Upload
sky1234529
View
217
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
1/18
INDO-US N-DEAL&
NUCLEAR POWER
(A SOURCE OF PERPETUAL
POWER)
PRESENTED BY:-
SUSHIL KUMAR YADAV
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
2/18
What is nuclear energy?
In common usage, nuclear energy meanselectricity produced by harnessing the energy
released from splitting atoms- (fission). At
present, 31 countries use nuclear energy,
contributing about 17% of the worlds electricityoutput. In India, nuclear energy contributes about
3% to the total electricity generation. It is slated
to go up to 7% by 2020 under the nuclear deal
with US.
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
3/18
How is it produced?
If nuclear fuels like uranium are bombarded with neutrons,
it absorbs some of them. This causes it to become unstable
and degenerate into different elements due to atoms splitting
up. This process is called fission. A huge amount of heat is
released during fission.
This heat is used to generate steam for driving turbines and
thus generating electricity. Nuclear fuels like uranium contain
millions of time more energy than equivalent amounts of
conventional fuels like coal. The main advantage of nuclearenergy is that it does not cause pollution and its supply is
limitless. The disadvantages are that it requires heavy initial
investment and very careful handling because of the lethal
nature of materials and processes. The radioactive waste is
also requires careful disposal.
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
4/18
What is the connection with nuclear
weapons?
Nuclear technologies and, materials used for generating electricity can
also be used to make nuclear weapons. For producing electricity,
carefully controlled fission reaction is carried out.
This is done by controlling the number and speed of neutrons beingemitted by degenerating fuels atoms. In a nuclear bomb, the controls are
eased and chain reaction is allowed to progress. This leads to release of
enormous amount of heat and radiation in a few seconds.
Many of the products in power generating nuclear reactors, like
plutonium, can be used in making nuclear bombs.
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
5/18
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
6/18
How big is Indias nuclear energy
programme?
The international community, led by the five nuclear weapon powers,
imposed a moratorium on providing fuel or technologies to India as
punishment for the 1974 nuclear test and not signing the Non-proliferation
Treaty. Hence, India has developed its nuclear programme independently. Atpresent, India has 17, operational nuclear plants, while 6 more are under
construction. There are very modest uranium resources- an estimated 54,000
tonnes, mainly in Jharkhand, and also some in Meghalaya and Andhra
Pradesh. Due to this limitation, and lack of imports, the nuclear programme
has been constrained. However, Indian scientists have been working on
developing a different fuel cycle-one based on thorium. Almost a quarter ofthe thorium in the world is found in India in the sands on beaches in Orissa
and Kerala.
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
7/18
Why is it called the three-stage programme?
The long term goal of Indias nuclear programme is to produce energy through use of thorium.
This is a three-stage process. In the first stage, natural uranium is used to produce plutonium. In
second, fast neutron reactors are used to fission plutonium and convert it thorium into the
highly fissile U-233. The design of this process is such that fast neutrons coming from fissioning
plutonium will bombard a surrounding blanket of uranium and thorium, thus producing more
plutonium as well as U-233. Finally, in the third stage, advanced reactors burn the U-233 and
plutonium. Stage 2 is expected to be completed by 2010 at Kalpakkam, and in three other fast
breeder reactors by 2020. Then, the stage for full utilization of thorium will be set.
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
8/18
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
9/18
LOCATION OF POWER PLANT IN INDIA
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
10/18
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
11/18
What are its key features?
India can have nuclear cooperation and
trade with US and others without
compromising its weapons programme.
India need not sign the Non-Proliferation
Treaty (NPT) or put its nuclear facilities
under full-scope safeguards.
It gives India assured fuel supplies for
its civilian nuclear reactors in return for
them going permanent safeguards.It allows India to reprocess and recycle
spent fuel.
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
12/18
How does it help us tangibly?
India gets access to more and diversified source of energy.
It breaks open a regime that blocked Indias access to high
technology after the nuclear test in 1974.
Doors will now open for high tech and dual-use tech in
sectors as diverse as IT, defence, space, pharmaceuticals.
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
13/18
What is strategic implication for India?
India will get recognition as state with advanced nuclear technology.
It wont be nuclear pariah
The deal wont be offered to Pakistan
It gets to keep its nuclear weapons
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
14/18
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
15/18
What are the points of opposition in the US to deal?
The non-proliferation lobby feels its too generous to India.That it shouldnt get the right to reprocess spent fuel.
India will make N-weapons with its own uranium.
The wrong signal will go out to Iran, North Korea and Pakistan.
It will undermine global non-proliferation system.
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
16/18
What are possible pitfalls?
If India conducts an N-test, the deal could fall apart.
The bar on tests would be upheld by the nuclear suppliers group.
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
17/18
How is the Hyde Act relevant?
US, according to its Atomic Energy Act, cant have nuclear cooperation with a country thats not
signed the NPT or submitted itself to safeguards. The Hyde Act gives US administration the
waiver to reach a pact with India, which hasnt signed NPT. But there is a rider that India should
work with US to contain Irans N-programme govt. claims that foreign policy prescription is not
binding and deal wont come stuck if India ignores it; but critics seek further clarification.
8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL
18/18
PRESENTED BY:
Sushil Kumar Yadav