Implementing GIS

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Implementing GIS into aLaw Enforcement Agency

Training conducted by

Carolinas Institute for Community Policing

An Educational Partnership Between:

The US Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing

Services (COPS)

The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department

Pfeiffer University at Charlotte

The University of South Carolina at Columbia

The University of North Carolina at Charlotte

South Carolina Educational Television


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Introduction

Meet the Instructors

Todays Goal: To provide an overview of how

Geographic Information Systems should beimplemented in police departments.

Other Details

Student manual Frequency of breaks


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Meet the Class

Name

Agency

Size of Department

Role / Responsibilities

Exposure to GIS

Expectations


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GIS and theGIS and the

Implementation ProcessImplementation Process


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GIS Enables Technology Integration

Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD)

Records Management System (RMS)

Global Positioning System (GPS) Internet


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And Institutional Integration

Information link between departments in the

same agency or between agencies

Promote open communication between

partners private

public

community Reduces duplication of effort


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DepartmentalDepartmentalIntranet

Internet

EnterpriseEnterprise

TYPES OF GIS


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Project-Based GIS

Cambridge, MA


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Enterprise GIS

Chicago:

ICAM


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GIS Implementation


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Needs of GIS Users

Have a list of questions developed to make sure youget relevant information

Listen carefully to all concerns/interests and find a

way to address

Conduct a formal written survey and combine withGIS development meetings


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Hardware/software Inventory

What types are currently used?

What alternatives exist?

How is data stored?

How is hardware/software networked?

Who is currently responsible for

various components?

Determines what hardware/softwareis needed.


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Data

What types are currently used? How are data stored?

Do current data standards exist?

Who is currently responsible formaintaining?

What exists and what will need tobe collected?


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Current GIS Applications

What are the current uses of GIS?

What types of analysis are currently

taking place?

What would people like to do?

Ways GIS can support decision-making process


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Available Resources (Money)

Which sections/departments have

money for hardware/software

purchase or database development?

Is it a department-wide effort or even

inter-agency?

Exercise: GIS Implementation Readiness Survey


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Considerations:

Short-term goals

Long-term goals

AudienceMission statement

Establish Goals and Objectives

Exercises: Identifying Expectations for the GISSample Mission Statements


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Creates direction

Prevents stagnation

Reduces wasted resources

Provides a method of evaluation

Reasons for Goals and Objectives


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Where will GIS fit within the Agency?

Location in organizational structure

One unit/section

Within Info Services or Crime Analysis

Centralized or decentralized

Civilian and/or sworn


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Choosing an Appropriate GIS

Comple

xit

y

Cost

Desktop

ProfessionalSystems

Spatial Indexing

Serving on the Web


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What would be the best system?

Does it have the capability required?

What is the learning curve?

Is full cost of implement within budget?

Is it Internet/Intranet friendly?

Does it have flexibility for the future?

Is it compatible with other agencies?

Will the company support the product?


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Data Collection

What sources are already available?

Who will create the data?

Who will maintain the data? How often will data be maintained?

What sources will be used to create the data?

Who will have access?

Confidentiality

Exercise: Data Wish List


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Data Process

Database BuildingDatabase BuildingData Collection

Data Integration

Data MaintenanceData MaintenanceData Organization

AnalysisAnalysisTransformation to New Information

Information DistributionInformation DistributionWho, How, and When

On-goingOn-going

ProcessProcessOn-goingOn-going

ProcessProcess


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Data Quality

Importance of good data

Forget/ignore/lose sight of errors in data once

in digital form

You must determine the level of accuracy and

precision that meet your needs

Be aware of error in ALL data

impacts reliability of results


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Some Ways to Evaluate Data

How well does it fit your use?

Logical consistency (does it pass the

common sense test?)

Data lineage -- as much detail as possible

Is there a contact person?

Were there data standards used?

What format is it in? Date collected? Updated?


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US Federal Geographic Data Committee(FGDC) Metadata Standards

Provides guidance for documentation of

geographic data

Data about data Describes content, quality, condition, and

numerous other characteristics of data


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(FGDC) Metadata Components

Identification Information

Data Quality Information

Spatial Data Organization Information

Spatial Reference Information

Entity & Attribute Information

Distribution Information

Metadata Reference Information


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Considering Options

Out-of-box GIS

Custom GIS Application

GIS with custom front-end interface

Outsource GIS as service

Keep current and future needs in mind!


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GIS Software and Vendors

Robust / Professional Systems: provide additional functionality andability to perform more complex tasks but tend to be less user

friendly than other types of applications and are more expensive

Examples:

ArcInfo (ESRI)

GeoMedia Pro (Intergraph)

Desktop Applications: provide a friendlier user interface and

functionality needed by most users to get started with GIS

Examples: ArcView (ESRI)

Autodesk World (Autodesk)

GeoMedia (Intergraph)

MapInfo (MapInfo)

Maptitude (Caliper)


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GIS Software and Vendors (cont.)

Front-end Application: higher cost than simply purchasing adesktop GIS but provides a simpler interface to a desktop

application

Example:

CrimeView (Omega Group)

Demo


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GIS Software and Vendors (cont.)

Serving Maps on the Web: high initial investment but easiest wayto distribute GIS to the most people

Examples:

ArcView Internet Map

Server (ESRI)

MapObjects / Internet

Map Server (ESRI)

MapX (MapInfo)


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Hardware Specifications

Processor / CPU the brain of the computer that performs all of the calculations

speed measured in megahertz

always buy the fastest the budget can afford

upgrading is not easy or cost-effective

contributes to the overall computer speed

RAM (Random Access Memory)

stores information for the processor to use

the more RAM that is available, the less time the system will

spend reading and writing information to the hard drive

additional RAM can be easily added later

contributes to the overall computer speed


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Hardware Specifications (cont.)

Storage Space GIS data layers can be extremely large which requires a larger

than normal amount of disk space

storage devices store digital data and allow for quick and easy

data retrieval

Hard drives: 9 gigabyte or greater recommended faster but harder to exchange data

CD-rom drives: hold a large amount of data and are easy to share

between users

moderate speed but not always write-capable

Zip / Jazz drives: removable disk that can store substantial amountsof data

slower than hard disk drives but are removable which makes them good

for exchanging large data sets between GIS users


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Monitor

for GIS, the larger the monitor the better

smaller monitors make it more difficult to view spatial relationships

for a large geographic area

be aware that monitor prices increase exponentially as the sizeincreases

Video Card

fast redraw times require a system with a good video card and asubstantial amount of RAM

16Mb to 32Mb recommended


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Network facilitates the exchange of information

allows multiple users to share data in order to prevent

duplication

because of large file size, data exchange between computers is

not easy without a network

Backup

need to implement some means of backing up data

collection and creation of GIS data can be time consuming whichtranslates into a large investment

hardware failure recovery can be expensive when considering

cost of creating GIS data


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Printers Black & white printing: allows for easy duplication but limits the

quantity of information that can be displayed on a map

Color printing: allows for more information to be included on

map but duplication is much more difficult

Color plotter: allows for printing of large maps (24 x 36, 36 x

48)

Many laser printers can support more than one size of paper

(8.5 x 11, 8.5 x 14, 11 x 14) for producing larger maps

Memory Issues

Standard amount of RAM in printer / plotter may not be enough (48

Mb or more may be needed)

Make sure that you can upgrade


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Request for Proposal(when applicable)

request proposals from companies

(vendors) who can provide the means

to achieve the GIS design

Exercise: Examining an RFP


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Statement of purpose of project

Detailed description of objectives

Detailed description of how GIS willintegrate with current hardware/software

System and software diagram

Deadline for submission

Elements of an RFP: You Provide


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Free Crime

Analysis Products


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NIJ Funded Crime Analysis Extension


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SCAS - Spatial Crime Analysis System


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Expanding the

GIS Horizons


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Spatial Analyst


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Network Analyst


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ArcView Image Analysis

3D Mapping


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3D Mapping(Oklahoma City on April 19th, 1995)

3D Mapping


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3D MappingUrban Topography


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Regional Crime Analysis GIS (RCAGIS)

Contributing Crime Data

Anne Arundel County Baltimore City Baltimore County Harford County Howard County

New Members Charles County Maryland State Police Montgomery County Prince Georges County

Washington, DC


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RCAGIS Development GoalsTools for: Patrol officers

Crime prevention officersCrime analystsManagersCommanders

Flexibility: Add new users and data without additional computerprogramming

Easy to use: Menu drivenAutomated reports

Promotes analysisGenerate maps and reports in less than one minute

Inexpensive: $100 per PC - MapObjects 2.0


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RCAGIS R t


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RCAGIS Reports


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Emergency Management Hurricanes/Tropical Storms Aug 1993 to Present >25 storms

Earthquakes Northridge, California

Kobe

Northridge, California

Earthquake Damage Bands

Hurricane BonnieDamage Bands

Consequences Assessment Tool Set (CATS)


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CATS: Accident Response and Assessment

CATS T i t R


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CATS: Terrorist Response


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Putting It

All Together


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Where to Go for Help

Universities

Community Colleges

Other city/county agencies Vendors

Military

Non-profits

Exercise: Technology Resources

Need More Money?


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Need More Money?

Alternative Funding Sources:

Federal

National Institute of Justice (NIJ)

Department of Justice COPS Office

State

Department of Justice

Governors Crime Commission

Local

Private Endowments/ Foundations Vendors

Partner with Other Agencies


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Implementation Challenges

Overemphasis on technology

Resistance to change, taking place within an

existing organizational structure

Change requires leadership GIS could be considered a paradigm shift within

an organization

O i Ob t l


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Overcoming Obstacles

Technical / Data Issues

Ignorance

Funding

Training

Organizational / Political Issues

Legal / Ethical Issues

Needs Assessment


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Strategies to Facilitate Success

Cultivate a GIS champion to sponsor

Management involvement (top down

support)

Training and education

GIS responsive to needs of end-user

Define GIS mission, goals, objectives in

a GIS plan


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Implementation Process: GIS Outcome


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Fast Cheap

Implementation Process: GIS Outcome

GOODGOODOutcomeOutcome

Undesired Outcome

More Thought More Investment

Documents

Implementing GIS