Indatorarea Intregii Lumi

5/26/2018 Indatorarea Intregii Lumi

1/5

Rezerva Federal

ntre 1862 i 1913, un sistem naional de bnci a fost instituit. O serie de panici (crize) financiar-

bancare, n 1873, 1893 i 1907 au desemnat motivele ntemeiate pentru crearea unei bnci centrale.

John Pierpont Morgan(18371913), un mare bancher i magnat al oelului din acele timpuri,

(ce a mprumutat statul i l-a ajutat s treac i peste panica din 1893) a avut iniiativa de a crea Rezerv

Federal menit s salveze din nou economia. Alturi de senatorul Nelson W. Aldrich, socrul lui John D.

Rockefeller Jr., George Baker, Lord Rothschild, James Stillmani cu ajutorul Preedintelui

(antimonopolist) SUA din acel moment, Theodore Roosevelt, J.P Morgan a creat Banca Central

American i a realizat infuzii de capital considerabile, reuind s salveze situaia economic i

rentabiliznd temporar bursa de aciuni, ns totodat ndatornd entitile mprumutate.

Aa a fost creat Banca CentralAmerican pe 23 Decembrie 1913 cu o

legiferare a Actului Rezervei Federale la

care au participat cei menionai mai sus

(mai puin nsui J.P Morgan care a murit

n Martie, anul cu pricina).

Important este de reinut faptul c

aceast Banc nu are ca scop depozitarea

banilor statelor americane ci

mprumutarea acestora sau a oricui are

nevoie, cernd n schimb, bineneles, odobnd (1). Dobnda ce nu poate fi

pltit din moment ce aproape toi banii

din SUA sunt deinui de Rezerv Federal.

Aa apare deci inflaia i hiperinflaia.

Iniial, Banca Central nu avea

voie s produc o valoare mai mare de

bani dect cea a aurului deinut de SUA

ns acest aspect s-a schimbat definitiv n anul 1971, iar din acel moment, Rezerv Federal a putut crea

(printa) bani n raport de 9 pri de bani noi la 10 pri de bani existeni n rezerv.

Aceast micare a fost necesar pentru a acorda noi credite pentru a plti dobnda iniial nsare ca efecte negative inflaia, hiperinflaia, crizele economice i depresiunile.

Acest sistem a lucrat att de bine pentru fondatorii si nct a trebuit extins cumva.

Aa au aprut FMI i Banca Mondial.


2/5

Fondul Monetar Internaional i Banca Mondial

Fondul Monetar Internaional a fost constituit prin n anul 1944, avnd ca scop principal

promovarea unei economii mondiale sntoase.

Pe 22 iulie 1944 a avut loc Conferina de la Bretton Woods pentru restructurarea relaiilor

internaionale monetare i financiare. Peste 40 de ri au participat la semnarea Acordului de la Bretton

Woods care prevedea proceduri i reguli care s guverneze economia mondial. Acest acord a condus la

nfiinarea Bncii Internaionale pentru Reconstrucie i Dezvoltare (BIRD, cunoscut i sub numele de

Banca Mondial) i Fondului Monetar Internaional.Aceste instituii sunt cunoscute drept gemenii

Bretton Woods. Sistemul Bretton Woods prevedea o rat de schimb valutar stabil, avnd ca referin

standard aurul, dolarul fiind singur moned convertibil n aur.

Resursele fondului sunt asigurate din contribuia

statelor membre, prin plata unor cote n funcie de

puterea economic a fiecrei ri. Fiecare stat achita

cota s la Fond n proporie de 25% ntr-una dintre

valutele acceptate pe plan internaional (dolarul

american, euro, yenul japonez sau lira sterlin) sau n

DST, iar restul de 75% n moneda naional. Cotele

sunt revizuite la fiecare 5 ani. n urma unei majorri

cu 45% a cotei de subscriere ncepnd cu 22 ianuarie

1999, totalul acestor cote se ridic n prezent la

aproximativ 311 miliarde de dolari americani. Puterea de vot a fiecrei ri este proporional cu cota

subscris.

FMI rspunde n faa guvernelor din rile membre. Organismele de conducere sunt: ConsiliulGuvernatorilor, Comitetul Financiar i Monetar Internaional i Consiliul Director. n vrful structurii

organizaionale se afl Consiliul Guvernatorilor, format din guvernatorii bncilor centrale sau minitrii de

finane din fiecare dintre cele 184 de state membre. Toi guvernatorii se ntlnesc o dat pe an n cadrul

ntlnirii Anuale a FMI i a Bncii Mondiale. Consiliul Director este format din 24 de membri i conduce

activitile curente.

Deciziile majore necesit o majoritate de 85% din voturi, o supermajoritate. Statele Unite ale

Americii a fost mereu singur ar care poate bloca o decizie a FMI.

Sistemul de la Bretton Woods a avut efect pn n 1971 cnd SUA a suspendat convertibilitatea

dolarului n aur.

Informaiile oficiale din Ianuarie 2012 arat ca mprumuturile cele mai mari la FMI le au n

aceast ordine urmtoarele ri: Grecia, Portugalia, Irlanda, Romnia i Ucraina.

rile membre ale FMI au acces la informaii privind politicile economice ale tuturor celorlalte

state membre, posibilitatea de a influena acele politici, tehnica bancar, afacerile fiscale, probleme de

schimb valutar i aa mai departe.


3/5

Concluzie (proprie):Unul dintre fondatorii iniiali ai Rezervei Federale, J.D. Rockefeller Jr. a fost (n vremea s) cel mai

bogat om din lume i primul miliardar American. innd cont de transformrile economiceprecum

inflaia, averea sa s-ar fi ridicat n ziua de azi la o sum total aproximativ de $663 miliarde. Comparnd

acest numr cu cele din prezent (Carlos Slim Hel-cel mai bogat om cu $69 miliarde), perspectiva se

schimb.

Rockefeller, oficial, i-a petrecut cel puin 40 din ultimii ani de via fr s munceasc, doar

cheltuind i trindu-i orice vis posibil ns evenimentele i schimbrile majore petrecute n lume de la

nceputul secolului trecut pn n prezent i faptul c puterea acestui grup de oameni este imens m

face s m gndesc:

Dac au o asemenea putere financiar i o asemenea influen de ce nu ar finana doar prile

aliate ntr-un rzboi, ori ambele (dac aceasta este direcia spre un profit)?

Ce i-ar opri s creeze sisteme educaionalecare s produc persoane capabile doar s munceasc nu i

s gndeasc critic?

Ce i-ar mpiedica s pun la punct sisteme mass-media i/sau religii care s in masele sub control?

Ce i-ar opri s ndatoreze state ntregi n aa msur nct ele s devinntr-un fel sau altul proprietatea

unuia dintre sistemele bancare de mai sus?

i cel mai important, ce i-ar mpiedica s formeze un guvern mondial?


4/5

Anexe:

Analyzing the Federal Reserve's balance sheet reveals a number of facts:

The Fed has over $11 billion ingoldstock (certificates), which represents the Fed's financial interestin the statutory-determined value of gold turned over to the U.S. Treasury in accordance with

theGold Reserve Act on January 30, 1934.[174]The value reported here is based on a statutoryvaluation of $42 2/9 per fine troy ounce. As of March 2009, the market value of that gold is around

$247.8 billion.

The Fed holds more than $1.8 billion in coinage, not as aliability but as anasset.The TreasuryDepartment is actually in charge of creatingcoins andU.S. Notes.The Fed then buys coinage from

the Treasury by increasing theliability assigned to the Treasury's account.

The Fed holds at least $534 billion of thenational debt.The "securities held outright" value used todirectly represent the Fed's share of the national debt, but after the creation of new facilities in the

winter of 20072008, this number has been reduced and the difference is shown with values from

some of the new facilities.

The Fed has no assets fromovernight repurchase agreements.Repurchase agreements are theprimary asset of choice for the Fed in dealing in theopen market.Repo assets are bought by creating

depository institution liabilities and directed to thebank theprimary dealer uses when they sell into

the open market.

The more than $1 trillionin Federal Reserve Note liabilities represents nearly the total value of alldollar bills in existence; over $176 billion is held by the Fed (not in circulation); and the "net" figure

of $863 billion represents the total face value of Federal Reserve Notes in circulation.

The $916 billion in deposit liabilities of depository institutions shows that dollar bills are not theonly source of government money. Banks can swap deposit liabilities of the Fed for Federal Reserve

Notes back and forth as needed to match demand from customers, and the Fed can have theBureau

of Engraving and Printing create the paper bills as needed to match demand from banks for paper

money. The amount of money printed has no relation to the growth of the monetary base (M0).

The $93.5 billion in Treasury liabilities shows that the Treasury Department does not use privatebanks but rather uses the Fed directly (the lone exception to this rule isTreasury Tax and

Loan because the government worries that pulling too much money out of the private banking

system during tax time could be disruptive).

The $1.6 billion foreign liabilityrepresents the amount of foreign central bank deposits with theFederal Reserve.

The $9.7 billion in 'otherliabilities and accrued dividends' represents partly the amount of moneyowed so far in the year to member banks for the 6% dividend on the 3% of their net capital they are

required to contribute in exchange for nonvoting stock their regional Reserve Bank in order to

become a member. Member banks are also subscribed for an additional 3% of their net capital,

which can be called at the Federal Reserve's discretion. All nationally chartered banks must be

members of a Federal Reserve Bank, and state-chartered banks have the choice to become members

or not.

http://www.usdebtclock.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-The_Federal_Reserve_Does_NOT_Own_Any_Gold_at_All-174http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-The_Federal_Reserve_Does_NOT_Own_Any_Gold_at_All-174http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-The_Federal_Reserve_Does_NOT_Own_Any_Gold_at_All-174http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Notehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_public_debthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_public_debthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repurchase_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repurchase_agreementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_market_operationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_dealershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Tax_and_Loanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Tax_and_Loanhttp://www.usdebtclock.org/http://www.usdebtclock.org/http://www.usdebtclock.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Tax_and_Loanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Tax_and_Loanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_dealershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_market_operationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repurchase_agreementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repurchase_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_public_debthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Notehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_liabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System#cite_note-The_Federal_Reserve_Does_NOT_Own_Any_Gold_at_All-174http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold


5/5

Documents

Indatorarea Intregii Lumi