INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN

8/18/2019 INDEKS-KUALITAS-LINGKUNGAN

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BAHAN KAJIANMK. PERENCANAAN LINGKUNGAN

INDEKS KUALITAS

LINGKUNGAN

Disajikan:Prof Dr Ir Soearno MS

PMPSLP PPSUB A!"s#"s $%&%


2/44

DE'INITI(N AND B(UNDING

A)a *i+an! Lin!k"n!an:Penen#"an a,aka- s"a#" asa)a- )in!k"n!an akan enja+i)e*i- *aik/ a#a" enja+i )e*i- *"r"k/ 0 aka INDEKSee!an! ,eranan ko"nikasi 1an! san!a# ,en#in!

INDEKS 22222 Un#"k en1e+er-anakan

INDEKS a#a" INDIKAT(R : Sarana 1an! +isarakna "n#"kere+"ksi *an1ak +a#a +an inforasi -in!!a enja+i *en#"k

1an! ,a)in! se+er-ana 3 na"n akna esensin1a asi- #e#a,a+a.


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PERANAN INDEKS

Da)a Proses Pean#a"an Lin!k"n!an +i,er)"kan +an+i!"nakan DATA +an IN'(RMASI

Da#a +an Inforasi ini -ar"s +a,a# +i#erjea-kanenja+i *en#"k 1an! "+a- +i,a-ai aknan1a

INDEKS LINGKUNGAN +a,a# +i,akai "n#"k:

&. Me)"kiskan #ren+ 4 ke5en+er"n!an k"a)i#as )in!k"n!an$. Mene!askan a+an1a kon+isi +an asa)a- )in!k"n!an 1an!si!nifikan

6. Proses ,en!!"naan +a#a #eknis +a)a ,en!a*i)anke,"#"san o)e- P(LIC7 MAKER

.

Da)a ,roses ,en1e+er-anaan DATA +an IN'(RMASIini)a- +i,er)"kan konse, #en#an! INDEKSLINGKUNGAN/

.


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PENTINGN7A INDEKS LINGKUNGAN

E,a# ,eranan ,en#in! In+eks Lin!k"n!an:&. Me*an#" +a)a ,er""san ke*ijakan$. Sarana "n#"k en!e8a)"asi efek#i8i#as ,ro!ra

)in!k"n!an6. Me*an#" +a)a en+isain ,ro!ra )in!k"n!an

9. Me,er"+a- ko"nikasi +en!an ,"*)ik se-"*"n!an+en!an kon+isi )in!k"n!an

Ena a5a ,en!!"naan In+eks Lin!k"n!an:

&. A)okasi s"*er+a1a$. Pen1"s"nan "r"#an4 ,erin!ka# )okasiona)6. Pen!a3anan *ak" "#"9. Tren+ ana)1sis. Inforasi ,"*)ik

;. Kajian


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BAHASA INDEKS

Da)a Kon#eks Ma#ea#ika: =ARIABEL3 ni)ain1a *era!aDa)a Profesi Lin!k"n!an:PARAMETER > En8ironen#a) 8aria*)e3

en1a#akan k"a)i#as )in!k"n!an 1an! +i"k"r

INDEKS LINGKUNGAN:

Ka+an!ka)a e)i*a#kan 8aria*e) ,o)"#an 1an! en5erinkan j")a- ,o)"#an 1an! +i)e,askan ke +a)a )in!k"n!an3 +an#i+ak e)i*a#kan k"an#i#as ,o)"#an 1an! se*enarn1a a+a +i+a)a )in!k"n!an

=aria*e) Po)"#an: K"an#i#as fisik3 KIia a#a" *io)o!i 1an!+iaks"+kan se*a!ai "k"ran ,en5earan )in!k"n!an

Misa)n1a: Konsen#rasi S($ +a)a a#osfer


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=ARIABEL P(LUTAN

=aria*e) s"*er ,o)"#an: Ti+ak +a,a# en5erinkan kon+isi)in!k"n!an 1an! se*enarn1a

=aria*e) Po)"#an en5ak", akna:&. =aria*e) "#" )in!k"n!an$. =aria*e) s"*er ,o)"#an

=aria*e) ,o)"#an "#" )in!k"n!an:

Men1a#akan Kea+aan Lin!k"n!an 0 en!"k"r kon+isi a*ien

)in!k"n!an 1an! ak#"a)


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INDIKAT(R LINGKUNGAN

In+ika#or Lin!k"n!an er",akan K"an#i#as #"n!!a) 1an!+i#"r"nkan +ari sa#" 8aria*e) ,o)"#an +an +i,akai "n#"ken5erinkan ?e,resen#asikan@ *e*era,a a#ri*"#)in!k"n!an.

Misa)n1a:In+ika#or #araf ,en5earan S($ > *an1akn1a -ari +ianakonsen#rasi S($ a#osfer e)a,a"i *ak" "#"

Be*era,a in+ika#or 1an! +isajikan se5ara *ersaaan "n#"ke*erikan !a*aran #en#an! kon+isi )in!k"n!an3 +ise*"#:

PR('IL KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN

In+ika#or )in!k"n!an +a,a# +isajikan se5ara in+i8i+"a) a#a"+ia!re!asikan se5ara a#ea#ik3 e*en#"k s"a#" INDEKSLINGKUNGAN


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PR('IL KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN

Con#o-: EN=IR(NMENTAL UALIT7 PR('ILE ?&;@()e-: EPA SEATLE REGI(NAL (''ICE

Un#"k e)a,orkan ,e)an!!aran "#" "+ara +i!"nakan +"ain+ika#or:

&. Ban1akn1a -ari se)aa ana *ak" "#" "+ara a*ien##er)a,a"i

$. Ke,ara-an #araf ,e)an!!aran *ak" "#"

Un#"k e)a,orkan ,e)an!!aran "#" air +i!"nakan +"ain+ika#or:

&. Panjan! s"n!ai 1an! #i+ak een"-i *ak" "#" a*ien#

$. Ke,ara-an ,e)an!!aran *ak" "#"


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C(NT(H PR('IL LINGKUNGAN

Ko,onen In+ika#or Tren+.

AIR Panjan! s"n!ai 1! #i+ak ses"ai *ak" "#" I,ro8in! Ke,ara-an Pe)an!!aran *ak" "#" I,ro8in!

UDARA J")a- -ari ,e)an!!aran *ak" "#" I,ro8in!

Ke,ara-an ,e)an!!aran *ak" "#" I,ro8in!

RADIASI Near #er e,os"re Ti+ak a+a,er"*a-an

PESTISIDA Konsen#rasi +a)a akanan +an air I,ro8in!

LIMBAH Po,")asi 1an! #er,en!ar"-i I,ro8in!PADAT

NI(SE J")a- oran! 1! #erkena +a,ak Seri"s Forsenin!

Ke#eran!an: ?@ ,er)" #in+akan ,enan!anan


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=ARIABEL KUALITAS AIR

&. TR(PH: Tro,-i5 Con+i#ions > In#ensi#as ak#i8i#as *io)o!is1!*er)e*i-an +in1a#akan o)e- air 1an! ker"-3 ,er#"*"-ana)!ae 1an! s"*"r +an j"!a !")a air

$. D( > +isso)8e+ o1!en0 j")a- oksi!en 1an! #er)ar"# +a)aair

6. TEMP: s"-" air en!en+a)ikan sifa# *en#"k

;. TDS: To#a) +isso)8e+ so)i+s0 "k"ran inera) non

8ir"s ,en1e*a* ,en1aki# 1an! #i+ak *ersifa# a)aia- +a)aair3 *erasa) +ari ,en5ernaan -ean +an an"sia. AEST: Aes#-e#i5s3 in1ak3 ,e)"as3 se+ien +an *a-an

)ain 1an! +a,a# +i+eke#si. RAD: Ra+ioak#i8i#as

&%. (#o: (r!ani5 Toi5an#s3 Pes#isi+a3 +))&&. INT(: Inor!ani5 #oi5an#3 Lo!a *era#


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INDIKAT(R KUALITAS UDARA

&. BAKU MUTU PRIMER:Di#e#a,kan ,a+a #araf 1an! +iran5an! "n#"k e)in+"n!i,"*)i5 -ea)#-

$. BAKU MUTU SEKUNDER:

Di#e#a,kan "n#"k e)in+"n!i efek ,o)"si "+ara 1an! #i+ak*erkai#an +en!an kese-a#an

Ena Ma5a Po)"#an Pen#in!:&. Kar*on Monoksi+a$. Ni#ro!en (i+es6. Hi+rokar*on9. (ksi+an 'o#okiia

. Par#ik")a#;. S")f"r (ksi+a


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KARB(N M(N(KSIDA: C(

Ti+ak *erarna3 #i+ak *er*a"Hasi) ,e*akaran 1an! #erja+i se5ara #i+ak )en!ka,Misa)n1a ,e*akaran *a-an *akar +a)a esin

C( +iika# o)e- -aeo!)o*in3 se-in!!a en!!an!!"kea,"an H* +ara- "n#"k en!ika# oksi!en.Aki*a#n1a akan en!!an!!" s",)ai oksi!en ke +a)a o#ak

Gan!!"an f"n!si en#a)

Gan!!"an ,erse,si 8is"a)Gan!!"an A)er#nessGan!!"an f"n!si jan#"n!:Me,er)ea- kon#raksi jan#"n! se-in!!a s",)ai +ara- kese)"r"- #"*"- *erk"ran!3 se-in!!a ka,asi#as kerja en"r"n


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. Dai)1 C-ei5a) Transfora#ions (55"rrin! in #-e 'ora#ion ofP-o#o5-ei5a) So!

http://mtweb.mtsu.edu/nchong/Smog-Atm1.htm


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NITR(GEN (IDES: N(

Berasa) +ari ,roses ,e*akaran s"-" #in!!i 3 in+"s#ri kiia

Da,a# en!!an!!" kese-a#an +an ka,asi#as kerja

(ksi+a ni#ro!en *ersaa +en!an -i+rokar*on3 e)a)"i reaksika#a)isis 5a-a1a a#a-ari3 enja+i oksi+an fo#okiia3 enja+iSM(G

Men!!an!!" ,ernafasan +an iri#asi a#a

Me,en!ar"-i jarin!an ,ar"


15/44


16/44

HIDR(KARB(N

CH: A)kana3 A)kena3 A)kina

S"*er: Mesin ken+araan *ero#or

Ba!aiana ,eri)ak" ,ar#ik")a# -i+rokar*on +i "+ara 2..

Pe*en#"kan Ka*"# 'o#okiia:222222222

Po)1515)i5 aroa#i5 -1+ro5ar*ons ?PAHs@3 a)so knon as ,o)1<aroa#i5 -1+ro5ar*ons or ,o)1n"5)ear aroa#i5 -1+ro5ar*ons3 are,o#en# a#os,-eri5 ,o))"#an#s #-a# 5onsis# of f"se+ aroa#i5 rin!s

an+ +o no# 5on#ain -e#eroa#os or 5arr1 s"*s#i#"en#s.Na,-#-a)ene is #-e si,)es# ea,)e of a PAH. PAHs o55"r in oi)3

5oa)3 an+ #ar +e,osi#s3 an+ are ,ro+"5e+ as *1,ro+"5#s of f"e)*"rnin! ?-e#-er fossi) f"e) or *ioass@. As a ,o))"#an#3 #-e1 are of5on5ern *e5a"se soe 5o,o"n+s -a8e *een i+en#ifie+ as

5ar5ino!eni53 "#a!eni53 an+ #era#o!eni5.PAHs are a)so fo"n+ in 5ooke+ foo+s. S#"+ies -a8e s-on #-a# -i!-

)e8e)s of PAHs are fo"n+3 for ea,)e3 in ea# 5ooke+ a# -i!-#e,era#"res s"5- as !ri))in! or *ar*e5"in!3 an+ in soke+ fis-.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic


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CHEMISTR7 (' PAH

The simplest PAs! as de"ined by the #nternational $nion o" Pure and

Applied %hemistry $PA%' &(.P )oss! #$PA% nomenclature "or

"used-ring systems'! are phenanthrene and anthracene! which both

contain three "used aromatic rings. Smaller molecules! such as ben*ene!

are not PAs.

PAs may contain "our-! "i+e-! si,- or se+en-member rings! but thosewith "i+e or si, are most common. PAs composed only o" si,-

membered rings are called a)#ernan# PAs. %ertain alternant PAs arecalled *enenoi+ PAs.

The name comes "rom ben*ene! an aromatic hydrocarbon with a single!

si,-membered ring. These can be ben*ene rings interconnected with

each other by single carbon-carbon bonds and with no rings remaining

that do not contain a complete ben*ene ring.

The set o" alternant PAs is closely related to a set o" mathematicalentities called polyhe,es! which are planar "igures composed by

conoining regular he,agons o" identical si*e.



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CHEMISTR7 (' PAH

PAs containing up to si, "used aromatic rings are o"ten known as

small PAs! and those containing more than si, aromatic rings are

called large PAs. ue to the a+ailability o" samples o" the +arious

small PAs! the bulk o" research on PAs has been o" those o" up to si,

rings.

The biological acti+ity and occurrence o" the large PAs does appear to

be a continuation o" the small PAs. They are "ound as combustion

products! but at lower le+els than the small PAs due to the kinetic

limitation o" their production through addition o" successi+e rings.

#n addition! with many more isomers possible "or larger PAs! the

occurrence o" speci"ic structures is much smaller.


(KSIDAN '(T(KIMIA K * # ' # ki i


19/44

(KSIDAN '(T(KIMIA > Ka*"# 'o#okiia

M"n5") +ari -asi) seran!kaian reaksi kiia a#osfer 1an!+i")ai *i)a -i+rokar*on *ersaa +en!an oksi+a ni#ro!en#erkena 5a-a1a a#a-ari

Sen1aa 1an! #er)i*a#: (on3 Peroksi


20/44

http://www.shodor.org/master/en+ironmental/air/photochem/smogapplication.html


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EMBENTUKAN KABUT FOTOKIMIA

#t begins at the bottom with the production o" 0 and reacti+e

hydrocarbons by "ossil "uel burning &such as an automobile'. n the le"tside! the 0 reacts with tropospheric o*one or a hydrocarbon radical

&23 ' to produce 03 &a radical is a molecule "ragment that has an

unpaired electron'.

This absorbs solar energy &represented by the letters hv' to create 0

&which propagates the system' and atomic o,ygen. Atomic o,ygenreacts to "orm tropospheric o*one! which "eeds back into the 0,

system &the , here re"ers to the number o" o,ygens! and ser+es as a

general notational term "or the nitrogen o,ides'. Atomic o,ygen can

also react with hydro,yl radicals! ! and o*one to "orm the reacti+ehydrocarbon radicals utili*ed in the 0, system.

These radicals also react to "orm other components o" smog! such as

PA0 &pero,yacetyl nitrate' and aldehydes &2%4! where 2 is some

hydrocarbon chain'.

The graphic below shows the essential workings o" the 0, system!

with the interactions between 0 and 03 on the le"t and the

production/washout o" 05 on the right:

2ekasi Pembentukan kabut "otokimia


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2ekasi Pembentukan kabut "otokimia

The de+elopment o" photochemical smog is dependent upon solarradiation! source emissions o" hydrocarbons and nitrogen o,ides! and

atmospheric stability &"or enhanced concentrations'. 6arly in the

morning! commuter tra""ic releases 0 and hydrocarbons. At the same

time! 03 may decrease through because the sunlight can break itdown to 0 and . The is then "ree to react with 3 to "orm 5.

Shortly therea"ter! o,idi*ed hydrocarbons react with 0 to increase

03 by midmorning. This reaction causes 0 to decrease and 5 to

build up! producing a midday peak in 5 and minimum in 0. As the

smog ripens! +isibility may be reduced due to light scattering by

aerosols. Primarily due to the dependence on commuter tra""ic between

surburbs and cities! there are presently more than 78 urban areas in

+iolation o" the $S ambient air 9uality standard "or o*one.

THE MAIN C(MP(NENTS (' PH(T(CHEMICAL SM(G


23/44

THE MAIN C(MP(NENTS (' PH(T(CHEMICAL SM(G'(RMATI(N

http://mtweb.mtsu.edu/nchong/Smog-Atm1.htm

e can also look at the "ormation o" photochemical smog "rom a


24/44

p g

kinetic perspecti+e.

This chart shows the nine key e9uations o" smog production! and the

rate constant that a""ects the speed &or rate' at which the reaction takes

place:

#n this graphic! we see the in+ol+ement o" the 0, system and the production o"


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o*one. ere is a narrati+e +ersion o" the graphic abo+e:

1.2eaction 1: 03! reacts with light energy! hv ! to "orm 0 and a singlet o,ygen atom. The

rate o" this reaction depends on how much light energy there is -- a sunny day +ersus acloudy day;

3.2eaction 3: singlet o,ygen reacts with the o,ygen molecule &what you breathe' in the

presence o" a catalyst ) to "orm o*one! 5. The catalyst ) remains unchanged &which is

the de"inition o" a catalyst;'. The rate o" this reaction depends on the temperature in the

atmosphere.

5.2eaction 5: *one reacts with 0 to produce more 03 and 3. These products "eed back

into 2eactions 1 and 3! thus ensuring a steady production o" o*one; The rate o" this reaction

also depends on the temperature in the atmosphere.

7.2eaction 7: *one is degraded &broken down' by light energy! "orming a charged "orm o"

singlet o,ygen! &1'! and more molecular o,ygen. 0otice that this reaction proceeds at a

much slower rate than the "irst reaction &about one-"ourth o" one percent as slow;'


26/44

PARTIKULAT

TSP: To#a) S"s,en+e+ Par#i5")a#eA+a)a- #o#a) asa ,ar#ik")a# 5air +an ,a+a#an 1an! a+a +i"+ara 3 se,er#i Je)a!a3 Asa,3 De*"3 Mis# +an S,ra1.

Berasa) +ari ,roses ,e*akaran

Konsen#rasin1a: %.& &%

Par#i5")a#es a)so knon as ,ar#i5")a#e a##er ?PM@3

s"s,en+e+ ,ar#i5")a#e a##er ?SPM@3 fine ,ar#i5)es3an+ soo# are #in1 s"*+i8isions of so)i+ a##er

s"s,en+e+ in a !as or )i"i+. In 5on#ras#3 aeroso) refers#o ,ar#i5)es an+4or )i"i+ +ro,)e#s an+ #-e !as #o!e#-er.

So"r5es of ,ar#i5")a#e a##er 5an *e an a+e orna#"ra). Air ,o))"#ion an+ a#er ,o))"#ion 5an #ake #-e

for of so)i+ ,ar#i5")a#e a##er3 or *e +isso)8e+.

Sa)# is an ea,)e of a +isso)8e+ 5on#ainan# in a#er3-i)e san+ is !enera))1 a so)i+ ,ar#i5")a#e.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates


27/44

FOG

'o! is a collection o" li9uid water droplets or ice crystalssuspended in the air at or near the 6arths sur"ace. hile "og

is a type o" stratus cloud! the term "og is typically

distinguished "rom the more generic term cloud in that

"og is low-lying! and the moisture in the "og is o"tengenerated locally &such as "rom a nearby body o" water! like

a lake or the ocean! or "rom nearby moist ground or

marshes'.

Bog is distinguished "rom mist only by its density! ase,pressed in the resulting decrease in +isibility: Bog

reduces +isibility to less than 1 km &


28/44

S((T

Soo# & / s tˈ ʊ

/' is a general term that re"ers to impure carbon particles resulting "rom the incomplete combustion o" a

hydrocarbon. #t is more properly restricted to the product o"

the gas-phase combustion process but is commonly

e,tended to include the residual pyroly*ed "uel particlessuch as coal! cenospheres! charred wood! petroleum coke!

and so on! that may become airborne during pyrolysis and

that are more properly identi"ied as cokes or chars.

The gas-phase soots contain polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons &PAs'.

The PAs in soot are known mutagens and are classi"ied as

a known human carcinogen by the #nternational Agency

"or 2esearch on %ancer A2%'.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot

S((T

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English


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S((T

Soot! as an airborne contaminant in the en+ironment has

many di""erent sources but they are all the result o" some

"orm o" pyrolysis. They include soot "rom coal burning!

internal combustion engines! power plant boilers! hog-"uel

boilers! ship boilers! central steam heat boilers! wasteincineration! local "ield burning! house "ires! "orest "ires!

"ireplaces! "urnaces! etc.

These e,terior sources also contribute to the indoor

en+ironment sources such as smoking o" plant matter!cooking! oil lamps! candles! 9uart*/halogen bulbs with settled

dust! "ireplaces! de"ecti+e "urnaces! etc. Soot in +ery low

concentrations is capable o" darkening sur"aces or making

particle agglomerates! such as those "rom +entilation systems!appear black.

Soot is the primary cause o" ghosting! the discoloration o"

walls and ceilings or walls and "looring where they meet. #t is

generally responsible "or the discoloration o" the walls abo+e

baseboard electric heating units and can be known as a gas.


S((T


30/44

S((T

The "ormation o" soot depends strongly on the "uelcomposition.

The rank ordering o" sooting tendency o" "uel components

is: naphthalenes E ben*enes E aliphatics. owe+er! the

order o" sooting tendencies o" the aliphatics &alkanes!alkenes! alkynes' +aries dramatically depending on the

"lame type.

The di""erence between the sooting tendencies o" aliphaticsand aromatics is thought to result mainly "rom the di""erent

routes o" "ormation.

Aliphatics appear to "irst "orm acetylene and

polyacetylenesF aromatics can "orm soot both by this route

and also by a more direct pathway in+ol+ing ring

condensation or polymeri*ation reactions building on thee,isting aromatic structure


SUL'UR (KSIDA: S(


31/44

Da,a# *ereaksi +en!an air enja+i S")fi# +an S")fa#

S($ O H$(


32/44

esos,-ere of =en"sIi Jhang! )ao-%hang Kiang! Branck )ontmessin! Hean-Koup Lertau,!

%hristopher Parkinson! and Muk K. Mung. 0ature (eoscience Mear published:

&3818'

'UNGSI KERUSAKAN


33/44

'"n!si a#ea#ik:

'"n!si 1an! en1a#akan -"*"n!an an#ara 8aria*e) ,o)"#an+en!an efekn1a #er-a+a, an"sia +an )in!k"n!an -i+",n1a

'"n!si ini ,en#in! "n#"k en+isain in+ika#or ,en5earan)in!k"n!an

Pen1"s"nan In+eks Pen5earan 4 K"a)i#as Lin!k"n!an:

Dari -"*"n!an an#ara ,en5ear #er"k"r +en!an Es#ia#e+Dea#- Ra#e/: DAMAGE 'UNCTI(N D(SE


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Eks,resi k"an#i#a#if #en#an! -"*"n!an an#ara ke*era+aan s"a#"

,o)"#an +en!an #in!ka# +a,ak 1an! +i#i*")kann1a ,a+a,o,")asi #ar!e# ?sasaran@

Ker"sakan BI('ISIK: '"n!si ker"sakan fisik a#a" *io)o!is

Ker"sakan ekonoi: '"n!si ker"sakan ekonoi3 *er+iensi one#er3Men1a#akan kore)asi an#ara ker"sakan ekonoi +en!an #araf ,o)"#ana*ien

Da)a e,resen#asikan f"n!si ker"sakan -ar"s seje)as"n!kin:

Po)"#an a,aDosisn1a *era,a

Da,akn1a *a!aianaPo,")asi sasarann1a

'UNGSI KERUSAKAN: TE(RITIS


35/44

'"n!si ker"sakan: Har"s en5erinkan fenoena a*an!'enoena a*an!: A+a ni)ai a*an! inia)3

+i *aa- ana #i+ak #erja+i ker"sakan+i a#as ni)ai a*an! akan #erja+i ,enin!ka#an

ker"sakan se5ara 5e,a# *i)a ,o)"#an *er#a*a-

Da,ak .

A*an!

Po)"#an

TL=: T-res-o)+ Lii#in! =a)"e0 er",akan konse, a+a,#asiKe5en+er"n!an or!anise "n#"k en!e*an!kan #o)eransi#er-a+a, konsen#rasi ren+a- *a-an #oksik

Da,ak . Jen"-

Linear

A*an! Po)"#an

STRUKTUR INDEKS LINGKUNGAN


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T"j"an In+eks a+a)a- "n#"k en1e+er-anakan

D"a a5a *en#"k In+eks Lin!k"n!an:&. ANGKA INDEKS: ni)ain1a enin!ka# seja)an +en!an

,enin!ka#an ,en5earan )in!k"n!an0 In+eks Pen5earan

Lin!k"n!an0 In5reasin! s5a)e

$. ANGKA INDEKS : Ni)ain1a en"r"n a,a*i)a ,en5earan)in!k"n!an enin!ka#0 In+eks K"a)i#as Lin!k"n!an0De5reasin! s5a)e


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STRUKTUR MATEMATIKA INDEKS


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Per-i#"n!an in+eks )in!k"n!an #er+iri a#as +"a #a-a,:

&. Per-i#"n!an s"* & I

Misa)n1a: a+a se*an1ak i 8aria*e) ,o)"#an :i > ni)ai "n#"k 8aria*e) ,o)"#an ke iS"* in+eks ke f?i@

S"*in+eks en1a#akan karak#eris#ik )in!k"n!an +ari ,e"*a-,o)"#an #er#en#"

AGREGASI SUB


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$. M")#i,)i5a#ion6. Maiia#ion3 s"* !?I&3I$32In@

Pe"*a- Po)"#an: $ Pe"*a- Po)"#an: n

S"*in+eks &

I& > f?&@

S"*in+eks $

I$ > f?$@

S"*in+eks n

In > f?n@

INDEKS I

MACAM INDEKS


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INDEKS ABS(LUT:

'"n!si -"*"n!an an#ara 8aria*e) ,o)"#an +en!an in+eks)in!k"n!an +i#e#a,kan ?#e)a- +ike#a-"i@

INDEKS RELATI':In+eks #i+ak -an1a #er!an#"n! ,a+a ses"a#" o*ser8asi?8aria*e)@ #er#en#"3 #e#a,i j"!a #er!an#"n! ,a+a *an1ako*ser8asi ?8aria*e)@ )ainn1a


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SUB


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'UNGSI LINEAR:

I > 2222222 I : s"*in+eks : =aria*e) ,o)"#an

: Kons#an#e

N(N


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&. ADDITI=E '(RM:

Linear


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