ganacxada. `Cven sakmao sabuTi gvaqvs vTqvaT, rom avtori gandegils TanaugrZnobs da, ramdenadac is mas TanaugrZnobs, imdenad is kvers ukravs da adasturebs am Tavis nawarmoebSi gandgomilobasac~ (mnaTobi 1911:).

g-kas ar eTanxmeba f. ruSaveli: `iliam xalxis ocne-bidan amokriba yvela saukeTeso Tvisebebi da miakuTvna isini cxovrebidan gasul RvTis mosav adamians... Semcdar-ia, vinc poets asketizmisadmi simpaTias daswamebs... maS, asketizmi rad iqna dasjili? _ imitom, rom is ar aris WeSmaritebis gza _ is ubedurebaa~ (mnaTobi 1911:).

roca ioseb bocvaZe ganixilavda qarTul kritikul azrs `gandegilis~ irgvliv, ase ayalibebda sakuTar Sexedulebebs: `gandegilSi xelovnurad aris Caketili bunebrivi grZnoba, xelovnuria misi indiferentuli gan-wyobileba cxovrebisa da bunebis mimarT da igi, rogorc

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xelovnuri, aramyaria... gandegili aRsavsea winaaRmdego-bebiT. igi arc saaqao da arc saiqio cxovrebisTvis aRar varga. mis pirovnebaSi arsebulma mwvave winaaRmdegobeb-ma gandegili daamarcxa ara mxolod sulierad, aramed fizikuradac... ilia, sazogadod, winaaRmdegia gandegi-lobisa, ebrZvis cxovrebis uaryofas, ra formiTac unda ixatebodes igi. adamianis adgili cxovrebaSia da ara mis miRma. ilia moiTxovs adamianis aqtiur, saqmian monaw-ileobas cxovrebaSi, riTac igi uaxlovdeba marqsizms~ (bocvaZe 1977: 82).

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan sruliad gasagebia ab-surduli mosazreba ilias marqsizmTan siaxlovis Ses-axeb, radgan i. bocvaZis naazrevi drois msaxvrali xelis cocxali magaliTia, totalitarizmisa da diqtaturis epoqis anarekli.

gavida dro, bevri erTmaneTisagan urTierTgamom-ricxavi mosazrebani gamoTqves momdevno epoqis mkvl-evarebmac. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia g. jiblaZis mosaz-reba, rom `gandegili~ cxovrebis siRrmea, optimizis mqadagebelia, mRelvare adamianuri yofis ganmadidebe-lia~ (jiblaZe 1966: 340). uaRresad paradoqsulia mkv-levris daskvna: `SeiZleboda gveTqva, rom gandegiloba egoizms emyareba da borotebas ganasaxierebs. gandegi-loba egoizmia, xolo es ukanaskneli arasodes SeiZleba iyos sikeTe. egoizmi borotebaa da gandegloba, rogorc egoizmis erT-erTi forma, borotebas warmoadgens. il-ias damsaxurebad isic unda miviCnioT, rom gandegilobas _ anaqoretobas man swored am TvaliT Sexeda~ (iqve: 366).

daaxloebiT am azrs aviTarebs z. kiknaZe, roca SeniS-navs: `ra mizezic ar unda iyos gandegilis sikvdilisa, rwmenis nakleboba Tu wuTisoflis yovlisSemZleoba, erTi ram cxadia, ilas surda dasuraTxatebiT eCvenebina gandegilobis uazroba da uniadagoba~ (kiknaZe 1990: 57).

sayuradReboa l. minaSvilis mosazrebac. mkvlevari

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fiqrobs, rom `sakuTriv asketizmis problema araa ilias SemoqmedebiTi interesis sagani. asketis cxovrebis Suqze ilia, saerTod, adamianis arsebobis, misi adgilis zoga-dsayovelTao ideas dastrialebs Tavs... ilia mxatvruli damajereblobiT gviCvenebs, rom gandegili xsnis yalb gzas adgas, es aris gandegilis Secdoma~ (minaSvili 1986: 172).

erT-erTi pirveli, romelmac `gandegilis~ ganxilva qristianul msoflmxedvelobas, Teologias daukavSira iyo akaki baqraZe, romlis gamokvlevam `gza xsnisa~ axali mimarTuleba misca `gandegilis~ Sesaxeb Seqmnil kriti-kul werilebs. akaki baqraZe ganmartavs gandegilobis arssa da, aqedan gamomdinare, ganixilavs poemis prob-lematikas. avtoris azriT: `gandegilSi~ ilias gamoy-enebuli aqvs codvaTdacemis klasikuri siuJeti, magram amjerad dacema gamowveulia rwmenis RalatiT. amdenad, `gandegili~ rwmenis tragediaa. rwmenis Ralati ki Sede-gia adamianis gaorebisa da nebisyofis sisustisa~ (baqraZe 1978: 75).

uaRresad saintereso gamokvleva uZRvna ilias `gan-degils~ g. kalandariSvilma. is ar eTanxmeba a. baqraZis daskvnas da acxadebs: `poemaSi naCvenebia ara rwmenis Ra-lati, gamowveuli nebisyofis sisustiT, aramed Sinagani SeuTavsebloba qristianul religiasTan~ (kalandariS-vili 1982: 55). mkvlevari daaskvnis: `gandegilma am qveya-naSi ver daZlia SiSi, verc eWvi, cocxal adamianebSi man yovelTvis eSmakis saxe dainaxa. mwiri daisaja, rogorc xuTi qalwuli saxarebis cnobil igavSi ... maT Caidines didi gmiroba, magram darCnen sasufevlis gareT, ar eyoT zeTi. zeTi ki am igavSi niSnavs kacTmoyvarebas.

is usasoo kacia, yvelgan gandegilia _ qveynadac, mon-asterSic, amitom misi cxovreba amaodmoqmedebaa da sxva araferi. is isjeba mis mierve aRusrulebeli qristes ka-noniT~ (iqve: 58).

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qarTuli literaturis mkvlevarni, kritikosebi sxvadasxva aspeqtiT, sxvadasxva poziciidan, kvlevis gan-sxvavebuli meTodologiiT ganixilavdnen `gandegils~ da, aqedan gamomdinare, daskvnebic urTierTgamomricxa-vi hqondaT. ase grZeldeba dResac.

gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ara marto `gandegili~, aramed, mTlianad ilias Semoqmedeba sruli-ad axleburad waikiTxa da Seafasa mariam niniZem (niniZe 2000:). SesaZloa, bevr rameSi ar daeTanxmo, magram mecni-eruli arakeTilsindisiereba iqneba, angariSi ar gauwio mis argumentebs, radgan, upirvelesad, ilias mxatvruli naazrevi mkvlevars gaazrebuli aqvs mwerlis publicis-tikisa da piradi werilebis fonze, rogorc utyuari dasturi Semoqmedis pirovnuli mTlianobisa. bolo pe-riodSi yvelaze seriozul kvlevad konstantine bregva-Zis interpretacia migvaCnia, daRdasmuli evropuli hermenevtikiTa da hegeliseuli mkacri logikiT (bregaZe 2010: 144-159)!

Cveni mizania, gavaanalizoT ilias ̀ gandegilis~ prob-lematikis zogierTi aspeqti, SemogTavazoT Cveneuli gageba im sadavo sakiTxebisa, romelTa garSemo Tavidanve iyo azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. kvlevis meTodologia RvTisme-tyvelebas efuZneba, kerZod, esaa gandegiluri cxovrebis arsis gaazreba da im sulieri gamocdilebis gaziareba, romelic warmodgenilia naSromSi `wesdeba gandegili cxovrebisa~, Sedgenili anton didis mier.

`adamiani sawyaulia aRuvsebeli~, is cdilobs, magram bolomde ver Caswvdeba saidumloebas, radganac sruli Secnoba da xilva saZieblisa aris swored misi verxilva... bevri mkvlevari iRvwoda, gaerkvia ra iyo Casaidumloe-buli ilias mxatvrul qmnilebaSi, magram, vaJasi ar iyos, `dganan da elian... elian vis, an ras, raRacas. diax, ra-Racas. es raRaca unaxavis danaxvaa~, magram unaxavi vis daunaxavs an gonebam ra manqanebiT ganWvritos arsi

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misi... da mainc, gavkadnierdeT da gavaanalizoT `gande-gili~ swored gandegilobis wesdebis mixedviT. yovel nawarmoebs aqvs is plni, is ena, romelzec gesaubreba da dialogi rom Sedges, unda gaugo, Sesaferi gasaRebi mou-Zebno, radgan mas ase surs!

rogorc cnobilia, gandegiluri, saudabnoo-samon-azvno mosagreobis dasabamis damdebia wmida anton didi (251-356), romelmac sakuTari cxovrebiT mogvca magali-Ti am saxis saTnomyofelobisa. rogorc zemoTac vTqviT, masve ekuTvnis `wesdeba gandegili cxovrebisa~. Tu Cven es ar gaviTvaliswineT, Tu warmodgena ar gveqna wminda gandegil mamaTa cxovrebaze, maSin ilias `gandegils~ im enaze ver gavugebT, romelzec gvesaubreba.

marTalia, upirvelesad es poema mxatvruli qmnile-baa da ara religiuri traqtati an, gnebavT, agiografi-ul-himnografiuli Zegli, romelic garkveul egzege-tikas saWiroebs, magram, radgan mas bevri ram saerTo aqvs religiasTan, rwmenasTan, Cvenc aqedan mivudgeT da, SevecadoT, literaturul-mxatvruli qmnilebis said-umlo samyarosaken mimavali kari am erTi gasaRebiTac SevxsnaT.

poeti poemas iwyebs beTlemis monastris aRweriT da gvamcnobs:

`aqa yofila uwin krebuliRvTisTvis qveynidam gandegil ZmaTa,da myinvars amas, udabnos Turme,ismoda qeba wmida-wmidaTa.... gasulan ama qveyniT mamanida taZari RvTis gauqmebula~...

`gauqmebuli taZari RvTisa~ gandegilma mwirma aRad-gina. `odesaRac taZars im gauqmebuls / meudabnoe Se-hkedlebia~ _ SeniSnavs poeti. am meudabnoes ki `ganude-

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vnia gulidam yvela msoflio zraxva, fiqri, wadili~. es igivea, marTalTa liturgiis dros rom galoben taZarSi _ `yovelive msoflio dautevoT zrunvaY~.

rogori maRali sulierobiTa da simtkiciT warmodge-ba Cven win gandegili, romelic ar uSindeba beTlemis miukarebel simaRles, susxs, mkacr sadgomsa da TavSesa-fars yinulTa Soris moqceul taZarSi povebs. risTvis? _ ismis bunebrivi kiTxva, ratom tovebs mwiri cxovrebas? amaze pasuxs Tavad poeti gvaZlevs:

`ganSorebia, viT codvis sadgurs,viT sameufos borotisasa,sadac marTali gzas ver auqcevsgansacdelsa mas eSmakisasa;sad codva kacsa sdevnis dRe-da-Ram,viTa mparavi da mtacebeli... sad ryvna, wawymeda da Ralatia,sadac Zma xarobs sisxlsa Zmisasa,... ganSorebia am wuTisofels,sad yovli niWi macdurebaa,sad TviT siturfe da saTnoebaeSmakis maxe da cdunebaa~.

es aris iseTi dro yofierebisa, rogorsac mama an-ton didi IV saukuneSi winaswarmetyvelebs: `mova dro... siglaxakis Rvawlis sanacvlod im gansacdeliT aRsavse droSi gaizrdeba siyvaruli simdidrisa da fufunebisa, WeSmarit da RvTis saTnomyofel simdables ampartavneba sulisa Secvlis, WeSmariti siyvaruli gangrildeba, maSin, TavSekavebisa da keTilkrZalulebis nacvlad, mucelRo-roba ganmravldeba~ (anton didi 1991: 298)

uaRresad sayuradReboa isic, Tu ra aris motivacia wuTisoflis datevebisa. gandegili am cxovrebas zurgs aqcevs imitom, rom is `borotebis samefo, codvis sad-

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guria~. gandegils wuTisofeli imitom ki ar unda dae-tovebina, rom is borotebisa da cdunebis sameufo da sadguria. es qveyana RvTis mieraa Seqmnili, `dasabamad qmna RmerTma caY da queyana~ (Ses. 1,1). RmerTia abso-luturi sikeTe. amdenad, mis mier qmnili keTilia, `da ixila RmerTman yovelni, raodenni qmna da, aha, keTili friad~ (dab. 1,3). boroteba ar arsebobs, arsi ara aqvs: `arsadame ars ars boroti~ _ Segvagonebs areopagitikis korpusis avtori. es gaxlavT yvelasTvis kargad cno-bili borotebis arasubstanciurobis Teoria. SesaZloa, mwiri am cxovrebas ar Tvlida borotebad, magram masSi RvTaebrivs arafers xedavda. pavle mociquli efeselTa mimarT epistoleSi pirdapir acxadebs: `ara ars brZo-laY Cveni sisxlTa mimarT da xorcTa, aramed mTavroba-Ta mimarT da xelmwifebaTa, soflis mpyrobelTa mimarT bnelisa amis sawuTroYsaTa, sulTa mimarT ukeTurebisa-Ta, romelni arian casa qveSe. amisTvis aRiReT yovlad saWurveli igi RmrTisaY, raTa SeuZlian wina-dadgomad dResa mas borotsa, da yovelsave iqmodeT, raYTa sdgeT~ (efes. 6,12-13).

gandegils ukve aRar ainteresebs yofierebis (Dasein), rogorc mTlianobis, romelime aspeqti, igi mowyvetilia garemos da Caketilia Tavissave arsebaSi. misTvis arse-bobs meore samyaro, anu mis adrindel, gandegilobam-del interess mikrokosmosisadmi cvlis makrokosmosis farglebi. mwiris sulieri xedva swvdeba ama qveynis Suq-Crdilebs: nakleb siyvaruls, ryvnas, warwymedasa da Se-Zrwunebuli uaryofs mas, cdilobs gaeqces materialur samyaros, gavides sakuTari Tavidan, moiSoros Tavisi adamianoba, rogorc zedmeti bargi, da SeuerTdes RvTae-briv usasrulobas.

aseTi Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, yofiereba ar aris RvTaebisa da siwmindis sadgomi. piriqiT, igi dacari-elebulia yovelgvari RvTaebrivisagan, anu es cxovre-

16

ba taZaria, romelSic aRar cxovrobs RmerTi, Tumca es aris qveyana mxolod mwirisaTvis, misi TvaliT danaxuli, da ara yofiereba (Dasein) Tavis arsSi.

gandegili, upirvelesad, imitom ki ar unda daeyudos, rom cxovreba borotebis sameufoa! gandegiluri, aske-turi yofa unda esadagebodes mis sulier mdgomareobas, swrafvas srulyofisaken, pirvelxatisaken. gandegiloba, anaqoretoba misi sulis davaneba unda iyos. amitom uwo-debs macxovari Tavis uRels tkbilsa da Tavis tvirTs _ msubuqs.

mwiri SeerTo RvTaebas, aRivso sulierobiTa da saT-noebiT, Seimosa madliT. misi rwmenis siwmindesa da simaR-les saswaulic amagrebda _ mzis Suqi iWerda `locvans~:

`egre vidoden dReni da welni,egre ubiwod igi scxovrobda...da Tvis siwmindes yoveldRe Turmeam saswauliT Seimowmebda~.

Zneli dasajerebelia, rom gandegili naklebad kacT-moyvare iyos an misi locva qveynis xsnisaTvis _ moCvenebi-Ti, rogorc zogi mkvlevari fiqrobs. mwiri cremlmoreu-li, xelapyrobili avedrebs RvTismSobels qveynis xsnas. swored am epizodSi Cans, rom gandegiloba araa mxolod sakuTar `meze~ fiqri, rom mkrexelobaa kacma gandegi-lobas egoizmi da boroteba uwodos. udidesi damajere-blobiT wers ilia WavWavaZe:

`... am dros is mwiri senakSi iyo,cremliT altobda RvTismSoblis xatsada xelapyrobiT evedrebodawawymedisagan qveynisa xsnasa~.

gandegili loculobda erisa da mamulisaTvis da am

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dros mas moesma xma, adamis Svili TavSesafars iTxov-da da romeli grZnoba-goneba, romeli kanoni, mcneba Tu samarTali miscemda mwirs nebas, xeli ar gaewode-bina SeWirvebulisaTvis, maSin, roca Tavad macxovari brZanebs: ̀ warvediT Cemgan, wyeulno, cecxlisa mis sauku-nesa, romeli ganmzadebul ars eSmakisaTKs da angelozTa misTa, rameTu mSioda da ar meciT me Wamadi, mwyuroda da ara masuT me, ucxo viyav da ara SemiwynareT me~ (maTe 25, 41-43).

mwiri mainc dafiqrda, gansacdelis pirispir xom ar idga?! mis SefasebaSi ukve aris pasuxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ro-gor gaiazra gandegilma RvTisgan movlenili gansacdeli:

`Tu macduri xar, sCans RmerTs swadian,mwiri codvili dRes gamomcados~.

urigo ar iqneba, Tu erT Teologiur gadaxvevas ga-vakeTebT. ase davsvaT kiTxva: mouvlens Tu ara RmerTi gansacdels adamians an ukeT, gamocdis Tu ara mas?

wmida iakob mociquli wers: `nuvin gancdilTagan ityKn, viTarmed RmrTisa mier ganvicdebi; rameTu RmerTi gamoucdel-ars borotisa da aravis ganscdis igi~ (iak. 1, 13). gamodis, rom gansacdels RmerTi ar uvlens adami-ans, magram sauflo locvaSi vkiTxulobT: `mamao Cveno... nu Semiyvaneb Cven gansacdelsa, aramed mixsen Cven boro-tisagan~... rogor SevuTavsoT erTmaneTs es ori mosaz-reba. mivmarToT netar avgustines: `TviT RmerTs ki ar SevyavarT gansacdelSi, aramed uSvebs imis gamocdas, vi-sac Tavis Semweobas aklebs faruli zraxvebis Tanaxmad, radgan igi amas imsaxurebs~.

Cven unda ganvasxvaoT erTmaneTisagan gansacdeli da cduneba. `gamogcdiT Tquen ufali RmerTi Tqueni, giyu-ardes Tu Tquen ufali RmerTi Tqueni yovliTa guliTa TqueniTa da yovliTa gonebiTa TqueniTa~ (II sjuli 13, 3).

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gamocda imisTvisaa, rom Seimecno sakuTari Tavi, gaigo simaRle sulierobisa, rom SenTvis naTeli gaxdes saku-Tari Zalebis simtkice. roca wm. ioane RvTismetyveli macxovris mier xuTi aTasi kacis dapurebis Sesaxeb sau-brobs, brZanebs: `aRixilna Tualni TKsni ieso da ixila, rameTu mravali eri movals misa. hrqua filipes: vinaY viyidoT puri, raYTa sWamon amaT!

amas raY etyoda, gamoscdida mas, xolo TviT uwyoda, raY egulveboda yofad~ (ioane 6, 5-6).

adamiani gamoicdeba, magram mTavaria, ar darCes cdunebuli. eSmaks ara aqvs Zala, gamoscados adamiani, xati RvTisa, xolo Tuki scdis vinmes, mxolod uflis daSvebiT. sainteresoa wmida iovel winaswarmetyvelis sityvebic: is zarali, romelic Cemgan mogadgaT, agin-azRaurdebaT, radgan Cemma laSqarma mogayenaT. `aginaz-RaurebT im wlebs, romlebic SeWames kutkaliam, bocom-kalma da muxluxom, Cemma laSqarma, romelic mogisieT~ (ioveli 2, 35).

marTlmadidebluri swavlebiT, gansacdeli rom ara, adamiani daiviwyebda RmerTs. amitom wmida mamebi iTxovdnen RvTisagan amis daSvebas, radgan sjerodaT, rom gansacdelis Jams ufali maTTan iyo da ar iyvnen daviwyebulni macxovrisagan. maT isic esmodaT, rom, ro-gorc mSobeli sjis Svils siyvaruliT (da ara imisTvis, rom sacdurSi Caagdos, acdunos), aseve ufalic zrunavs, misTvis Sewiruli gaZlierdes da ganmtkicdes rwmenaSi, raTa meti daagrovos. uzenaesi ar dauSvebs gansacdeliT adamianis cdunebas da warwymedas, RmerTi aravis scdis! gansacdeli RvTis usazRvro siyvarulis Sedegia.

`iRKZebdiT da ilocevdiT, raYTa ara SexvdeT gansacdelsa~ (maTe 26- 41), _ eubneba macxovari geTsi-maniis baRSi mowafeebs. werilis Tanaxmad, gansacdeli orgvaria: nebsiTi da uneblie. nebsiTi gansacdelis gziT ibadeba iseTi codvebi, rogorebicaa: kacis kvla, mru-

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Soba, ampartavnoba, loToba, angareba. aseT gansacdelSi nebiT vcvivdebiT. sxva gansacdeli ki unebliea, _ gvaswav-lis netari Teofilaqte, _ da masSi Zlierni ama sofli-sni gvagdebeno.

wmida kasiane wers: `Tu viTxovT, raTa gansacdel-Si ara CavvardeT, rogor SevZlebT davatkicoT Cveni samyaros saTnoeba, romelsac wmida werili iTxovs Cven-gan? _ netar ars kaci, romelman dauTmos gansacdelsa~ (iak. 1, 12). misi azriT, mTavari is ki araa, ar viyoT ga-mocdilni, aramed gansacdelma ar dagvamarcxos.

ilias gandegili grZnobs, rom gamocdis winaSe dgas. man isic icis: `Tu ar gamoicda da sacduris winaSe ar idga, ise veravin Seva caTa sasufevelSi, daRupvis winaSe dgomis gareSe veravin cxovndeba (anton didi 1991: 304).

mwirma mogvianebiT gaigo, rom masTan senakSi aR-moCnda qali; SekrTa, SeSinda:

`nuTu aw bedma qalis saxiTagansacdeli ram mas mouvlina?~

qali aq gaigivebulia gansacdelTan, magram gande-gilma es gamocda `kisrad ido, viT neba RvTisa, sasoebiT da guldamSvidebiT~.

RmerTi abraams Svilis dakvlas imisTvis ki ar ubrZanebs, rom sacdurSi Caagdos, mas unda gamoavlinos abraamis Seuvali rwmena, siyvaruli, erTguleba da amiT Cven mogvces morCilebis magaliTi. mZime gansacdelSi iyo iobic, gamocdil iyo iosebic, magram ar damarcxd-nen, radgan yves neba RvTisa da misi mcnebani simSvidiT aRasrules. isev iakob mociquls davesesxoT: misi azriT, RmerTi ki ar scdis adamians, aramed kacad-kacadi gani-cadebis TKsisagan gulis Tqumisa, miizidvis da scdebis~ (iak. 1, 14).

amrigad, adamiani gamoicdeba sakuTari gulisTqmebis

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gamo, avTa da borotTa zraxvaTa gamo an misi didebis warmoCenisa da saukuno netarebis damkvidrebisaTvis.

mwirma unda gauZlos gamocdas, radgan RmerTi adami-ans, Tavis xatsa da msgavss, ar gawiravs: jer moamzadebs da mere mouvlens gansacdels, oRond adamians Zala unda eyos amisaTvis...

`gandegilis cxovrebis wesdebaSi~ vkiTxulobT:muxli 127 _ `qals nebas nu miscem mogiaxlovdes da,

miT ufro, arafriT ar dauSva, rom igi Sens sacxovrebel senakSi Semovides, radgan qalis kvalad SenTan mTeli qa-rborbala Semova amao zraxvaTa~.

marTalia, mwirma daarRvia wesdebis es muxli, magram man aRasrula qristes Segoneba, ase rom, codva ar Caude-nia. aqac amovdivarT saRvTo werilisaTvis damaxasiaTe-beli antinomiurobis principidan. teqstis mixedviT, gandegilsa da mwyems qals Soris gaimarTeba saubari; aq ki aWarbebs gandegili. mas aviwydeba: `mwiroba imaSi md-gomareobs, rom daxSuli gvepyras Cveni bageni~ (anton didi 1991: 303), rom `aRviri amosde Sens enas~ (iqve: 202), radgan `uwyode, rom Seni sityvebis mixedviT mogegeba didebaca da damcirebac (iqve: 263).

asec moxda! gandegilis winaSe idga qali, romelic mas esaubreboda wuTisoflis siameze, axsenebda xor-ciel axloblebs. mwirs kargad hqonda Segnebuli is didi sxvaoba, romelic RvTismier sulier cxovrebasa da sazrunaviT aRsavse amqveyniur yofas Soris arsebobs. cxovreba sastiki da daundobeli, mSfoTvare da bobo-qaria, moicavs brZolebsa da winaaRmdegobebs... mwyemsi qali gandegils ubrunebs `yovelive msoflioze~ zrun-vas, mwared CaekiTxeba:

`nuTu Tvistomi, toli da sworiyvela gulidam amogiRia?nuTu naRveli, dardi da javri

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Tan aravisi wamogiRia. ar gagondeba arc mama, dedaan Zma, anu da, an saxli, kari?nuTu mis dReSi ara gyoliamokeTe, gulis Sematkivari?!~

msgavsi SemTxvevebi, saerTod, cnobilia wmida mamaTa cxovrebidan. mag., TviT anton dids Tan sdevda mtris mier gamosrolili isrebi, romlebic CasCiCinebdnen ama qveynis datevebis gamo; daJinebiT arwmunebdnen, siZne-leebs ver gauZlebo... magram antoni yovelTvis axerxebda maTs mogeriebas, mudam axsovda, rom yovelgvari mokleba amqveyniuri sikeTisagan araferia im dausrulebel sik-eTesTan SedarebiT, romelsac am qveynisagan gandgomilT ganumzadebs RmerTi. mteri RamRamobiT mimzidveli qa-lis saxes iRebda da ase ecxadeboda Wabuk antons, raTa survili gaeRviZebina masSi da xorcieli tkboba moewyu-rebina.

mwyemsi qali (qarborbala amao zraxvaTa) CasCiCineb-da gandegils, ukiJinebda amqveyniuri mSvenebis Sesaxeb. mwiri daibna, TiTqos erTgvarad modunda, gonebis sifx-izle dakarga. eSmaki ki Tavisi manqanebiT mZlavrobda, surda, daengria siwminde, ezeima borotebas sikeTeze, gandegils raRacam sZlia... da SekiTxvaze:

`maS, vinc qveynad varT, yvela wavwydebiT,veRar davixsniT verafriT sulsa?~

upasuxebs:

`xsna yvelgan aris... xolo gza xsnisaeseTi mergo me... ubedursa~.

es ukve iyo Sedegi amaodmetyvelebisa da filosofo-

22

sobisa. mwirma ver mozoma, daufiqreblad ubeduri uwo-da Tavis netar yofnas RmerTTan, saRvTo siyvarulTan.

fiqrebSi wasuli gandegili Tvals mokravs mwyems qals, Semkuls yovelgvari xorcieli mSvenebiTa da si-lamaziT, misken eweva raRac Zala, Zala cdunebisa, Zala eSmakisa, Zala satanisa... imarTeba Widili siwmindesa da sibilwes, ubiwoebasa da biwierebas, sikeTesa da borote-bas Soris. damangrevelia is Zala, romelic erT adamianSi aseTi ritmiT boboqrobs:

`da ver gauZlo sawyalma mwirmac....da daixara Tavi Tu ara,uceb gaSeSda... eha, wawymedav,es ra survili guls gaitara!..~

gamoTqmulia sxvadasxva mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom gandegilTan qalis saxiT mivida cxovreba; bunebis mSve-nierebiT gatacebuli poeti; gandegilis mier uaryo-fili miwieri sinamdvile, _ WeSmaritad qristianuli poziciebis matarebeli da gamomxatveli da a.S.

rogorc amboben, gandegilebi Tavisufalni arian en-ismieri, mxedvelobismieri da smenismieri cdunebisagan, isini mxolod gulismieri sacduriT itanjebian. amis Sesaxeb ganmartebulia wmida mamaTa mier, rom `gulism-ieri sacduriT ibrZvis demoni~. es sruliad sakmaod aris dadasturebuli im ganmartoebul ZmaTa gamocdilebiT, romlebTanac maTi ganmxoloebuli cxovrebis Jams, raime SemTxvevebis gamo, qalebi misulan da am mizezis wyalo-biT, maTs gulismier sacdurs garegani sacduric dam-atebia qalis pirisaxis xilvisagan. mama antoni SeniSnavs, rom `es Zmebi Zleul iqmnen amgvarad gaZlierebuli sac-durisagan da daecnen~ (anton didi 1991: 316).

axla, mivadevnoT Tvali, ras wers ilia:

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`ima Rimilis grZneuli jadozed dasakvdomad kocnas iwvevdada ima wvevis macdurebasaze-arsTa Zalic ver gauZlebda~...

mwiris dacema gardauvalia. mas gaZlierebuli gansacdeli mouvlina gangebam. gamodis, rom gandegilTa sulSi grZnobismieri sacduri ufro Zlieri, damangreve-li da sastikia, vidre _ xorcieli, radgan am ukanasknels isini uZleben. sworad SeniSnavs netari evagre, rom ganmartoebul monazonTa demonebi TviT ibrZvian, sxvaTa meSveobis gareSe, xolo erTad mcxovrebi monazvnebis wi-naaRmdeg isini uRirs monazvnebs aRZraveno.

didia Zala qalis saxiT movlenili cdunebisa da, radganac cxovrebaSi codvac aris da madlic, sikeTeca da naklebi sikeTe, _ boroteba, orive Tavis uflebebs acxadebs adamianze. amitomac kacTagan veravin aicilebs brZolas masTan. borot vnebaTa Zleva mwirs uvneblobas miaaxlebda, es ki sulier simSvides mohfenda da, radgan gandegilma ver sZlia borot vnebas, dakarga simSvide su-lisa da, `rogorc giJi gavarda karSi~.

qali _ borotebisa da sicruis sadgomi, _ ambobda netari avgustine. is Tavis `aRsarebaSi~ SeniSnavda, rom mTeli cxovreba uwevda brZola im macdur vnebebTan, rom-lebic qalis mimarT aReZvreboda... `da Cemi ori neba, _ erTi sulieri, meore xorcieli _ ebrZodnen CemSi erTma-neTs da am orTa brZolaSi ifliTeboda suli Cemi~.

mwirs daudga momenti, roca mTlianad Seirya misi ar-seba, roca sxeuli gaxda asparezi saSineli orTa brZolisa sulsa da xorcs Soris, Tan sdevda xma `dagZlie Tu ar~... da `niSangebis wyeul xarxari~. gandegili daeca codvaSi, magram es ar niSnavs sikvdils, radgan rCeba gamosavali _ sinanuli, penitentia, meore naTlisReba (rogorc eklesiis mamebi uwodeben), cremli da tirili, locva-vedreba Sec-

24

odebisa gamo... RvTismSoblis xatis winaSe mdgar gandeg-ils Tan sdevs mwyemsi qalis saxeba, kvlav igi xma _ `aba, sZlieo~! amdens erTbaSad veRar gauZlo da SeSliliviT gavarda karSi. axla igi daexeteba mTebSi, radgan dar-Ca imedi da molodini imisa, daiWers Tu ara mzis sxivi locvans?!

diliT mwiri senaks daubrunda, RvTismSoblis xats miapyro mzera, dainaxa misi saxe. es ukve imas niSnavda, rom jer ar Serisxula! magram... locvani sxivma aRar daiWira da gandegilic

`gaSra, gaSeSda zardacemuli,erTi saSinlad SehbRavla RmerTsada iqav, sxiv-qveS uteva suli~.

uaRresad tragikuli aRsasrulia. daiRupa gandegi-li, siwmindis, sikeTis msaxuri, WeSmaritebis maZiebeli da WeSmaritebasTan SerTuli. daismis ori SekiTxva:

1. ratom kvdeba gandegili?2. ra gviTxra iliam am poemiT?`RmerTis Sesaxleba adamianSi, anu cxovreba RmerTis

mier aris kidec saboloo mizani yovelgvari Rvawlisa da mwvervali monazonis srulyofilebisa~ (anton didi 1991: 310). mwiris mizanic isaa, rom daivanos RmerTTan, saTno eyos mas, magram, TavisTavad, gandegiluri yofa, asketiz-mi iwvevs cxovrebisagan ukiduresi mowyvetis erTgvar saSiSroebas an, ufro sworad, soflisagan gaucxoebis saSiSroebas. SesaZloa, rom ukiduresma gandgomam da, rac mTavaria, soflis moZulebam TviT uzenaes mizans daaSoros adamiani, `ganSorebia viT codvis sadgurs, viT sameufos borotisasa~, _ gvamcnobs ilia WavWavaZe. swored aq cde-ba gandegili, radgan RvTis mier Seqmnili araa codvis sadguri an borotebis sameufo. SerTva, henozisi, Ses-aZlebelia ara amsofliuris, yofierebis (Dasein) sruli

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ukugdebiT, aramed masSi RvTaebrivis SetaniTa da danax-viT. mag., SeniSnulia wmida maqsime aRmsareblis (VI-VII ss.) Sesaxeb, rom `mis azrovnebaSi adamians akisria umTavresi daniSnuleba: Seasrulos RmerTis uzenaesi rCeva _ gaxa-dos RvTiuri mTeli yofieri~ (jvari vazisa 1980: 22).

`netar ars kaci igi, romelman dauTmos gansacdelsa, rameTu gamocdil iqmnes da moiRos gvirgvini cxovrebi-sa, romeli aRuTqva RmerTman moyuareTa misTa~ (iakob I,12).

`Zveli aRTqma kanonzea damyarebuli, axali _ madlze. RmerTi araa `kanoni~, igi, upirvelesad, siyvarulia. mar-Tlmadidebluri swavlebiT, kanoni da mcneba aris gza RvTisaken (da ara RmerTi Tavad), siyvarulisken da, amave dros, damcveloba sulisa, damcveloba saRvTo siyvaru-lis gamokrTobisa morwmunes gulSi~, _ SeniSnavs ediSer WeliZe. mcnebam unda gadaarCinos, daicvas da aaRorZi-nos saRvTo trfobiT cxovelqmnili suli (am SemTxvevaSi suli mwirisa), rom ganaridos codvebs da mTeli arsebiT moiqces RvTisaken. es etapi Rirseulad gaiara gande-gilma! magram kanons, mcnebas araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu igi siyvaruls ar moicavs. kanonis zedmetma gam-kacrebam an Semsubuqebam (orma ukiduresobam) SeiZleba daSritos yvelaze mTavari _ saRvTo naperwkali.

gadmogvcemen, rom mama antoni winaaRmdegi iyo ara mxolod ukiduresi simkacrisa, aramed _ Senelebisac. erTxel Turme man mouxmo monadires, romelic gakvirve-buli iyo antonis mxiarulebiT ZmaTa Soris da uTxra: `dade isari da daWime Rvedio~. monadirem daWima mSvil-di. kidev ufro metad daWimeo, _ uTxra moZRvarma. mona-direm aasrula brZaneba, magram, roca mesamedac uTxra, kidev ufro metad moWimeo, gaocebulma Tqva: zomaze metad rom movwio, mSvildi gamitydebao. maSin mama an-tons uTqvams monadirisTvis: `amgvaradvea saRmrTo saq-mec. Tuki Cven zomaze metad davZabavT Cvens Zalebs, ma-

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Sin mTeli Cveni mcdeloba erT wamSi SeiZleba dairRves... raTa zedmeti daZabulobisagan da RvawlTa simZafrisa-gan ufro ar gamoCndes Cveni uZlureba~ (anton didi 1991: 304).

es sityvebi Zalze mniSvnelovani da yuradsaRebia, radgan maTSi naTlad Cans saTnoebis aucilebloba. ada-miani ukiduresobaSi ar unda gadavides, Torem is didi safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba. mwirsac amis gamo daudga gamocdis Jami, romelSic erTgvarad gamoCnda `RvawlTa simZafrisagan misi uZlureba~. `eride... TviTgvemasa da ukidures gandgomas~ (simeon axali... 1989: 44). cnobilia wminda ioane sinelis sulieri gamocdilebac: `raJams da-yudebul viyveniT, ganficxnen gulni Cvenni da ersa Tana raY aRverieniT, lmobier viqmeniTo~. amiT imas ki vamt-kicebT, rom mwiri saero cxovrebas unda dabruneboda, magram man wuTisofeli dasaxa borotebis sameufod da ukiduresad moswyda mas. amqveyniuri cxovreba nakleb giyvardes, _ ambobs mama antoni _ da ara gZagdeso. e. i. unda gZuldes ara sofeli, aramed amaoebani ama sofli-sani, romlebic Toma kemfelis (XV s.) mixedviT Semdegia:

`amao ars Zieba warmavalisa simdidrisa da sasoebis damyareba maszed. amao ars kvalad Zieba pativisa da maR-lis xarisxisa. amao ars Semdgom xorcielTa wadilTa da ndoma imisTana risame, romlisaTvisac SemdgomSi ficx-lad unda davisajnoT. amao ars, rom kaci dRegrZelobas natrobdes da saTnoian cxovrebazed ki ar zrunavdes. amao ars zrunva mxolod awmyo cxovrebazed da uyur-adRebod datoveba momavlisa. amao ars Seyvareba mswrafl warmavlisa da ara miswrafeba iqiT, sadac ars sixaruli saukuno~ (kemfeli 1982: 17).

mwiri srulyofis maZiebelia. misi mTavari amocanaa, emsgavsos pirvelxats: `iyveniT Tqven srul, viTarca mamaY Tqueni zecaTaY srul ars~ (maTe 5,48). srulyofis am rTul gzaze mas bevri ram ukve miRweuli aqvs. axla

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ki TiTqos erTi nabiji darCa _ gamocda. gansacdelis pirispir dgas, magram swored esaa yvelaze Zneli da iqneb SeuZlebelic! azriT, fiqriT, warmosaxvaSi gande-gili beri xedavs, rom mkacri gamocdis winaSe dgas. Tu gauZlebs, saTnoebis mwvervalze ava, magram adamianuri uZlureba boWavs da yvelaferi qreba, rogorc _ sizmari gaRviZebisas...

xSirad adamianur SesaZleblobaTa srulqmnis Zala SezRudulia. mwirs qalis saxiT gamoecxada ara sxva ram, aramed Cveulebrivi qali, _ miwieri suli da mas ada-mianuris sazRvarze miuTiTa. adamiani xom mxolod imas udris, rasac Seicnobs. miwieri suli _ mwyemsi qali ver igebs gandegilobis arss da amitom kiTxulobs: `RmerTs raSi unda / am yinulebSi yofna kacisa~... aseTi logika damRupvelia, mas mivyavarT aseT kiTxvebamde: RmerTs raSi sWirdeba locva, marxva, eklesia, sanTeli, galoba?!.

miwieri suli _ mwyemsi qali ar xsnis Tavis TavSi RvTaebriv saidumloebas. igi Cakirulia masSi da ara _ gamovlenili an, sxvagvarad, bunebis mSveniereba, RvTae-brivi srulyofileba ar ixsneba miwier sulSi, amitomaa igi sazareli!

Cveni azriT, adamiani, am SemTxvevaSi gandegili, ar unda miiswrafodes cxovrebis miRma ise, rom upirispirdebodes adamianurs, cdilobdes sakuTari `mes~ moxsnas, radgan srulyofa ki ar gamoricxavs adamianursa da bunebrivs, ar-amed mTlianobas, harmonias gulisxmobs!

magram isic unda iTqvas, rom mwiri saRvTo naTels xedavs, mzis sxivi iWerda `locvans~, magram mniSvnelova-nia mwerlis mier SeniSnuli erTi detali, kerZod: `da TviT siwmindes yoveldRe Turme, am saswauliT Seamow-mebda~.

rTuli movlenaa adamiani, Znelia misi sulis niuanseb-Si wvdoma da kacma ar icis, gandegili, Tundac fiqriT, rodis iamayebda am siwmindis mopovebis gamo, simdablesa

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da ampartavnobas Soris xom erTi patara nabijia, sios erTi danaberia... `simdable gixsnis yvela ganacdelisa-gan, radganac safrTxe eSmakisa uZluria mdablis winaSe~ (anton didi 1991: 320).

mwiri yoveldRe Tavisi siwmindis simtkices saswau-liT amowmebs. igi Cans ocnebaSekruli sakuTari Rirsebi-sa gamo imdenad, rom gansacdelisa da dacemis Sedeg aviwydeba sinanuli, aviwydeba, rom rwmenis gamocda moTminebas qmnis da `romelman daiTminos sruliad, igi cxondes~. mwiri ki `mwyurvalebiT ucqers mTisa wvers~, raTa Seamowmos, isev gaxda Tu ara Rirsi xiluli saswau-lisa.

sxvaTa Soris, cnobilia, rom udabnos maxloblad, sa-dac mama antoni mosagreobda, erT Wabuk monazonsac et-virTa gandegilobis uReli. erTxel misi senakis axlos Caiares moxucma berebma, romlebic wminda antonTan mid-iodnen da, Sori gzis gamo, metad daqanculni iyvnen. Wa-bukma monazonma maT danaxvaze gareul saxedrebs mouxmo da ubrZana, moxuci berebi mama antonTan mieyvanaT. piru-tyvni daemorCilnen mis sityvasa da, roca berebma yove-live mouTxres moZRvars, man Tqva: `es Wabuki monazoni, rogorc me vuwyi, tvirTiT aRsavse xomaldia, magram ar vici, mSvidobiT miaRwevs Tu vera igi navsayudelso. da, marTlac, es Wabuki, ocnebaSekruli sakuTari Rirsebebi-sa gamo, ampartavnebis suls daemona da, mcire xnis gasv-lis Semdegom, daeca~ (anton didi 1991: 307).

ase mouvida gandegilsac. aRmoCnda, rom misTvis um-Tavresi sxivis mier `locvanis~ daWera iyo da, Tu es ar moxdeboda, maSin yvelaferi daiRupeboda. mwirs aRar eyo moTmineba, sulwasulobam sZlia; klde-RreSi darboda da `mwyurvalebiT~ eloda mzis amosvlas. es ukve ampartavno-bis codvaSi Cavardnaa. mas mzis amosvlamde win hqonda mTeli Rame, `dro, _ rogorc netari avgustine ambobs, _ gzaa sikvdilisaken da aravis aqvs ufleba gaCerdes Tun-

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dac mcire xniT an iaros odnav nela~. dro dakarga mwir-ma, ganebna guli gonieri. igi imdenadaa erTi surviliT Sepyrobili, _ gaigos, daiWers Tu ara `locvans~ sxivi, rom aviwydeba sinanuli, locva-vedreba, cremliT dal-toba RvTismSoblis xatisa. mas ukve aRar yofnis Sinagani sulieri Zalebi locvisa da sinanulisaTvis.

orTodoqsiis mixedviT, ar arsebobs codva, romelic sinanulis gziT ar mietevebodes adamians. TviT petre mociqulmac ki cremlebisaTvis miiRo Sendoba uflisa-gan, roca samgzis uaryo igi (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT mariam megviptelze). `moTminebiT aRWurva imisTvis gves-aWiroeba, rom sacduri da gamocda aucilebeli yofila Cveni sulebisaTvis~ (anton didi 1991:304) an kidev: `nu Sewyvet locva-vedrebas da sinanulis cremlTa Rvras da RmerTi usaTuod Segiwyalebs~ (iqve: 269).

alternatiuli mosazrebisaTvis SeiZleboda gveTqva, rom gandegili daiRupa zemoT gaSifruli sami mizezis gamo:

1. kanonis zedmetad gamkacrebis gamo;2. ocnebaSekrulobisa sakuTari Rirsebis gamo;3. mouTmenloba-sulwasulobis gamo.aq SeiZleboda gvesaubra ̀ gandegilSi~ SiSis gancdaze,

adamianuri sevdis problemaze mis pirovnebaSi, mwyemsi qalisa da gandegilis sworferobaze bunebis aRqmis mo-mentSi, uJamo Jamze da a.S.

asea Tu ise, gandegili daiRupa!magram risi Tqma surda poets, risTvis daSvra ilias

talanti, ras eZebs igi?poemis II TavSi avtori gulistkiviliT SeniSnavs, rom

`aqa yofila uwin krebuli / RvTisTvis qveynidan gande-gil ZmaTa~, magram, droTa ganmavlobaSi, `taZari RvTisa gauqmebula~. am dangreul siwmindes aaRorZinebs meudab-noe gandegili. RvTaebrivi naTliT Seimoseba, kvlav aR-dgeba `gauqmebuli taZari RvTisa~, magram Txzulebis fi-

30

nalSi aRwerilia mwiris tragikuli aRsasruli... da ilia WavWavaZe gulistkiviliT amTavrebs poemas:

`... da iq, sad wmindanT udidebiaTRmerTi msjavris da WeSmaritebis,iq, sad uwiravT uflisa mimarTmsxverpli qebisa da RaRadebis, _aw Soris nangrevT da natamalTamarto qariRa dadis da qSuis,da gamomfrTxali Weqa-quxiliTmun Sexvewili nadiri Rmuis...~

ra dagvitova iliam gansjisa da fiqris sagnad?!nadirisagan, cxovelTagan Sebilwuli siwminde kvlav

moelis gamoxsnas. aq ilias Semoaqvs rwmenis raindis idea. ufro adre poema `aCrdilSi~ igi erisa da mamulisaTvis Tavdadebul gmirs daeZebda:

`... qarTvelno, sad aris gmiri,romelsac veZeb, romlisTvisc vtiri,igi aRar gvyavs...~

aRar gvyavs arc rwmenisTvis Tavdadebuli raindi. locvisa da galobis nacvlad monastridan nadirTa Rmuili ismis, sruli disharmoniaa irgvliv.

asea `aCrdilSic~: gmiris `moedani jagiT aRvsila, ve-ranad qmnila, / gmiris dambadi didi sagani / TqvenSi spo-bila da wawymedila~. Zalze mniSvnelovania is, rom mam-ulisaTvis Tavdadebuli gmiris moTxovnas ilia WavWavaZe cvlis rwmenis raindis aucileblobiT.

yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom filosofiaSi gamoyofen adamianis cxovrebis etapebs, kerZod, kirkegorTan asea warmodgenili:

I etapi _ don Juani. am safexurze adamiani vnebebsa da

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grZnobebs ayolilia, misTvis mTavaria Sinagani impulse-bi;

II etapi _ sokrate. Semodis normebi, romelTac ada-miani emorCileba, Tumca igi kompleqsis, `undas~ tyveo-baSia;

III etapi _ abraami. adamianma unda ipovos sakuTari `me~, SeerTos WeSmaritebas.

adamians raRac unda daemarTos, unda moxdes masSi feriscvaleba, Torem am tyveobaSi, am `uswormasworo da gautanel~ wuTisofelSi, am grZnobebsa da gonebaSi misi darCena SeuZlebelia.

adamianSi rwmenis raindis moTxovnaa da iliac elis rwmenis axal rainds, mas, `visic ar iTqmis saxeli~, ma-gram, romelsac dRedaRam Cumi natvriT natrobs qarTve-li adamiani. beTlemis siwminde unda aRdges! qarTvelo-ba, bolos da bolos, unda daadges rwmenis gzas!

² ² ²

P.S. 2009 wels gazeT `saqarTvelos respublikaSi~ daibeWda nino

xoferias uaRresad saintereso werili `beTlemis miTi da sinamdvile~, romelic am idumalebiT Sesudruli gamoqvabu-

lis aRmoCenis istorias warmogvidgens, amitom mizanSewoni-

lad migvaCnia misi aq moyvana. werils vbeWdavT mcireodeni

SemoklebiT:

`saRamoxans, iq, myinvarwveris gaswvriv, kldeebidan, nislebi amo-dis, erTiandebian da sul maRla da maRla miiweven... `adamianis buneba gaufantav burusSi gaxveuli saidumloebaa~... _ ilias `gandegilis~ Sesaxeb ambobs dimitri uznaZe da beTlemis miuval monasterSi, yinu-lebSi gamoketili meudabnoe mas ara rogorc Cveulebriv formebSi warmodgenili sinamdvile, aramed, rogorc misteria warmoudgenia: `aseTi idumaleba mxolod xelovnebiTi Semoqmedebis zegavlenas ax-asiaTebso~... da mainc, myinvarze, beTlemis monasterSi dayudebuli beris istoria realobaa Tu miTi.

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ilia WavWavaZis `gandegilis~ xelnaweri muqi, Savi melniTaa nas-worebi. rogorc avtografidan Cans, avtors poemisTvis jer `meudab-noe~ uwodebia. qvesaTaurad ki miuweria `xalxSi gagonili legenda~. mogvianebiT, sityvebi `meudabnoe~ da `xalxSi gagonili~ gadauxazavs da zemoT, muqi asoebiT gamouyvania _ ̀ gandegili~ qvesaTaurad ki mxo-lod erTi sityva `legenda~ dautovebia. iliam nawarmoebis siuJeti arc mwerlis fantaziad, arc realur ambad, aramed oden `legendad~ gagvacno, Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi am legendis myari safuZveli, gnebavT, sinamdvile, saxierad gamoCnda...

`myinvarsa kldeTa Sina arian quabni gamokueTilni friad maRal-sa, da uwodeben beTlemsa, garna saWirod asavali ars, rameTu ars jaW-vi rkinisa, gardmokidebuli quabidan da miT aRvlen. ityvian uflis akuansa mun da abrahamis karavsa, mdgomsa usvetod, usablod da sxva-Ta sakvirelTa, aramed me vdumeb. kvlavad Zirsa misa ars monasteri kldesa Sina gamokveTili udabnod da aw carieli~... _ ase aRwers iqau-robas vaxutSi batoniSvili, romelic `sxvaTa sakvirvelTa~ ambavTa Sesaxeb. dumils arCevs (“me vdumeb~), magram kldis SigniT gamokveTil beTlemis `udabnos~ zusti misamarTiT asaxelebs.

2009 wlis agvistoSi, stefanwmindasTan axlos, sofel gergetSi, Cven mivageniT usamarTlod daviwyebuli alpinistis xelTnawer dRi-urs, imisi, vinc pirveli Seexo im jaWvs, ahyva kibes da beris senakSi SeaRwia... levan sujaSvili ̀ beTlemis~ Zeglis aRmoCenisa da Semowmebis istoria~ 1947-1948 wlebi. jer oriode sityva Tavad moxeve levan su-jaSvilze: daibada 1911 wels, sofel gergetSi, iqve miiRo dawyebiTi ganaTleba. muSaobda yizlarSi, sakuTari cxvari hyavda. 1933 wels wi-Tel jarSi gaiwvies. iq umcros meTaurTa skolaSi kavSirgabmulobis eleqtrotenikumi daamTavra. 1935 wlidan daba yazbegis rai-sagzao ganyofilebaSi daiwyo muSaoba... paralelurad daiwyo mwvervalebze asvla... marto ocdaSvidjer avida myinvarwverze. 1938 wels, rogorc Tavis CanawerebSi aRniSnavs... ojaxuri pirobebis gamo isev mivdivaro mecxvared yizlarSi (mojamagired)... 1940 wels saqarTvelos alpuri klubi gamoiZaxebs, rom sxvebTan erTad lavrenti berias saxelobis kavkasionis mTavari mwvervali daipyros. es aris sarekordod didi traversi. `traversSi~ ori moxeve alpinisti Segviyvanes. sami Tbili-sidan, sami svaneTidan (mestia) da ori monawile adelsus alpinisturi skolidan. pirveli traversi me-3 da me-4 siZnelis mwvervalebi gavi-areT. danarCeni monawileni dasustdnen... oTxi alpinistis mier dapy-robil iqna bezingis kedeli... `Sxaridan~ TeTnuldis kalTaze gada-vediT da gamarjvebiT davbrundiT.

omis dros, 1943 wels sabrZolo batalionidan rogorc gamocdi-

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li alpinisti, xevSi daabrunes mwvervalebidan saTvalTvalod da iq CrdiloeTis sazRvarze topografiuli gadaRebebis gasakeTeblad... Tavis biografiul CanawerebSi levan sujaSvili myinvarze, `gandegi-lis~ beTlemis monastris aRmoCena gansakuTrebulad gamohyofs... am TemasTan dakavSirebiT calke dRiuri uwarmoebia. `mTeli cxovrebis manZilze SeZruli iyoo am TemiT~ _ gviTxra misma vaJma geno sujaS-vilma... samecniero literaturaSi Tu enciklopediaSi beTlemis mon-astris aRmoCenas da Seswavlas 1948 wels ukavSireben _ mTamsvlel-Ta eqspedicias aleqsandra jafariZis xelmZRvanelobiT. ratomRac dRemde arsad ar aris miTiTebuli beTlemis beris senakis pirvelad aRmoCenis TariRi _ 1947 weli, im pirovnebis Rvawlic, romelmac pirvelma axlos ixila adgili, sadac: `frialosaebr CamoTlili aqvs / im wmindanT sadgurs yinulis zRude / da zed karia gamokveTili, / viT kldis napralzed arwivis bude. / zRudis Ziramde rkinis ram jaWvi / zeda hkidia Turme im karsa, / da Tu ar jaWviT, sxvafriT vera gziT / ver Za-luZs asvla verara kacsa~... / (i. WavWavaZe, `gandegili~).

levan sujaSvilis dRiuridan: `1947 wlis noembris Tvis pirvel ricxvebSi mwverval myinvarwvers samxreT aRmosavleTiT mdebare kldovan koRurebs zemoT, sal kldeSi garkveulad SevamCnie rkinis karebi da karebidanve daSvebuli rkinis jaWvi. yvelaferi TvaliT da-vinaxe, magram mainc gavxseni Cemi sanadiro durbindi da davuwye yure-ba. durbindiT ufro axlos moCanda da lamazad davaTvaliere mTliani wina xedi. maSinve gamaxsenda ilia WavWavaZis poema `gandegili~. ai, swored is jaWvia, romelzec `gandegilis~ avtori mogviTxrobs. dana-xvidan 15 wuTSi gadavwyvite, rogorc iqneboda avsuliyavi da ufro axlos dameTvalierebina, rom Camometana zusti cnobebi, Tu ra iyo im gamoqvabulSi... kargad vicodi, rom Cems Tavs did safrTxeSi vagdebdi imis gamo, rom maSin ar mqonda alpinisturi mowyobiloba, arc Toki, arc kldis paloebi, karabinebi da sxva. arc myavda vinme amxanagi, rom daxmareba gaewia CemTvis asvlis dros. asasvleli Zalian cudi iyo da didi siZnelis mosCanda. mainc gavbede. gavixade fexsacmeli da win-debiT daviwye pirdapiri mimarTulebiT asvla. gaviare yinulovani da kldovani koRurebi. ramdenime adgils momixda didi siZnelis kldeze acoceba da sul erT saaTSi mivaRwie im adgils, saidanac gamoqvabuls ufro kargad vxedavdi. isic davinaxe, rom asasvlelad kldis siZne-lis kategoriac ufro meti iyo, vidre megona. gza gavagrZele da ufro meti sifrTxiliT da daWimulobiT daviwye moqmedeba. ai, ukve mivaRwie im adgils, sadac mexisgan daSlili da dangreuli kedle-bia... aq didi alpinisturi gamocdilebaa saWiro, rom marcxi ar mo-mivides, ar daviRupo upatronod... da, ra Tqma unda, aq meti dro

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mexarjeba asvlaSi. Semdeg gadavdivar jaWvis qvemoT, 4-5 metris daSo-rebiT, ZirSi, sadac bunebrivad patara gamoqvabuliviTaa. aq SeiZle-ba 5-6 kacic gaCe rdes. mec iq davjeqi da davisvene. movwie papirosi da Sevudeqi gzas pirdapir, CamoSvebuli jaWvisaken. Cqara mivaRwie jaWvTan. Cavkide xeli da Sevamowme, amosasvlelad magrad iqneboda gamagrebuli Tu ara. jaWvi Zalian magrad iyo gamobmuli karebTan. jaWvis daxmarebiT kldeebze TiTebis bRauWobiT avedi... karebs zemoT bunebrivi klde uerTdeba, gamoqvabulSi Sesasvlelia mxolod patara sarkmliT. sxva Sesasvleli arsad ara aqvs. sarkmlidan, romelic Za-lian viwro iyo, vecade Tavis gadatana. gamiZnelda SigniT gadaxedva. rodesac SevZeli Tavi gameyo (TavSiSvelas) sarkmelSi, maSin me TviTon vuSlidi gamoqvabulSi sinaTles Sesvlas. ramdenime wuTSi TandaTan ufro kargad gavarkvie yvela sagani: gamoqvabulSi, karebis pirdapir kuTxeSi, ori cali xis svetia qvevidan zemoT aRmarTuli. svetebis ukan TeTri materiaa gabmuli, romelsac marjvniv sxva feris jvari aqvs daxatuli. or svets Soris aris magida, TeTrsafargadafarebu-li. am safarebs magidis fexebTan etyoba daxeuloba, iqidan moCans, rom magida qvisgan aris gakeTebuli... magidaze aRmarTulia raRac ConCxisebri sagani, romelsac gadafarebuli aqvs TeTrive materiis naWeri. Zalian Savad mosCans. ar vici ra aris. magidaze alagia sxva-dasxva figuris sagnebi. pirveli etyoba yvelaze mozrdilia da magi-dis marcxena mxares dgas. Semdeg ufro patara sagnebi alagia. sul 6 Tu 7. ar vici, romels ra unda davarqva. CemTvis gamourkvevelia. gamoqvabulSi marcxniv, Sua kedelzed aRmarTulia karebi. es karebi xisaa. SeiZleba kidev sxva gamoqvabulic aris da gasasvleli karebia. me ase vfiqrob, radgan marcxena mxares ufro bnela gamoqvabulSi. marjvena kedelzed, karebTan axlos qvis skamia. kargad Cans, rom ori qva aris gaTlili xelovnurad. Zirs ufro uganoa da zemoT ki ufro ganieri da didia. skamis gverdSi, kedelzed miyudebulia rqa. es rqa namdvilad jixvis rqa aris... magidis win moCans raRaca muxlis an bar-Zayis da wvivis Zvlebiseburi sagani. ar vici, kargad ver gavarkvie ra aris. is SeiZleba ConCxic iyos. mxolod namdvilad ki ver vityvi, rom is adamianis ConCxia. Zalian ki hgavs. sarkmlidan sxva araferi Cans. amis Semdeg vbrundebi ukan. isev jaWvze Camovdivar. jaWvidan daSvebis Semdeg marSruti Sevicvale. ufro Crdilo-dasavleTis mxriT daviwye Camosvla. aqedan kldidan gavdivar... Semdeg isev kldeze da mesame koRuridan ukve veSvebi Zirs, qvanaSal da kldovan ferdobze. vuxvev samxreT-aRmosavleTiT... ukve Camovedi uvneblad im adgilze, saidanac asvla daviwye... ukve yvelanair xifaTs var gadarCenili. Tavi ukve Tavi-suflad vigrZeni. aqedan ukve zogadad daviwye gamoqvabulis gadaxatva...~

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erTi wlis Semdeg beTlemis mRvimis Semswavlel pirvel eqspedi-cias, romelsac aleqsandra jafariZe xelmZRvanelobs, levan sujaS-vili mihyveba, gzas ukvlevs... sazogadoeba mxolod imis Semdeg igebs beTlemis beris senakis aRmoCenis istorias, roca ukve saTanado terminologiiT qveyndeba presaSi (aRmoCenasac piari da gaformeba sWirdeba). saqmeSi ereva samTavrobo zarebi... Jurnalistebi mzamza-reul informacias iReben (roca yvelafers gasagebad da naTlad gvi-amboben, safuZvlis safuZveli ratom unda eZion.)... gazeT `komunist-Si~ aleqsandre jafariZis, werili qveyndeba: ̀ gamoqvabuli mdebareobs mwverval yazbegis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT kldovani qedis ferdobze, daaxloebiT 4000-4100 metris simaRleze. misi garegani saxe metad sainteresoa: gamoqvabulis kari gamoketilia TiTqmis 400 metris si-maRlis Sveul kldeze... eqspediciis wevrebs gandegilis senaki war-moudgaT Semdegi saxiT: xeliT damuSavebuli mRvime, momrgva lebuli formis. karis zemoT moTavsebuli iyo sarkmeli, saidanac senakSi dRis sinaTle Sedioda... marcxena boZis ZirSi, Signidan damagre-buli iyo erTmetriani jaWvi, romliTac albaT Signidan iketeboda kari... nivTebi, romelic am senakSi daxvdaT, gaxldaT Weduri xati daaxloebiT mecamete saukunisa, samfexa brinjaos Sandali. 10 cali Zveleburi vercxlis fuli da sxva sagnebi, saeklesio-sakulto mniS-vnelobis karebTan erTad, kandelia stefanwmindis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi. 1957 wlis seqtemberSi, beTlemis senakis aRmoCenidan 10 wlisTavze, ilia WavWavaZis saiubileod, myinvarwverze qarTveli mw-erlebis eqspedicia moewyo. maTac gamyolad moxeve levan sujaSvili axldaT, visi gvaris da saxelis inicials CamoTvlilTa siaSi, sul bo-loSi vkiTxulobT... 1978-1980 wlebSi beTlemis midamoebTan Tbili-sis universitetis axalgazrdebi adian. sinamdvile miTze aranakleb saintereso gamodga. gaTanamedrovda legenda. uamravi versiis miuxe-davad, dRemde daudgenelia, sad iwyeba miTi da sad mTavrdeba sinamd-vile.

2000 wels, saqarTvelos patriarqis kurTxeviT beTlemis monas-tris simaRleze locva ismoda... magram es ukve sxva Temaa iseve, ro-gorc meufe nikolozis miaxleba beTlemTan da meufe petre canavas mxrebiT myinvarze atanili jvari... gaognebul da rwmenaSi gamyare-bul moxeveTa muxlis modreka... sxva Temaa asketuri cxovrebis, gan-degilobis TvalSeumdgari, albaT yvelaze Znelad dasapyrobi mwver-vali da ilias poemaSi dasmuli Semdgom ratomRac ritorikad qceuli kiTxvac: «RmerTs raSi unda am yinulebSi yofna kacisa»...

nino xoferia

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ilia da qarTuli Teatri

ilia WavWavaZis, rogorc qarTuli Teatris patronisa da Wirisuflis, Rvawli kargadaa Seswavlili da Sefase-buli. mis damokidebulebas qarTuli Teatris mimarT Cveni gamokvleva ramdenime aspeqtiT warmoaCens:

1. ilia WavWavaZis Teatraluri moRvaweoba (reJiso-rul-aqtioruli Ziebani da ilia, rogorc deklamatori);

2. ilias Teatraluri esTetika, misi Tvalsazrisi, zogadad, Teatrisa da, kerZod, msaxiobis xelovnebis Sesaxeb;

3. ilia _ Teatraluri kritikosi.Cveni mizania erTian sistemaSi iqnes gaazrebuli, dan-

axuli, Sefasebuli da dafasebuli ilia WavWavaZis Teat-raluri moRvaweoba, gamoikveTos is umTavresi, romelic, misi azriT, Teatraluri xelovnebis upirvelesi misiaa _ zneobis, eTikis, keTilSobilebis, umaRlesi adamianuri idealebis msaxureba, mamulisa da moyvasis siyvaruli, qarTuli enis siwmindis dacva! mTlianobaSi warmovad-genT ilias samsaxiobo Tu reJisorul Ziebebs, mis Teat-ralur mrwamssa da esTetikas. es ki xels Seuwyobs ilia WavWavaZis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis mTliani procesis aR qmas, misi pirovnebis mravalmxrivobisa da mravalsaxe-obis warmoCenas.

SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom ilia iyo ganuxorciele-beli reJisori da msaxiobi, mas sisxlSi hqonda gamjdari Teatris, scenis siyvaruli da es iyo biZgi imisa, rom misi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis dasawyisSi Tavad mogvevli-na reJisoris ampluaSi.

1859 wlis zafxulSi, peterburgidan Camosuli ilia dgams cocxal suraTebs uiliam Seqspiris `mefe liridan~, lirs TviTon TamaSobs. saRamom didi warmatebiT Caiara.

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p. umikaSvilis gadmocemiT, cocxal suraTebs Tbilisis sazogadoeba interesiT miawyda da didad kmayofilic darCa (maxaraZe 1989: 141); (maxaraZe 1939: 21); (WeliZe 1963: 58). am warmodgenis Sesaxeb ufro vrcel cnobas gvawvdis ioseb griSaSvili:

`1859 wels, 22 wlis Wabuki ilia, avadmyofobis gamo droebiT Tavs anebebs swavlas, peterburgidan miemgza-vreba Tbiliss da ramdenime Tves Tavis samSobloSi at-arebs... mas Tan Camohyva surneli zangi msaxiobis, olir-jis, gastrolebisa, romlis mefe lirzedac 1858 wels mTeli peterburgi laparakobda. biografebis cnobiT, im xanebSi Tbilisis yofili pirveli gimnaziis darbaz-Si, sadac erT dros giorgi erisTavma pirveli qarTuli warmodgena gamarTa, ilias daudgams cocxali suraTebi Seqspiris `mefe liridan~. am cocxal suraTebSi monaw-ileoba miuRia Tbilisis warCinebuli ojaxis wevrebs, maT Soris aleqsandre WavWavaZis Svilebs _ sofiosa da daviTs, mefe liri Tavad ilia yofila. es iyo pirveli cocxali suraTebis dadgma saqarTveloSi~ (griSaSvili 1952: 262-263).

cocxali suraTebis warmodgena Teatraluri xe-lovnebis specifikuri sanaxaobaa, rac arsebobda revo-luciamdel TeatrSi da, romelsac Tanamedrove Teatri aRar mimarTavs. es iyo sanaxaoba, romelic plastikurad gamoxatavda adamianTa cxovrebis erT romelime moments. cocxali suraTi utyvi, uZravi da xanmokle iyo (ufro vrclad ix. uruSaZe 1967: 49-50).

ioseb griSaSvilis zemoT moyvanili cnoba imis Ses-axeb, rom ilias ukavSirdeba cocxali suraTebis pirveli dadgma saqarTveloSi, sinamdviles ar Seesabameba. CvenSi cocxali suraTis gamarTvis Sesaxeb pirveli cnoba ekuT-vnis m. TumaniSvils: `am saRamos WeSmariti sitkboeba gan-vicade aqauri Teatris scenaze cocxali suraTebis nax-viT, romlebic dasdga xelovnebis gamoCenilma mcodnem

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Tavadma gagarinma~ (xelTubneli 1937: 116). es Canaweri daTariRebulia 1849 wlis 20 martiT da aTi wliT us-wrebs griSaSviliseul cnobas, Tumca ilia WavWavaZe, gagarinis Semdeg, cocxali suraTebis erT-erTi pirveli damdgmeli reJisoria qarTul TeatrSi. igi am tipis xe-lovnebis saTaveebTan dgas da, faqtobrivad, amzadebs qa-rTul scenas SemdgomSi ase cnobili cocxal suraTebad warmodgenili `vefxistyaosnisaTvis~.

sruliad gamorCeuli Rvawli miuZRvis mas qarTul TeatrSi `mefe liris~ dadgmis saqmeSi. 1879 wlidan, qar-Tuli profesiuli Teatris aRdgenis pirveli dRidanve, ilia iwyebs fiqrs `mefe liris~ scenur xorcSesxmaze. am piesis pirveli scenuri versiis Seqmnis saqmeSi man Car-To m. gurieli, m. bebuTaSvili, d. yifiani, iv. maCabeli, akaki da sxvebi. `ilia uSualod xelmZRvanelobda `lir-is~ scenaze ganxorcielebis process, masTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze wydeboda nebismieri umniSvnelo detalic ki~ (CxartiSvili 2007: 24). `mudmivi scenis~ 4-wliani is-toriis ganmavlobaSi ukve ganxorcilebulia Seqspiris `venecieli vaWari~ da `hamleti~. erovnuli interesebi-saTvis brZolis saSualebaTa rkalSi Seqspiri Tavidanve moeqca. am mxriv kidev erTi win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo 1883 wels `mefe liris~ scenaze gacocxleba.

Targmanis dasrulebis Semdeg, jer kidev `mudmivi scenis~ daarsebamde, `mefe liris~ dadgmis survili ga-moTqves mamia gurielma, daviT erisTavma da nino orbe-lianma, magram maTs Canafiqrs win aRudga ilia WavWavaZe, radgan igi fiqrobda, rom aseTi rTuli nawarmoebis ganxorcielebas gansakuTrebuli momzadeba sWirdeboda. amasTanave, `mefe liri~ unda gamxdariyo aRdgenili qa-rTuli Teatris perspeqtivis ganmsazRvreli. `lirs~ maqsimalurad unda gamoekveTa axalbeda qarTvel msa-xiobTa SemoqmedebiTi potencia.

kote yifianis cnobiT, ilias moundomebia liris did

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scenaze dadgma ise, rom rolebi unda SeesrulebinaT mxo-lod mwerlebs: Tavad ilias, ivane maCabels, mamia guri-els, nino orbelians, daviT erisTavs, dimitri yifiansa da sxvebs, magram warmodgena mweralTa monawileobiT ar Semdgara (griSaSvili 1952: 271).

cnobilia, rom liris rolis ganxorcieleba il-iam dimitri yifians SesTavaza, magram yifianma Tavad moiTxova liris rolis Targmna. igi 1879 wlis oqtomber-Si qviSxeTidan i. WavWavaZes werils swers: `Sroma gagiw-eviaT didi, niWi gamogiCndaT SesaniSnavi, erTi Secdomaa, mxolod erTi: kilo _ Seqspiris TxzulebebSi, romlebic karga Zvelia, leqsic bevri ipoveba daZvelebuli, rasac didi xania aRar xmaroben, magram kilo aris sasaubro. Tqven ufro samwignobro kilos gahyolixarT. mSveniere-ba aris Tqveni Targmani, _ es yovlad ueWvelia, _ magram am kilozed arsad ulaparakiaT, arsad laparakoben... Tu maincdamainc gnebavT, liri me warmovadgino, _ neba momeciT, es roli me vTargmno Cemeburad~ (arqivi 1951: VIII-XIV). dimitri yifianis aseTi survili araa SemTxvevi-Ti, radgan Seqspiris piesis pirveli qarTuli Targmani swored mas ekuTvnis: 1841 wels frangulidan Targmna `romeo da julieta~.

dimitri yifianis aseTi SemoTavazeba iliam ar mi-iRo. amis Semdeg liris rolis pirveli Semsruleblis SerCevis mizniT gamoacxada konkursi, romelic ilias saxlSi Catarda. Jiuris SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: ilia WavWavaZe, rafiel erisTavi, ivane maCabeli, mixeil bebu-TaSvili, al. halbi (Tbilisis rusuli Teatris xelmZR-vanelis mama). konkursantebs `mefe liris~ III moqmedebis me-3 suraTi _ wyevlis scena _ mxatvrulad unda waekiTx-aT. ilias TanadgomiTa da surviliT, liris rolis Sems-ruleblad dimitri yifianis vaJi, kote, SearCies. Tavad kote yifiani ki liris rolze daniSvnis istorias ase igonebs: `iliam 1879 wlis giorgobisTveSi damibara Tavis

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saxlSi da miTxra, rom Sen unda ikisro mefe liris ro-lis Seswavlao. Sen Segnebuli kaci xar da moamzade roli ise, rogorc gesmis, nura kritikosis Txzulebas, nura recenzias lirzed nu waikiTxav, Torem agereva gza da kvali, TviTon SeniT unda Seqmna liris xasiaTi da merw-mune, ukeTesad gamogiva~ (yifiani 1964: 27). dimitri yifi-ans ki SvilisTvis aseTi rCeva miucia: `aiRe wignebi, gars Semoiwyve da, rac sadme weria rolis xasiaTze, sxvadasxva artistebis Sexedulebaze yoveli recenzia da kritika gadaikiTxe, rom Sen TviTon SegeZlos Seqmna liris xasi-aTi~ (yifiani 1909: 7).

maSindel TeatrSi speqtaklis dadgmas maqsimum or kviras andomebdnen, `liris~ premiera ki konkursis Sede-gis gamocxadebidan oTxi wlis Semdeg gaimarTa. qarTve-li inteligencia didi interesiT eloda `mefe lirs~ scenaze, miT ufro, rom premiera asi repeticiis Semdeg Sedga (zogierTi cnobiT, 60 repeticiis Semdeg). speqtak-li Cavarda, mwvave iyo kritikac. `mainc ra faqtoreb-ma ganapiroba `mefe liris~ marcxi scenaze? vfiqrobT, masSi Tavi iCina yvela im problemam, rac im periodis qarTul Teatrs hqonda. komediuri planis msaxiobebma ver dasZlies SemoqmedebiTi amocanebi, maT ver SesZles SeeqmnaT tragikuli da dramatuli saxeebi. Seqspiris dramebisaTvis saWiro iyo didi temperamentis da diapa-zonis mqone tragikosi msaxiobebi, romelTa naklebobas qarTuli Teatri im periodSi Zlier ganicdida~ (CxartiS-vili 2007:). garda amisa, msaxiobebma ver daZlies gmirTa xasiaTebi da teqsti ver gaiTavises, speqtaklis warmate-bas xels uSlida reJisor m. bebuTaSvilis `reJisoruli partitura~, romelic, ZiriTadad, piesis araswor mon-taJSi gamovlinda (igi inaxeba Teatris, musikisa da kinos saxelmwifo muzeumSi), sareJisoro ekzempliarSi aRniS-nulia mTeli rigi gamotovebuli mniSvnelovani adgile-bi, romlebmac dramaturgiuli logika daarRvies (ufro

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vrclad ix.: CxartiSvili 2007; gugunava 1964; daviTaia 1975); Tumca ilias mizani, qarTuli Teatris scenaze exila `namdvili Seqspiri~, gvian, magram mainc asrulda. `pirvelma Seqspirulma cdebma axali SemoqmedebiTi sivr-ceebi gaxsnes Teatris winaSe, axali amocanebi dausaxes mas~ (uruSaZe 1986: 57). amis saTaveebTanac ilia WavWavaZe idga.

² ² ²

ilia iyo ganuxorcielebeli msaxiobi. ori sabuTi ar-sebobs saCveneblad imisa, rom i. WavWavaZes hqonda dauo-kebeli wyurvili scenaze TamaSisa, pirveli: cocxal su-raTebad warmodgenil ̀ mefe lirSi~ igi Tavad ganasaxiereb-da lirs da meore, gr. yifSiZis TqmiT, mas Semdeg, roca moewyo `mefe liris~ sajarod kiTxva, 1874 wels, ilias imave wlebSi scenaze uTamaSia am piesaSi da Seusrule-bia kentis roli (griSaSvili 1952: 269). sainteresoa isic, rom iv. maCabelTan erTad dawyebuli `mefe liris~ Targmnis periodSi, maSin, roca cocxal suraTebad ukve warmodgenili da naTamaSebi hqonda liri, siciliT aRu-Tqva vanos: Sens Targmnil lirs pirvelad me viTamaSebo (WeliZe 1963: 58).

calke unda aRiniSnos ilia WavWavaZis, rogorc mki-Txvelis, mxatvruli kiTxvis ostatis moRvaweoba. misi Se-moqmedebac am mxrivac saetapo mniSvnelobisaa. 1870 wlis dekembrSi giorgi wereTels Tavis binaze literaturuli saRamo gaumarTavs. swored am saRamoze waukiTxavs ilias Tavisi `kacia_adamiani?!~. mogvianebiT amis Sesaxeb eka-terine gabaSvili igonebda: `me ki, isedac eqstazamdin misuli misi Tayvanismcemeli, fanatikos Tayvanismcemel monad gadamaqcia~ (ganaTleba 1908:).

1871 wels vaxtang TulaSvils ganuzraxavs salitera-turo saRamos mowyoba da ilia WavWavaZisaTvis uTxovia, monawileoba miiReo. amasTan dakavSirebiT ilia weriliT

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mimarTavs daviT erisTavs da sTxovs: `dawvrilebiT mom-were: 1. vin arian mkiTxvelebi; 2. Senc urevixar Tu ara; 3. Sinauruli mowyobileba iqneba im saRamos Tu sagareo~ (WavWavaZe 1955: 137). profesori naTela uruSaZe werilSi `mxatvruli kiTxva _ eris sulis gadarCenis erT-erTi saSualeba~ aseT Sefasebas aZlevs ilias am moTxovnebs: `davakvirdeT, ra surs icodes iliam manam, sanam lite-raturul saRamoSi monawileobas dasTanxmdebodes: vin arian mkiTxvelebi, anu rogori iqneba mosalodneli sa-Ramos mTliani suraTi da, aqdan gamomdinare, isurvebs da SeZlebs Tu ara, rom Seeqsovos mas, rogorc nawili. isic surs icodes, Sinauruli mowyobiloba eqneba am sa-Ramos Tu sagreo, anu darbazis moculoba da audito-riis simravle. orive es moTxovna profesionali mkiTxve-lis moTxovnaa, radgan repertuari sxva monawileTa da msmeneli auditoriis TaviseburebiT gaiazreba~.

1873 wlis 19 dekembers ilia peterburgidan meuRles swers: `amas winaT giorgi ServaSiZe movida da mTxova, Seqspiris tragedia karoli liri, romelic qarTulad inglisuridan gadavTargmneT, wagvikiTxeo. wavedi wasa-kiTxad. karga bloma xalxi iyo da Zalian moiwones. ase ifiqre, qalebma itires da kacebi ki sul aferums iZaxd-nen. qalaqSi rom Camoval, gvinda warmovadginoT scenaze. mSvenieri ram iqneba... roca mSvidobiT moval, movitan da kardanaxSi wagikiTxavT da, Tu ar gatiroT, cudi kaci viyo~. marTlac, ruseTidan CamosvlisTanave ilia awyobs `mefe liris~ sajarod kiTxvas. gazeTi `droeba~ werda: `Cven daveswariT `mefe liris~ kiTxvas da marTali unda vTqvaT, Targmani swored samagaliToa~ (droeba 1874). ilias gansakuTrebiT uyvarda Turme `mefe liris~ ori epizodis wakiTxva: martod darCenili liris monologisa (`izuzune da iqrole~) da kordelias sityva mamisadmi.

1874 wlis 18 aprils mas quTaisSic waukiTxavs `mefe liris~ nawyvetebi (droeba 1874). `ilias dinji xma hqonda

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da marjvena xelis malimal maRla aweva uyvarda Turme, roca saliteraturo saRamoebze gamodioda, qarTvelebi jer kidev ar iyvnen SeCveulni sajarod kiTxvas. ilia kiTxvis kulturas xels uwyobda Tavisi moxdenili deklamaciiT da qarTul kazmul mwerlobas popular-izacias uqmnida (griSaSvili 1952: 273).

ilias gansakuTrebiT uyvarda n. baraTaSvilisa da grigol orbelianis leqsebis kiTxva. ioseb griSaSvili wers: `me minda erT wuTs Tavli davxuWo da warmovidgi-no Tbilisis sazafxulo Teatris scena 1875 wels.… ai, gamodis ilia WavWavaZe, „is liberali, burTiviT mrgva-li“ _ rogorc daaxasiaTa grigol orbelianma. parterSi taSis tkrciali gaismis. mere siCume Camovardeba… ilia erT wuTs Cafiqrdeba da daiwyebs grigol orbelianis leqsis „onikovis dardebis“ kiTxvas:

„es ra cecxlSi Cavardnilvar, sada var?guli mewvis sasikvdilod mzada var,ZaRlsaviTa vgdivar a im quCaSi,vyaraulob erTis vismes karebsa…vinc gaivlis, mkiTxavs aq ras akeTeb?Sen ras naRvlob, me ras giSli, ra ginda?miTili xar, Torem ara mkiTxavdi,modi am virs eSxze elaparake“.

am leqsis nawyveti imitom moviyvaneT, rom gvegrZ-no ilia scenaze, warmogvedgina misi saxis metyveleba, misi dinji xma da marjvena xelis malimal aweva, rac ase uyvarda Turme poets.… ilias damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba yofila sityvis kafietad gamoTqma da saxis nakvTTa aTa-maSeba (mimika). misi deklamacia iyo bunebrivi da STambe-Wdavi“ (iqve: 271).

artur laistis gadmocemiT, ilia rom laparakobda, cecxli da gataceba TandaTan emateboda.

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i. mansvetaSvilis TqmiT, ilia kargi mkiTxveli iyo, Tumca xma cota moyruo hqondao. `ilias didi xma ar hqonda, arc Zalian mJReri, magram mkafio, mkveTri da naTlad gasagoni. ar icoda kiloSekidebiT laparaki, xmis akankaleba, arc xelebis waramara savsavi. masSi iyo ar-tistuloba da ara Teatraloba~ _ daaskvnis i. elefTe-riZe (iqve: 277).

roca iliam `glaxis naambobi~ waukiTxa `droebis~ redaqciis TanamSromlebs, imdenad didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia, rom kote mesxi igonebs: `aseTi tkbili, Zli-eri, mkafio qarTuli kiTxva an sityva jer ar msmenoda~ (iqve: 272).

rogorc Cans, ilia ar iyo mxolod kargi mkiTxveli. mas SeeZlo xasiaTebis gadmocema da moqmedebaSi waki-Txva. es, TavisTavad, samsaxiobo unars gulisxmobs. am mxriv uaRresad yuradsaRebia ekaterine gabaSvilis cno-ba: `roca iliam 1876 wlis 29 ianvars iarmukSi waikiTxa `kacia-adamianis?!~ epizodi, romelSic luarsabi da dare-jani Svilis yolaze ocneboben da, roca iliam moTxrobis gaTavebisas `Cupri-Cupar, pupri-Cupar~ dasZaxa da taSis SemokvriT gavida scenidan _ yvelas aRtacebis cremle-biT Tvalebi dagvenamao~ (griSaSvili 1961: 45).

1889 wlis 25 marts wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis sasargeblod gamarTul literaturul saRamoze ilias waukiTxavs giorgis sikvdilis scena `oTaraanT qvrividan~. iakob gogebaSvili `iveriaSi~ (i. somnaZis fsevdonimiT) werda: `saqme i. WavWavaZeze midga. igi gamovida dinjad, gaSala kaTedraze rveuli da dai-wyo kiTxva. iseTi siCume Camovarda, rom darbazSi buzis gafrenas gaigonebda kaci... xma aqvs musikaluri, kilo Sesaferisi, logikuri xmis awev-daweva rigze mihyavs, ga-mometyveleba da moZraoba pirisaxisa Seesabameba wakiTx-vis Sinaarssa da, sazogadod, misi xma mkafiod hxatavs yovel azrsa da grZnobas~ (iveria 1889).

45

al. yifSiZis mogonebiT, `iliam bevri ilaparaka, ma-gram dasvenebiT, mokled da mkafiod. an vin gadaurCeba daumonavebel mis gonier laparaks, axdil Subls da mSve-nier, wylian Tvalebs?!~ (mrevliSvili 2006: 16).

calke unda aRiniSnos ilia, rogorc `vefxistyaos-nis~ mkiTxveli. `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis damdgen komi-siaSi rusTavelis poema mTlianad waukiTxavT 1881 wlis Tebervlidan TiTqmis erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. Tavmjdo-mareobda grigol orbeliani. savse darbazis Tandaswre-biT, sinaTlis SuqiT ganaTebuli rusTavelis portretis qveS (mxatvar mirianaSvilis mier Sesrulebuli) 13 Teber-vals ilias waukiTxavs `ambavi rostevan arabTa mefisa~. aRtacebuli iona meunargia werda: `ilia WavWavaZe, ro-melic am saRamos kiTxulobda `vefxistyaosans~, sazoga-dod, kargi mkiTxvelia. imas mSvenieri xma aqvs, mSvenieri gamoTqma, Cinebuli kilo, mis kiTxvaSi namdvili qarTuli simebis JRera ismis, magram TviTon kiTxvaSi ki imas xe-lovneba aklia. raRac gamouTqmel siamovnebas vpoveb me WavWavaZis kiTxvaSi, rodesac is Tavisi xmis sasiamovno tembriT SemosZaxebs:

`magas nu brZaneb, mefeo, jer vardi ar dagWknobia~

raRac didebuli, raRac grZnobisTvis sasiamovno ram ismis am xmaSi, am eris gulidam gamosul sityvebis gameo-rebaSi. magram ra ginda, rom sul gunebiT kiloT, am gu-lis xmas misdevs batoni ilia da yvela adgilebs erTi da igive gvarad ambobs~ (droeba~ 1883).

amgvarad, ilia WavWavaZis mxatvruli kiTxvis Tavise-burebaTa gansazRvrisas misma Tanamedroveebma daasax-eles Tvisebebi, romlebic iliasTvis, rogorc saukeTeso mkiTxvelisTvis, iyo damaxasiaTebeli: xmis bunebrivi sa-siamovno tembri, swori intonacia, musikaloba, Zlieri emocia, mkafio metyveleba, zomieri Jestikulacia, az-

46

ris win wamoweva _ aseTi monacemebi sasurvelia dResac, roca mxatvruli kiTxvis xelovneba ukve saerTo kriziss ganicdis. ilia WavWavaZe emijneba im periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebel wamRerebiT, RiRiniT, paTosiT kiTxvas da azrisa da emociis nazavs gvTavazobs. sainteresoa misi erTi replikac, peterburgidan `liris~ Targmanis Sesaxeb Tavis meuRles rom swers da SeniSnavs: `magas kai wakiTxva unda _ roca moval, me TviTon wavikiTxav da naxav, rogori Targmania~. am frazaSi aris gansazRvru-li umTavresi ram _ swori intonacia ~kai wakiTxva~, anu is, rac wasakiTxis mxatvrul Taviseburebasac gagrZno-binebs, azrisa da logikis Zalasac warmoaCens da avto-ris Rirsebasac daganaxvebs. unda vivaraudoT, rom ilia swored karg mkiTxvelTa saTaveebTan dgas da mxatvruli kiTxvis cocxal magaliTad gvevlineba.

² ² ²

Seufasebelia ilia WavWavaZis, rogorc qarTuli Teatris mesveurisa da patronis, Rvawli. Tu giorgi er-isTavma aRadgina Zveli qarTuli Teatris Zirebi, iliam ganaaxla da aayvava am fesvebis rtoTa laSqari _ werda ioseb griSaSvili (griSaSvili 1952: 262). roca ilia qa-rTul Teatrs saTaveSi Caudgeba, Tavis garSemo Semoi-krebs maSinde Teatralebs: g. TumaniSvils, d. erisTavs, n. avaliSvils da Camoayalibebs mudmiv dass _ qarTvel msaxiobTa koleqtivs. sruliad dauRalavi da uangaro iyo misi Sroma, brZola qarTuli Teatris fexze wamosa-yeneblad. man sajaro krebis mowveva ganizraxa da Ta-visi xelmoweriT baraTebi daugzavna im pirebs, romelTa mxardaWerac sWirdeboda, raTa Seqmniliyo qarTuli Teatri (Tumca yvelam rodi dauWira mxari, Tundac grigol orbelianma, romelmac maSin zedmetad moumza-deblad miiCnia qarTuli Teatris aRorZinebis iliaseuli mcdeloba-mondomeba (baxtrioni 1922). ilia Tavis weri-

47

lebSi arwmunebda sazogadoebas, rom misi mxardaWeriT Teatri Tavs Seinaxavda, rom `weliwadSi samasi Tumani sul fexze daayenebs Cvens Teatrs im mxriv mainc, rom dasi eyoleba~ (dawvrilebiT ix. SalutaSvili 1969: 13).

niSandoblivia 1881 wliT daTariRebuli ilias weri-li i. oqromWedliSvilisadmi: `xom ici, Teatri ra didi ram aris CvenisTana dacemuli xalxisaTvis. magis meti na-cionalobis niSanwyali jerjerobiT Cven ara gvaqvs-ra! eg adgilia, sadac Cveni ena sajarod ismis da sajarod moqmedebs~.

ilia TavgamodebiT icavda mudmivi dasis Seqmnis ideas da aRasrula kidec 1881 wels, radgan misTvis qarTuli Teatri erovnuli TviTSegnebis erT-erTi taZari iyo (igi dramatuli sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare gaxda, Tavmjdo-maris amxanagi _ akaki wereTeli, xazinadari _ m. Tuman-iSvili, mdivani _ k. yifiani). gamgeobam, marTlac, muxl-Cauxrelad ibrZola 1879 wels Seqmnili qarTuli mudmivi dasisTvis saWiro pirobebis Sesaqmnelad. amis dasturia Tundac is, erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo wvrilmani, rom ilia bileTebsac ki avrcelebda: ̀ aqeT veci, iqiT veci da, rogorc iyo, ZaliT Tu nebiT abonenti davurige... usax-srobas mainc ar eSvela... codvaa, momakvdinebeli cod-vaa, rom uRonobiT da uilajobiT Cveni Teatri gauqmdes (WavWavaZe 1955: 25-26).

rogori ucxoa aseTi paTosi Tanamedrove qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis, romelic or nawiladaa gayofili: erTni, mdidarni, bileTis fuls ver imeteben da, meoreni, uqonelni _ ufulobis gamo sxedan mosawvevebis molodinSi.

ilia cdilobda qarTuli Teatri erovnuli TviTSeg-nebis erT-erTi mZlavri kera gamxdariyo. garda amisa, man qarTul Teatrs Seuqmna mebrZoli xelovnebis tradicia (kiknaZe 1975: 40). rogorc SeniSnulia, zogadad, ilias Teatris erovnuli mniSvenloba ori planiT warmoudge-boda, rogorc:

48

a) erTiani qarTuli enis damkvidrebis saqme;b) zneobis ganmaspetakebeli, xalxis mwvrTneli da

gamzrdeli.igi werda: `qarTuli Teatri qarTvelTaTvis bevris

sikeTis momaswavebelia... Teatri bevrs SemTxvevaSi mar-to xelovnebis msaxuri ar aris. adgili, dro da gare-moeba mas zogjer sxva samsaxursac kisrad sdebs da am mxriT Teatri daufasebeli ram aris da Cven ar viciT sxva misebr uebari saSualeba, romelic egre gamarjve-bulad, saswrafod da pirdapir moqmedebdes adamianis ukeTesTa grZnobaTa gamofxizlebasa da moZraobazed~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 241-242)

`scena xalxis mwvrTneli, xalxis gamzrdeli unda iyos, sulisa da gulis amamaRlebeli~. ilias scena mi-aCnda skolad, romelic suraTebiT elaparakeba kacis qcevasa da gonebas., werda kidec: `scena igive Skolaa, romelic cxovelis suraTebiT elaparakeba kacis gulsa da Wkuas~ (1879 wlis Tebervlis `Sinauri mimoxilvidan~).

swored Teatria is adgili, romelic `ukeTes mxares adamianisas fexs aadgmevinebs... Tu es Zvirfasi Tviseba, rogorc xalxis wvrTna da zrda, scenas CamovacileT, igi mikitanxanad gadaiqceva da maSin sjobs warwymdes, vidre sufevdes... Cven scenas or Rvawls vTxovT: pirveli, rom marTla ganmwmendeli iyos Cvenis cxovrebisa, Cvenis Wkui-sa da gulis ganmanaTlebeli da mwvrTneli da meore _ igi unda iqnas im adgilad, sadac Cveni ena fexzed unda wamodges mTelis Tavis mSvenebiTa da simdidriT (SamelaS-vili 1986: 66).

im periodis TeatrSi scenidan ismoda aqanei-maqanei, biWi vceme, faitani damiZaxe da sxva _ wers v. kiknaZe _ amitom TeatrSi enis siwmindis dacva damokidebuli iyo dramaturgebsa da msaxiobebze. isini valdebulni iyvnen ebrZolaT erTiani saliteraturo enis SenarCunebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis, ganedevnaT rusicizmebi, quCuri, ba-

49

zarxanuli kilokavebi, xalxSi daenergaT `saamuri qar-Tuli sityvis mixra-moxra~, cocxali darbaisluri ena (kiknaZe 1975: 39). iliam dramaturgia da Teatri gadaaq-cia zneobis, eTikis, patriotizmis, mamulis uangaro siyvarulis namdvil skolad, sadac qarTveli xalxi, sazogadoeba ismenda simarTlis, sikeTis, siyvarulisa da gmirobisaTvis, samSoblos TavganwirvisTvis mowodebas (Sdr. varTagava 1958: 20).

Teatri adamianobis, patiosnebis, kacadkacobis uw-mindes taZrad miaCndaT, amitomac ilia winaaRmdegi iyo imisa, rom qarTul scenaze daedgaT `gulisa da enis gam-ryvneli~ piesebi. magaliTad, i. lazariSvilis ̀ mtarvali~ mas yalb istoriul dramad, myvirala patriotizmad mi-aCnda. ilias azriT, es piesa grZnobaTa WeSmarit gzaze dayenebas ki ar emsaxureba, aramed grZnobaTa wawymedas, gayalbebas, dabrmavebas~ (SalutaSvili 1986: 65).

ilia WavWavaZem qarTul Teatrs friad mniSvnelovani politikuri brZolis amocana daakisra. i. griSaSvilis TqmiT, scena unda gadaqceuliyo erovnuli kultur-isa da TviTmyofobis mgznebare tribunad... iliam, akak-isTan erTad, qarTul Teatrs brwyinvale SemoqmedebiTi tradiciebi Seuqmna, ganaviTara misi realisturi gza da scena xalxs dauaxlova (griSaSvili 1952: 299).

ilia WavWavaZes kargad esmoda, rom Teatris safuZve-li dramaturgiaa, amitom igi seriozulad fiqrobda sarepertuaro politikis Sesaxeb: `Teatri marTla Teat-ri unda iyos, e. i. kerZo pirTa masxrad asagdebi ki ara, aramed sazogado Wirisa da lxinis Tvalwin wamomayene-beli. amisTvis saWiroa rigiani repertuari~ (Sinauri mi-moxilva, 1881 weli) an `Cveni Teatris erTi didi nakli is aris, rom saTeatro Txzulebani ara gvaqvs, rom Cveni sakuTari, Cven mier qmnili, Cvenis cxovrebidam amoRebu-li Txzulebani ara gvaqvs~ (SalutaSvili 1986: 87). maSin-del repertuarSi didi adgili farsebsa da vodevilebs

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eWira, amitom igi moiTxovda repertuaris gadaxedvasa da daxvewas: `saWiroa sul sxva repertuari iqonios Cvenma Teatrma, sul sxva safuZveli da mimarTuleba mieces ex-landels mis moqmedebas~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 243).

aRsaniSnavia ramdenime faqtori: jer erTi, iliam gailaSqra uideo, uxamsi piesebis Targmnisa da qarTuli enis damaxinjebis winaaRmdeg da, meorec, miznad daisaxa erovnuli dramaturgiisTvis Seewyo xeli. man gazeT `droebis~ saxeliT konkursic ki gamoacxada saukeTeso qa-rTul piesaze, `iveriaSi~ gaaZliera piesebis beWdva, sul raRac 2-3 wlis ganmavlobaSi dabeWda: avqsenti cagare-lis `maTiko~, daviT erisTavis `samSoblo~, aleqsandre yazbegis `qeTevan wamebuli~, rafiel erisTavis `advoka-tebi~.

Zalian sainteresoa mako safarovas erTi cnoba: `imxa nad qarTuli piesa ise ar gaWaWandeboda, rom il-ias ar waekiTxa, ar Seesworebina, rogorc enobrivad, ise Sinaarsis mxriv~ (kiknaZe 1975: 30). maSindel repertu-arSi didi adgili farsebsa da vodevilebs eWira. ilia moiTxovda repertuaris gadaxedvasa da daxvewas, dra-maturgebisagan ki _ met seriozulobasa da profesion-alizms, socialur JReradobas, `gulis sagrZnobels~. kategoriulad uaryofda e. w. gasarTob dramaturgias da amitomac akritikebda ase mZafrad zogierT ideurad da mxatvrulad sust piesas; Tavis werilebSi msjelobda piesis specifikis Sesaxeb. igi a. cagarelis `qarTvlis dedas~ statikurobis gamo iwunebda, gaugebrad, adamia-nis bunebisaTvis ucxo movlenad miaCnda gmirebis dayofa `absoluturad dadebiT da uaryofiT~ saxeebad.

ilia Tavis werilSi `axali dramebis gamo~ saubrobs istoriul piesaze, dramis cnebis sakiTxze, Janrze da sxva. faqtobrivad, man Camoayaliba dramis Teoriis umniS-vnelovanesi sakiTxebi (Sdr. kiknaZe 1975: 35). a. Tavzara-Svilis azriT, dramis specifikur niSans ilia xedavs

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situaciebisa da moqmedi pirebis xasiaTebis `iseT ganviTa-rebaSi, rodesac isini, organuli aucileblobis gamo, Ta-visTavad da ara avtoris karnaxiT, `iSlebian da ixsnebian~ moqmedebaSi. e. i. ilias azriT, drama warmoadgens moq-medebas, romelic warmoiSva garemoebebisa da xasiaTebis urTierTzemoqmedebis procesSi, TavisTavad, bunebrivi aucileblobis gamo~ (TavzaraSvili 1970: 50-51).

`ilia cdilobs dramaturgiaSic Seitanos realiz-mis elementebi da aSkarad ilaSqrebs Seferadebuli sinamdvilis winaaRmdeg (mas arabunebrivad da gada-Warbebulad eCveneba cagarelis piesaSi `samSoblo~ da `qarTvlis deda~ qarTvelebis srulyofil arse-be bad, xolo mtrebis kaciWamiebad warmodgena). aqve erTic, piesis siuJeturi qarga advilad amosacnobi da amosakiTxi ar unda iyos. piriqiT, garkveulwilad is intrigis marcvalsac unda flobdes, rom misi amoxsna mayurebelma piesis msvlelobisas, dinamikaSi TandaTan unda SeZlos da ara ise, `msaxiobis Sublze mikrul bi-leTebiT rom gamodian _ ai, es amisTana kacia da es amisTanao~ (sadRobelaSvili 2010:).

ilias survili iyo, qarTul Teatrs eCvenebina Ta-namedrove adamianis cxovreba, yofa, av-kargi amqveyniuri arsebobisa: `samarTlianad natruloben bevrni Cvenganni, rom qarTulma scenam rac SeiZleba xSirad gagvitaros Tvalwin Cveni cxovrebis xati da am xatSi gagvixorcielos azri da sagani ase Tu ise momavali wuTisoflisa~. garda amisa, misi azriT, aucilebeli iyo imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom sazRvargareTis mwerlobis klasikur memkvidreobas qarTveli mayurebeli Teatris saSualebiTac gaecno-boda: `saWiroa Cvenma sazogadoebam, Teatris SemweobiT, ucxo qveynebis cxovrebac gaicnos, klasikur mwerlobis maRali azrebic Seityos~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 245).

`ilia Zalze iSviaTad werda specialur piesebs Teat-risaTvis, radgan erideboda am specifikur saqmianobas,

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Tumca araerTi misi nawarmoebi daidga scenaze. qarTul Teatrs Tavis yovelwliur repertuarSi Sehqonda ilias tragedia `deda da Svili~, aseve idgmeboda `glexTa gan-Tavisuflebis pirvel droebis scenebi~, anu `glaxa Wri-aSvili~. garkveul nawarmoebebs reJisorebi specialu-rad scenisTvis irCevdnen da piesis saxes aZlevdnen. mag., `glaxis naambobidan~ S. dadianma gadaakeTa piesa `batoni da yma~, S. dadianis mierve daidga `Catexili xidi~ `oTa-raanT qvrividan~. `dimitri Tavdadebuls~ sasceno saxe n. erisTavma misca. `kacia-adamianic~ araerTi piesis wyaro gaxda (`luarsab TaTqariZe~, `mkiTxavi~, `maWankali~ da a.S.)~ (sadRobelaSvili 2010:).

Tavis werilebSi ilia Seexo msaxiobis xelovnebis iseT sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa: gardasaxva, ritmi, `meore plani~, adamianis `SigniTi buneba~, msaxiobis temperamen-ti, mimika, metyvelebis kultura, grimi da a.S. ilia da-bejiTebiT moiTxovda msaxiobis xelovnebis zedmiwevniT dauflebas, gemovnebis daxvewas (mako safarovs sabenefi-sod SerCeuli piesa dauwuna `b-n safarovisas ver movu-wonebT gemovnebas~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 295), metyvelebis, plastikis srulyofas, gancdis siwrfelesa da siRrmes, `adamianis gulis Zgeris~ gadmocemas (SalutaSvili 1986: 66). msaxiobis TamaSi unda iyos `gamomsaxveli gulis moZ-raobisa~, amiT igi moiTxovda rolis gancdas, oRond ara mxolod gancdis doneze, aramed inteleqtisa da profe-sionalizmis gaTvaliswinebiT (Sdr. TavzaraSvili 1970: 53).

Teatralur xelovnebaSi v. nemiroviC-danCenkos mier damkvidrebuli terminia e. w. `meore plani~. ilia erTgan wers: ̀ kacma uTqmeli saguleblad gahxados mayureblisT-vis~ _ es aris swored zemoT xsenebuli `meore plani~. werilSi `b-ni gamyreliZe svimon leoniZis rolSi ~ il-iam gadaWra maSindeli kamaTi imis Taobaze, Tu romeli skolis _ gancdis Tu warmosaxvis _ msaxiobia WeSmariti Semoqmedi. nodar gurabaniZis azriT, amave werilSi igi

53

`iZleva realisturi aqtioruli xelovnebis mTel pro-gramas~ (WavWavaZe 1955: 33).

ilia bevrs saubrobda msaxiobis Sinagani da garegnu-li gardasaxvis Sesaxeb: `artisti didi mcodne unda iyos adamianis SigniTis bunebisa, imitom rom yovel sityvaSi marto suli da guli adamianisa metyvelebs da yovels moZraobas sulisas da gulisas Tavis kilo aqvs, Tavis hangi, Tavisi musika~, amiT, faqtobrivad, igi msaxiobisgan rolis dasrulebul analizs moiTxovda (Sdr. jiblaZe 1966: 624).

garda amisa, ilia dabejiTebiT iTxovda profesio-nalizmsa da ara mxolod niWierebas: `marto bunebiTi niWi sakmao ar aris... meti codna, gamocdileba, xelovne-ba, gonebis ganviTareba, xelmZRvaneloba unda, artists Tu ar unaxavs, wignebidan mainc unda hqondes Seswavlili sxva cxovreba, Cveuleba... TiTqos artisti marto raRac zegardamo STagonebiT yvelaferis TamaSobas SeZlebso, es, rasakvirvelia, didi Secdomaa (WavWavaZe 1991:246).

Tavis werilebSi ilia exeba, agreTve, mxatvrulobisa da tipobrivobis, koleqtiurobisa da ansamblurobis, Teatraluri kritikisa da metyvelebis sakiTxebs. igi di-dad afasebda msaxiobis `saxiT metyvelebas~, moiTxovda rolis Rrma fsiqologiur damuSavebas `Wkvianur, grZno-bier, umetnaklebo aRsrulebas rolisas~ da, rac mTavar-ia, tipis Seqmna miaCnda msaxiobis SemoqmedebiTi TviT-myofadobis, TavisTavadobis damamtkiceblad: `tipi~ yvelasa hgavs zogadad da arc erTsa calke. amitomac tipad gardaqmnili saxe gecnobaT kidec da arc gecnobaT erTsa da imave dros~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 289)

iliam kargad icoda, rom metyvelebis kulturis ga-reSe msaxiobis xelovnebas fasi daekargeboda: `artis-tisTvis diqcia, sityvebis mkafiod da srulad gamoTqma erTi umTavresi RirsebaTagania (iqve: 259). sityvisa da frazis mkafiod, gasagebad gamoTqmis garda, igi aucile-

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blad miiGnevda `sityvis siTbosa da sitkbos~. ilia ilaS-qrebda gazepirebuli metyvelebis winaaRmdeg, ar mos-wonda a. cagarelis metyvelebaSi waborZikeba, sityvebis Caylapva, arc _ v. abaSiZisa da m. safarovas sxapasxupiT laparaki. misTvis erTob mniSvnelovani iyo `qarTuli marTlsityviereba~.

scenaze gacocxlebul nawarmoebebSi mTavaria `sity-vis Tqmis kilos povna~ _ es aris intonaciis sakiTxi, ase mniSvnelovani yovel drosa da epoqaSi: `rolis codna marto sityvebis gazepireba ki ar aris, eg TuTiyuSsac SeuZlian. saqme sityvis Tqmis kilos povnaa. yovels fra-zaSi Suaguli sityva unda usaTuod ipovos artistma da yovels xanaSi Suaguli fraza~ (iqve: 350). ilia Tavgamode-buli damcvelia TeatrSi azrisa da grZnobis sinTezisa. kargad wakiTxvac misTvis iseT xelovnebas gulisxmobs, grZnoba, emocia xels rom ar uSlis azrsa da logikas _ esaa umTavresi dResac mxatvruli kiTxvis dros _ az-rovneba da fsiqologizmi: `kargad wakiTxuli sityva erTi aTad aZlierebs azrsac, grZnobasac, radgan erTsac da meo-resac metismetad amSvenierebs da amkobs, acxovelebs da aferadebs... marto Sewyobils, Seferebuls xmas adamianisas anu, uked vsTqvaT, wakiTxvas SeuZlian gauwios sityvas igi samsaxuri, rom saidumlo gamoTqmuli bgera, bgera da moZ-raoba gulisa gamometyveldes da mTqmelisagan msmenels gadaeces savsed da unaklulod~ (iqve: 482-483).

msaxiobi unda eridos uadgilo pauzebs, rasac ilia `dumils~ eZaxis. mas ainteresebda isic ki, riT aris da-kavSirebuli metyveleba musikasTan, ra rols asrulebs musika enaSi. `garkveulwilad am sakiTxs exeba werilSi `qarTuli xalxuri musika~. mas mohyavs lesingis `lao-koonidan~ sityvebi: `musika aris utyvi poezia da poezia metyveli musikaao~ (SamelaSvili 1986: 71).

deklamacia bevr sirTulesTanaa dakavSirebuli. ilia wers imis Sesaxebac, rom `adamianis sityva TavisTavad

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xSirad uRonoa sulisa da gulis moZraobis gamosaTqme-lad da, rac bunebiTad aklia sityvas, is kilom, xmam, Tqmis musikam unda SuamTavros, Seavsos~. sruliad mou-lodneli iyo CvenTvis isic, rom igi yuradRebas amaxvi-lebs sunTqvis sworad aRebis aucileblobazec ki: `grZe-lis sityvisa da frazis saTqmelad saWiroa kacma suli, e. i. haeri imodena Caibrunos, rom mTels frazas gawvdes da eyos gamosaTqmelad. uamisod, gindaT Tu ar gindaT, xma ualago alagas gawydeba da fraza waxdeba~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 298). rogorc Cans, ilias Tavad kargad hqonda Seswavli-li metyvelebis kulturasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, Torem ise warmoudgenelia aseT si Rrmeebs Caswvdomoda. sxvaTa Soris, Tavadac SeniSnavs, roca sunTqvis proble-mis Sesaxeb saubrobs: `am saganzed mTeli swavlaa da am swavlas daswavla unda~ (iqve: 298). amiT, faqtobrivad, ilia ayenebs metyvelebis kulturis swavlebis, am ti-pis skolis arsebobis aucileblobas, rac SemdegSi akaki faRa vas studiaSi da, bolos, Teatralur institutSi ma-liko mrevliSvilis ZalisxmeviT damkvidrda.

sruliad axali etapi iyo qarTuli TeatrisaTvis akakis `Tamar cbieris~ dadgma, rogorc leqsad dawer-ili piesisa, radganac msaxiobebs am sirTulisTvis unda gaerTvaT Tavi. ilia wers: `leqsebis kiTxvas scenidam sazogadod didi xelovneba da gamocdileba unda. ar-tistma leqsTa wyobisa da kiTxvis wesi unda icodes, rom leqsis Tqmis wesi da rigi TamaSobas SeurCios da Seu-wonos... mSvenivrad, mkafiod, garkveviT, riTmis dacviT~ (iqve: 339), ilias genialurma kalamma isic gansazRvra, rom am tipis piesaSi ori ram aris mTavari: `leqss feri ar ekargeboda da leqsis kiTxvac TamaSobas ar uSlida~ (iqve: 339). rogor unda esmodes adamians Teatris ena da rogor unda grZnobdes igi TamaSis specifikas, rom aseT daskvnamde mivides. ilias xom specialuri Teatraluri ganaTleba ar hqonia!

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² ² ²

ilia Tavis werilebSi didi gulistkiviliT saubrobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom aRar dadis mayurebeli TeatrSi: `nuTu Cven qarTul sazogadoebas cnobismoyvareoba sru-lad daexSo~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 236) _ svams SekiTxvas da iwyebs mizezebis Zebnas. umTavresia, zogadad, gulgri-loba Teatris mimarT, esTetikuri moTxovnilebis da-bali done. gulistkiviliT wers: `Cveni e. w. maRali sazogadoeba rogorRac hTakilobs qarTuls Teatrs da metismetad gulgrilad eqceva... Cvens Teatrs marto Raribi xalxi inaxavs, marto e. w. mdabio xalxi, romelic am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc bevrs sxvaSi, ufro gulSematki-varia, ufro mgrZnobiarea (iqve: 242). ilias ar darCenia SeumCneveli umniSvnelo wvrilmanic ki, romelsac, Sesa-Zloa, xeli SeeSala am problemis gadawyvetaSi. maT Soris, `TviTon fasebi TeatrSi SesvlisaTvis ufro Semcirebul iqnas; bolo xanebSi metad aWianureben antraqtebs; Tumca imasac aRniSnavda, rom bolo dros Zalian bevri ram sa-sikeTod Seicvala, mag., `darbazi Teatrisa ufro faqi-zad da TvalTa sasiamovnod iyureba, vidre uwin, scenis mowyobiloba da morTuloba lazaTiania, artistebi scenazed kargad da marTebulad icvamen (iqve: 241) da, miuxedavad amisa, Zlierni ama qveynisani mainc ver iclian TeatrisaTvis. qarTvelTa gulgrilobiT SeSfoTebuli ilia wers: ̀ bevri gaocebuli ikiTxeba; roca Cveni Teatri ase gamokeTda, ras unda mieweros imaTi TeatrSi aryof-nao? imaTs marTlada `arayofnas~ da sxvas arafers~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 242). es sityvebi gansakuTrebuli aqtua-WavWavaZe 1991: 242). es sityvebi gansakuTrebuli aqtua- 242). es sityvebi gansakuTrebuli aqtua-lobiT JRers dResac...

aqve yuradReba unda mivaqcioT erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, romlis Sesaxebac ilias gamZafrebuli reaqcia hqonda. saqme exeba mayureblis damokidebulebas kome-diisa da tragediisadmi: `ar viciT ra sabuTiT da ambo-ben ki: Cvens sazogadoebas sasacilo warmodgenani ufro

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izidavs, vidre naRvlianni da Camafiqrebelnio. Cven ar gvesmis amisTana laparaki~ (iqve: 311). msgavsi tendencia Zalze damaxasiaTebelia dRevandeli saqarTvelosTvis. bolo oci welia gaismis mowodeba gasarTobi da iumor-istuli tipis sanaxaobebisaken im motiviT, aqaoda ise-dac mZime socialuri fonia qveyanaSi da xalxs nuRar davumZimebT yofaso. daumTavrebeli taS-fanduraa es-tradazec da TeatrSic. uxamsi, Savi iumoriT waibilwa sasceno xelovneba, yvelaferi gaufasurda da uesTetiko garemos msxverplni aRmovCndiT. iliac SeSfoTebuli iyo im tendenciiT, romelic maSin mZlavrobda da sici-lisa da tirilis esTetikas ase gansazRvravda: `uazro, umizezo sicili lazRandarobaa da mTeli sami-oTxi saaTi, romelsac Cven TeatrSi vatarebT... mosawyenia da tvinis gamolayebaa... metismeti Wiria... bevri ram aris qveyanazed sasacilo, magram estetiuri grZnoba yvela sicils ver Seiwynarebs. sicili Tavis dReSi ar unda gardiqmnes lazRandarobad da tirili kidev _ ugemur knavilad~ (iqve: 314).

² ² ²

ilia iyo Teatraluri recenzenti da kritikosi. man mravali qarTveli msaxiobis scenuri portreti Seqmna (gabunia, safarova, abaSiZe, yifiani, gamyreliZe, svimo-niZe...) da amiT STamomavlobas Semounaxa maTi saxelebi.

`ilias Rrma rwmeniT, Teatraluri kritikosi unda iyos gulwrfeli, sindisieri, uSiSari, ganviTarebul-ganaTlebuli xelovnebis, gansakuTrebiT mecnierebis im dargis kargi mcodne, romelsac esTetikas uwodeben~ (varTagava 1958: 44). ilias azriT, recenzents unda See-Zlos speqtaklis swori Sefaseba, av-kargis danaxva da ara wregadasuli qeba an Zageba. ̀ tyuilad qebulma kacmac ise unda iwyinos, rogorc tyuilad dawunebulmaca~ _ werda poeti. igi, rogorc Teatraluri kritikosi, Cveu-

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li siRrmiTa da principulobiT ganixilavda Teatris ganviTarebis ZiriTads problemebs. mas kargad esmoda Semoqmedi adamianis mgrZnobiare bunebisa, amis gamo Se-faruli iumoriT SeniSnavda: `yvelafers SegindobT av-tori, artisti, oRond avtorobas, artistobas ki nu dau-wunebT~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 293), Tumca misi kalami saTqmels mainc Seuferadeblad da mTeli simwvaviT ambobda. Ta-vis recenziebSi sasceno xelovnebis specifikis gaTval-iswinebiT av-kargiT warmoaCina msaxiobTa Semoqmedeba. rogorc Teatris kritikoss, SeumCneveli ar rCeboda msaxiobTa wvrilmani naklic ki. mag., cagarelis TamaSiT ukmayofilo ilia gulaxdilad werda: `b-ni cagareli... rolebs kiar TamaSobs, kiTxulobs da iqac ki xSirad waiborZikebs xolme: sityvebi SeeSleba da xan sruliadac hylapavs... b-ni cagareli grZnobas ver aRviZebs, guls ver SesZravs xolme (iqve: 256-257). ilia sakmaod mwvaved ayenebda zomierebis gancdisa da dacvis aucileblobas, Jest-mimikis mozomilsa da saTqmelis Sesatyvis gamoy-enebas: `b-nma yifianma metad xSirad da uadgilo adgi-las icis xelebisa da TiTebis uTavbolo moZraoba. e. w. mimika saxsaria mxolod sityviT gamoTqmulis azris Semavsebeli... Tu mimika an sityvieris azris samatad ar aris xmarebuli, an calkesi da TviTmyofis azris gamo-saxatavad, igi mayureblisaTvis meti bargia da adamians examuSeba, siamovnebas ufrTxobs, ukargavs~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 269). aseTive TavdaWerisaken mouwodebda levan xim- 269). aseTive TavdaWerisaken mouwodebda levan xim-SiaSvilis rolis Semsrulebel svimoniZes: `metismeti grexa da pranWva ar uxdeba levan ximSiaSvilis saTamaSos. klakvna mwuxarebisagan da aqeT-iqiT Tavis xra vaJkacs ar SeSvenis~ (iqve: 518).

Tavis werilebSi igi exeba grimis sakiTxsac da SeniS-navs, rom saxis kargad gakeTeba e. i. rolis Sesaferad da Sesaferadve mokmazuloba didi ram aris TviTon TamaSo-bis sikeTisaTvis (iqve: 260), speqtaklSi partnioris Ses-

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axeb amboben, ormoci wlis maxinji qaliao da `Cven ki may-ureblebi arc ise maxinjs da arc ise xniers vxedavdiT. amisTana SeufereblobaSi, roca yuri erTs gveubneba da Tvali sxvas hxedavs, mayurebels iluzia ekargeba da, ma-Sasadame, siamovneba ufuWdeba~ (iqve: 260).

ilia ilaSqrebs siyalbis winaaRmdeg da moiTxovs scenur simarTles, met damajereblobas. mag., imave svi-moniZeze wers: `metismetad didi qSena icis scenaze, mi-Tomda grZnobaTa aforiaqebis niSnad, veraferi niSania da metismetad wamxdenia mayureblis gunebisa~ (iqve: 518). saocrad faqizi da sulis niuansebis wvdomiT mignebu-li dakvirvebebi aqvs msaxiobTa TamaSis Sesaxeb. awyure-ls mouwona naTamaSebi da ase Seaqo: `iq, sadac sityva swydeba da srul STabeWdilebas ar gixatavT, saxis moZraoba, gamometyveleba geubnebaT danarCens~ (iqve: 261). Zlieri emocia yovelTvis didi iSviaTobas warmo-adgenda, Tumca ilia zomierebis momxre iyo, radgan didi da Rrma grZnobis gamoxatvas aqvs Tavisi kriteriumi _ didi TavdaWera. sagangebo aqcentebiT aRniSnavs, rom: `gabunia-cagarelma erTgvaris xelovnebiT da niWierebiT gaatara Tavisi roli, arsad arc gadaumetebia, arc ara dauklia ra~ (iqve: 291). gamyreliZis metyvelebis kul-turiT moxibluli ki siamovnebiT mogviTxrobs; `mis laparakSi TiTqmis yoveli sityva Tavis adgilas iseTis Sesaferis kiloTi iyo Tqmuli, rogorc ekuTvnoda, auC-qarebliv, dinjad, mSvidobianad. molaparakem isTi simx-urvale da mniSvneloba aZlia sityvas, rom ara erTsa da ors mohgvara cremli~ (iqve: 557).

ilias werilebSi samduravi gaismis reJisorebis mimarTac. marTalia, am droisaTvis ar arsebobs Zlieri reJisoruli skola, zogadad, magram misi kalami mainc miswvda mas da tipaJis SerCevisas meti sifrTxilisaken mouwoda: `didi Secdomaa reJisorisagan, rom cotad Tu bevrad sadramo rols akisreben xolme imisTana artists,

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romelsac sazogadoebam Tvali SeaCvia, rogorc komiksa~ (iqve: 287).

razec unda werdes, ilias umTavresi amosavali mainc eTika, kacadkacoba da Rirsebis gamZafrebuli SegrZneba rCeba. msaxiobi mxolod kargad moTamaSe ki ara, saintereso da maRalzneobrivi pirovneba, didi moqalaqe unda iyos. iliac iseT Teatrze ocnebobs, rogorsac SeuZlia adami-anSi yvelaze adamianuris gamoRviZeba, pirovnebad srulqm-na. erTgan ase wers: `oRond adamianurma Rirsebam duRabsa-viT Sehkras Cveni scena da magars safuZvelzed daamyaros~ (iqve: 410). SesaZloa, Zalze saWiro da aucilebeli iyos romelime msaxiobi TeatrisTvis, speqtaklisa da rolisaT-vis, magram, Tu is zneobrivi da keTilSobili adamiani ar iqna, sjobs, Teatrma uari Tqvas masze: `niWieri artisti didi ram aris scenisTvis, magram, Tu sxvafriv yovlad au-tanelia, isev umisoba sjobia~ (WavWavaZe 1991: 409). aseTi Seuvali da ukompromiso iyo ilia, eris zneobis sadara-joze mdgomi, romlis yoveli erovnuli wamowyeba keTil-Sobilebis niSniT iyo daRdasmuli da aRbeWdili.

ilias, rogorc qarTuli Teatris patronisa da gul-Sematkivris Rvawls Tavis droze ikvlevdnen ip. varTaga-va, g. jiblaZe, i. griSaSvili, a. maxaraZe, a. xaxana Svili, s. xundaZe, d. gamezardaSvili, k. meZvelia, a. gaCeCi-laZe, m. duduCava, s. xuciSvili, b. nikolaiSvili, a. Tav za raSvili, n. SalutaSvili, v. kiknaZe, r. SamelaSvili, n. gu rabaniZe, l. CxartiSvili da sxvebi. Cven maTs ganzo-gadebasa da mTlianobaSi warmodgenas SevecadeT, raTa kidev erTxel migvedevnebina Tvali ilias Teatraluri moRvaweobis, misi samsaxiobo Tu reJisoruli Ziebanis, misi Teatraluri mrwamsisa da esTetikisaTvis, raTa war-mogveCina is, Tu rogor uyvardaT XIX saukunis moRvawe-ebs Teatri, romelic yovelTvis ukavSirdeboda yvelaze erovnuls, mSveniersa da amaRlebuls.

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liturgiuli cnobierebis gamovlenis zogierTi aspeqti

akakis publicistikasa da pirads werilebSi

akaki wereTeli liturgiuli cnobierebis marTl-madidebeli qristiani iyo. eklesiuri cxovrebis wesiT aRzrdili poeti bavSvobidanve jer savaneSi, ubralo glexis ojaxSi, da Semdeg sxvitorSi izrdeboda RvTis-moSiSebiT, sikeTis msaxurebis aucileblobiTa da imisi SegrZnebiT, rom qarTvelobis Zala qristianobisa da erovnulobis gauTiSvelobaSia.

qristianuli religia ar aris mxolod moZRvreba-qadageba, igi cxovreba, sicocxlis Zala da madlia _ es is gardauvalobaa, romelic aRibeWdeba pirovnebis sul-Si, Secvlis azrovnebisa da cxovrebis wess da misi gamo-vlena SesaZlebelia yovel etapze da yovel wvrilmanSi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tvali mivadevnoT poetis cxovre-ba-Semoqmedebas, raTa davrwmundeT imaSi, rom akakis pirovnuli da SemoqmedebiTi ganuyofelia, erTi mTliano-baa, rom erovnuli imTaviTve qristianuls gulisxmobs da es ukanaskneli ki misi azrovnebis ragvarobis ganmsaz-Rvrelia. akaki wereTlis cnobierebis liturgiulobis gamosavlenad amjerad gverds avuvliT mxatvrul memkvi-dreobas da publicisturi Tu piradi werilebis mixedviT gamovkveTT saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefis portrets, uaRresad rTulsa da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavses.

Cvenma winaprebma Zalian kargad icodnen, rom adamia-nis Camoyalibeba bavSvobidan iwyeba da, rogori zneobri-vi principebiTac aRzrdi, iseT momavals miiReb. aRzrdis am rTul procesSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba yovelTvis eniWeboda pirovnul magaliTs. ubraloebis, erTgulebi-sa da sikeTis cocxal gakveTilebs iRebda akaki sofel savaneSi. aki Tavadac werda: `ar SemiZlia, ar gamovtyde,

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rom, Tuki ram darCa CemSi kargi da keTili, ufro imis wyalobiT, rom me sofelSi viyavi gabarebuli da glexebis SvilebTan erTad vizrdebodi~ (wereTeli 1986: 6). garda amisa, mZlavrobda dedis faqtoric, romelic keTilSo-bilebisa da Sromismoyvareobis magaliTi iyo poetis-Tvis: `keTili saqme igive locva, vedrebaao, _ ityoda xolme _ sul sxvebze fiqrobda da sxvebisTvis, TiTqos Tavis sakuTar piradobaze xelaRebuli yofiliyos~ (iqve: 20). swored dedis SemweobiT Seiswavla momavalma poetma, rogorc TviTon igonebs, `wmida mamebisagan Sedgenili~ locvebi, erT TveSi zepirad iswavla ̀ mrwamsi~, ̀ mowyale~ anu 50-e fsalmuni, `mamao Cveno~, `wmidao RmerTo~. wera-kiTxvis swrafad Seswavlis dauokebeli wyurvili maSin gauCnda, roca misma Zmam wirvaze `samociqulo~ waikiTxa. am dRidan `erT weliwadsac ar gauvlia, rom me mRvdels vexmarebodi~, _ wers poeti (iqve: 38).

sworad warmarTulma aRzrdam, qristianuli prin-cipebis gaTavisebam Sedegad gamoiRo is, rom bavSvobi-danve `dilas, gamoviRviZebdiT Tu ara, qveSagebSive unda gveTqva es locva: `gmadlob Sen, ufalo, yovliTa gu-liTa~ da mere xel-pirs davibandiT, CavicvamdiT, wavdge-bodiT xatis win, sazepiro locvebs vityodiT da zedac daujdomels movabamdiT~ (iqve: 39).

yovelive amis Semdeg aRar unda gagvikvirdes, rom eklesiuri cxovreba akakis arsebobis ganmsazRvreli iyo, rom igi, bavSvobidan mokidebuli, Rrmad morwmune qris-tiania, mudam eswreba wirva-locvas, monawileobs saekle-sio saidumloebebSi, ismens qadagebebs... sicocxlis ukanasknel wuTebamde marxulobs da loculobs: `misi gardacvalebisas oTaxSi esvena Zveli RvTismSoblis xati da qriste geTsimaniis baRSi, xatis win _ dauwvavi erTi sanTeli da patara Sandali... mgosani sanTels am xatebis win anTebda~ (mindiaSvili 2003: 117).

akaki wereTeli Tavidanve RvTis moSiS, keTilmsaxur

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da eklesiuri madlmosilebiT aRsavse ojaxSi izrdeboda, uflis swavliTa da moZRvrebiT, amitom mis sulsa da gonSi Tavisuflad moedineboda RvTaebrivi nakadi sike-Tis, rwmenis, siyvarulis, morCilebisa da Tavmdablobisa.

wminda werili gvafrTxilebs: `mamani nu ganarisxebT SvilTa TquenTa, aramed ganzardeniT igini swavliTa da moZRvrebiTa uflisaYTa~ (efes. 6,4). amisi yvelaze saime-do aRsruleba iwyeba eklesiis wiaRSi. wm. ioane oqropiri aseT Segonebas iZleva: `gavzardoT Cveni Svilebi uflis swavliTa da moZRvrebiT, vuCvenoT maT RvTismsaxurebis magaliTi, siyrmidanve vukiTxoT wmida werili~ (oqropiri 1991: 106-107). akaki eklesiaSi mosmenil da miRebul mo-ZRvrebas Sin saqmiT aRasrulebda. amitomac iyo qristes cxovreba misTvis `gza, WeSmariteba da sicocxle~, anu is Zala da madli, adamians RmerTs rom dauaxloebs da universaliebs aziarebs.

akaki wereTlis liturgiuli cnobierebis Camoyali-bebas, upirvelesad, iman Seuwyo xeli, rom igi patarao-bidanve eklesiurad cxovrobda, ara marto monawileobas iRebda saeklesio saidumloebebSi (ziareba, aRsareba), marxulobda, loculobda, aramed iyo stiqarosani, saRv-To msaxurebis Tanamonawile da moZRvris damxmare. misi naTqvami _ `me mRvdels vexmarebodi~, mravlismTqmelia da, sxva aspeqtebTan erTad, imasac mianiSnebs, rom poetma zedmiwevniT icoda tipikoni mwuxris, ciskrisa da wir-visa, rom saRvTo liturgia misTvis ar iyo forma TviT-kmayofilebisa da Tavmowonebisa.

rwmena unaTebs adamians gonebas da ayenebs swor gza-ze. mxolod eklesiis wiaRSia SesaZlebeli sulis gada-rCena _ es kargad icis akakim da amitom wuxs, xalxma rwme na ar dakargos, qarTvelebi wirva-locvis madls ar moakldnen. quTaiselTa lotos TamaSiT gatacebis Sesa-xeb dasZens: `es TamaSi aris eSmakis manqanebiT dabude-buli maTSi, romlisa mizeziT akldebian igini wirvas da

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locvas~ (wereTeli 1960: 11).Tavis erT werilSi, romelsac `cxel-cxeli ambebi~

hqvia, poeti gulistkiviliT wers: `xalxma dakarga zneoba da qristianobisac mxolod garegani forma SegvrCa da Si-naarsi ki davkargeT~ (wereTeli 1955: 227). rodesac re-ligiuri cxovreba eris upirvelesi sazrunavi aRar aris, zneobac moiryeva da gadagvarebis senic fiTriviT moedeba yovelives. swored amitom wuxs akaki: ̀ dRes sarwmunoebaze TandaTan gulgrildeba qarTveli xalxi. amas, rasakvir-velia, mizezi aqvs... wreul kaxeTis erT sofelSi, ax-metaSi, aRdgoma, kviris magivrad, samSabaTs gauTenebiaT~ (wereTeli 1962: 318). `diax, yvelaferma icvala feri da dahkarga uwindeburi xasiaTi!.. srulma uzrdelobam iCina Tavi: aRarc Zveleburi ufros-umcrosoba, aRarc did-pa-taroba da aRarc sqesoba... aqaoda Tanasworoba Semovidao da aRarc mRvdeli ician da aRarc _ eri~ (iqve: 307).

sxva mraval faqtorTan erTad, romlebmac xeli Seu-wyo sarwmunoebrivi gulgrilobis aRzevebas, erT-erTi gadamwyveti rusifikatoruli politika iyo. qarTul taZ-rebSi wirva-locva mSobliur enaze aRar aResruleboda, `qarTvelebi taZarSi aRar dadian da visTvis aris saWiro qarTuli wirva-locvao _ aseTi iyo taZris winamZRvris pasuxi. alaverdis taZarSi ki... vaWrobaa gaxurebuli, ta-Zars saxuravi gafuWebia da wvima Camodis~ (iqve: 305-306). sxvaTa Soris, qarTuli saeklesio tradiciis daviwyebaze `Cems TavgadasavalSic~ aris miTiTebuli: `rusul wesze aSenda Cveni saydrebi... qalebi da kacebi areulad Se-dian saydarSi. naxevrad titveli qalebi Tvals itaceben kacebisas da mlocvelebsac zeciuri sasoeba qveyniur imedebze gadaaqvT, sisxli uRelavT da gulisTqma ebil-webaT~ (wereTeli 1986: 31).

adamianis upirvelesi mizani WeSmaritebis Secnobaa. Tavisuflebas igi am gziT moipovebs: ̀ da scaniT WeSmariti da WeSmaritebam gangaTavisuflnes Tqven~ (in. 8,32), Tavi-

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sufleba srulyofilebisaken swrafvaa. amitom sWirdeba qarTvel ers mtkice rwmena da eklesiuri cxovreba. Tu qarTveloba qristes gzaze Seuorguleblad dadgeba, Tu egoizmi da gurlgriloba ar daZlevs, maSin bevr rames uSveleba. akaki wereTlis imedi aseT saxes iRebs: Zlieri eklesia eris Zlierebaa: `Cveni eklesiac isev Zveleburad amaRldeba, imedia, da xalxic aRar dahkargavs sarwmu-noebas, rom RmerTic adidos da mfarvelic moixsenios~ (wereTeli 1962: 320).

qristianuli sarwmunoeba ayalibebda qarTvelis fsiq-ikas, qmnida qarTul kulturas, mas efuZneboda cxovrebis wesi da es yvelaferi axlobeli iyo qarTveli adamianisa-Tvis ise, rom yvelafers gaswiravda, yvelafers miitanda samsxverplod uflis sakurTxevelze. ase iyo XIX s.-Sic. es istoriuli tradicia isev Cqefda qarTvelTa ZarRvebSi da eris saukeTeso Svilebic yovelTvis Segvaxsenebdnen rwmenis simtkicis aucileblobas. akaki sagangebod SeniS-navs: `saRmrTo moTxrobidan viciT, rom saqarTvelo RvTismSoblis wilxvedria... andria mociqulma Semoitana `sityva qristesi~ pirveli saukunis dasawyisSi Cvens saqa-rTveloSi, magram misma moZRvrebam fesvi ver gaidga, sanam IV s.-Si ar gamouCnda saqarTvelos wmida nino ganmanaTle-beli _ maSin ki am Rirsma qalwulma, nana dedoflis Semwe-obiT, mohfina WeSmariteba kerpTa mxares... mamulisa da qristianobis gulisTvis Tavganwirva TiTqmis aucilebeli kanoni iyo qarTvelebisTvis~ (wereTeli 1961: 308). sxvaTa Soris, am motivs ase ganavrcobs poema `omSi~:

`xorcs SevswiravT rjulisaTvis,magram mtkiced vipyrobT sulso,mivendobiT qriste RmerTsada imisgan saswaulso~.

marTlmadidebeli aRmsarebloba iqiTkenaa mimarTu-li, rom daicvas WeSmariti da ucdomeli rwmena, siyvaru-

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lis, sikeTis, Tavmdablobis aRzevebas Seuwyos xeli. is-toriulad qristes gzaze mdgari qarTveli eri, qristes naTels ziarebuli da qristesTvis jvarcmuli, rogorc wm. ilia marTali ityoda, TandaTan win miiwevda saTnoe-baTa kibeze. akakis azriT: `IV saukunidan dawyebuli aqa-mde, rigianad Seswavlilma da mtkiced daculma qristes moZRvrebam da masTanac zogierTma istoriulma mdgo-mareobam ise gaaspetakes qarTveli eri, rom yovelive mxecuri midrekilebebi amoufxvres~ (wereTeli 1961: 484).

qristianuli sarwmunoeba zneobis saZirkvelia da, rodesac es safuZveli moiSleba, zneobac moiryeva, eris gadagvareba daiwyeba, misi daknineba-degradacia sulier kvdomas gamoiwvevs da xorcielad daauZlurebs. akaki wereTeli aseT formulas gvTavazobs:

`sanamdi sarwmunoebaqarTvelT eqneba xelSioda ar mokvdeba zneobiT,xels ver wauWer yelSio~.

(poema `raWa-leCxumi~)

Tavis werilebSi akaki bevrs saubrobs memTvraleo-bis Sesaxeb, romelic niaRvariviT moedo qarTvelobas. gZuldes codva da gebralebodes codvili! _ es principi udevs safuZvlad mis damokidebulebas am mZime senisadmi. biblia garkveviT miuTiTebs: `arca memTvraleTa, arca maginebelTa, arca mtacebelTa sasufeveli RvTisa ver daimkvidron~ (1 korn. VI, IX).

`RvinoY sixarulad mogveca, viTarca ityvis daviT: `Rvino axarebs gulsa kacisasa~, xolo Sen, hoi, memTvra-leo, ese viTari ese saqme misi ganhryven... ityvis mociqu-li pavle: `nu daiTvrebiT RviniTa, romel ars sibilwe~, rameTu momTvranelni daivTrnes ra, imwupebian, viTarca Rorni simyralesa Sina~ _ brZanebs wm. ioane oqropiri

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(oqropiri 1990: 397-398).akaki Tavis werilebSi saubrobs memTvraleoba-nay-

rovanebis Sesaxeb da miuTiTebs imas, rom adamianma zom-ierebis SegrZneba ar unda dakargos, TviTkontroli is-eve aucilebelia, rogorc _ Jangbadi arsebobisTvis: `me lxinis winaaRmdegi ara var... xorcSesxmulma adamianma diaxac unda imxiarulos xandaxan, magram amasac zoma unda, rom keTilad Seergos, Torem gadaWarbebuls nay-rovaneba hqvia, romelsac arc Zveli da arc axali aRTq-ma keTilad ar ixseniebs... magram dRes vinRa daeZebs am aRTqmebs?~ (wereTeli 1962: 303).

codva senia, sens mkurnaloba sWirdeba, mkurnali eklesiaa, mtkice da Seuvali rwmena RvTisa, magram es `mkurnali~ daviwyebiaT akakis saqarTveloSi da amito-maa SeSfoTebuli poeti: `tolumbaSi cdilobs, yvelas grZnoba-goneba daakargvinos Rvinos saSualebiT, daavi-wyos yvelaferi da mitomac aZalebs Rvinos. amgvar naZa-ladev lxins, rasakvirvelia, kargi Sedegi ar moaqvs xolme. bevri ilanZReba, bevri mtroba da Suri iTeseba, sisxli iRvreba da bevri kvdeba. iSviaTia CvenSi misTana lxini da dResaswauli, uCxubrad gaTavdes, vinme ar dai-Wras an ar moiklas~ (iqve: 483-485).

bilwsityvaoba, mtroba, Suri, SfoTi da areuloba, garyvnileba, utifroba da sisxli moaqvs memTvraleobas. garda amisa, adamiani arafxizel mdgomareobaSi TandaTan kargavs RvTis xatebas, fiqris siyvaruls da sibralulis gancdasac. akakis azriT: `dro aRar gvrCeba, rom Cvens gulSi CavixedoT!.. vin icis, im dros, rodesac Cven nay-rovanebas veZleviT, erTmaneTs Rvinos vaZalebT da kis-erSi vasxamT, ramdeni gaWirvebuli simSil-wyurviliT ga-borotebulia~ (iqve: 42).

mowyalebis gacema, upovarTa, mSier-mwyurvalTa gankiTxva rwmenis aRsrulebaa da, rogorc iakob mo-ciquli ityvis, `sarwmunoeba Tvinier saqmeTasa mkvdar

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ars~. `akaki wuxs Tavis werilebSi, rom uzomo sma da nay-rovaneba, gamudmebuli lxinebi da nadimebi qarTvelebs ara marto sulierad, inteleqtualurad da zneobrivad akninebs, aramed fizikurad, anTropologiuradac ki cvlis da amaxinjebs~ (mindiaSvili 2003: 88).

Tu adamiani momavalze fiqrobs, didi yuradReba ax-algazrdobas unda miaqcios. es Taoba ki pirovnuli mag-aliTiT yalibdeba da, roca irgvliv aseTi damTrgunve-li garemoa, roca sulieroba da mSveniereba, rwmena da siyvaruli, mamuli da ena Rvinosa da nayrovanebaSi `gaiy-ida~, uimedobis, usasoobis sevda Seipyrobs: `is axal-gazrdoba, romelic `mravalJamieris~ bRaviliT ayruebs aremares da usaqmurobiT RvinoSi ixrCoba, Cven arasodes gamogvadgeba~ _ gulistkiviliT werda poeti (iqve: 103).

qveyanas verc ugulo adamianebi waadgebian. Tavis weri lebSi akaki wereTeli gulis kulturas did mniS-vnelobas aniWebs. erTguleba aris yvelaze didi niWi, romelic SeiZleba, adamians gaaCndes _ es aris unaric, SesaZleblobac, romelic moiTxovs mTel adamianur Za-lisxmevas. gulTamxilavi RmerTia, mxolod mas SuZlia ganWvritos Cveni zraxvani, amoicnos gulisnadebi. guli aris centri adamianis organizmisa da cxovrebisa, guli aris adgili, saidanac gamodian keTili da boroti ganz-raxvani, guli siyvarulisa da siZulvilis adgilia. wmida mefe da winaswarmetyveli daviTi ase SesTxovs arsTa gam-riges: `guli wmida dahbade Cem Tana, RmerTo~ (fs. 50,10), xolo brZeni solomoni ̀ gonier guls~ evedreba uzenaess. poetma unda icodes, rom mkiTxveli mxolod gulwrfe-lobas endoba. poza, manera, moCvenebiToba mkiTxvelis gulisken gzas ver gaikvlevs. akaki ase ganmartavs: `guli wmida dabade Cem Tana, RmerTo, da suli wrfeli ganmi-axle gvamsa Cemsa~ _ ai, ras damReris Tavis ubiwo da ukvdav qnars wmida winaswarmetyveli, didi poeti daviT.. daviTis msgavsad unda igonebdes im WeSmarit sityvebs

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yoveli poeti, rodesac is iwyebs weras _ Tvinier amisa ver ixilavs is `zegardmo STagonebas~ da misi mwerloba iqneba ZaldatanebiTi sityvebis raxaruxi~ (wereTeli 1961: 43).

adamiani spetaki suliTa da ganwmendili guliT unda emsaxuros RmerTs, samSoblos, moyvass _ esec litur-giuli cnobierebis gamovlenaa akakis pirovnebaSi. poeti anton furcelaZes miswers: `Cems gulSi arc Suri, arc mtroba, arc sxva raime ugvano saqme ar gasaxula jer. is mqonda da maqvs aRvsili: mamulis erTgulebiT, moZmis siyvaruliT, momavlis imediT, patiosnebiT da yovliska-cobrivis grZnobiT~ (wereTeli 1963: 44).

eklesiis mamebi ganmartaven, rom codva Tvalidan Semodis, gadadis gonebaSi da Cadis gulSi. am gzaze mTa-varia, gulSi ar Sevides, iq ar ganimzados savane, Torem misi gandevna sakmaod rTulia. amdenad, gulis siwmindes gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs marTali kacisaTvis. aka-ki wers: `me Cems guls taZrad vinaxav, grZnobis locvad vxmarob da goneba gulisadmi myavs miCenili samreklod~ (iqve: 232). erT Tavis pirads werilSi poeti acxadebs: `saWiroa kargi guli!~ (iqve: 179).

pirovneba mTliani da gaubzaravi unda iyos. ase swams akaki wereTels, amitom misTvis miuRebelia gaoreba, formalizmi, moCvenebiToba, siyalbe, tyuili, gulgri-loba. adamianma rom srulyofilebisken savali gza air-Cios, eklesiis wiaRSi unda dabrundes: `sarwmunoebis dacvisaTvis ramdeni sisxli dauTxeviaT Cvens winaprebs!~ (wereTeli 1961: 63) _ wers poeti da sruliad gasagebia misi gulistkivili imis gamo, rom qristianobis mxolod garegani forma SegvrCa da Sinaarsi ki davkargeT: `(kneina kvarkvalita) didis mowiwebiT inaxavs marxvas... wirva-locvas ar akldeba da iseTis yuradRebiTac ismens, rom ara Tu mRvdlis sityvebi, eris waCurCulebac ar gamo-epareba xolme im wirvis dros. sanam Sua wirva daiwye-bodes, iman sul icis, vis ra feri tanisamosi acvia da

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rogor aris Sekerili (iqve: 229-230).gadis saukuneebi, icvleba epoqebi da qarTveli ka-

cis rwmenas crurwmena enacvleba. ar iqna da ar dai-Zlia warmarTuli gadmonaSTi! iqneb es gaunaTleblobis bralic iyos?! akaki dabejiTebiT moiTxovs: `Rirsi deda wvrTnis Svils da zrdis mis sulier mxaresac, romelsac safuZvlad udebs umetesad, sxvaTa Soris, qristes mo-ZRvrebas namdvils da ara fanatikobiT zRaprulad gadaqceul ocnebebs~ (wereTeli 1963: 41).

swored fanatizmis Sedegia is religiuri sibnele, romlis zogierT rudimentze miuTiTebs poeti: `amaod morwmuneba janabeTis qveyanaSi ukidures xarisxamdea miwevnili... magaliTad aviRoT `nadiris piris Sekvris~ Selocva~ (iqve: 213) an ufro uaresi, _ mkvdris sulis moZebna. ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb akaki: `Cvenis qveynis sxvadasxva sadResaswaulo Cveulebani gvimtkiceben, rom Cveni xalxi bevrjel yofila sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis gavlenis qveS: kerpT, cecxlTayvaniscemis, mahmadianis da Semdeg qristianobisa. dRes ki am sarwmunoebis damaxin-jebul litoniebs sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi SeufaravT Tavi da ar ikargebian. samegrelos erTs sofelSi erTi Zlier axirebuli Cveulebaa: ̀ mkvdris sulis moZebna~, romelsac mdidrebi asruleben erTis wlis Semdeg micvalebulis damarxvisa da Raribebi ki _ oTxisa~ (wereTeli 1963: 240).

sasuliero wodebis umTavresi sazrunavi mrevlis-Tvis qristes moZRvrebis Sesisxlxorcebaa. amasTanave, es aRzrdis problemacaa. am saqmeSi dedas gadamwyveti roli eniWeba, raTa Svilis momavals safuZvlad daudos qristes WeSmariti moZRvreba da ara `fanatikobiT zRa-prulad gadaqceuli ocnebebi~.

ganaTleba, upirvelesad, sulier naTels gulisx-mobs. amis gareSe cxovreba namdvil azrs kargavs. swavla swored ise esmis a. wereTels, rogorc saeklesio tradi-cia gansazRvravs da, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, daviT gura-

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miSvilma ase Camoayaliba: ̀ ymawvili unda swavlobdes/ sac-noblad Tavisadao,/ vin aris, sidam mosula,/ sad aris, wava sadao~ (guramiSvili 1964: 23). akaki Tavis pirads werilSi dedisadmi aseT azrs aviTarebs: `swavla sul sxva aris... mxolod saWiro yofila kacisaTvis erTi mxolod swavla, swavla namdvili, romelic kacs dauaxloebs RmerTs, aye-nebs keTil xasiaTzed da acnobierebs, Tu ra daniSnule-biT aris kaci Seqmnili~ (wereTeli 1963: 12).

es sityvebi didi qristianis, liturgiuli cno-bierebis mqone adamianis dawerilia da, saerTod, Zalian uxerxulia amtkico, akaki aTeisti iyoo (iqve: 240). rbi-lad rom vTqvaT, es aris gauTvaliswinebloba mTeli misi memkvidreobisa.

poetis piradi werilebi dedisadmi, axloblebisadmi savsea aseTi gamonaTqvavebiT: `RmerTsa vTxov; gaxlavar RvTiTa da Tqvenis locviT; RvTis imedi maqvs, RmerTs vmadlob Tqvenis mSvidobisaTvis; madloba RmerTs; RvTis wyaloba; RmerTma Seundos~ (iqve: 240) da misT.

aseTi religiuri humanizmiT gamTbari werilebi Sem-TxveviT ar iwereba. akaki wereTlis liturgiuli cno-bierebis damadasturebelia misi providencializmi, rom poetisTvis yvelgan da yovelTvis ufali sufevs, rom amqveynad yovelive RvTis nebiT xdeba: `cxadad vxedav, rom yovel Cvens saqmeSi RmerTi urevia, CveniT arc avi da arc kargi ar keTdeba~.

akaki wereTlis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis laitmo-tivi qristianuli moZRvrebaa, azrovnebisa da qmnadobis is wesia, romelsac igi bavSvobdanve eziara da, romelic ase axlobeli iyo misTvis: `Tu mivbaZavT jvarcmulis magaliTs, _ swers redaqtors, _ unda mxolod vilocoT maTTvis da vevedroT RmerTs maTs ugunurebidan gamo-yvanas, radganac maT ar ician, ras Svrebian~ (wereTeli 1961: 72-73).

morCileba aris safuZveli qristianad cxovrebisa.

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adamianma unda aitanos da daiTminos devna-Seuracxyo-fa: `netar iyvneT Tqven, raJams gyuedridnen da gdevn-den da Tquan yoveli sityua boroti Tquenda momarT sicruiT CemTvis~ (m. 5,11), _ Segvagonebs macxovari. am suliskveTebiT aRzrdil da Camoyalibebul akakis hyof-nis sulieri Zalebi imisaTvis, rom piradi Seuracxyofa miiRos, rogorc nebisyofis gamocda: `dee Cemi piradoba daiCagros ciliswamebiT, oRond ki sazogado saqme gakeT-des~ (wereTeli 1963: 67), _ swers niko nikolaZes. aseve sainteresoa misi erTi werilic, romelic kidev ufro daazustebs zemoTqmuls: `me susti var da yovels SerCe-nia dRemdi Cemi daCagvra, magram merwmune, me es nacar-qeqiobiT ar momsvlia! me sazizRrad da ara sakadrisad mCvenebia imaTTan Sexla-Setakeba~ (wereTeli 1963: 88).

qristianuli moTminebiT itanda pirads Seuracxyofas, damcirebas, gaWirvebas, SimSils, sicives, ugulobas, usi-yvarulobas, amasve sTxovda sxvasac: `Seni valia, _ swers daviT xelTufliSvils, _ rogorc dedas, ise debs Wiri aatanino qristianulis moTminebiT~ (wereTeli 1963: 237). magram akaki daundobeli iyo sazogado borotebis mimarT. Tu pirovnul wyenas advilad daTmobda, qarTveli eris, Cveni mamulis, enisa da sarwmunoebis SebRalvas aravis apa-tiebda, aravis SearCenda. saxarebac xom orgvar borote-bas ganarCevs: pirovnuls (roca marjvena loyaSi gagartya-men, marcxena unda miuSviro) da sazogados (romelsac ar unda Seurigde, Tavad qristem SoltiT gamoreka vaWrebi eklesiidan). amitom nuravis gaukvirdeba da aTeistad nu monaTlavs poets imis gamo, rom xmalamoRebuli icavda erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivs. SemTxveviT ar swerda g. were-Tels: `Cemi qoneba, Cemi SeZleba, simarTle da sicocxle Sevwire sazogado saqmeebs~ (wereTeli 1963: 94).

akaki wereTlis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli pirovnu-li Tviseba pirdapiroba iyo. Tavadac ase afasebda: `me yovel Tvis vejavrebodi Cems amxanagebs pirdapirobisa-

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Tvis~ (wereTeli 1963: 38). esec wminda qristianuli su-liskveTebaa: ki ar unda ganikiTxo, unda amxilo, pirSi miaxalo simarTle, ragind mware iyos igi. akakis pirads werilebSi yvelaze gamorCeuli mainc is baraTia, romelic niko nikolaZes miswera. es aris WeSmariti megobris, didi pirovnebis, namdvili qristianis gancdisa da fiqris usaT-uTesi gamovlena. axlobeli adamiani yvelaze swor, kore-qtul da saWiro gafrTxilebas iZleva: `yovel Sens moq-medebas piradi egoizmis beWedi azis da ara sazogado keTi-lis survilisa. Sen ginda mxolod, rom gahkiode, me var da Cemi nabadio... sanam pirSi suli midgas, Cems gulSi Sengvar kacebs wminda adgili eqneba da dResac is mizezia, rom me msurs mogagono Seni guli da Cagaxedo Sin. dee, aRimarTos amiTi aq Cemdami piradi mtroba, oRond ki Sens ufero Tav-moyvareobas auxilos Tvali~ (wereTeli 1963: 63).

Cven Segnebulad avuareT gverdi liturgiuli cno-bierebis gamovlenas akakis brwyinvale mxatvrul Semoq-medebaSi. misi proza da poezia saamisod mdidar masalas iZleva. poets mxolod `codvilis sinanuli~ rom dae-wera, esec sakmarisi iqneboda amis naTelsayofad. akaki wereTlis qristianuli suliskveTeba araerTgzis yo-fila yuradRebuli qarTvel mecnierTagan. i. zurabiSvi-lis mogonebebSi, i. evgeniZis, l. xaCiZis, g. alibegaSvi-lis, n. fruiZis, m. niniZis, j. gaboZisa da sxva avtorTa narkvevebsa da statiebSi garkveulad warmoCnda akakis mrwamsic, azrovnebis specifika da mxatvruli ostato-bac. Cveni mxriv, poetis publicistikaze dayrdnobiT, faqtobrivi masala win wamovwieT imis naTelsayofad, rom gagverkvia, ras eyrdnoboda akaki wereTlis mrwam-si, rogori iyo misi mentaloba. zedmetad migvaCnia imisi mtki ceba, rac ase aSkaraa. akakis sityvebiTve rom vTqvaT: `ikargeba dro da ara WeSmariteba, ar SeiZleba, rom si-marTlem odesme Tavi ar iCinos~ (wereTeli 1963: 168).

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`keTili saqme - qristianobis sveticxoveli~(arsen kaTalikosisa da Tornike erisTavis dialogis Sesaxeb

akaki wereTlis `Tornike erisTavis~ mixedviT)

akaki wereTlis udidesi damsaxurebaa qarTveli eris Rirseuli mamuliSvilis, Cveni istoriis unaTlesi xa-tis, qristes mxedrisa da RvTivganbrZnobili mamis, didi Tornike erisTavis saxelis aRzeveba, misi Rvawlisa da amagis saCinodyofa, qarTveli mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mi-pyroba didebuli winaprisaken.

poema `Tornike erisTavis~ yovelmxrivi Seswavla jer kidev momavlis saqmea. Cven ki amJamad yuradRebas SevaCerebT arsen kaTalikosisa da Tornikes dialog-ze, romelic poemis meore karis meoTxe TavSia moce-muli. am epizods siuJetis ganviTarebaSic gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan Tornike erisTavis poziciis Secvla arsen kaTalikosma SeZlo, kanonikuradac mxo-lod mRvdelmTavris locva-kurTxevis Semdeg Zaledva Tornikes, gaexada beris samosi, fsalmunni da jvari droebiT gverdze gadaedo da, sardlad daniSnuls, ab-jari aesxa (Sdr. gaGeGilaZe 1990: 67). TviTon faqti _ beri daubrundes (Tundac droebiT) eriskacobas, jars win waruZRves ara jvriTa da xatiT, aramed iaraRiT, im-denad Znelad gansasjelia, rom aseTi gadawyvetilebis samarTlianobis dadgena da misi aRsrulebisaTvis loc-va-kurTxevis micema mxolod umaRlesi sasuliero ier-arqis prerogativaa, mxolod eklesiis mwyemsmTavari Tu itvirTavs aseT rames. es Tornikemac icis da ambobs:

`eklesiisgan Sekruli,TviT ver avixsni Tavsaoda mRvdelmTavari Tu amxsnis,iqneba misi nebao,

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maSin eg Tqveni surviliCems gulSic aigznebao~.

qveynisa da eris cxovrebaSi dgeba gadamwyveti mo-menti, roca ucnauri sacnauri unda gaxdes, roca mad-li kanonsac ki auqmebs an, ukeT rom vTqvaT, cvlis. es konkretuli faqtic sruliad gansakuTrebulad fasdeba, ufro metic, aq mesianisturi ideis aRsrulebaa Cadebu-li, Tumca amis Sesaxeb cota qvemoT. garda amisa, arsen kaTalikosi pirovnulad didi Zala, magaliTi da avto-riteti iyo TornikesTvis da mas yvelaze advilad SeeZ-lo `mzametyvel-pasuxismgeblobiT~ aTonis maRal mTaze berad Semdgaris `gadmobireba~.

dadga Jami maTi Sexvedrisa, sagangebod gansjisa imis Sesaxeb, rac ase awuxebda Tornikes da aramxolod mas!

`Cveulebrivad cremliT mlocveli~ arsen kaTaliko-si saRmrTo netarebas eZlevao, _ uTxres Tornikes. loc-va RmerTTan saubaria, RmerTTan SerTvaa, cremli ki su-liwmindis madlia. aseTi locva mxolod RvTis rCeulT ZaluZT, mxolod RvTivganbrZnobilTa, guliT wmidaTa da suliT wrfelTa xvedria. arsenic am RirsebiTaa war-modgenili mkiTxvelis winaSe.

`Sevida beri, fexakrefili,morCilebiTa da didis krZalviT~.

gvamcnobs poeti. es, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos umniS-vnelo detali, mravlismTqmelia Tornike erisTavis su-lierobis sazomad. morCilebis saTnoebiTaa Semosili igi, morCileba ki sawyisia rwmenisa, safuZvelia zomierebisa, uebari wamalia codvaTsimravlisa, saTavea adamianis su-lis cxonebisa. morCileba da sifrTxile (krZalva) gamar-jvebaa ampartavnobasa da ukrZalvelobaze. wminda mamebi SeniSnaven: `Tu adamianSi ar aris ukiduresi morCileba,

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morCileba yovliTa guliTa, yovliTa suliTa da yovliTa gonebiTa, maSin is ver Seva caTa sasufevelSi (qristianu-li... 1930: 43). wm. svimeon axali RvTismetyvelis azriT, `sadacaa Rrma Tavmdabloba, iqaa cremlebis siuxvec~ (iqve: 49). maqsime aRmsarebeli ki Segvagonebs: `Tavmdabloba, morCileba aTavisuflebs adamians yovelgvari codvisagan, radgan gzas uWris, win eRobeba vnebebs~ (iqve: 51).

uaRresad daZabuli, nervuli, umZimesi fsiqologiuri fonia Seqmnili poemaSi. Tornike erisTavis cxovrebaSi raRac mniSvnelovani unda moxdes, mkveTri Semobruneba ukve uaryofilisaken, amsofliurisken da es maSin, roca man `yovelive msoflio dauteva zrunva~ da aRiRo jvari da Seudga RmerTsa.

kaTolikosma akurTxa stumari, TiTqos gaorebuli da dabneuli, amsofliursa da imsofliurs Soris mdgomi, RvTisa da eris xmis ver damtevi, suliT zecas SerTuli, guliT qveynis siyvaruliT aRgznebuli, `ferdakargu-li~ beri. arsen kaTalikosi uaRresad gawonasworebuli da dinjia am saubarSi. misi yoveli sityva gamiznulia Tornikes sulis SesaZravad, gonebis gamosafxizleblad. arseni urTierTobis erTgvar diplomatias mimarTavs. misi umTavresi problemaa Tornikes gadawyvetilebis Secvla gansjiTa da TanxmobiT:

`Senzed ara sWris sxvisi survili,arca vedreba da arc muqara.magram SenTavad ra gadaswyvite?asruleb qveynis wadils Tu ara?~

aq ori ramaa mniSvnelovani: Tornikes gadawyvetilebis Seuvaloba da kaTalikosis erovnuli koncefcia _ qvey-nis, eris wadilis aRsrulebisa. Tornike erisTavis ar-gumentacia Zlieria da kanonikuri, rom `veRar uarvyof msoflio krebis dakanonebuls~ da `aRar SemSvenis,

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rom xelmeored sisxliT SevRebo Cemi far-xmali~. misi daskvnebi mravalmxrivi fiqrisa da gansjis Sedegia, im gamiznuli qmedebis Sedegi, romelic man sakuTari nebiT airCia. `Svid dRes mirCevdnen wminda mamebi / da ver Ses-cvales Cemi gulisTqma~ _ acxadebs beri. aranairi rCeva, dialogi ar Wrida. gadawyvetileba ukve miRebuli iyo. misi Secvla mxolod arsen kaTalikoss Tu SeeZlo. miuxe-davad yvelafrisa, Tornike mainc bolomde morCilebis udidesi ZaliTa da madliTaa saTnoyofili!

`videq uarzed,sanam brZanebT, rogorc morCili,ar gamagzavnes sasaxlis karzed~.

es ukve im ierarqiis mimarT pativiscemisa da mokrZa-lebis Sedegia, romelsac samonastro, bermonazvnuri cxovreba gulisxmobs. upiratesis, sulieri winamZRvris locva-kurTxevis, brZanebis garCevis neba morCils ara aqvs. amitom aq arc Sinagani winaaRmdegobania gasaTvalis-winebeli, radgan es vnebebi ukve Camcxralia da morCile-ba-Tavmdablobis madliT Semosili.

mTeli saqristiano saberZneTi wabilwuli da aoxrebu-lia skliarosisgan. maSasadame, qristianoba gansacdelSia. mas sWirdeba dacva da gafrTxileba. sad aris gza xsnisa, vin aris mxsneli? _ xsnis gza saqarTveloze gadis: `mxolod Ra qarTlze maT darCeniaT / erTi nugeSi, erTi imedi!..~ rac Seexeba mxsnels _ es jer kidev gamocanad rCeboda.

Tornike erisTavi Tavis misias aRsrulebulad miiC-nevs, radganac mefesTan imociqula, gaacno saqristianos gasaWiri da axla mTawmindis savanes unda daubrundes, locviTa da marxviT gandevnos, daamrcxos boroti Zala da SeerTos RmerTs, Tumca... nel-nela mis arsebaSi Semoi-Wra cnobierebis axali nakadi _ amsofliuri, amqveyniuri. grZnobs kidec amas da gulwrfelad acxadebs: `Tumc ver

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davfarav, / rom soflis zraxviT / es Cemi guli isev ivse-ba~. am SemTxvevaSi udides rols asrulebs qvecnobieri.

Tornikem icis, rom eri dabejiTebiT iTxovs: `wagvi-ZRves Zveli arwivi~, magram ukvirs, aocebs aseTi daJineb-uli moTxovna. xom SeiZleba, sxvam itvirTos, vinme eris-kacma?! gana cotaa Rirseuli, gamocdili, vaJkaci?! da, Tu qveynisTvis ase aucilebelia Tornikes winamZRoloba, misi gamWriaxi goneba gamosavals aqac poulobs:

`Tan veaxlebi,magram meqneba me xelSi jvarida xati yovladwmida dedisa,rogorc moZRvarsa da ara sardals~.

arsen kaTalikosi emzadeba, morCilebis, saTnoebis SexsenebiT moigos es `SebrZoleba~. marTalia, igi darw-munebulia Tornikes srul mzadyofnaSi, usityvod aRas-rulos mwyemsmTavris kurTxeva, magram surs, Seagonos beri, rom `Semcdaria misi goneba~. ras gvTavazobs umaR-lesi sasuliero ierarqi?

sityva unda iyos saqmiani, igi sityviT Tqmulisa da saqmiT aRsrulebulis momxrea, Tanac msjeloba ufro Sors midis. kaTalikosi svams cxovrebidan wasvlis, wuTi-soflis uaryofis problemas. misi azriT, RvTis xati da msgavsi, gvirgvini qmnilebisa _ adamiani Seqmnilis baton-patronia. uTvalavi feriT mocemuli sawuTro man unda aaRorZinos, ganaaxlos:

`da es qveyana, mSvenebiT savse,Semoqmedebis gamomxatveli,nuTu mitom gvaqvs moniWebuli,rom Cvenis nebiT aviRoT xeli?~

braldebasaviT gaismis eris sulieri mamis, eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis sityvebi. wmida mamebi ki amboben: vinc

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saero cxovrebaSi ar vargoda, is verc bermonazvno-basa da sasuliero cxovrebaSi ivargebso, vinc sofels sofelSive ver sZlia, soflidan wamosuli miT ufro ver daZlevs mas. maTi azriT, aseTi wamosvla ukve gaqcevas moaswavebda da iTvleboda ara WeSmaritebis Ziebad, ar-amed _ ampartavnobad, TviTkmayofilebad da sakuTari TaviT tkbobad. `ase rom, adamiani sadac ukeT emsaxure-ba sikeTes, sadac ukeT imecnebs RmerTsa da TavisTavs, iq aris misi adgili~ (madli 1991:). amasve fiqrobs da am azrs amtkicebs eklesiis mwyemsmTavaric:

`vinca iwunebs TavmoyvarebiTam miuwvdomel didsa qmnilebasda uarsa hyofs kanoniersabunebis yovelgvar moTxovnilebas.

is uarsa hyofs TviT Semoqmedsa!sabralo aris is da Semcdari,radgan ar icis, Tu qveynieradrad mogvevlina Cven macxovari!~

Tornike erisTavis maRali sulieroba, madlmosileba mis uaRresad dogmatur pasuxebSi vlindeba. `locva karia codvilisaTvis sinanulisa~, _ Cveuli krZalviTa da moride-biT Sehkadrebs pasuxad kaTalikoss. rac Seexeba martoobas, gandgomas, igi suls aspetakebs da, Tanac, `amis magaliTs qriste miT gvaZlevs, / rom ormoci dRe man imarxula~.

TandaTan iSleba saRvTismetyvelo msjeloba, ori sruliad gansxvavebuli pozicia erkineba erTmaneTs, oRond ganmasxvavebeli niSani arsSi ki ar devs, aramed qmedebis gamovlenis formaSi. orives gza kurTxeulia da orive RmerTTan midis. arsen kaTalikosi udides mad-lad ara gandgomas, aramed am cxovrebaSi sulieri, Rv-Taebrivi naperwklis Setanasa da gaRvivebas miiCnevs. iS-

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rome da iloce! _ mokled ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes misi Tvalsazrisi. qveynis bedi pirovnebis cxovrebazec unda aisaxebodes, mamuliSvilobis, eriskacobis moTxovna um-Tavresia kaTalikosisTvis:

`saqmea, mxolod saqme saWiro,gulica wmindad dabadebulida qveyniuris keTilzraxvebiTsuli siwrfeliT gaaxlebuli.~

veravin ityoda Tornike erisTavze, am cxovrebas ver sZlia, aq ver ivargao. mas didi Rvawli da amagi miuZRo-da qveynis winaSe, rom ityvian, moqalaqeobrivi misia aR-srulebuli hqonda, vali _ Sesrulebuli! arc bermonaz-vnoba miaCnda gzisa da kvalis dabnevad:

`gana es Cemi uarisyofakerpoba aris da umecreba?!..~

kiTxulobs gakvirvebuli. adamiani xom Tavisufali ar-sebaa. qristianobac isaa, rac arsobrivad esadageba sulier mdgomareobas, berad Sedgoma Tornikes sulis Zaxili da moTxovnileba iyo. eriskacobisaTvis ki igi sakuTar Zalebs amowurulad acxadebda: `dRes SedarebiT bevri mjobiao~.

kaTalikosi Seaxsenebs, rom zogjer RvTisa da eris neba ganuyofelia, `xma RvTisa _ xma erisao~ da, radganac eri sTxovda, eri erTxmad irCevda winamZRvrad da, Tanac es kaTalikosTan iyo SeTanxmebuli, sxva gza aRar rCe-boda. `uaris Tqma aris amao~, _ brZana arsenma.

erToba siyvarulisa da sikeTis zeimia. sadacaa erTo-ba, iqaa RmerTi, radgan eri gamTlianebulia erTi sur-viliT _ gaimarjvos saqristianos mterze, ixsnas qristes rjulis damcveli da matarebeli bizantia, _ skliaro-sisagan Seviwroebuli da Sewuxebuli. amitom qristiano-

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bis gamoxsna RvTis samsaxurad iTvleba, movaleobadac ki. mesianistur ideas ganxorcieleba sWirdeba. Cven unda vixsnaT, saerTod, saqristiano. amdenad, es brZola msxverplis gaRebad, qristes udides siyvarulad, am siyvarulisaTvis Sewirvad CaiTvleba. es didi sikeTe, aRmSe neblobiTi qmedeba, sworad gagebuli qristianoba, WeSmaritad, marTlad aRsrulebuli sarwmunoebaa da:

`es ZRvenia keTili saqmeqristianobis sveticxoveli,da Senc, Tornike, amis saxeliTiseve far-xmals mohkide xeli~.

Tornike erisTavSi unda moxdes xelaxali feriscva-leba, Semobruneba ukve miviwyebulTan, ganvlilTan, ZvelTan. beris misia mxsnelis misiam unda Secvalos, man unda itvirTos gaTavisufleba saqristianos gulisa:

`da gamoixsen gansacdelisganqristes mmosavi berZenTa eri!~

es iyo kaTalikosis kurTxeva, bolo sityvebi. amiT gana srula man berTan saubari, ase ganusazRvra, ase daanaxva Tavisi valdebulebac ki _ isev qristes saxeliT, isev sarwmunoebis aRzevebisTvis, simarTlisa da siyvaru-lis aRorZinebisaTvis.

berZenTa gansadeli saqristianos gansacdelia da qristes mmosavi eris gaTavisufleba qristianobis svet-icxovlad gamocxadda. akaki wereTlis `Tornike eri-sTavze~ fiqri uneburad gvaxsenebs qarTuli agiografi-uli mwerlobis Sedevrs, Cveni didi winaprisa da sulieri mamis, giorgi aTonelis ̀ cxovrebas ioanesa da eqvTimesi~. rva saukune aSorebs am or nawarmoebs erTmaneTTan da es intervali kidev erTi dasturia imisa, rom Tornike eri-

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sTavis Sromasa da Rvawls dro-Jami verafers daaklebs, ver gaaxunebs, ver gaafermkrTalebs.

qaTuli kulturis saxis gansazRvraSi lomis wili udevs Tornike erisTavs, radganac ivironis daarseba, faqtobrivad, misma mxedarTmTavrulma unarma ganapiro-ba. korneli kekeliZe werda: `arcerT samonastro dawe-sebulebas iseTi mniSvneloba ar hqonia Cveni mwerlobisa da kulturis istoriaSi, rogoric aTonis iveriis monas-ters. uimisod Cveni kulturis istorias SeiZleba, sxva saxe da xasiaTi mieRo~ (kekeliZe 1980: 173).

giorgi mTawmindelis zemoxsenebul TxzulebaSi Tornikes Sesaxeb ori umTavresi epizodi mogviTxrobs. erTi _ bizantiis mcirewlovan imperatorebze, basilsa da konstantineze, ajanyebul barda skliarosTan daka-vSirebuli, meore _ Tornike erisTavisaTvis salaSqro-sabrZolo ambebis mogonebebis akrZalva. es ukanaskneli akakis poemaSi ar gvxvdeba. rogorc specialur samec-niero literaturaSia SeniSnuli, akaki wereTlisTvis pirvelwyaro `ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovreba~ unda yo-filiyo (siraZe 1987: 173).

poemis mixedviT, Tornike erisTavi arsen kaTa-likosTan ganixilavs imas, rasac giorgi mTawmindelis Txzulebis mixedviT dedofals eubneba: `me CemTa cod-vaTaTvis Sevimose saxe ese da uwyis ufalman, romel swo-rad sikudilisa ars saqme ese Cem zeda~ (sabinini 1899: 406). ufro adre ki aTanasesa da ioanes uxsnida: ̀ nu maiZulebT amis pirisTvis, rameTu ukueTu warvide, amis soflisave SfoTTa STamedeben~ (iqve: 405).

omi, sisxlis Rvra, brZola... bermonazvnur kanons, religiuri dogmats ewinaaRmdegeba, magram erovnuli, mamuli Sviluri azriT ganmartes misi mniSvneloba aTonze.

akakis poemaSic asketizmis arsi wminda qarTul-isto-riul niadagzea warmodegnili. `Tornike erisTavi sarkea qarTuli qristianobis bed-iRblisa... dialogSi cis

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yovel arguments miwis argumenti epasuxeba... adamianis maRali misia, misi esTetikuri xibli qveynisTvis wvisa da dagvis raindul Zalas moiTxovda mamuliSvilTagan~ (goguaZe 1980: 154-156).

Cveni mxriv davsZenT, rom Tornike erisTavis mier gada dgmulma am nabijma:

1. saqristiano ixsna gansacdelisagan (Sdr. kiknaZe 1990: 60);

2. bizantiis amaoxrebeli barda skliarosi qarTvelma ber-ma da mxedarTmTavarma daamarcxa, riTac gacxadda qa-rTuli samxedro xelovnebis taqtikisa da strategiis, qarTveli kacis sabrZolo SemarTebis universalizmi;

3. Tornike erisTavis monagebTa wyalobiT sazRvarga-reT daarsda kidev erTi religiur-kulturuli cen-tri, savane, kera, _ dafuZnda ivironi;

4. ganivrco qarTvelTa qveyana: `maSin miscnes mefeTa zemoni queyanani saberZneTisagani kurapalatsa~. basili keisarma qarTvelTa mefes mcire aziisa da saqarTvelis SesayarSi ramdenime qveyana aCuqa: karini (erzerumi), basiani, hariqi, apahuniqi, xaldo-ariWis cixe, sevukis cixe, klisuras cixe trapizonis gzaze;

5. aTonel moRvaweTa mier ganaTlda qarTvelTa ena da qveyana, maTi namuSakevi dResac `axarebs SoreulTa da maxlobelTa~.

Tu yovelive zemoTqmuli Tornike erisTavis Sromisa da Rvawlis Sedegia, maSin marTlac rom amaod ar damaS-vrala erisa da mamulisaTvis Tavdadebuli gmiri.

akaki wereTelma gviCvena im debulebis marTebule-ba, is WeSmariteba, romlis mixedviTac adamianis adgili iqaa, sadac ukeT emsaxureba sikeTes, sadac ukeT imecnebs RmerTsa da Tavis Tavs.

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akaki wereTlis `gamzrdelis~ qristianuli koncefcia

poema `gamzrdeli~ aris akaki wereTlis erT-erTi saukeTeso mxatvruli qmnileba, misi Semoqmedebis gvirg-vini, romelSiac, upirvelesad, Tavad avtoris pirovneba ikiTxeba, maRali idealebiTa da mrwamsiT, fiqriTa da ocnebiT, sixaruliTa da tkiviliT. striqonebs Soris igrZnoba Zlieri da wrfeli emociebi. harmoniaSi moyva-nilia marad cocxali engadi _ poeturi sityva da Rrma, zogjer dafaruli Sre cxovrebis filosofiisa, danaxu-li da Sefasebulia wuTisoflis oromtrialSi adamianis moralis, misi zneobrivi xatis, sulieri Rirebulebebis, siyvarulis, ndobis, megobrobisa da Zmobis ryevisa da moSlis Sedegebi.

`namdvili ambavi, vuZRvni Cems pedagogebs~ _ acxadebs avtori da imTaviTve gangvawyobs realurisTvis, rom saqme gveqneba mxatvrul aspeqtSi ayvanil emociur sinamdvil-esTan da es nayofi SemoqmedebiTi wvisa eZRvneba pedago-gebs, anu im adamianebs, romlebsac akisriaT udidesi mis-ia erisa da mamulis winaSe. adamianis aRzrda, pirovnebis Camoyalibebis procesis marTva pedagog-aRmzrdelebzea damokidebuli, radganac isini qmnian ukeTesi mermisis winapirobas, erisa da qveynis momavali maTs xelSia.

yovelive Cvengan Sors myofi, miuvali da Znelad saxilveli amaRlebulis gancdas tovebs:

`mTis mwvervalze cis maxloblad,mercxlis buded raRac moCans~...

didi simSvidisa da siwmindis mantiiT imoseba Cvens cnobierebaSi mTa. simaRlisaken mzera zeciurisken swrafva, RvTaebasTan miaxlebis gzaa, ziarebaa umaRles WeSmaritebasTan. `gamzrdelis~ moqmed pirTa savane aseT

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fonzea gaSlili. saocaria is facxa, romelSiac baTu da nazibrola cxovroben, TiTqos adamianis SegrZnebebi aqvs maTs TavSesafars, maTs sacxovriss, romelic `dro da Jamis Sesaferad / zamTar Tbili, zafxul grili~ imde-nad mgrZnobiarea, rom cudi amindis dros `ekrZaleba Weqa-elvas~, xolo, roca buneba mSvenieria, `maSin facxa ubralobiT / momxiblavad lamazia~. am uCveulo romanti-kul facxaSi daudevs bina or adamians, erTmaneTisaTvis Seqmnil wyvils. imdenad didia ubraloeba im garemosi, romelSic baTu da nazibrola cxovroben, rom yvela sim-didres ziarebuli cixe-darbazebic ki tyuian masTan.

ase iyo maSinac, roca mxsneli soflisa _ ieso gankac-da. bagasa Sina iqna miwvenil mariam RvTismSobeli. am ubralo, Rarib sadgomSi iSva naTeli soflisa, romelmac gananaTla yoveli dabadebuli. morCilebasa da ubraloe-bas Tan axlavs didi ubiwoeba, magram ar aris yvelasaTvis gankuTvnili beTlemis siwmindisken savali gza, iwro ars bWe sasufevlisa...

facxisken savali gzac rTuliao, _ gveubneba akaki wereTeli. sacalfexo biliki daxlarTulia da masze maval kacs marjve Tvali, mtkice guli da mTaSi gaz-rdil-gawvrTnili cxeni unda hyavdes... mTeli am simdid-ris patronia `rTul cxovrebis uarmyofi, mcirediTac kmayofili~ baTu. ras unda niSnavdes rTul cxovrebis uarmyofi? gana iq, mTis mwvervalze da cis maxloblad, cxovreba, im bilikebze siaruli naklebi sirTulea, vid-re aq, barSi, dablobze yofna?! baTu RvTis mier Seqm-nili qveynis moZule rodia. adamians cxovreba uwevs im samyaroSi, romelic RmerTma Seqmna. ufalma eqvsi dRe iSroma, `srul qmna caY da queyanaY da dascxra dResa meSvidesa yovelTagan saqmeTa misTa, romelni qmnna~ (Ses. 2,2). e.i. qmnadoba unda gaagrZelos qmnilebis gvirgvinma _ adamianma, man unda ganaviTaros da aaRorZinos RvTaebis mier safuZvelganmtkicebuli samyaro, unda aametyvelos

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uTvalavi feriT mocemuli qvyena, magram xandaxan ada-miani sakuTar nebasa da gonebas borotad iyenebs. baTu im rTuli cxovrebis uarmyofia, `soflis amaoebas~ rom uwodeben wmida mamebi. maT sZagdaT ara TviT sofeli, RvTis mier keTilad qmnili, aramed amaoebani ama sofli-sani. swored amas ganerida baTu, anu Sedga siwmindis gzaze, pirvelxatTan miaxlebis gzaze, romelic mas sru-lyofda.

ra sWirdeboda baTus am axal samyaroSi, mis mier Ziebulsa da mopovebul savaneSi? vaJkacoba (kargi Tofi, xmali, cxeni da nabadi), sulieri maxvili cdunebis wi-naaRmdeg sabrZolvelad da kidev _ siyvaruli, arsi ada-mianisa da adamianobisa, azri Tu sazrisi cxovrebisa. aqac rCeulia baTu, RmerTma ar daaklo Tavisi madli da wyaloba:

`ganasxvava, viT rCeuli...siyvarulsa mis monaSuqsmiaSuqa siyvaruli~.

samegrelos asuli, mowyvetili varskvlavi, vardi da nazi ia _ nazibrola aris baTus Tanamosaydre, anu, ro-gorc biblia gvamcnobs: ̀ Zvali ZvalTa CemTagan da xorci xorcTa CemTagani~ (Ses. 2,23). nazibrola grZnobs mamaka-cis upiratesobas, rom `qmar ars Tavi colisa, viTarca qriste ars Tavi eklesiisa~ (efes. 5,23) da amitom miaCnia `ca da qveynis Sumavlad~ baTu. orTa Soris miRweulia sruli harmonia, maTTvis am wuTisofelSic sasufevlis netareba dgas...

`magram xangrZliv es sofeligaaxarebs visme, gana?TaflSi urevs mware naRvels...mtrisas misi gamocana!..~

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aseTia adamianis cxovreba, wuTisoflis daundobeli da gautaneli misia kacTa modgmis winaSe. ors Soris miR-weul harmonias, srul netarebas wuTisoflis an, ufro sworad, mesame piris Carevis gamo, saSiSroeba emuqreba, magram siyvarulTan uZluria siZulvili, sikeTe imar-jvebs borotebaze, mSvenieri da amaRlebuli suli _ maxin jsa da mdabal vnebebze. akaki wereTlis `gamzrdel-Si~ es xazi mkveTrad sagrZnobia. amis Sesaxeb cota qve-moT gveqneba saubari. axla isev teqsts mivyveT.

wyvdiadia. boboqrobs, drtvinavs, mrisxanebs buneba, codviliani dedamiwa lamis CainTqas:

`am dros xolme TviT eSmakiceZebs ZrwoliT TavSesafars,magram, daxeT, viRac mgzavristumrad mosdga afxazis kars!..~

mivaqcioT yuradReba erT detals. rogor fonze Semoiyvana akaki wereTelma baTu da nazibrola, rom iq simSvide, siwminde, sinaTlea. maTi navsayudaric maTive Sinagani simSvidis saferia, sulT dasamkvidrebia... aq ki bnela, warRvnisdari amindia, dakargulia simSvidis, si-lamazis gancda. rogorc eSmaki daeZebs TavSesafars, ise Semodis viRac baTus savaneSi. es `viRac~ ki safar-begia.

boroti Sedis keTilSi, mSfoTvareba arRvevs simSvi-des. safar-begi, baTus ZuZumte, estumra Tavis ZiZiS-vils, Zma ZmasTan mivida, Tumca bunebis Wirveuloba qmnis STabeWdilebas, rom es kaci (mesame piri) kargs arafers Seitans baTus facxaSi (paraleli: ilias `gandegili~ _ mwyemsi qali Tavs afarebs mwiris sacxovriss... irRveva simSvide sulisa). TiTqos raRac kanonzomiers arRvevs safar-begi da, marTlac, is miutevebels, ukadrissa da samarcxvinos Caidens. raRac Zalze mniSvnelovani xdeba

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mis cxovrebaSi, iseTi, rogorsac adamiani zogjer ver uZlebs da zneobriv kompromiszec ki midis. aki Tavadac ambobs:

`dRemdis mtkice piriansa,dRes mitydeba, Zmao, piri!~

aSkaraa, rom safar-begi, rogorc pirovneba, sulieri dacemis gzaze dgas, igi vnebam Seipyro da daimona. Seu-Zlebelia, siyvarulma borotebisken ubiZgos adamians, magram, roca trfobis obieqti Tavisi cxovrebiT macdu-nebeli Zalaa, maSin Senc Tanamonawile xdebi codvisa. zia-xanumi silamaziT ganTqmuli jadosania _ es gamoTqma imTaviTve gulisxmobs raRac mzakvruls masSi. ambobs kidec safar-begi:

`damaCema: Tu giyvarvarda xar Cemi mogvareo,inalifas lurja cxeniam sam dReSi momgvareo!~

zia-xanumi is macduri Zala, veragi arsebaa, romelic sargeblobs Tavisi xorcieli mSvenebiT da mas boroti zraxvebis saSualebad iyenebs. misagan modis sacduri, igi mSvenieria, Tumca _ civi da ukareba, radganac ara aqvs sulieri samyaro. amitomacaa, rom `sxivebs hfens da arvis aTbobs~ da `agdebs mis msxverpls gansacdelSi~. man arc siyvaruli icis, ubralod, ar SeuZlia WeSmariti gancda siyvarulisa da, albaT, esaa misi sasjeli.

safar-begi cdunebul iqna satrfosagan, ver gauZlo mis jadosnobasa da daemona qalis borot zraxvebs:

`da Tu qali majobebda,ar vfiqrobdi, ar megona~.

safar-begma sam dReSi almasxit inalifas lurja cx-

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eni unda mihgvaros zia-xanums da, radganac inalifas beda uris xelSi Cagdeba Zalze Znelia, xsnis erTaderTi gzaa qurdoba:

`Tumc-ki sxva dros ar ikadrebsamas kaci Tavmomwone~...

ase ejaxeba poemaSi erTmaneTs baTusa da safar-be-gis, nazibrolasa da zia-xanumis sulmaRloba da sulmd-abloba, sulgrZeloba da sulwasuloba, sulieri mSve-niereba da angareba. akakis erTi sityvac ar dascdenia nazibrolas xorciel silamazeze. masze naTqvami ufro amaRlebulis STabeWdilebas uqmnis mkiTxvels:

`elferobiT vardi aris,sinaziT ki _ morcxvi ia...trfobisaTvis jer pirveladgulis kari gauRia~.

nazibrolas guli mxolod baTusaTvis cems, zia-xan-umi ki `momxiblavi Soreulad, Tanasworad yvelas atk-bobs~...

safar-begma unda Seasrulos satrfos survili, raTa sawadels miaRwios. angareba udevs safuZvlad maTs urTierTobas. unda iqurdos safar-begma, unda scodos da am gziT moipovos bedniereba, magram isic cxadia, rom aseTi saSualebiT miRweuli bedniereba wamieri iqneba. rogori cxovrebiTac icxovrebs adamiani, ra saSuale-bebsac gamoiyenebs miznis misaRwevad, imis sazRaurs mi-iRebs RvTisagan. amdenad, imTaviTve Cndeba mkiTxvelSi imis gancda, rom aseTi gziT mopovebuli siyvaruli ver iqneba sasufevlis msgavsi netarebis momgvreli.

ra qnas baTum, rogorc ZiZiSvilma, rogorc adamianma, rogorc megobarma?!

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`mousmina ZiZiSvilma,yvela kargad gaigona,magram saqmem ukuRmarTmaSeawuxa, daaRona~.

ukuRmarTi, ukadrisi saqme ikisra safar-begma. icis es baTum, magram hgonia, rom Zmadnafics TavdaviwyebiT uyvars. baTu ki is kacia, romelic megobrisaTvis Tavs gawiravs, mas swams siyvarulis Seuvali Zalisa.

baTu mimndobi da marTali adamiania. mas sjera, zoga-dad, kacisa da, miT ufro, Zmadnaficisa. albaT, pirovnul sisustesTan erTad, es misi bednierebacaa, Tumca imasac grZnobs, rom raRac SeuTavseblobaa WeSmarit siyvarul-sa da am siyvarulisaTvis samoqmedos Soris, radgan amaR-lebuli suli ukadrissa da ukuRmarTs arc TviTon iki-srebs da arc sxvas daavalebs. magram axla amaze fiqris dro ar aris. baTus win zis safar-begi da daxmarebas sTxovs Zmasa da megobars. megobris siyvaruliT anTe-buli afxazi, binZuri cxovrebis uarmyofi baTu, Tavad ikisrebs am ukuRmarTi da samarcxvino saqmis aRsrule-bas. ramdenad didi unda iyos siyvaruli megobrisa, rom aseTi ram SeaZlebinos misnair kacs?! esaa sruli altru-izmi, megobrisaTvis Sewirvis saocari nimuSi, qristianu-li suliskveTebis Sedegi.

erTmaneTis siyvarulis mcneba is axali aRTqma iyo, romelic macxovarma misca mowafeebs: `rameTu ese ars mcneba Cemi, raTa iyuarebodeT urTierTsa, viTarca me Segiyuaren Tquen. ufrosi amisa siyvaruli aravis aqvs, raTa suli Tvisi dasduas megobarTa TvisTaTvis~ (io-ane 15,12-13). magram isic unda iTqvas, rom zedmeti Tana-grZnoba, Tanac arakeTili saqmisaTvis, codvis msaxvral xels Seaxebs baTus. igi, garkveulwilad, Tanaziari xdeba codvisa da amitomac daisjeba.

baTu daadga codvis gzas. is gadawyvets, inalifas

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cxeni safar-begs mihgvaros, Tanac marto midis am saq-mis aRsasruleblad, amitomacaa, rom buneba ar Tanau-grZnobs: `midis, elva gzas unaTebs / da dahbzuis Tavze qari~... magram akaki wereTels aRar ainteresebs gahyves baTus gzas. misi fiqris sagani facxaa, is xdomileba, ro-melic iq ganxorcieldeba...

poemis mesame Tavi ase iwyeba: buneba dawynarda, simS-vide sufevs. baTu moeSureba Sinisaken: `lurj bedaurs moagelvebs / megobrisTvis megobari~... da amis sazRau-rad safar-begisagan Seginebuli, Sebilwuli sareceli daxvdeba. imdenad didia da moulodneli mis Tavs dam-tydari ubedureba, rom uxmod Caikeceba. axla dumilma unda ixsnas erTmaneTisTvis Seqmnili ori mosiyvarule arseba. baTu imarjvebs sakuTar Tavze, siyvaruli _ si-Zulvilze, ndoba _ skefsisze: `me da Seni siyvaruli / wminda aris, viT lampari~ _ gaismis siCumeSi dasturad siyvarulisa, moTminebisa da vaJkacobisa...

ras emsaxureba safar-begi? _ vnebas, biwierebas, borotebas. gana SeiZleba WeSmaritma mijnurma sxvaSi gacvalos satrfos siyvaruli?! amitomac gvgonia, rom safar-begs zia-xanumisaken izidavda mxolod vneba, xorcs ayolili Jini da ara _ amaRlebuli siyvaruli, romelic aspetakebs da amSvenebs adamians.

safar-begma Caidina sastiki danaSauli. is rom Rirsebis sasamarTloze waradgino, aravin gaamarTlebs, aravin Seundobs, radganac unamuso kacia, `morduobis gamtexi da / Cveulebis gadamdegi~. safar-begma kargad icoda, Tu ra warmoudgeneli veragoba Caidina, magram megobris saxeze akiafebulma Rimilma aTqmevina:

`Cems saqciels, samarcxvinos,vin gaigebs, vin damZraxavs~.

saocaria, safar-begi Tavad iZleva Sefasebas momxda-risas: samarcxvinoa qurdoba, ufro samarcxvino da

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dasaZraxia megobris sareclis Segineba, magram... magram raRac dairRva mis arsebaSi, Causaxlda boroti Zala, anu SeuerTda borotebas. axla saWiroa misi gadarCena. safar-begSi feriscvaleba, gardatexa rom moxdes, ami-saTvis didi da mniSvnelovani, maRalzneobrivi nabiji unda gadaidgas, sxva meqanizmi unda amoqmeddes, radgan boroteba arasodes gankurnebula borotebiT.

da ai, pirveli gamofxizleba codviT dacemuli sa-far-begisa: baTum ar daaklo mas, rogorc stumars, pa-tivi da, roca gascdnen facxas, maspinZelma ganacxada, rom yvelaferi icis, oRond Tavs ikavebs megobarsa da megobrobas Sewiruli... fardas axdian safar-begis nam-dvil saxes, mis gaxrwnilsa da dacemul suls. sikeTem, uangarobam SeakrTo igi, mixvda, rom eSmaks damoneboda da Tqva kidec:

`Semacdina TviT eSmakmada damria codvils xeli~.

sad aris gza xsnisa aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili kacisaTvis. sikvdili?! oRond cota gvian xom ar aris! gana SeiZleba codvas codva daumato da baTusTana kaci mkvleli gaxado?! amas arc baTu dauSvebda:

`ara, Sen ver Segexebasasikvdilod Cemi tyvia,dediCemis gazrdili xar,misi ZuZu giwovia~...

baTu xedavs safar-begSi monanie adamians, ukve gulwrfel ZiZiSvils da amitomac eubneba: rac gatexe, is geyofa, sikvdilamde Sen sakvnesado. mas swams, rom, Cade-nili avkacobis gamo, safar-begi mTeli cxovreba Rrma sinanulSi iqneba. RmerTma rom Segindos, unda moinanio,

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sinanulisTvis ki droa saWiro. unda icocxlos safar-begma, misi suli unda gadarCes, ganiwmindos, sinanulma unda ixsnas `morduobis gamtexi~, `rameTu ara ars kaci, romeli cxondes da ara scodos~.

uceb gaisma ukanaskneli Txovna baTusagan: `wadi, naxe is moZRvari, / vinc SviliviT gamogzarda, / da uambe Seni piriT, / rac sircxvili dagemarTa!~ Sedegis gaazreba ba-Tusac uWirs, TiTqos winaswar grZnobs raRacas. `motri-alda da aRmarTi / Zlivs barbaciT aiara~ _ aseTi daRli-li wavida Cveni TvalTaxedvidan baTu. sikeTis brZola da gamarjveba borotebasTan udidesi Zalisxmevis Sedegia, mTel adamianur SesaZleblobebs moiTxovs!

ratom daavala, ratom uTxra baTum safar-begs, Seni moZRvari naxeo... ras eloda misgan afxazi, ras iTxovda igi haji-usubisagan?! Znelia amaze erTniSna pasuxis gace-ma. arc SeiZleba arsebobdes aseTi pasuxi. iqneb, saWiroa msxverpli am codvis gamosasyidad, sisxliT uda ganiwmin-dos didi codvili xdomileba ̀ ...namusis gasawmendad / Cemi xeliT sisxls davRvrio~, _ acxadebs haji-usubi, WkuiTa da gonebiT cnobili, cisa da qveynis mnaxveli moZRvari. igi fiqrobs, rom mis mier daTxeul sisxls ganmwmen delis funqcia eqneba. marTalia, TviTmkvleloba danaSaulia, RvTis nebis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebaa, magram aq, aseT situ-aciaSi, am eniT msjeloba ar gamodgeba. rogorc qriste daikla tarigad Cveni codvebisaTvis, rogorc man gaiRo msxverpli sakuTari sisxliTa da xorciT, aseve haji-usubi msxverplad ewireba gazrdilis codvebs.

rac unda moxdes, safar-begi aRarasodes daecema. masSi ukve moxda feriscvaleba. igi cremliT monanie kacia, romelmac iseTi magaliTi miiRo borotebis wil, rom veRar SeZlebs ukuRmarT cxovrebas. masSi aRdga xati RvTisa, raSic xeli Seuwyo pirovnulma magaliTma _ baTus gasaocarma mimteveblobam da moZRvris daRvrilma udanaSaulo sisxlma.

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haji-usubis TviTmkvleloba sawyisia axali sicocx-lisa dabadebisa. meored iSva safar-begi, masSi moxda sulieri feriscvaleba, aRdgoma. haji-usubma sakuTari sikvdiliT ixsna safar-begi, anu msgavsad macxovrisa, sikvdiliT daTrguna sikvdili. codvaTa misateveblad sxvisTvis daTxeuli misi sisxli aamaRlebs, gadaarCens codvil suls.

magram ismis kiTxva: vin aris baTu _ mimtevebeli Tu damsjeli? _ ra Tqma unda, mimtevebeli, magram, ratom eubneba ZuZumtes: `rac gastexe, is geyofa / sikvdilamde Sen sakvnesad~? baTum ar gaimeta ZuZumte sasikvdilod. qveteqsti aseTia: safar-begi mTeli cxovreba unda itan-jos upatiebeli codvis gamo. miuxedavad misi Txovnisa: `momkal... sindisi gamimTele~, baTum es nabiji ar gadadga, mkvleloba ar Caidina. igi naTlad xedavda monanie ada-mians _ kacs, romelsac ukve Segnebuli hqonda sakuTari Secodeba. alali, wrfeli cremliT irecxavda safar-be-gi TiTqmis miutevebel danaSauls da baTus, did saTno-myofels, gana hqonda ufleba, misTvis ar Seendo?! `uku-eTu miutevneT Tquen kacTa Secodebani maTni, mogitevnen Tquenca mamaman Tquenma zecaTaman. xolo ukueTu ara miutevneT kacTa Secodebani maTni, arca mamaman Tquenman mogitevnes Tquen Secodebani Tqueni~ (maTe 6,14-15).

Zmadnaficma Seundo ZuZumtes: `wadi Cemgan Sendobi-li, / magram Sors ki da mSvidobiT~... gaiyara maTi gzebi, Tumca baTu mainc eubneba: `da dReidan Cven ors Sua / mo-ciquli aris tyvia~... paradoqsia! es fraza iseTi mrwam-sis kacisagan, rogoric baTu aris, ufro gajavrebul gulze wamosrolil sityvebs hgavs. Zmadnaficis tyvia ma-Sin ar Seexo safar-begs, roca baTu afeqtis mdgomareo-baSi iyo. maSin Seikava man Tavi da armosaTmeni moiTmina. axla ki Zneli dasajerebelia, rom aseTma mimtevebeloma sazRauri uzRos codvils, Tumca igi moZRvarTan gzav-nis `Cveulebis gadamdegs~, Tanac sikvdilamde sakvnesad

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ukanonebs danaSauls. am SemTxvevaSi baTu ki ara, saku-Tari codva sjis safar-begs.

sindisis gamrTeleba, namusis ganwmenda did datvirT-vas iZens poemaSi; nazibrolas namusis Selaxva stanjavda safar-begs, mis gasamrTeleblad godebda. haji-usubi ki namusis aRdgenisTvis iklavs Tavs, zneobriobas ewireba, radgan uzneobas mxolod moralur-eTikuriT ebrZvian suliT Zlierni.

rogor mTavrdeba poema? baTu aRar Cans, igi uzneo-basTan brZolaSi gamarjvebuli, Tumca daRlili dabrun-da facxaSi. haji-usubma xeli aRmarTa sicocxleze: ̀ Caike-ca sulTambrZoli, / wamlis kvamlSi gaexvia~... mkiTxvelis pirispir safar-begi darCa, magram rogoria misi saxe?! _ ax-ali kaci aRmdgari, amaRlebuli sakuTar Secodebaze, WeS-maritad monanie, romelsac moZRvarma sakuTari sikvdil-iT sicocxle mianiWa. igi movalea gamzrdelis saxelisa da Rirsebis siwminde daicvas. safar-begi bednierebas im siyvarulSi xedavda, romelmac aseTi ubedureba daatexa Tavs, samagierod, man baTusa da haji-usubisagan iwvnia iseTi siyvaruli, rogoric ufro didia da wminda, vidre _ Tavad samyaro. adamianur yofierebas, amqveyniur cxovre-bas erTguleba da siyvaruli aniWebs azrsa da sazriss!

kaki wereTelma `gamzrdelSi~ gviCvena, rom dacemu-li kacobrioba (safar-begi) aRdgeba, Tu iqnebian baTu-sTana megobrebi da haji-usubisnairi moZRvrebi da, Tu iqneba sinanuli, radgan sinanulis Zala RvTis Zalazea dafuZnebuli _ mkurnalic yovlad Zlieria da mis mier movlenili kurnebac!

mainc ratom uZRvna avtorma poema pedagogebs? haji-usubis magaliTiT risi Tqma surda poets?! _ iqneb amiT kidev erTxel gacxadda aRzrdis mniSvneloba da aRmzrde-lis is mZime jvari, romelic mas akisria. bolomde Sewir-uli moZRvari sikvdiliTac magaliTi darCa aRzrdilisa-Tvis, man ixsna sasikvdilod ganwiruli, dacemuli suli...

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moZRvarma, gamzrdelma bolomde izruna suliT dacemu-lis gadarCenisaTvis... albaT, amisken mouwodebda akaki wereTeli pedagogebs, aqeTken _ maRali zneobisa da si-yvarulisaken, Tavdadebisa da patiosnebisaken, rac mTa-varia, pirovnuli magaliTisken ubiZgebda igi im adamian-ebs, romlebic momavali Taobis aRzrdas tvirTuloben. maT mier aRzrdilT furTxi unda CamoewmindaT saqarT-velosTvis, ezrunaT eris ukvdavebis, qarTvelobis gadar-Cenis, aRdgomisa da amaRlebisaTvis. mxolod haji-usubi-sTana moZRvarT ZaluZT `nayofi keTilis~ gamoReba. iqneb es aklda imdroindel aRmzrdelebs da amis utrireba surda poets, iqneb haji-usubis mier gasrolili tyviis xmas gamoefxizlebina miZinebuli qarTveloba... iqneb...

da kidev erTi safiqrali, Tavsatexi poemidan. roca gvacnobs poeti haji-usubis didebul pirovnebas, rode-sac mTeli sidiadiTa da ZlierebiT Semohyavs igi Cvens cnobierebaSi, roca exeba mis maRal moZRvrul Rirsebas, SeniSnavs:

`safar-begic man gazarda,ise, rogorc sxvebi yvela,magram marto wvrTna ras izams,Tu bunebamc ar uSvela?~

es SekiTxva pasuxs moiTxovs da, TavisTavad, fiqrs gawyebinebs ara marto aRzrdis, aramed TviT adamianis Sesaxeb, am dauZleveli, amoucnobi arsebis raobis Sesa-xeb. sad veZeboT gamosavali an aris ki?! da, Tu arsebobs erTniSna pasuxi, rogoria igi?!

davuSvaT akakic fiqrobs, rom aRzrda saqmes ver Sve-lis, Tu ar iqna `bunebis~ Semweobac, rom mxolod wvrTna ar aris sakmarisi... maSin bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva, ra moiazreba ̀ bunebaSi~ _ gangeba, socialuri garemo, ojaxi, adamianebi, anu is cocxali metyveli samyaro, romlis SuagulSic aRsazrdeli dgas?.. Tu aq RmerTzea saubari,

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maSin gasarkvevi araferia, radgan RvTis nebis, Sewevnisa da daxmarebis, misi wyalobis gareSe xsna ar aris. `ufali sufevs mSveniereba Seimosa~ da igi yovelgan ars da yov-elsave aRavsebs madliTa TvisiTa. Tuki arc RmerTzea saubari da buneba, rogorc landSafti, moiazreba, maSin es gaugebrobaa, radgan aRiarebuli Tezaa, rom bunebis kompetencias aRzrda ar warmoadgens. `uTvalavi fere-biT mocemuli qveyana~ aRzrdili, srulqmnili adamian-isTvis mSvenierebis, RvTis sadidebeli saufloa.

Tuki, saerTod, adamianTa garemo igulisxmeba, maSin gamodis, rom aRzrda, wvrTna amis gauTvaliswineblad unda mimdinareobdes. arada, es xom erTiani procesia. harmoniac mravalTa wesrigiT myardeba.

`buneba aris arseba, yvelaferi, rac arsebobs, rac myofobs... buneba, viTarca movlenaTa da nivTTa Cveu-lebrivi wesi RvTis mier mowesrigebis mixedviT; bune-ba aris agreTve Cveuleba, grZnoba sakuTrebisa, zoga-di gageba an SegrZneba, saerTo adaTi; buneba rogorc dabadeba, Camomavloba, buneba viT arseba, arsi, buneba rogorc gonebis, Wkuis Tvisebani~ (nozaZe 2005: 377-378)

... rac unda moiazrebodes sityva `bunebaSi~ da, Ses-abamisad, rogori interpretaciac ar unda warmovadgi-noT gamoTqmisa `Tu bunebam ar uSvela~, igi mainc pa-suxismgeblobis, raRacis Tavidan acilebis gzaa. yvela SeiZleba daeTanxmos avtoris am gamoTqmas, gamzrdelis garda. Tu moZRvaric amasve ityvis: me verafers gavxdebi, Tuki buneba ar damexmarao, maSin es iqneba perspeqtivaSi gauazrebeli, arakonceptualuri procesi aRzrdisa.

ra Tqma unda, gamzrdeli amas ver gaiziarebs. avto-risa da moZRvris azrebi ver Seeyofian erTmaneTs. icis es haji-usubma. igi mTlianad da uyoymanod iRebs mTel pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze. wvrTnaa gadamwyveti! _ amtkicebs gamzrdeli, araviTari `bunebis Svela~, radgan Sen winaSea tabula raza da, rasac waawer, masve waikiTxav...

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amitom damnaSavea aRmzrdeli, man daaklo raRac... mTeli pasuxismgebloba gamzrdels, mTeli tvirTi moZRvars, araviTari SeRavaTi, araviTari `magram~!.. aseTia haji-usubis pasuxi. misi aRsasrulic amis cxadyofaa! SekiTx-vas `magram marto wvrTna ras izams, / Tu bunebamc ar uSvela?~ pasuxi cota qvemoT, poemis finalSi, gaecema, maSin, roca haji-usubi ityvis:

`sasikvdilo me var mxolod,rom kacad ver gamizrdixar~.

pasuxi erTniSnaa, ganaCenic gamotanilia da, rogorc ityvian, `gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareba~, Tumca dabe-jiTebiT verafers vityviT. yoveli didi mxatvrul qmni-leba xom mudam didi gamocanaa...

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akaki wereTlis Teatraluri esTetika

1914 weli, quTaisi, 74 wlis mgosani saliteraturo saRamoze gamovida. mayureblebi ovaciiT Seegebnen. aka-kim moindoma `momakvdavis fiqrebis~ wakiTxva:

`Tu Cems samSoblos gamoaRviZebsCemi sikvdili, aha, mec mzad var!~

mgosani SeCerda... mexsierebam umtyuna, sityvebi daaviwyda. darbazSi samariseburi siCume Camovarda. akaki SeiSmuSna, Sublze xeli gadaisva, ukanaskneli ori striqoni isev gaimeora da kvlav SeCerda... darbazi isev dums... pauza gagrZelda.

_ dabrZandiT, dabrZandiT, batono akaki! _ gaisma xalxSi.

igi TiTqos buranidan gamovidao. Seirxa Tavisi go-liaTuri sxeuliT, saxe gaubrwyinda, Rimilma gadahkra... magram uceb moiRuSa, TiTqos sevda moawva gulzeo da msmenelT aseTi eqspromtiT mimarTa:

`Cemi scenaze gamosvlis,RmerTmani, dro aRar aris!..Tu zeTi gamoelia,ras gaanaTebs lampari?!

siWabukea lamparida zeTi siyvarulia,me ki orive davkargeda miT _ sicocxle krulia!

axla scenaze gamosvlisdro aRar aris, aRara,

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da geTxovebaT amierCemi sabralo WaRara!~

ase gamoemSvidoba akaki wereTeli Tavis sayvarel xalxs, sayvarel scenas (gersamia 1949: 96-97). Cven ki Tva-li gavadevnoT didi poetisa da mamuliSvilis cxovrebis gzas, romelic araerTxel gadakveTa qarTuli Teatris siyvarulma, misTvis zrunvam da daucadebelma Rvawl-ma _ emsaxura mTeli Tavisi Segnebuli cxovreba kal-miT, saqmiT; werda TeatrisTvis, werda Teatrze, dgam-da speqtaklebs, TamaSobda scenaze, xelmZRvanelobda Teatrs... cxovrobda TeatriT. rogorc ilias, akakisac gaazrebuli, naTlad warmodgenili da Segnebuli hqonda qarTuli Teatris didi erovnuli mniSvneloba, qarTvel adamianze misi zemoqmedebis Zala, amitomac `ar iSurebda arc Tavis fizikur energias, arc sulier Zalebs, rom ri-gian kalapotSi Camdgariyo qarTuli Teatris saqme (asa-Tiani 1953: 224).

qarTveli mwerlebi fiqrobdnen qarTul Teatrze, ase iyo XIX s.-Si, es estafeta gadaeca XX s.-ac da, ar min-da dvkargo imedi imisa, rom XXI s. am mxriv gamonaklisi iqneba, rom Cveni epoqa ver SeZlebs daubrunos qarTul Teatrs Tavisi wili yuradReba, mzrunveloba da siyvaru-li. ilias Taoba, 60-ianelebi, zrunavdnen Teatris yovel komponentze, arkvevdnen Teatralur problemebs, maT Soris iyo akaki wereTelic, `erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-beli moZraobis gamoCenili moRvawe qarTul Teatrs em-saxureboda rogorc dramaturgi, reJisori da msaxiobi... saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi akaki wereTeli qarTul Teatrs xelmZRvanelobasac uwevda (radiani 1958: 55).

Teatris moyvaruli yvela adamiani raRac Tavisas xe-davs, Taviseburad aRiqvams da ganicdis xelovnebis am dargs. akaki wereTlisaTvis Teatris misia, misi roli da adgili qarTul sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ganuzomlad

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didi da Seucvleli iyo: `mxolod erTaderTi asparezi dagvrCenia _ Teatri, saidanac SegviZlia gavigonoT Cve-ni deda-ena: is ena, romelzedac musikobda rusTaveli, brZaneblobdnen Tamarebi, romelzedac hqadagebdnen ninoebi da romelzedac wamebulni simdabliT RmerTs adidebdnen qeTevanebi da maTi msgavsebi! Cven, am Teatris wyalobiT, SegviZlian gavixsenoT Cveni warsuli, davin-axoT awmyo da warmovadginoT momavali~ (akaki wereTeli 1955: 70).

aseTi perspeqtiviT gansazRvra didma poetma Teat-ris funqcia, man imTaviTve gamoricxa Teatris, rogorc gasarTobi dawesebulebis roli, amiT samoZRvro am-bionis statusi mianiWa mas da kidev erTxel gangvawyo mSve nierisa da amaRlebulisaTvis: `Teatri xelovnebis taZaria, samoZRvro ambioni da ara ubralo gasarTobi, safundruko ram. scena aris erovnuli sarke, romelic uSiSrad da utyuvarad unda gvisaxavdes Cveni cxovrebis av-kargs, rom sanaxaobiT moxibluli, mSvenierebisaken sixaruliT miviswrafodeT da uSverebas zizRiT gavur-bodeT~ (akaki wereTeli 1955: 118).

akaki, rogorc realisti, qarTul Teatrs ganixilav-da eris gamajansaRebel, av-kargis gamosaaSkaravebel sa-Sualebad. misTvis Teatri, rogorc SeniSnulia, qarTuli erovnuli mwerlobis, realisturi azrovnebis Teatri iyo. poeti erT Tavis werilSi Teatris saganmanaTleblo misiaze saubrobs: `rac adamianisTvis, kerZo pirisTvis sarkea, is mTeli xalxisa da sazogadoebisTvisac Teat-ria, rom qveyanam Sig Caixedos, Tavisi rogorc nakli, ise Rirsebac dainaxos da gaswordes. Teatri isev Skolaa xalxisaTvis~ (akaki wereTeli 1955: 138).

sawereTloSi, zemo imereTSi, dabadebuli akakis-Tvis imereli kacis yofa, misi yoveldRiuroba, xasiaTi da Tvisebebi TavisTavad iyo Teatraluri, artistuli Strixi. garda amisa, savaneSi miRebuli STabeWdilebebi,

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bavSvobis TamaSobebi `batonobia~ Tu `qorobia~, agreTve, SeSis mWrelebis gasarTobi `tirilobia~ bunebrivad moiTxovda gardasaxvas, sxvadqcevas, warmosaxul situa-ciaSi bunebriv qmedebas. amitom bavSvobidanve SemoiWra mis cxovrebaSi TamaSi, rogorc xasiaTi, rogorc Teat-raluri warmodgenis winasaxe da mogvianebiT, roca sofe-li savane daatovebines da sasaxleSi gadaiyvanes, ukve 10 wlis akakis cnobierebaSi pirvelad Semovida Teatri ara rogorc sanaxaoba, aramed rogorc cnoba~ (yurulaSvili 1978: 6). giorgi erisTavis Teatris Sesaxeb ukve mTeli saqarTvelo alaparakda, maT Soris _ rostom wereTlis ojaxic. safiqrali mieca patara akakis da, rogorc Tavad igonebda, umal dawera `imgvarive ram kiTxva-migebiTi~, saTeatro nawarmoebis msgavsi, patara piesa, romelSic is yofa aRwera, im adamianTa Taviseburebani, mis irgvliv rom ireodnen.

giorgi erisTavis Teatri TbilisSi iyo, quTaisis klasikuri gimnaziis moswavlisTvis miuwvdomeli. am qa-laqSi warmodgenebi TiTqmis ar imarTeboda, vgulisx-mobT saojaxo warmodgenebs, Torem Teatrze fiqric ki araseriozuli iyo. mere daiwyo studentobis xana. mar-Talia, peterburgi kulturis centrad moiazreboda mTel ruseTis imperiaSi, magram akakis arc aq gamouCe-nia gansakuTrebuli interesi Teatris mimarT. dedisadmi moweril baraTSi vkiTxulobT: `uars-vyof: Teatrs, ko-medias da amisTanebs. ra vuyoT, rom yolifers moeswreba kaci da swavlas ki veRar~ (asaTiani 1953: 117).

es dedis sanugeSod naTqvami sityvebi ufroa. Sesa-Zloa, marTlac ver axerxebda warmodgenebze siaruls, rusuli Teatraluri cxovrebis gacnobas, Tumca isic aSkaraa, rom Teatris maRali daniSnuleba, misi gansa-kuTrebuli roli eris cxovrebaSi swored am period-Si Seigno da gaacnobiereba. amas mTeli misi Semdgomi cxovreba ukve aSkarad gamoavlensa da cxadyofs. sergo

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gersamias azriT ki, swored peterburgSi studentobis dros naxa pirvelad akakim warmodgena (gersamia 1949: 16).

studenti akaki samSobloSi ardadegebze Camovida da swored am dros moxda misi Teatraluri naTloba. amas Tavad ase igonebda mxcovani poeti: `1862 wels droebiT Camovedi ruseTidan quTaiss. aq erTi qarTuli enis mas-wavlebeli iyo gimnaziaSi, mosiZe. iman miTxra erTxel: modi, erTi, vsinjoT da Teatri gavmarToT am miyruebul qalaqSi, sadac gasarTobi ara aris-ra!.. avirCieT `mzis dabneleba saqarTveloSi~, zogierTi darbaislebi, Zveli kacebi, sjavrobdnen: jambazoba da maimunoba ra sakadri-siao, magram umetesoba ki kmayofili darCa da zamTarSi kidev orjer-samjer warmovadgineT da didi ambavic iyo yovelTvis.

gazafxulze me isev ruseTisken davbrundi da Teat-ris moyvarulTa wrec daiSala. is iyo da is! mere xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, sanam ruseTidan ar davbrundi, Teat-ris xseneba ar yofila arc TbilisSi da arc quTaisSi~ (akaki wereTeli 1955: 133-134).

rogorc cnobilia, quTaisSi pirveli warmodgena 1861 wlis 3/15 marts gaimarTa istorikos d. baqraZis meTau-robiT da daidga g. erisTavis komedia `gayra~ (gersamia 1949: 42), 1862 wels meore warmodgenis gamarTva ukve aka-kis saxels ukavSirdeba.

samSobloSi dabrunebulma akakim seriozulad daiwyo fiqri da qmedeba quTaisSi Teatris aRorZinebisaTvis. man rafiel erisTavTan erTad Camoayaliba scenismoyva-reTa wre, romelmac ori sezoni iarseba.

xelSewyobiT quTaisis gubernatoris, graf levaSovis muRlis, grafinia levaSovisas, romelsac qalTa ufaso skola gaexsna, kviraobiT da dResaswaulebze imarTeboda warmodgenebi. am Teatris moRvaweebi iyvnen efro (efro-sine) kldiaSvili, zaqaria WeiSvili da akaki wereTeli... `ori sezonis meti ar yofila quTaisSi Teatri, radgan

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rafiel erisTavi TbilisSi gadmovida da mec im xanebSi davanebe Tavi quTaiss~ (akaki wereTeli 1955: 136).

akaki am wreSi dadgmuli speqtaklebis reJisori iyo, msaxiobobda kidec. rasakvirvelia, es iyo araprofe-siuli `dasi~, bevri kuriozi axlda maTs warmodgenebs, magram, rac mTavaria, quTaiseli mayurebeli Semoikriba da Seqmna azri qalaqSi profesiuli Teatris daarsebis aucileblobisa.

sxvaTa Soris, es wre TbilisSic Camosula `sagas-trolod~, daudgamT giorgi erisTavis istoriuli drama `yvaryvare aTabagi~. rogorc specialistebi SeniSnaven `es pirveli sagastrolo warmodgenaa, saerTod, qarTu-li Teatris mier mowyobili~ (gersamia 1949: 45) da amis saTaveSic akaki wereTeli dgas.

1968 wlidan akaki ukve TbilisSi Camodis da aq iwyebs n. avaliSvilis meTaurobiT Semdgar axalgazrdobis jgufTan Tavisi piesis `Zvelsa da axals Sua~ momzade-bas, Tanac am wris xelmZRvanelobac ikisra. warmodgena 1968 wlis 9/21 Tebervals Sedga. amis Semdeg poets kidev erTi warmodgena gaumarTavs. mniSvnelovania isic, rom Camoyalibda scenismoyvareTa wre, warmodgenebidan Se-mosuli fuliT SeiZines farda, dekoracia, cota aveji da tanisamosi _ ase fiqrobdnen, wvalobdnen da qmnidnen profesiuli Teatris baziss scenismoyvareTa wreSi.

aseTi iyo pirveli nabijebi akakis Teatraluri moRva-weobisa. rogorc aRvniSneT, dasawyisSive mas evaleboda warmodgenebis organizeba. is erTgvari reJisori iyo am wreebSi dadgmuli speqtaklebisa. ra Tqma unda, Cveni sa-siqadulo mgosani mowodebiT arc reJisori yofila da arc msaxiobi, magram Teatris siyvarulma, dramatuli xe-lovnebis arsebobis aucileblobis Segnebam igi am kuTxi-Tac daasaqma. poeti araviTar samuSaos ar Takilobda, rac ki Teatrs exeboda da sWirdeboda.

rogorc aRvniSneT, akaki wereTlis sareJisoro

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debiuti quTaisSi Sedga, amis Semdeg muSaoba TbilisSic ganagrZo da, rogorc reJisori, meTaurobda qarTul sasceno xelovnebas. 1903-1904 ww.-is sezonSi Tbilisis TeatrSi reJisorad miiwvies. XX s.-is dasawyisSi reJi-sura ar iyo ganviTarebuli. amdenad, mas Cven ver warmo-vidgenT Tanamedrove profesionali reJisoris rangSi, Tumca Tavad poets speqtaklis organizaciis Sesaxeb Tavisi gamokveTili pozicia hqonda. akakis reJisoruli naazrevi kargad aqvs Seswavlili profesor vasil kiknaZ-es Tavis wignSi `qarTuli reJisuris istoriis narkveve-bi~. Cven SevecdebiT ganvazogadoT is, Tu ras da rogor fiqrobda poeti sasceno xelovnebis am maorganizebeli profesiis Sesaxeb.

akaki wereTlis azriT, speqtaklis warmatebisaTvis ramdenime faqtoria aucilebeli da ganmsazRvreli:

• gaspetakebuli qarTuliT metyveleba;

• piesis mTavari azris Segneba;

• rolebis gazepireba, rom sufliori saWiro aRar iyos;

• reJisoris survilTan msaxiobis survilis SeTanxmeba, rom aRaravin sTqvas es didi rolia, es patara, es SemSvenis, es arao, amas viTamaSeb, imas ara da amgva-rebi. xelovneba mSvenieria da mSvenierebam ki Ta-visTavad didi da patara ar icis (kiknaZe 1982: 58);

• akaki reJisorisagan moiTxovs pativiscemas dramat-urgis Sromisadmi, rom TviTneburad ar Caerios da ar Secvalos teqsti;

• akaki winaaRmdegia imisa, rom piesaSi sanaxaobisa da ritmis Seqmnis iluziisaTvis Caematos adgilebi, romelTac mxatvruli funqcia ar gaaCniaT;

• reJisorma jer unda waukiTxos artistebs Tavidan bolomde piesa, gaacnos dedaazrs, auxsnas TiToeuli

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moqmedi piris xasiaTi da yvelas daakisros imisTana roli, romelic mis niWs SeSvenis. aq akaki tipaJis sworad SerCevis aucileblobas moiTxovs;

• sistematurad unda mimdinareobdes repeticiebi da mas yvela msaxiobi uklebliv unda eswrebodes;

• repeticia unda warimarTos xmamaRla laparakiT da ara Cumad;

• repeticiaze muSaoba iseTnairad unda gaiSalos, rom msaxiobebi erTmaneTs `SeeTmaSon~ (SeeCvion);

• reJisori saWiroebis mixedviT msaxiobebTan individ-ualurad unda muSaobdes (gersamia 1949: 79).

aqve imasac SevniSnavT, rom Sekrebili da moZiebuli cnobebiT qarTul TeatrSi akaki wereTels daudgams Sem-degi piesebi:

1. zurab antonovis `mzis dabneleba saqarTveloSi~ _ 1862 w;

2. molieris `skapenis cuRlutoba~ (Targmani akakisa) _ 1875;

3. giorgi wereTlis `ojaxis asuli~;

4. gabriel sundukianis `xaTabala~;

5. onore de balzakis `merkade~;

6. aleqsandre sumbaTaSvil-iuJinis `Ralati~ (kote mesxTan erTad) _ 1903 w. Tumca, ioseb griSaSvilis ganmartebiT, `Ralati~ pirvelad daidga 1904 wlis 20 ianvars akakis reJisorobiT operis TeatrSi (akaki... 1959: 446).

Tavisive piesebi:

7. Zvelsa da axals Sua _ 1868 w;

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8. kudur xanum _ 1880 w;

9. kinto _ 1880 w;

10. butiaoba _ 1881 w;

11. Tamar cbieri _ 1904 w., 1911 w. (TelavSi);

12. ganTiadi _ 1904 w.

² ² ²

akaki wereTeli iyo ara marto reJisori qarTuli Teatrisa, aramed misi xelmZRvanelic. rogorc cnobi-lia, 1879 w. ilias meTaurobiTa da ZalisxmeviT aRadgines qarTuli profesiuli Teatri. 1880 wels daarsda dra-matuli sazogadoeba, romlis gamgeobis Tavmjdomaris pirvel moadgiled airCies akaki. aqedan moyolebuli saTeatro saqmes qveyanaSi swored es dramatuli sazoga-doeba xelmZRvanelobda. 1880-1881 wlis sezonis antre-prenioroba akakis xvda wilad. poeti igonebs:

`erTxel movida CemTan ilia WavWavaZe da, sxvaTa So-ris, Teatris Sesaxebac Camovarda Cvens Soris Semdegi saubari

_ kaco, e Teatri rom aRar gvaqvs, ras ityvi Sen? _ damekiTxa mowyeniT _ ZlivsZlivobiT, rogorc iqna, sazogadoeba movaCvieT Teatrs da exla ki isev unda da-viviwyoT?!…

_ viTom aRar eSveleba ra?_ eSveleba, Tu Sen moindomeb!_ me?_ ho, Sen! quTaisSi rogor moaxerxeT. axlac droebiT

scena gavmarToT sadme da Sen iTave...... Teatri yovelTvis savse iyo xolme da Semosavali

araTu hyofnida jamagirad, kidec gadaaWarba. warmod-gena gvqonda kviraSi erTjer...

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erTxel, sezonis miwurulSi quTaisSi CavediT… ze-dized 12-jer viTamaSeT da wminda Semosavali darCa 511 Tumani. Cems ocnebas sazRvari aRar hqonda. me vfiqrob-di, rom, Tu ase wavida saqme, mermisisaTvis artistebs ja-magirs gavuorkeceb da saTeatro scenac SeiZleba gaim-arTos-meTqi. magram Cems ocnebas male Seekveca frTebi. artistebma, garda SanSiaSvilisa, erTxmad gamomicxades, rom anterprizas aRar vemorCilebiT da Cvenda Tavad gvinda SevadginoT amxanagobao. mimatoves da wavidnen Tbiliss, mizezad is momdes, rom jamagiri ar gveZlevao...

am ramodenime wlis winaT ki, komitetis Tavmjdo-marem, nikoloz qarTveliSvilma, romlisac didi pati-viscema maqvs, momwera, rom erTi sezonis ganmavlobaSi reJisoroba mekisra. Cemma reJisorobam sasargeblo ve-raferi moutana ra Teatrsa, magram piradad me davrw-mundi, rom Cven qarTuli Teatri ar gvaqvs, mxolod sxvebsa vbaZavT da am mibaZvaSic bevri ara hyria ra~ (akaki wereTeli 1955: 139-142).

poetis am mogonebaSi kargad Cans qarTvelis erTi ucnauri xasiaTi _ gautanloba-daundobloba da amiT sazogado saqmis CaSla. Teatris saTaveSi mosulma mgo-sanma kargad icoda, Tu raoden krizisul dros uwevda muSaoba, usaxsrobisa da saorganizacio-SemoqmedebiTi problemebis fonze. akakis azriT, TeatrisTvis oTxi ram aris saWiro:

• Senoba Sesaferi mowyobilobiT;

• kargad gawvrTnili artistebi;

• niWieri mwerlebi;

• TanamgrZnobi xalxi.

erTi wuTiT warmovidginoT, rogori organizaciuli niWis patroni unda yofiliyo akaki, rogori menejeri (Tanamedrove terminiT), rom daiyolia grigori arwruni,

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raTa mas Tavisi qarvaslis sakoncerto darbazi Teat-ralur darbazad gadaekeTebina da mieqiravebina qar-Tuli TeatrisTvis. amis Semdeg man msaxiobebs dauniSna xelfasi, radgan Zalian kargad esmoda, rom uxelfasod, Sesatyvisi anazRaurebis gareSe, sazogadoebriv sawyise-bze iniciativis imediT profesiul Teatrze fiqri ilu-zia iqneboda.

akaki wereTeli namdvili Wirisufali iyo qarTuli Teatrisa. axla mis winaSe mwvaved dadga Teatris sarep-ertuaro politikis sakiTxi. Tu qarTul Teatrs undoda mayurebeli hyoloda, misi arsebobisTvis, misi erovnuli saxis formirebisTvis aucilebeli iyo qarTuli drama-turgia, qarTuli piesebi: `wminda qarTuli repertuari gansacdelSia, uWirs scenaze fexis mokideba da Ciqor-Tulad, damRrCval ZaRliviT RvelerWoT ucxo enidan gadmo Treuli piesebi win eRobebian namdvil qarTul scenas (akaki... 1955: 128).

poeti msjelobis Rirsadac ar miiCnevs sayvelpuro-sabalagano piesebs. uxeiro piesaSi TamaSi xelovnebis Seuracxyofaao, `naTargmni, umniSvnelo dekadenturi piesebi CvenTvis araferi xelsayrelia... Cveni cxovrebi-dan xelovnurad dawerili piesebic, SedarebiT `uriel akostasa~ da `hamletisa~ _ wyalia... magram ra vqnaT, `uwylod gaZleba ar SegviZlia~ (gaz. `iveria~, # 214, 1903). akaki vrclad msjelobs naTargmn piesebze da sa-gangebod Segvaxsenebs qarTuli Teatris erovnul misias: `SeiZleba, qarTvelma msaxiobma Semecnurad iTamaSos romelime ibsenis, knut gamsunis, gauptmanis da sxva ev-ropielTa mwerlebis piesebSi, magram imiT qarTveli msaxiobi veras etyvis qarTvel-guls! es iqneba cxovreba norvegielebis, germanelebis da sxvaTa da ara qarTuli. metyvian: aq iqneba gatarebuli msoflio azrebi, sanamdi-nac unda qarTveli aviyvanoTo!.. SeiZleba, rom es mar-Talic iyos, magram yolifers Sesaferi dro eWirveba.

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rodesac mteri Sens mosaklavad modis, maSin yoliferi unda daiviwyo mis meti, rom mteri rogorme moigero. da, roca moigerieb, mere ifiqro sxvaze. roca Sens ojaxSi Sesvlas apireb, jer pirvel safexurze unda moimagro fexi, ahyve momarjvebuladac kibes da ise axvide, Torem fexacilebulad rom xtunva daiwyo, mizans ver miaxwev. amiTi is ki ar minda vsTqva, rom gareSes yolifers Tva-li avaridoT-meTqi. ara! yovelive gareSesac Tval-yuri vadevnoT da, rac gamosadegia CvenTvis, mxolod imas CavhkidoT xeli, Torem gaurCevlad, maimunurad mibaZva savnebelia da marTalsac gveubneba erTi andaza: `wamwy-mi-da wamxedurobamo~. yvelaze umal es wamxeduroba ar SeSve nis Teatrs da Cvenma Teatrmac unda aicdinos Tavi-dan da xSirad ar gvimaspinZldebodes naTargmni piesebiT. is unda iyos xalxis aRmzrdelad da xalxs ise eqceodes, rogorc auditorias~ (zardiaSvili 2005: 109-109).

akakis gulistkivili, rom qarTul Teatrs erovnu-li saxe ara aqvs, gamowveuli iyo naTargmni piesebis si-WarbiT, originaluri dramaturgiis uxeirobiT. poetis azriT, qarTuli TeatrisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelo-ba hqonda istoriul piesebs. swored amis naklovanebam aaRebina xelSi kalami piesebis sawerad. yvelaze mTavari argumenti erovnuli repertuaris arsebobisa is iyo, rom am aspeqtSi gamovlindeboda Teatris mxatvruli orientiri, misi socialuri funqcia, radganac erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gaZliereba mxolod na-cionalur niadagze, maRali patriotuli suliskveTebiT iqneboda SesaZlebeli.

xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargidan akaki wereTlisTvis Teatri sruliad gansxvavebuli da umaRlesi safexuri iyo: ̀ scena xom sarke unda iyos, cxovrebis av-kargianobis utyuvrad maCvenebeli da, amave dros, xalxis gamwvrT-neli umaRlesi skolac~ (`iveria~, # 60, 1902). werilSi, romelsac ̀ mcire ram SeniSvna~ daarqva, sagangebod aRniS-

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navs: `Teatri, sazogadod, saskolo sarbielia, saidanac xelovnurad Sezavebuli, sasiamo da, imave dros, sasarge-blo ram msmenel-mayurebels grZnoba-gonebas uxiblavs da cxovrebis brZmedSi atarebs~ (wereTeli 2010: 51).

aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia, Tu rogori maRali da Seuvali iqneboda poetis damokidebuleba da moTxovnebi msaxiobTa mimarT:

• pirveli da umTavresi niWis problemaa, warmosaxul situaciaSi bunebrivad, damajereblad TamaSis unari, `sulieri moZraoba da ara xorcieli kuntruSi~;

• Tavi da Tavi Rirseba artistis sxvebTan SeTamaSebaa, rodesac usityvod, mxolod saxis gamometyvelebiT ukavSirdeba sxvebs da saxiblav Zafs ara swyvets (aka-ki... 1955: 110);

• msaxiobi naswavli da Wkua-goneba ganviTarebuli unda iyos (akaki... 1955: 83);

• aqtiori igive moZRvaria xalxisa, is aris mwerlis TanaSemwe mokarnaxe. mwerlis suraTebs is axorcie-lebs da erTad Tavmoyril xalxs cocxlad da naT-lad gadascems (iqve: 75);

• artistis valia, rom ise warmoadginos is piri, romelsac axorcielebs, rogorc piesis avtors hyavs gamoxatuli da ara sxvebs (iqve: 71);

• mniSvnelovania msaxiobis gamoTqmis kilo mimikasTan SeTanxmebuli;

• dauSvebelia rolis teqstis daviwyeba da sityvebis gadaylapva;

• msaxiobis TamaSi unda iyos `namdvili~, imas ar unda hqondes im dros mxedvelobaSi publika da misi mowone-ba an dawuneba (es igivea, rac sajaro martoobis mo-menti k. stanislavskis sistemaSi. Sdr., akaki... 1955: 35);

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• piesa rac ufro niWierad aris dawerili, miT ufro Zneli saTamaSoa. uniWo artistebs SeuZliaT ise daamaxinjon Cinebuli piesa, rom mayurebels zizRi mogvaron da SeaZulon da agreTve ubralo ramec ise kargaT SeiZleba iTamaSon, rom damswreT isiamovnon (wereTeli 2010: 55).

• uniWo aqtiorisTvis yvela roli miuwvdomelia, did-ic da patarac, da niWierisTvis ki sul erTia: didSic da pataraSiac gamoiCens Rirsebas (wereTeli 2010: 55).

• garda niWisa da ganaTlebisa, aucilebelia momxibv-leloba, mimzidveli garegnoba. Tvaltanadobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs scenisaTvis. siyvarulis rolSi rac unda susti iyos lamazi moTamaSe, mainc Tvals uxvevs mayurebels;

• zomierebis SegrZneba da dacva aucilebelia msax-iobisTvis. msaxioboba gansxvavdeba jambazobisagan;

• mZime uRelia da mZime tvirTi artistis xvedri, ar-tistis bedi da ubedoba bevris xelSia Cavardnili:

a) reJisoris xelSi, rom Sesaferisi rolebi aZlios;

b) mokarnaxis xelSi, rom karnaxi ar aurios;

g) TanamoTamaSeebis xelSi, rom ar gaufuWon ganzrax-viT TamaSi.

rogor Rrmad unda iyos Caxedili msaxiobis xelovne-baSi, Signidan rogor unda xedavdes am SemoqmedebiTs process adamiani, rom aseTi sifaqiziTa da sizustiT mi-gnebul niuansebze werdes.

akaki Tavad iyo msxiobi, radgan maSin ase sWirdeboda saTeatro saqmes. mis mier naTamaSebi rolebis CamonaT-vali aseTia:

a) scenaze pirvelad quTaisSi gamovida, 1862 wels, al-

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baT zurab antonovis piesaSi `mzis dabneleba saqarT-veloSi~, Tumca romel rols asrulebda, amis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar mogvepoveba;

b) Semdegi roli iqneboda rafiel erisTavis romeliRac sammoqmedebian piesaSi, romlis saxels poeti ar asax-elebs, Tumca im mxiarul istorias igonebs, romlis mixedviTac sufliors (Tavad rafiel erisTavs) meore moqmedebis rveuli Sin darCenia, amitom msaxiobebi iZulebulni iyvnen mokarnaxis gareSe eTamaSaT;

g) mesame roli iyo giorgi erisTavis ̀ yvaryvare aTabagSi~ 1868 wels;

d) vaWari gigo _ beklemiSevis mier kamenskis romanidan gadmokeTebul dramaSi `maiko~;

e) Jeronti _ 1880 wels kote mexis sabenefisod dadgmul molieris `skapenis cuRlutobaSi~;

kidev ori roli iTamaSa poetma (ioseb griSaSvilis cno-biT):

v) mixeili _ gabriel sundukianis piesaSi `kidev erTi msxver pli~;

z) giorgi _ Tavisave vodevilSi `butiaoba~.

² ² ²

sruliad gansakuTrebulia akakis damsaxureba mxatv-ruli kiTxvis dargSi. 1868-70 ww.-Si, rodesac igi mom-rigebel mosamarTled muSaobda quTaisSi, `awyobs da xalisiT monawileobs saliteraturo saRamoebsa da Teat-ralur warmodgenebSi~ (asaTiani 1953: 222), Tumca akaki, rogorc deklamatori, pirvelad 1866 wels gamovida scenaze quTaisSi, literaturul saRamoze qalTa ufaso skolis sasargeblod. metad ucnauri programa hqonda am

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saRamos. iqauri gimnaziis maswavleblebi kiTxulobdnen leqciebs TavianTi specialobis mixedviT istoriidan, botanikidan, zoologiidan... monawileobis misaRebad akakic miuwveviaT, mas waukiTxavs ̀ scenebi sapyrobileSi~: `daviwye misi sxvadasxva xmiT kiTxva zepirad... gamofxi-zlebul publikas moewona, astyda sicil-xarxari da im-denad moewona, rom mTxova gameoreba~ (akaki wereTeli... 2004: 591).

1875 wels Tbilisis sazafxulo klubSi gaimarTa pirveli qarTuli literaturuli saRamo. gazeTi `droe-ba~ werda: `Cven iSviaTad gagvigonia aseTi ostaturi da xelovnuri wakiTxva, rogorc akakim Tavis `advokatis dila~ da `scenebi sapyrobileSi~ waikiTxa (droeba 1875).

akakis xmamaRali kiTxva ar uyvarda, magram, miuxeda-vad amisa, ise kiTxulobda, rom arc erTi misi sityva ar ikargeboda da msmenelamde azri naTlad aRwevda... kiTxulobda grZnobiT, momxiblavad... sxeulisa da gan-sakuTrebiT xelebis moZraoba ar uyvarda... misi leqsTa kiTxva iyo riTmovani saubari, moklebuli yalb paToss, magram, amave dros, arayoveldRiur sasaubro metyvele-bamde dayvanili. is ueWvelad sceniuri iyo, magram ar-tistul iers moklebuli (gersamia 1949: 91).

`akakis scenaze gamoCena da taSis talRa erTi iyo, magram, roca leqss ambobda, parterSi iseTi siCume Camo-vardeboda xolme, TiTqos xalxi ar sunTqavso (griSaS-vili 1952: 394).

1880 wlis agvistoSi TbilisSi akakis xvdeba daviT kldiaSvili: `me gulisfancqaliT Sevyurebdi maRal, ra-Rac gansxvavebuli tkbili xmiT molaparake adamians~ _ igonebda didi prozaikosi (kldiaSvili 1933: 327).

`akaki msmenelTa yuradRebis dapyrobis saidumlos flobda, lamazi iyo, sityvadinji, xma xaverdovani hqon-da, sasiamovno, Jestikulacias mxolod aucileblobis SemTxve vaSi mimarTavda, mis kiTxvaSi yvelaferi nawar-

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moebis deda azris gamokveTas emsaxureboda, ar uyvarda yalbi paTosi, arc uRimRamo yofiToba~ (uruSaZe 1967: 39).

sabednierod, saqarTvelos radios (FM 102.4) `oqros fondSi~ daculia ramdenime unikaluri Canaweri akakis xmisa. muyaos kolofs, romelSic es Canaweri devs, aseTi warwera aqvs: `magnitofirze gadawerilia 1950 wlis 7 Tebervals xmis operator levan qiSmiSevis mier firfi-tidan, romelic SeiZina batonma akaki ZiZigurma kinore-Jisor Saqro beriSvilisgan~ (oqros fondi 1950).

saWirod migvaCnia imis aRnusxva, Tu rogor aRmoCnda es Canaweri radioSi an rodis da vis mouvida azrad aka-kis xmis Cawera?

fonografi _ meqanikuri bgeraTCawerisa da bgeraT-warmoebis xelsawyo gamoigona Tomas alva edisonma 1877 wels. bgera iwereboda lilvakze Semoxveuli kalis kili-taze (an cviliT dafarul qaRaldis lentze) membranas-Tan dakavSirebuli nemsiT (saWrisiT), kilitis zedapirs nemsi kawravda (qmnida cvalebadi siRrmis xraxnul Ra-raks). bgeraTa aRwarmoebis dros RarSi moZravi nemsi irxeoda da masTan dakavSirebuli membrana bgeras gamo-scemda (fonografi 2011:). ilias `iverias~ edisonis aparatisaTvis me-19 saukunis sakvirveleba uwodebia. 1890 wels fonografi ukve Tbiliss swvevia da jer sas-tumro `londonSi~, xolo Semdeg saadgilmamulo bankis TeatrSi mousmeniaT musika. erT ymawvils ki vrceli leqsi waukiTxavs, romelic fonografs `uklebvliv gau-meorebia~, rasac mxurvale aplodismentebi mohyva Turme gaognebuli mayureblebisagan. 1895 wlis 8 marts Cauwe-riaT nato gabunias SesrulebiT simRera akakis `aRmarT-aRmarT~, msaxiob kote yifians ki mamia gurielis `adami-ani~ waukiTxavs (kikilaSvili 2008: 4), Tumca es Canawerebi Cvenamde moRweuli ar aris. kidev ufro samwuxaro isaa, rom ilias aravin sTxova da misi xma ar SemorCa STamomav-lobas.

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mogvianebiT fonografis safuZvelze Seiqmna gramo-foni da patefoni, romlebic XX saukunis 40-50-ian wleb-Si Secvala eleqtromeqanikurma da magniturma Camwer-ma, agreTve aRmwarmoebelma mowyobilobam. gramofoni gamoigona emil berlinelma 1887 wels. es aparati, ediso-nis fonografisagan gansxvavebiT, aRWurvilia ebonitis (kauCukis) firfitiT.

britaneTis samefos `gramofonis~ kompaniam XX s.-is dasawyisSi mTel evropaSi, kavkasiasa da, kerZod, saqa-rTveloSi gaxsna `gramofonis~ savaWro centri, aqve iyo Turme xmis Camweri studiac, romelSic iwereboda kavkasiis xalxTa folklori. 1913 wlis 4 martis gazeT `TemSi~ daibeWda korespondencia saTauriT `mgosani aka-ki `gramofonis~ sazogadoebis Tbilisis ganyofilebaSi~, romelsac xels awerda vinme `damswre~. moviyvanT vrcel amonarids am `niusidan~:

`jer kidev SarSanwin `gramofonis~ sazogadoebas surda rogorme Caewera akakis sityvebi, magram sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, es saqme ver moxerxda.

wels, rodesac am TveSi inglisidan ganyofilebas ewvia sagangebod texnikosi b. pirsi, mgosans mihmarTes ganyofilebis gamgem b. frederik tailerma da gan-yofilebis moxelem b. i. tabliaSvilma TxovniT, eTqva Tavisi leqsebi da ramdenime sityva gramofonSi.

b. akaki daTanxmda da oTxSabaTs, 27 Tebervals mivi-da ganyofilebis kantoraSi, sadac sagangebod mowyobil manqanaSi CasZaxa Tavisi sami leqsi: ̀ momakvdavis fiqrebi~, `bavSvebisadmi~ da `mgosani~. es sami leqsi daetia fir-fitis erT gverdze. daRalulobis gamo imave dRes mgo-sanma ver moaxerxa firfitis meore gverdis Sesavsebad sityvis warmoTqma. amitom mgosani meore dResac miiwvies kantoraSi. manqanaSi man CasZaxa jer Tavisi cnobili leq-si `ganTiadi~ (mTawminda Cafiqrebula), mere ki Semdegi sityvebi: `gamarjoba, Cveno axladmomavalno...~ b. akakis

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naTqvami, rogorc ingliselma texnikosma b. pirsma gad-mogvca, kargad aRibeWda gramofonis firfitaze. amnai-rad qarTvel xalxs saukunod Seenaxeba akakis xma.

sasurvelia, erTi firfita mainc dacul iqmnas im-nairive wesiT, rogorc parizis grandoperaSi icaven saukeTeso momRerlebis firfitaze Caweril xmebs.

kargi iqneba, Tu erTi firfita da gramofonic masTan erTad Seinaxeba qarTul erovnul muzeumSi~ (Temi 1913:).

faqtobrivi uzustobaa presiT gavrcelebuli infor-macia, TiTqos akaki wereTlis xma da misi xuTi leqsi mis iubileze, 1911 wels Caiwera (axali 7 dRe 2010:). yurad-saRebia kidev erTi faqti: rogorc am korespondeciis avtori, aseve Tavad akaki sakuTar leqss ase acxadebs `mgosani~. es is Sedevria, Cveni sazogadoeba sxva sax-eliT rom icnobs _ `poeti~. xom ar ajobebs, akakis `po-eti~ movixsenioT rogorc `mgosani~, radgan sicocxlis miwuruls Tavad didma mweralma sakuTari Sedevri ase warmo gvidgina, Tanac korespondentic am leqss `mgosans~ uwodebs. rogorc Gans, raRac tradicia ukve arsebobda. aseTi midgomiT advili gasarGevi iqneba ilias `poeti~ akakis `mgosnisagan~.

roca am Canawerebs usmen, roca akakis xmis tembri, gulSiCamwvdomi bgera Cagesmis, roca misi sunTqva ase gaTrTolebs da, rac mTavaria, xelSesaxebad sagrZnobia poetis intonaciaSi gacocxlebuli xasiaTi, aRar giCnde-ba SekiTxva: ratom hqvia `oqros fondi~ am saganZurs!

akakis xmovani Canawerebi gvexmareba, upirvelesad, aR-vadginoT didi mgosnis sulieri mdgomareoba, roca `man-qanaSi unda CaeZaxa~ ramdenime nimuSi Tavisi didebuli poeziisa. ver SeniSnavT aRelvebul, mocaxcaxe da nervi-ulad dabneul poets. imdenad bunebrivia misi deklam-acia, ggonia, TiTqos Seni Tanamedrove kiTxulobs. am Canawerebis mixedviT, SesaZlebloba gvaqvs davakvirdeT didi winapris rogorc poetur, ise prozaul metyvele-

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basac. marTalia, poeti musikalurad, amaRlebuli gan-wyobiT gvikiTxavs, magram aq ver moismenT erT yalb, pa-Tetikur bgerasac ki. akaki wereTeli gansakuTrebulad artistulia, roca kiTxulobs leqss `bavSvebisadmi~. erTbaSad icvleba poetis xma, intonacia ufro Tbili da gamomsaxveli xdeba, Tanac aSkarad igrZnoba obieqti, visac ukiTxavs, visac mimarTavs da, Sesabamisad, bavSvis-Tvis advilad mosasmen-gasageb variants gvTavazobs. mgo-sani xasiaTSi, cota wamRerebiT iwyebs: `patara rom vi-yavi, patara biWukelaaa...~. amdenad, es erTi gamovlenac ki naTel suraTs gvaZlevs imis sailustraciod, Tu ro-gor kargad esmodaT qarTvel realist mwerlebs saubris droisa da adgilis mniSvneloba.

gardacvalebamde ori wliT adre Caiweres akakis xma, Tanac meore dResac daibares firfitis gverdis Ses-avsebad da swored am ̀ damatebiTi dRisTvis~ Cauweria po-ets qarTuli poeziis Sedevri `ganTiadi~. verc am leqsSi igrZnobT rames yalbsa da maneruls, rac SemdegSi, samwu-xarod, didxans gahyva mxatvruli kiTxvis xelovnebas. leqsis tragizmi miRweulia maqsimaluri sisadaviT. Cvens gansakuTrebul interess warmoadgens akakis e. w. xmovani anderZi. rogorc Cans, mas gaazrebuli hqonda mniSvnelo-ba am Canawerebisa da, albaT, sagangebod am dRisTvis, am CanawerisTvis man dawera es teqsti: gamarjoba Tqveni, axlad momavalno! me, ukve mimavali, geTxovebiT da vswux-var, rom sagulisxmo anderZad veras gitovebT, garda mar-to xvewna-vedrebisa: giyvardeT Tqveni samSoblo, Tqveni eri, rogorc pirveli safexuri kacobriobis miswrafebisa, radganac siyvarulSia adamianis bedniereba! magram misTana siyvarulSi ki, romelsac sarCulad simarTle da gulwrf-eloba uZevs, uamisod yovelgvari Sroma amaoa da mSromels ara aqvs ufleba sTqvas: „ufali CemTanaa, aliluia!“

akakis `xmovan anderZSi~ ori ramaa mniSvnelovani: jer erTi, poeti grZnobs moaxloebul Sexvedras mara-

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disobasTan, Tumca amis gamo araa damwuxrebuli da sev-diani, qristianuli optimizmiTa da olimpiuri simS-vidiT dgas obieqturi gardauvalobis pirispir. garda amisa, am striqonebSi da, rac mTavaria, poetis xmaSi is-mis misi amqveyniuri arsebobis azri da sazrisi: samSob-lo da ufali, siyvaruli da rwmena. akaki wereTelma am mimarTviT erT maradiul kiTxvasac gasca pasuxi: ra aris bedniereba? _ marTali da gulwrfeli siyvaruli! aqve uaRresad mniSvnelovania misi liturgiuli cnobierebis gamovlenac, rom uzenaesi sityviTa da saqmiT unda vadi-doT. aliluias (vaqebdeT ufalsa) ver ityvi, Tu marTa-li da gulwrfeli ara xaro _ gviTxra da amiT sakuTari cxovrebis umTavres pirovnul poziciazec migvaniSna.

1913 wlis Semdeg aTasma qartexilma gadaiqrola Cve-ni mravaltanjuli samSoblos caze da, roca 1925 wels saqarTvelos radio daarsda, akakis xmis Canawerebi aRa-ravis axsovda. qveyanas Tavisi gasaWiri hqonda da bolSe-vikur diqtaturasTan adaptaciis periods gadioda.

gavida dro. saqarTvelos radios saTaveSi Caud-ga didi mamuliSvili, akaki ZiZiguri, romelic igonebs (Canaweri daculia saqarTvelos radios oqros fondSi), rom erTxel misTvis geronti qiqoZes uTqvams, BBC-is sa-SualebiT mis nacnobs mousmenia vano sarajiSvilis Ses-rulebiT malxazis aria, `Tavo Cemo~, z. faliaSvilis op-era `daisidan~. a. ZiZiguri dainteresebula am faqtiT da dauwyia Zveli firfitebis moZieba. gurjaanSi, Telavsa da quTaisSi upovia v. sarajiSvilis rva simRera. es fir-fitebi, ra Tqma unda, radioSi Camoitana, magram saqme is iyo, rom erTi firfitis fasi 2 maneTi da 2 abazi yofila. buRalteria am Tanxaze mets, cxadia, ver miscemda fir-fitis patrons da Tavad a. ZiZigurs sakuTari honorari-dan gadauxdia 1000 maneTi TiTo firfitaSi.

Zveli firfitebis ZebnaSi a. ZiZiguri Sexvedria Saqro beriSvils, saxelovan qarTvels, bavSvobisdroindel nac-

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nobs. sxvaTa Soris, es is Saqro beriSvilia, romelmac isaak Sixmanis fotogamofenaze ipova nato vaCnaZis su-raTi vitrinaSi. roca Zveli nacnobis gataceba Seityo, Saqros uTqvams, vanos firfita ara maqvs, magram iseT rames mogasmenineb, rogoric Sen mosmenili ar geqnebao. adga da akaki wereTlis firfita gamoitana. `Tvalebi gamifarTovda. akakis xma! _ igonebda a. ZiZiguri _ akakis kulti iyo Cvens ojaxSi!~ am SesaZleblobas xelidan vin gauSvebda da maT Soris daiwyo aseTi garigeba

_ es firfita unda gamatano! _ Sen Tu ginda, waiRe! am dros iseTi gaWirveba da SimSili iyo, puri 70 ma-

neTi Rirda, ufulod rogor wamoviRebdio, _ ambobda a. ZiZiguri.

_ amas radio Seisyidis da ar mogeridos, ramdeni gadagixadoT, gviTxari

_ 500 maneTi sakmarisi iqneba _ moridebiT uTqvams S. beriSvils, magram, radgan v. sarajiSvilis firfitaSi 1000 maneTi gadavixade, es firfitac 1000 maneTad gamo-varTvi, gaocebuli darCa beriSvili _ RimiliT igonebda a. ZiZiguri (oqros fondi 1992).

marTlac, Camoitanes firfita radioSi, magram da-zianebuli aRmoCnda, Turme gaxexili iyo da xma Zallian cudad ismoda. xmis reJisorebma daiwyes gawmenda, magram veraferi uSveles. amitom dasamuSaveblad waiRes moskov-Si, sadac SesaZlebeli gaxda misi aRdgena. saqarTveloSi Camotanis Semdeg mainc iSviaTad uSvebdnen am Canawers, radgan is unda gadaecaT firfitis aRdgenis xaziT, nemsis saSualebiT da iSviaTad akeTebdnen amas, vidre magnito-foni ar gaCnda da teqnikuri saSualebebi ar ganviTarda.

akaki wereTlis firfitis meore egzemplari 80-iani wlebis bolos guram SaraZem Camoitana amerikidan. qarT-vel emigrantebs wauRiaT aqedan, albaT, maradiuli da gausaZlisi nostalgias dasaZlevad! Tumca 50 wliT adre

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ukve es marTlac oqros ganZi saqarTvelos radios sa-kuTreba iyo da qarTveli eri usmenda Tavisi ugvirgvino mefis xmovan Canawers!

akakis, rogorc deklamatoris, ukanaskneli gamosv-liT daviwyeT Cveni werili da SesaZloa iTqvas, rom es iyo gedis ukanaskneli simRera sevdian hangze gawyobili, radgan amis Semdeg poeti sajarod aRar gamosula.

² ² ²

akaki wereTlis, rogorc Teatris kritikosis mo-Rvaweoba asea Sefasebuli: `akakim _ Teatralurma kri-tikosma imdenive gaakeTa qarTuli TeatrisaTvis, rac akaki_poetma axali literaturuli enis damkvidrebis did erovnul saqmeSi. man daamkvidra saqarTveloSi sas-ceno realizmis Teoria, rogorc poeziaSi, ise TeatrSi~ (akaki... 1955: 9).

rogorc Teatris Wirisufali, werda yvelaferze, yovel wvrilmansa Tu detalze, mayureblis proble-mis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, `wm. SuSanikis wamebis~ dra-matul epizods TamaSobdnen scenaze da parterSi qalebi kiskisebdnen. ratom? _ ori maneTi gadamxda da ori Sau-ris mainc ar gavicinoo (akaki... 1955: 61).

Tavis erT werilSi aqtiurad icavs msaxiobis Rirse-bas da mayurebelze ganawyenebuli wers: `scenaze moTa-maSeebi yvelas gadasabijebeli Robea; misTana mayureb-els ver naxavT, rom gulSi ar xarobdes, rodesac sxvis TamaSs scenaze Sehyurebs: me ukeT viTamaSebdi ama da am rols, rom scenaze gamosvla ar meTakilebodes da an ara mrcxvenodeso. ase rom, maTis azriT, mxolod ukadriso-ba da morcxvoba uSlis xels, Torem artistebi arian da artistebi!~ (iqve: 97).

qarTveli sazogadoebis gulgriloba Teatraluri cxovrebis mimarT guls uklavda akakis, igi sazogado saqmeebisadmi erTgulebas, pirovnebis socialur aq-

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tivobas moiTxovda: `Tu arc artistebi gvivargan, arc mwerlebi, arc nawerebi, Cven raRad gvamtyunebT, rom ar davdivarT im Tqven TeatrSio? _ SeuZlia gviTxras qa-rTvelma sazogadoebam, magram Cven imas vamtyunebT, ro-gorc Wirisufals!.. qarTveli sazogadoeba Wirisufali unda iyos Cveni sazogado saqmeebisa~ (iqve: 105).

bevrs werda TeatrSi SemoqmedebiTi problemebis Ses-axeb, mwvaved ganicdida imas, rom `dRes qarTul TeatrSi deda ena gansacdelSia. guliTac rom undodes kacs, Ci-qorTulis mets veras gaigonebs~ an aseTi SeniSvna: `sxva qveynebSi, sxva xalxebSi, axalgazrdoba TeatrSi mi-tom ufro daiareba, rom deda-ena ufro safuZvlianad Seiswavlos, CvenSi ki piriqiT, rac icis, isic unda daivi-wyos da gasworebis magivrad gadimaxinjos ena~ (wereTe-li 2010: 51).

gansakuTrebiT aRelvebda axalgazrdobis inertulo-ba, gulgrili damokidebuleba Teatris mimarT. `aqauri axalgazrdoba... araviTars saqmeSi ar gaereva ise, Tu misi sapirado, kerZo da Tavis gamomCeni ar iqna. sazogado in-teresi amaTTvis Calaa da bze~ (iqve: 64-65).

rogorc Teatris kritikosi sakmaod mkacri da obi-eqturi, miukerZoebeli da piruTvneli iyo. jer erTi, zogadad, kritikis mimarT Tavisi midgoma hqonda: kri-tikosis sanaTuri unda anaTebdes da ar wvavdes! aseTi iyo misi kritikac. Teatris recenzentis mimarT, garda obi-eqturobisa, sxva moTxovnebic hqonda: zomierebis Seg-rZnebis aucilebloba, xelovnebis specifikis, Teatris arsSi wvdomis unari. is dabejiTebiT moiTxovda eweraT ara piradi simpaTiebis mixedviT, aramed arsebulis av-kargis warmoCeniT: `zogi ambobs me es momwons, is arao. sabuTi? _ sakuTari Wirveuloba, Tavgasuli axirebuloba da meti araferi! mxolod orgvari saSualebaa xelovnebis gagebisa: an niWi da codna da, an ubralo alRo~ (akaki... 1955: 121).

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Teatris kritikosis problema yovelTvis mwvaved idga, asea dResac. seriozuli moTxovna piruTvneli, profesionali Teatrmcodnisa gaqra. sadRaa argumen-tirebuli, Rrma da saintereso recenzia, Sesabamisad, krizisSia aramarto qarTuli Teatri. saerTod, didi kulturuli dekadansis epoqa Camodga.

`gvyvanan recenzentebi, magram wyalsa dRobven da karaqis magivraT qafi gamoudisT. amisTana dros, raRa Tqma unda, rom Teatric ver ixarebs da mitomac Cveni qarTuli scena gansacdelSia Cavardnili~ (iqve: 123). ro-gori sulisSemZvrelia gansacdelSi Cavardnili qarTuli Teatris gadarCenisTvis Tqmuli poetis es sityvebi. Tu ar aris jansaRi profesiuli kritika, ar iqneba dinamika da ganviTareba. kritikosma swori orientiri unda misc-es mayureblis, mis sityvas fasi da Zala unda hqondes, kvalifikacia unda eyos, raTa is ar Seaqos, rac saZraxi-sia, rac naklia. kargisa da cudis garCeva-gaanalizeba recenzentis upirvelesi movaleobaa, amitomac Tavis werilSi nawyeni wers imis Sesaxeb, rom speqtaklis mTa-var maorganizebels, _ reJisors sworad da piruTvnelad unda mieTiTos naklze. `sulieri moZraoba da xorcieli kuntruSi ver gaurCevia, SesaniSnav reJisorad hyavda moxseniebuli... amitom recenzentobas ar unda hkisru-lobdnen isini, visac xelovnebis anbanic ar gauvlia~ _ dasZens akaki da amiT Tanamedroveobasac exmaureba _ vi-sac wera ar ezareba, yvela Teatrze, literaturasa da politikaze rom wers.

akaki wereTeli, rogorc qarTuli Teatris istor-ikosi, `zustad aRnusxavs yvelafers da swored es xdis akakis nawerebs aucilebel sabuTebad qarTuli Teatris istoriisaTvis da swored amitomac SeiZleba akakis sxva mniSvnelovan da saepoqo damsaxurebasTan erTad, erT did damsaxurebad CaiTvalos qarTuli Teatris isto-rikosoba, am istoriisaTvis utyuari masala-sabuTebis

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gamoqyveneba~ (xuciSvili 1969: 96).akakim Semogvinaxa da Tavis werilebSi gagvicocxla

imdroindeli speqtaklebis Sesaxeb utyuari informacie-bi, am warmodgenebis reJisurisa da esTetikis sakiTxebi, agreTve epoqis qarTvel msaxiobTa saxeebi, maT Soris: m. safarova, n. gabunia, v. abaSiZe, k. yifiani, n. mxeiZe, q. eris Tavi, l. mesxiSvili, kote da efemia mesxebi, v. gu-nia, v. SalikaSvili, n. CxeiZe, m. mdivani, a. yazbegi (moxeve), n. TomaSvili da e. kldiaSvili; doqtori CxikviSvili xonSi, kargareTeli, gedevanovi, al. muxranski, SalikaS-vili, svimoniZe; somexi msaxiobebidan: aTiniki, amerikiani, ter stefanovis qali; rusi msaxiobebidan: iakovlevi, ko-losovi, brianski, karatiginebi, grigorievebi, sadovski, samarini, Jivokini, fedetova, nikulina, vasileva, glebo-va, samiolovi, petrovi, ralfi, palmi, Sumilini, arbenini.

akakis didi Rvawli da damsaxureba imiTac gamoixate-ba, rom qarTul Teatrs man aRmouCina legendaruli mako safarova. garda amisa, Tavisi cxovrebis bolo wlebSi gamoaqveyna vrceli mogonebebi (1910 w. Jurnal `Teatrsa da cxovrebaSi~, 1912 wels ki `TemSi~) qarTuli Teatris daarsebisa Tu aRdgenis, quTaisis Teatraluri cxovrebi-sa da Tbilisis TeatrSi mimdinare urTulesi procesebis, raionebis Teatraluri gamonaTebebis Sesaxeb.

aRelvebda yvelaferi, rac qarTul Teatrs ukavSird-eboda, zogierT mis naazrevs aqve warmovadgenT:

• rac ufro maRali da Zlieria roli, imas ufro Zlie-ri niWi eWirveba;

• xelovneba, saerTod, yvela xalxs ekuTvnis, sadac unda iSvas ara aqvs sakuTari mamuli, magram samSoblo ki aqvs. qarTul xmebsac Tavisi gansakuTrebuli kilo aqvs, Tavisi erovnuli saidumloeba (akaki... 1955: 144);

• nato gabuniaze gulistkiviliT wers: `sanam komi-kuri xasiaTi hqonda esmas rols (`kudur-xanumSi~) mSvenivraT TamaSobda, Tumca ki cota aklda darbais-

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loba, magram, bolos ki, rodesac dramuli xasiaTi mieca, maSin ki sul aur-dauria. gana didi Rriali da moTqma did mwuxarebas amtkicebs? (iqve: 72-73);

• istoriis mTeli tomebi ise ver imoqmedeben kaczed, rogorc erTi xeiriani patriotikuli dramuli ram warmodgena (iqve: 62);

• mSvenieri TamaSi iyo, magram ena ki _ WrelqarTuli (iqve: 63);

Seqspirs `mweralTa ufalsa da poeziis apolons, msoflio genias~ uwodebda, ar moswonda xelovnuri deka-dentoba bionsebis, meterlinkebisa da ibsenebisa. misi az-riT, mimbaZveli msaxiobi araa msaxiobi. mimbaZveloba uni-Wobaa; `klasikur piesebSi klasikur rolebis moTamaSe da mSvenivradac moTamaSe artistebi asobiTa da aTasobiT arian qveyanaze, magram rosebi... sara bernarebi, duzeebi da sxvani ki mxolod TiTo-orola da es imitom, rom es ukanasknelebi TviTon qmnian rolebs, suls udgamen~ (ive-ria 1903:).

uyvarda kote yifiani, mas uwoda artisti suliT, gu-liTa da WkuiT; swamda vaso abaSiZis niWisa da Teatri-sadmi misi uWknobi siyvarulisa; Seyvarebuli iyo da eTa-yvaneboda mako safarovas talants aramxolod imitom, rom misi aRmoCena iyo: `safarovas qali aris qvakuTxedi, romelzedac aSenda Teatri da, sanam qarTuli Teatri iqneba, misi saxelic ar miecema daviwyebas~ (akaki...…1955: 39), aseve STagonebuli iyo efro kldiaSvilis uangaro msaxurebiT quTaisis TeatrSi, misi organizatoruli ni-WiT: `unda vaRiaro, rom qarTul scenaze ukeTesi moTa-maSe ar gamosula~.

akaki ar iyo enatkbili kritikosi, saerTod, eridebo-da Seqebas. magaliTad, erT werilSi sagangebod acxadebs: `im truppas, romelsa hyavs iseTi niWebi, rogorc gabunia, safarova-abaSiZisa, k. yifiani da abaSiZe, bevri moeTxove-ba da Cvenc rom Cvens garCevaSi cota sastikad movepyraT

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xolme, imedia, ar gviwyenen~ (akaki... 1955: 73).magram, albaT, iSviaTad unaxavs vinmes akaki wereTe-

li iseTi bednieri, iseTi aRfrTovanebuli, iseTi moxib-luli niWierebiTa da maRali ostatobiT, rogoric iyo cnobili italieli msaxiobis, Seqspiris gmirebis ubadlo Semsruleblis ernesto rosis TmaSiT: `dRes Cven, dRiur varamisagan gareSemozRuduli da wvrilmanobisagan gata-cebuli, ise davCiavdiT, rom veRar vswvdebiT Cvenda Ta-vad im simaRlemde, saidamac saocari gulTa-mxilavi da gulTa-mxiblavi poeti gviquxs da gvielavs. saWiro iyo gamogvCenoda goliaTi, rom aveyvaneT da mivewvdineT im simaRlemde da amgvar gmirad gamogviCndi kidevac Sen~. da es saocari eqspromtic ernesto rosisadmi Cveni mgosnis Teatraluri aRtkinebisa da samsaxiobo niWis Tayvanisce-mis utyuari dasturia:

`ocnebiT vkiTxe Seqspiris aCrdils,`Sen xar mTavari, mgosanT ufrosi,magram ver mivwvdiT Sens maRal azrebsda vin agvixsnis?~ _ `ernesto rosi!~

eseve vkiTxe xelovnebasac:`warsulTa droTa, anu im drosi,vin migaCnia ukeTes moZRvrad?~manac momigo: `ernesto rosi!~

kacebsac vkiTxe, vinc dRes arianTayvanismcemi mxolod oqrosi,da maTac ki sTqves, rom `oqrozedacsaTayvanoa `ernesto rosi!~

maSin aviRe sasmo qarTuladda ufrosis win warvdeq umcrosi,da vadRegrZele mamapapuradsaxelganTqmuli ernesto rosi!

(akaki wereTeli 2004: 359-360).

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akaki wereTlis kalmisTvis ar darCenila SeumCneve-li istoriuli dramebis scenaze gadatanis specifikis gaTvaliswineba: `erTi saukune meores ar hgavs, scena valdebulia, rom sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqis gaT-valiswinebis dros sinamdviles ar umtyunos~ _ es wmin-dad scenografiis sakiTxia, rekvizitis problema. erT werilSi poeti gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs: `dRevandeli sasceno samkaulebi gadamTielia da ara Cveneburi. is-toriul piesebisTvis aTiode daglejili qulaja aqvT, ramdenime qudboxoxa da oriode uqarqaSo dana-xanjali _ da morCa, gaTavda... amiT aferadeben istoriul piesebs, romel saukunesac unda ekuTvnodes, Soreuls Tu max-lobels. gvinaxavs rusTaveli rusuli talmiT morTuli da guriel-dadianebi satakimasxaro kintur qamar-tanisa-mosiT gamowyobili da sxvani... magram qarTulad ki arc erTxel~ (wereTeli 2010: 52).

akaki wereTeli Tavad iyo didi realisti da, bune-brivia, rom misi SemoqmedebiTi meTodi, gemovneba ver egueboda fsiqologiur-simbolistur nawarmoebebs, ami-tomac TeatrisTvis sasikeTo saqmed ar miaCnda aseT mwe-ralTa piesebis dadgma. vasil kiknaZe SeniSnavs: `Teat-ris specifikis codniT Camoyalibebulia akakis Teat-ralur-esTetikuri Sexedulebebi, igi moicavs Teatris praqtikisa da Teoriis farTo sferoebs~ (kiknaZe 1990: 42). aseTive mniSvnelobisaa poetis dakvirvebebi Teatris cxovrebis im erT saWirboroto sakiTxze, suflioris aucileblobas rom amkvidrebda. akaki amis winaaRmdegi iyo da msaxiobisgan moiTxovda, ar yofiliyo damokide-buli mokarnaxeze. amasTanave, partniorTan da reJisor-Tan SeTanxmebuli muSaobis momxre iyo, ar swamda didi da patara rolebi, saerTod, ansamblis Seqmnis aucile-blobas xedavda. marTalia, am dros reJisura ar mZivnva-rebda mTeli Tavisi diqtatiT, arc mxatvroba da musika

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iyo srulfasovnad ganviTarebuli da speqtaklis mTlian qsovilSi organulad Casmuli, magram akakis es moTxovne-bi win uswrebs imas, rasac Semdeg rusuli Teatris re-formatori konstantine stanislavski Camoayalibebs, rogorc Teorias (Sdr. akaki... 1955: 15).

dro, romelSic akakis uxdeboda qarTuli Teatris Wirisufloba, metad rTuli da uimedo iyo. qarTul mwerlobas ar hqonda asparezi saimisod, rom mkiTxvelTa farTo masebamde gaekafa gza. Wirda Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocema, wignebsa da krebulebze xom zedmeti iyo ocne-bac ki! arc radio-televizia arsebobda, arc _ cifruli teqnologiebi, amitom erTaderTi asparezi mainc Teatri, scena iyo, saidanac SesaZlebeli xdeboda erovnul prob-lemebze aqcentebiT mayureblis Semobruneba qarTuli saqmisaken. Sesabamisad, didi iyo moTxovna qarTuli dra-maturgiis gaZlierebisa da qarTul scenaze damkvidrebi-sa. amitomac `akakis dramaturgia qarTuli repertuariT Rarib Teatrs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi kvebavda mowinave, patriotuli ideebiT da mas mebrZol, realistur gzas aZlevda (gaCeCilaZe 1966: 183).

a. wereTlis dramaturgiuli memkvidreoba aseTia:

• Zveli amxanagebi _ pirveli dramatuli nawarmoebi, erTmoqmedebiani komedia _ 1859 w.;

• pirutyvebis arCevani (vodevili) _ 1860 w.;

• scena sapatimroSi _ 1867 w. pirvelad daidga 1872 wels;

• Zvelsa da axals Sua _ 5-moqmedebiani komedia _ 1868 w.;

• Cveni nacarqeqiebi, anu ori viris Tavi _ 1868 w.;

• arsena _ 1868 w.;

• advokatis dila _ 1871 w.;

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• enebis gasamarTleba _ 1874 w.;

• scenebi _ 1875 w.;

• momrigebeli mosamarTle _ 1875 w.;

• butiaoba (vodevili) _ 1879 w. pirvelad daidga amave wels quTaisSi;

• kinto _ 1879 w. pirvelad daidga 1880 wels;

• kudur-xanum _ 3-moqmedebiani istoriuli drama _ 1879-1880 ww. pirvelad daidga 1880 wels;

• repeticia _ 1882w. daidga amave wels;

• axali sasamarTlo (pirobiTi saTauri) _ 1884 w.;

• Tamar cbieri _ 1885 w. pirvelad daidga 1887 wels;

• axali gmiri _ 4 moqmedebiani piesa _ 1888 w.;

• patara kaxi _ 5 moqmedebiani drama _ 1889 w.;

• gaiZverebi _ 1889 w. daidga amave wels;

• media _ 1893-1895 ww.;

• ganTiadi _ 1903 w. daidga 1904 wels elisabed Cerqez-iSvilis sabenefisod Tavad akakis reJisorobiT;

• voroncovi _ 1909-1910 ww.;

• reaqcia _ dawerilia parizSi 1910 wels;

• siyvaruli _ ukanaskneli piesa, dawerilia 1913 wels parizSi. pirvelad dadga valerian SalikaSvilma 1914 wels.

rusul enaze dauweria sami piesa:

• Разбойник Арсений – 1865 w.;

• Семейная революция – 1866 w.;

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• Грузин и Армянин или лигрость за хитрость – 1867 w.

Targmanebi:

• molieris komedia `skapenis cuRlutoba~ _ pirvelad daibeWda Jurnal `krebulSi~ 1873 w.;

• azerbaijanulidan Targmna mirza fatali axundovis `serapis xanis veziri~ `xanis veziris~ saxelwodebiT _ 1897 w.;

• aleqsandre sumbaTaSvil-iuJinis `Ralati~ _ 1905 w.;

• poloneli mwerlis henrix senkeviCis romanidan `vi-dre xval, ufalo~ gadmokeTebuli istoriuli drama romaelTa cxovrebidan _ 1908 w.;

ar SeiZleba ar gaiziaro vasil kiknaZis saintereso da-kvirveba, rom mwerlobas Teatri sWirdeboda Tavisi idee-bis gadmosacemad, Teatrs ki _ mweralTa nawarmoebebi. es erTianobis grZnoba Tan sdevdaT me-19 s.-is moRvaweebs, ra dargSic ar unda yofiliyvnen (kiknaZe 2003: 203).

aqve gvinda warmovadginoT akakis erTi saocrad aq-tualuri Sedareba dedaqalaqisa periferiasTan. ra Tqma unda, Tbiliseloba araa Rirseba. geografiul punqts adamianis Rirsebis Camoyalibeba ar SeuZlia, amitom mxo-lod imiT siamaye, veraze dabadebuli da gazrdili biWi varo, banaluri da cota sasaciloa. roca akakis Zalisx-meviT quTaisSi scenismoyvareTa wre yalibdeboda, qali-msaxiobis moZebna ar gaZnelebiaT. `nino abaSiZem Tqva: me gamoval scenaze, Cem megobar qals, kekela agiaSvil-sac, avagulianebo da, marTlac, ikisres rolebi. imaT, rogorc ojaxis Svilebs, sxvebmac mibaZes da gaimarTa repeticiebi~ (akaki wereTeli 2004: 590-591), da es ma-Sin, roca TbilisSi qali-msaxiobis moZebna Wirda. akaki gulistkiviliT dasZens. `sazogadod unda vTqva, rom

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quTaisSi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi moRvaweobas CvenSi fasi ara aqvs... iq rac ar unda keTdebodes, aravin ax-senebs da TbilisSi ki erTi ubralo gaforxilebac ki sazogado moRvaweobad iTvleba da amis brali unda iyos, rom imerlebi Tavs iyrian TbilisSi!~ (iqve: 392).

da gana marto imerlebi?!es cxovreba bevrisTvis TamaSi da garTobaa, zogis-

Tvis _ Suri, boRma da intriga. intrigis miwieri sau-flo ki Teatria da yvelaze daxvewili intriganebic aq arian. ras izam, aseTia adamianuri yofierebis samwuxaro niSani, amitom qarTuli Teatris ganviTarebis aucileb-el faqtorebad akakis sarepertuaro politikis gansa-zRvra erovnuli dramaturgiis xaziT da ara ucxo enidan `Tavxedurad gadmojaglagebuli~ komediebiT, qarTuli enis siwmindis aRdgena, gamarTuli reJisura da Teat-raluri intrigebis alagmva miaCnda.

akaki wereTlis Teatraluri samyaro faqizi, mSven-ieri da amaRlebuli iyo. misi damokidebuleba, siyvar-uli da interesi qarTuli Teatris mimarT sazrdoob-da erovnuli ZirebiT, zneobisa da sulierobis mwvave moTxovniT, Teatri misTvis adamianobis umSvenieres taZ-rad darCa, maRali idealebisa da ocnebebis sauflod.

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Саба Метревели

ИЛЬЯ ЧАВЧАВАДЗЕ И АКАКИЙ ЦЕРЕТЕЛИ/литературные очерки/

Резюме

В книге рассмотрено художественное наследие великих грузинских писателей и общественных деятелей ��� века �л�и �ав�авадзе и �ка���� века �л�и �ав�авадзе и �ка� века �л�и �ав�авадзе и �ка-кия Церетели. Особое внимание уделено специфике кул�турной мен-тал�ности и художественному своеобразию их твор�еского наследия, а также вкладу в развитие грузинского театра.

Первая �аст� книги посвящена �л�е �ав�авадзе. Рассмотрена проблематика его поэмы «Отшел�ник»: теологи�е-

ские вопросы аскетизма, как служения Богу; при�ины смерти отшел�ни-ка �л�и �ав�авадзе, которые осмыслены на фоне подвижни�ества свя-того �нтона Великого; дан ответ на вопрос, по�ему написано это про-изведение, �то именно хотел сказат� своим �итателем писател�? – Мы полагаем, �то основа этого произведения � призыв к грузинскому наро-ду восстановит� упраздненный Вифлеемский монастыр�, т.е. встат� на пут� веры, и это главное, �то хотел сказат� �л�я.

Здес� же проанализирован и вклад �л�и �ав�авадзе в дело разви-тия грузинского театра. �сследованы:

1. Театрал�ная деятел�ност� �л�и �ав�авадзе (режиссёрские и актёр-ские искания, а также �л�я �ав�авадзе как декламатор/�тец);

2. Воззрения �л�и на эстетику театра (его взгляды на театр вообще и на актерское искусство, в �астности);

3. �л�я �ав�авадзе – театрал�ный критик.

Театрал�ная деятел�ност� �л�и �ав�авадзе анализируется и оце-нивается в своем единстве, нами выделены те главные мотивы, кото-рые, по его мнению, являлис� первоо�ередной миссией грузинского те-атрал�ного искусства – нравственност�, этика, благородство, служение высшим �елове�еским идеалам, любов� к Оте�еству и ближнему, защи-

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та �истоты грузинского языка.Вторая �аст� книги посвящена исследованию некоторых аспектов

твор�ества �какия Церетели. В центре нашего внимания � исследова-ние религиозного сознания �какия Церетели, как православного грузи-на. Ли�ные пис�ма и публикации помогают установит� единство ли�-ности и творца, на их основе выявлены главные постулаты внутренней конституции поэта. Особое внимание уделено анализу одного пассажа из поэмы «Торнике Эристави», как главной линии развития сюжета; не-обходимост� служения Всевышнему и народу рассматривается сквоз� призму христианского богословия.

Отдел�ное исследование посвящено христианской концепции по-эмы �какия Церетели «Воспитател�», нравственно�эти�еские вопросы в которой возведены в высший ранг. �спекты, затронутые в исследо-вании, способствуют более полному анализу художественного текста: переосмыслена мотивация поведения главных персонажей поэмы и ее основная идея.

В заклю�ител�ной �асти книги внимание уделяется воззрениям �какия Церетели на эстетику театра, его деятел�ности в ка�естве теа-трал�ного критика, режиссёрским и актёрским исканиям. �зу�ена исто-рия записи голоса �какия Церетели.

Книгу вошли как уже опубликованные нами раннее труды, так и впервые публикуемые �асти. В процессе работы главы подверглис� правке с цел�ю достижения стилисти�еского единства.

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Saba Metreveli

ILIA CHAVCHAVADZE AND AKAKI TSERETELI/Literary Essays/

Summary

This book sheds light to the artistic legacy of �lia Chavchavadze and Akaki Tsereteli, two outstanding writers and public figures of the 19th century. �t examines the mental and creative idiosyncrasies of these writers and describes precisely their contribution to the Georgian theatre.

The first essay is a reflection on the central issue raised in the �lia Chavchavadze’s poem titled “The Hermit”. This poem is an analysis of asceticism as devotional practice and an investigation of theological issues related to the renunciation of St. Anthony the Great. We examine the reasons behind the death of the hermit �lia Chavchavadze and his motivations to write this poem. �n our opinion, this poem is a call to Georgian people to embrace the life of faith, to rebuild the plundered Monastery of Bethlehem.

�n addition, the book investigates the contribution of �lia Chavchavadze to the Georgian theatre. �n particular, it examines the following:1) Theatric work of �lia Chavchavadze (his staging and acting performance

and his recitation activities). 2) �lia’s theatrical esthetics – his view on the theatre in general and the art of

acting in particular.3) His work as a theatre critic.

We provide a unified analysis and evaluation of the theatric work of �lia Chavchavadze. We expound his view that the principal mission of the Georgian theatric art is to keep the highest standards of morality, esthetics and nobility, to promote the lofty ideals of humanity, love of one’s neighbor and the native land, and to protect the purity of the Georgian language.

The second part of the book examines several aspects of the work by Akaki Tsereteli. The leading thread running through it is the analysis of Akaki’s religious consciousness, his portrayal as an Orthodox Georgian. The personal correspondence and publications of Akaki help to reconnect the

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vision of him as a person and a creator. We derive the principal postulates of the poet’s inner state. A special attention is paid to the analysis of a part of the poem titled “Tornike Eristavi”, the plot of which develops against the background of Christian theology and stresses the necessity to serve the God and the people.

The book also features a separate analysis of the Christian concept of morality and ethics, strongly emphasized in Akaki Tsereteli’s poem titled “The Tutor”. The questions raised in the book help us better understand the text of the poem. We try to shed the light on the main idea of the poem and describe the behavioral motivation of the chief characters.

The concluding part of the book presents the investigation of theatrical esthetics of Akaki Tsereteli, his role as a theatre critic, and his acting and staging work. We also include an interesting story of one particular voice recording of Akaki Tsereteli. At the beginning of the �� century, the British Royal Gramophone Record Company opened a number of commercial gramophone recording centers in different parts of the globe. One of them – a studio where Caucasian people’s folklore was recorded – was located in Georgia. On the 4th of March in 1913, the newspaper `Temi~ published a note saying that the Gramophone Society in Tbilisi made a recording of the voice of the poet Akaki Tsereteli. On the first day, three poems where recorded on one side of the gramophone record – ‘Mortal meditations’, ‘Poet’ and ‘By children’. On the second day, Akaki’s well�known poem ‘Daybreak’ was recorded on the other side of the record, accompanied by Akaki’s words directed to future generations.

There remain a few historical accounts describing the great poet’s style of enunciation and dramatic declamation:

‘Although Akaki was not an aficionado of stentorian declamation, his manner of recitation was firm and crisp, without a single word or phrase being uttered incomprehensible. Speaking charmingly and with great passion, the poet succeeded in forcing the audience to fathom the exact meaning of his words. He was not fond of body movements, his hands always listless. The recited poems were a form of rhymed conversation, completely devoid of phony pathos, yet not denigrated to common platitudes. He was a true scenic character, yet lacking artistry.’ � S. Gersamia.

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‘Akaki’s appearance on stage was always greeted with a wave of applause. However, as soon as the poet commenced reciting, a solemn, deathlike silence descended upon the audience, as if nobody was breathing.’ � �. Grishashvili.

Akaki Tsereteli’s voice recordings convey to us the personality, character and spirit of the great poet. Listening to his recitations, we can easily believe that Akaki is our own contemporary, and not just a poet from bygone days. Thanks to Akaki Dzidziguri, today we have a perfect opportunity to explore and to conserve these splendid recordings, which offer us a unique glimpse on the language of prose and poetry in the ��� century Georgia.

The majority of the previously published works included in the book has been presented practically unaltered, with only slight modifications of the language style. �n addition, several of the presented works have never been published before.

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sapatriarqos gamomcemloba~, 1980;

90. jiblaZe 1966: jiblaZe g., ilia WavWavaZe, Tbilisi: gamomcem-

loba `ganaTleba~, 1966;

sagamomcemlo jgufi:

n. kalandaZe;

i. margvelaSvili;

p. margvelaSvili;

n. qvaCaxia;

n. CavleiSvili