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Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 2
What is impedance cardiography?
“Impedance cardiography is an important noninvasive
method for obtaining comprehensive information
concerning cardiac function.”
(Berntson, Quigley & Lozano, 2007, S. 200)
Thema │ Corinna Henne │ Datum Impedance Cardiography │ 23.10.2015
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 4
What is impedance cardiography?
“Impedance cardiography is an important noninvasive method for
obtaining comprehensive information concerning cardiac function.”
(Berntson, Quigley & Lozano, 2007, S. 200)
impedance cardio graphy
Thema │ Corinna Henne │ Datum Impedance Cardiography │ 23.10.2015
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 5
What is impedance cardiography?
1) impedance
• lat. impedire = “to impede”, “to hinder“
• Impedance = electrical resistance in ohm Ω
• Synonym: thoracic electrical bioimpedance
(Siedlecka, Siedlecki & Bortkiewicz, 2015)
Thema │ Corinna Henne │ Datum Impedance Cardiography │ 23.10.2015
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 6
What is impedance cardiography?
2) cardio (Berntson et al., 2007)
• cardiovascular system
= heart & blood vessels
• Lighter grey
= oxygenated blood
• Darker grey
= deoxygenated blood
Thema │ Corinna Henne │ Datum
(out of Berntson et al., 2007)
Impedance Cardiography │ 23.10.2015
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 7
What is impedance cardiography?
Impedance Cardiography │ Katrin Bayer & Corinna Henne │ 23.10.2015
pulmonary circulation
(into the lungs)
(modified, out of Berntson et
al., 2007)
Impedance Cardiography │ 23.10.2015
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 8
What is impedance cardiography?
systemic circulation
(into the body)
Impedance Cardiography │ 23.10.2015
(modified, out of Berntson et
al., 2007)
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 9
What is impedance cardiography?
Thema │ Corinna Henne │ Datum
The heart (Berntson et al., 2007)
special cardiac
muscle with
conducting fibers
Impedance Cardiography │ 23.10.2015
(modified, out of Berntson et
al., 2007)
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 10
What is impedance cardiography?
Thema │ Corinna Henne │ Datum
cardiac cycle (Berntson et al., 2007)
• diastole: no pumping,
ventricles are filling with
blood
• systole: blood is pumped
from the ventricles into the
circulations
Impedance Cardiography │ 23.10.2015
(modified, out of Berntson et
al., 2007)
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 11
What is impedance cardiography?
3) graphy lat. graphia = “recording”
Impedance Cardiography │ 23.10.2015
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 12
Impedance cardiography: measurement (Siedlecka, Siedlecki & Bortkiewicz,
2015)
• Electrodes are placed on the body
• Number and position depend on the measurement device
• Electricity is directed through the electrodes
• Blood = good conductor • Depending on the amount of
blood, different impedance will be measured: More blood (increased volume) decreased impedance
• First derivative dZ/dt (Ω/s):
degree of impedance variation
Impedance Cardiography │ 23.10.2015
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 13
Impedance cardiography: output
Thema │ Corinna Henne │ Datum
characteristic
point
meaning
Q onset of the electromechanical systole
B opening of the aortic valve
= onset of the left-ventricular ejection
C maximal velocity of the ejection
X closure of the aortic valve
= completion of left-ventricular
ejection
Y closure of the pulmonic valve
O opening of mitral valve diastole
Cybulski (2011), Sherwood et al. (1990)
Impedance Cardiography │ 23.10.2015
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 14
Parameters can be assessed using ICG (/ ECG) (Siedlecka, Siedlecki &
Bortkiewicz, 2015)
• cardiac output (CO)
• cardiac index (CI)
• stroke volume (SV)
• stroke index (SI)
• thoracic fluid content (TFC)
• systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
• systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI)
• velocity index (VI)
• acceleration index (ACI)
• left ventricular ejection time (LVET)
• pre-ejection period (PEP)
• systolic times ratio (STR)
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 15
Why to use ICG in psychological research?
General reasons:
• Integration of biological and psychological levels of analysis (Blascovich, 2008)
• Studying the organismic translator (Ax, 1964)
• validated physiological response patterns associated with
psychological constructs and processes in addition to more
general self-report and behavioral indexes (Blascovich, 2000)
• To provide an objective measure of psychological states
independent of overt behavior (Ax, 1964), outside of their conscious
control (Blascovich, 2000; Balscovich & Mendes, 2010)
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 16
Why to use ICG in psychological research?
General reasons:
• Identify physiological measures for psychological elements (Fairclough, 2008)
• One-to-one
• Many-to-one
• One-to-many
• Many-to-many
• To increase the specificity of psychophysiological inference: from
many-to-one relationship to one-to-one relationship independent
from the testing field (Fairclough, 2008)
• Distinguish objectively and accurately different psychological
states
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 17
The Biopsychosocial Model of Challenge and Threat
• Developed by Blascovich
• Combines biological, psychological and social psychological levels of
analysis to explain motivational processes within human performance contexts (Blascovich, 2008)
• Cardiovascular Indexes were developed to identify task engagement and to distinguish challenge and threat (Blascovich, Mendes, Tomaka, Salomon &
Seery, 2003)
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 18
The Biopsychosocial Model of Challenge and Threat
The biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat
(out of Seery, 2013)
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 19
Parameters can be assessed using ICG (/ ECG) (Siedlecka, Siedlecki &
Bortkiewicz, 2015)
• cardiac output (CO)
• cardiac index (CI)
• stroke volume (SV)
• stroke index (SI)
• thoracic fluid content (TFC)
• systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
• systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI)
• velocity index (VI)
• acceleration index (ACI)
• left ventricular ejection time (LVET)
• pre-ejection period (PEP)
• systolic times ratio (STR)
In combination with continuous blood pressure
measurement (Seery, 2013): Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
The biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat (out of
Seery, 2013)
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 20
Relevant parameters and their physiological meaning
Physiological
term
Physiological meaning
Heart Rate (HR) Heartbeats / minute
Stroke Volume (SV) Amount of Blood / heartbeat
Cardiac Output (CO) Amount of blood/ minute
Pre-ejection period
(PEP)
Time between first stimulation and
opening of aorta
Total peripheral
resistance
the total resistance of flow of blood in
the systemic circuit
Psychological
meaning
“Path”
Berntson et al. (2007), Peifer (2012), Seery (2013)
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 21
What to think about – Two important points
1. There is no “correct” interpretation of cardiovascular parameters 2. Need of context control (especially in field studies) (Wilhelm & Grossman, 2010;
Wilhelm & Perrez, 2013)
• Physical movement (accelerometer)
• Age, gender, BMI (Siedlecka, Siedlecki & Bortkiewicz, 2015)
• …..
ICG in addition, but not without self-report / behavior data (Wilhelm & Grossman, 2010; Wilhelm & Perrez, 2013)
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 22
Conclusion
• non-invasive, continuous, implicit and online measurement (Blascovich &
Mendes, 2010)
• allows collecting information about cardiovascular system (Berntson
et al., 2007)
• is useful for investigating and identifying cardiovascular patterns corresponding with psychological constructs (Blascovich, 2000)
• in addition to traditional data collection (Blascovich, 2000)
• extensive design because of the need to control context variables (Wilhelm & Grossman, 2010; Wilhelm & Perrez, 2013)
• amount of data to score & match and complex analysis (Trull & Ebner-
Priemer, 2013).
Knowing the amount of work, physiological indexes, measured by ICG, provide a broader insight into the underpinnings of psychological constructs!
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 23
Literature
Ax, A. F. (1964). Goals and methods of psychophysiology. Psychophysiology, 1, 8-25.
Berntson, G. G., Quigley, K. S., & Lozano, D. (2007). Cardiovascular psychophysiology. In J. T. Cacioppo, L.
G. Tassinary & G. G. Berntson (Eds.) Handbook of psychophysiology, (3rd ed., pp. 182-210).
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Blascovich, J. (2000). Using physiological indexes of psychological processes in social psychological
research. In H. T. Reis & M. J. Charles (Eds.) Handbook of research methods in social and personality
psychology (pp. 117-137).
Blascovich, J. (2008). Challenge and threat. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Handbook of approach and avoidance
motivation (pp. 431-445). New York: Psychology Press.
Blascovich, J., & Mendes, W. B. (2010). Social psychophysiology and embodiment. In S. T. Fiske, D. T.
Gilbert & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology, 5 (pp. 194-227). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley
& Sons.
Blascovich, J., Mendes, W. B., Tomaka, J., Salomon, K., & Seery, M. (2003). The robust nature of the
biopsychosocial model challenge and threat: A reply to Wright and Kirby. Personality and Social
Psychology Review, 7, 234-243.
Cybulski, G. (2011). Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
Fairclough, S. H. (2008). Fundamentals of physiological computing. Interacting with computers, 21(1), 133-
145.
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 24
Literature
Peifer, C. (2012). Psychophysiological correlates of flow-experience. In S. Engeser (Ed.), Advances in Flow
Research (pp. 139-164). New York: Springer.
Seery, M. D. (2013). The Biopsychosocial Model of Challenge and Threat: Using the Heart to Measure the
Mind. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 637-653.
Sherwood, A., Allen, M. T., Fahrenberg, J., Kelsey, R. M., Lovallo, W. R., & van Doornen, J. P. (1990).
Methodological guidelines for impedance cardiography. Psychophysiology, 27, 1-23.
Siedlecka, J., Siedlecki, P., & Bortkiewicz, A. (2015). Impedance cardiography – Old method, new
opportunities. Part I. Clinical applications. International journal of occupational medicine and
environmental health, 28, 27-33.
Trull, T. J., & Ebner-Priemer, U. (2013). Ambulatory assessment. Annual review of clinical psychology, 9,
151.
Wilhelm, F. H., & Grossman, P. (2010). Emotions beyond the laboratory: Theoretical fundaments, study
design, and analytic strategies for advanced ambulatory assessment. Biological psychology, 84, 552-
569.
Wilhelm, P., & Perrez, M. (2013). A history of research conducted in daily life (Scientific
Report Nr. 170). Fribourg, Switzerland: Department of Psychology, University of
Fribourg, Switzerland.
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 25
Pictures
http://www.google.de/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vu-
ams.nl%2Ftypo3temp%2Fpics%2F8662285212.png&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.v
u-ams.nl%2Fsupport%2Ftutorials%2Fsoftware%2Fpower-spectral-
analysis%2F&h=320&w=600&tbnid=64LDQs6w2ro9yM%3A&docid=FOI3d-
frodNkrM&itg=1&ei=B2YmVt25HIHSyAOf47YQ&tbm=isch&iact=rc&uact=3&dur=797&pa
ge=1&start=0&ndsp=37&ved=0CIwBEK0DMCNqFQoTCJ3Z3dK20cgCFQEpcgodn7ENA
g
http://cdn.iopscience.com/images/0967-3334/35/6/1181/Full/pm494787f2_online.jpg
http://www.bsiproductdevelopment.com/wp-content/gallery/impedance-
cardiograph/general2_20090514094222.jpg
https://looneytunes09.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/think-about-it.gif
http://giteshtrivedi.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/hands-on.png
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 26
1. Preparing the VU-AMS device
• Put the flash card bottom up in the VU-AMS • Place two completely charged AA batteries in the battery holder • Successful placement is signaled by a triple beep tone
• The VU-AMS is now on standby -> the green light will flash twice
every ten seconds • The VU-AMS is ready, but not recording
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 27
2. Attachment of the ECG/ICG electrodes
Clean the skin (with alcohol) at the 7 positions indicated in the figure
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 29
3. Configuring the Vu-AMS device for recording
Connect electrodes, device and PC: 3.1 Clock synchronizing (set device time to computer time) 3.2 Check battery voltage 3.3 Set parameter
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 30
3. Configuring the Vu-AMS device for recording
3.4 Set channels 3.5 Set warnings
Impedance Cariography | 23.10.2015 Seite 31
3. Configuring the Vu-AMS device for recording
3.6 Set Start and Stop Options