Index of namesassets.cambridge.org/97805218/30201/index/9780521830201_index.pdfIndex of names 693 Bellich, James 440, 444, 446 Benson, Philip 505, 563, 574 Bentley, Trevor 440 Benton,

Index of names

Abbott, Orville Lawrence 124, 140Abdulaziz, Mohammed H. 509Abel, Evelyn 543Abercrombie, David 73–5Abney, Lisa 268Adams, George Brendan 71, 87, 91Adams, Michael 200Adekunle, Mobolaji 528Afendras, Evangelos 567Aggarwal, N. K. 547Agnihotri, R. K. 543Aitken, A. J. 44, 62–5, 67–8, 72, 74–5, 205, 216,

595, 647Akenson, Donald H. 443Alexander, Henry 41, 124, 133–6Algeo, John 33, 103, 106, 628, 645Ali, Ahmed 536Allen, David Grayson 127Allen, Harold B. 183Alleyne, Mervyn C. 326, 334, 336, 340Allsopp, Richard 60, 336, 341Alsagoff, Lubna 505Amery, Rob 482–3Amini, Marjan 69Andersen, Henning 15, 177–8, 186, 388Andersen, Roger 351Anderson, J. W. 460Anderwald, Lieselotte 603Andrews, Kenneth R. 331Andronov, M. S. 537Angogo, Rachel 516, 528Angus, H. F. 231Ann, Jean 568Arthur, Jay M. 434, 436Ash, Sharon 269–70, 273, 275, 320, 422Asmah, Haji Omar 563–4Atwood, E. Bagby 186, 285, 287, 319, 614

Aubrey, Gwynn 331Avis, Walter 593

Bacon-Shone, John 572Bailey, Charles-James N. 315, 329Bailey, Guy 4, 158–60, 168, 181, 185, 189, 194,

205–6, 210, 262–5, 268, 270, 271–4, 276–9,284–90, 293, 297–9, 302, 590

Bailey, Nathan 486Bailey, Richard 536Baker, Philip 328, 330, 332, 353, 456, 461–2,

464–5, 468, 471, 476–80, 482, 487–92Baker, Wendy 506Baldwin, Brian 387Bamgbose, Ayo 527–8Banim, John and Michael 90, 348, 350Banjo, Ayo 527Bansal, R. K. 544–5Bao, Zhiming 505Barber, Charles 122, 124, 147–9, 204, 592, 594Bardon, Jonathan 103Barnes, William 90Bartlett, Christopher 68, 73, 75–6, 449Batibo, Herman 338, 516, 518Batterham, Margaret 448, 453Bauer, Laurie 19, 73, 75, 263, 280, 292, 413,

450–1Baugh, John 139, 158Baumgardner, Robert 536, 552Bautista, Maria Lourdes 504, 577–8, 641Bayard, Donn 452Beal, Joan 35, 47, 59, 68, 102, 601–2, 605,

608–10Beckett, Daniel 195–6, 329Beckles, Hilary 33, 45Beier, A. L. 160, 352Bell, Allan 408, 449, 452, 453

692

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Index of names 693

Bellich, James 440, 444, 446Benson, Philip 505, 563, 574Bentley, Trevor 440Benton, Richard 435Bermejo-Giner, Maria 3, 52Bernard, John 430–1Bex, Tony 504Bhaldraithe, Tomas de 45Bickerton, Derek 204, 214, 216, 328, 334, 336Blank, Paula 100Blench, Roger 340, 510Blethen, Tyler 104Bliss, Alan 3, 90–2, 252, 329, 347Bliss, Theodora Crosby 462, 483Bloch, Jules 543Bloom, David 567Bobda, Augustin Simo 529Boberg, Charles 422Bolt, Philip 572–3Bolton, Kinsgley 503–4, 506–7, 514, 559–60,

570–4, 641Borowsky, Toni 44, 432Boucicault, Dion 348–9Boyer, Paul 135Boylan, Henry 350Bradley, David 43, 411, 426, 591Braidwood, James 71Brander, Jan 389, 393, 395Branford, William 8–9, 19, 60, 380–1, 597Brass, Paul R. 550Breatnach, Risteard 45Breen, T. H. 130Breval John Durant 347Brewer, Jeutonne 204, 216Bright, William 536Britain, David 61, 64–5, 387, 411, 414, 594Brooke, Thomas H. 396Brooks, Cleanth 266–7, 280Brorstrom, Sverker 186Brown, Adam 565, 567Brown, Keith 76Brown, Vivian 268, 272–3Brunner, Karl 205Brutt-Griffler, Janina 507Bruyn, Adrienne 331Burchfield, Robert 47, 599, 601, 610Burde, Archana S. 536Burnell, A. C. 546Burridge, Kate 432Burrowes, Audrey 336, 341Burt, N. C. 311Butler, Susan 505

Butters, Ronald 34, 41, 51, 285, 287, 601, 606Byrne, Francis J. 86

Cabot, John 621, 627Cahill, E. 86Cain, P. J. 542Camden, William 466, 470, 473–4, 481Cameron, Jane 404, 408, 415Campbell, Mildred 127, 210Campbell, P. F. 331–2Canniff, William 228, 231Canny, Nicholas 33Cardell, Kerry 59Carleton, William 90, 348, 350Cartier, Jacques 621Carver, Craig 6, 12, 20, 264, 292–3, 315, 614,

631–2Cary, Lorin Lee 194Cassidy, Frederic, 42, 60, 264, 288–9, 472, 477,

629Catford, John C. 62Cedergren, Henrietta J. 192Chaklader, Snehamoy 536Chambers, J. K. 14, 64, 108, 133, 193, 224,

232–3, 238–9, 420–1, 594Chapman, Curtis 160Chappell, David 461, 466, 480, 482Charbonneau, Andre 11Charpentier, Jean-Michel 476Chaucer, Geoffrey 8Cheshire, Jenny 184, 204, 603Chester, Colonel Joseph L. 125Childs, Becky 195Ching, Marvin 289Chishimba, Maurice 509Christian, Donna 160, 291, 387, 398, 607, 632Churchill, William 480–1, 483–4, 488Clark, Ross 449, 457, 460–2, 474, 483Clarke, Sandra 2, 12, 14, 23, 38, 41, 46–8, 53,

106–8, 138, 158, 203, 207–12, 217–18, 224,228, 238, 247, 253–4, 263, 422, 598, 611, 632,650, 657, 663, 666, 670

Claxton, A. O. D. 140Clive, Robert 538Clyne, Michael 431Coelho, Gail M. 543Colbourne, B. Wade 247–8, 251–2, 254–5Coldham, Peter Wilson 162Collinson, Clifford W. 482, 486Comrie, Bernard 207, 216, 536, 548, 641Congreve, William 347Cook, Captain James 460, 623–4, 635–6






694 Index of names

Cooley, Marianne 43, 132Cooper, Christopher 367Corbyn, Charles 427Corrigan, Karen 92, 95–6Cowan, Helen I. 226Cowling, G. H. 205–6Cox, Felicity 431, 596Crabb, George 391–3Crawford, Allan 390, 396Crewe, William 567Crismore, Avon 563Cromwell, Oliver 100, 109, 329, 331, 336, 343,

538Crowley, Terry 461–2, 470, 473, 477, 482, 484,

487–90, 492–4Crozier, Alan 51, 265, 314Cruise, Richard A. 462Cruz, Isagani R. 577Crystal, David 503Cuffe, Maurice 347Cukor-Avila, Patricia 158–60, 205, 265Cullen, Louis 33Cumming, Cliff 59Cunningham, P. M. 422Curme, George 204–5, 344Curtis, Edmund 86

Dana, Richard 489–90Dannenberg, Clare 21, 71, 172, 175, 181, 186,

191, 291Dasgupta, Jyotirindra 536Dasgupta, Probal 536Davidson, T. T. L. 542Dekker, Thomas 347Delano, Amasa 461Delbridge, Arthur 11, 373, 432DeMarse, Sharon 158, 206, 268Demos, John 130Dening, Greg 460, 467, 484, 486Deterding, David 567–8Devine, T. M. 59Dhamothara, Ayyadurai 536Dial, Adolph 175Dickens, Charles 44Dickson, R. J. 316, 333Dillard, Joey Lee 126, 317Dillon, Patrick 249–50Dimmendaal, Gerrit 520Dineen, Ann 489Dixon, James 430Dixon, Robert M. W. 432–6Dize, Frances 175

Dobson, E. J. 589Docherty, Gerry 590Dolan, Terence 3, 85, 90Dolley, Michael 84Dorian, Nancy C. 196, 408Dorrill, George Townsend 265Dossena, Marina 61Douglas, Sylvester 74Dowling, Patrick 91Doyle, David N. 316Drechsel, Emanuel 461, 463Druett, Joan 462, 464, 482–3, 489, 494D’Souza, Jean 542Dube, Nanjo 6, 160, 632Dudley Edwards, Ruth 87, 100, 104–6Duffy, Sean 87, 104Dunn, Richard S. 331, 337Durer, Albrecht 99Dutton, Thomas E. 434, 473, 479Dwight, Edwin 462

Eades, Diana 472Earle, Augustus 390, 397Easson, Gordon 239Edgeworth, Maria 90, 348–50Edward VI, King 87Edwards, Vivian K. 284, 289, 601, 609Eggington, William 506Ehret, Rebekka 7Ehrhart-Kneher, Sabine 472, 477, 492–4Eisikovits, Edina 431Eitner, Walter 606Ekwall, Eilert 144, 589, 595–6Eliades, David K. 175Eliason, Norman 268, 272, 274, 279–80, 287,

289, 300Elizabeth I, QueenElliot, Colleen 268Ellis, Alexander J. 3, 37, 371–2, 378, 383,

411–12Ellis, Michael 23, 158, 206, 290Elms, Ford 14Elworthy, Frederic Th. 216, 344Emeneau, Murray 225, 544Evans, Stephen 505Ewers, Traute 257

Farquhar, George 347Fasold, Ralph 158, 160, 204Feagin, Crawford 205, 265, 267, 271, 283, 285,

287–91, 398, 492, 605–6Fennell, Barbara 51, 285, 287






Index of names 695

Fenton, Alexander 317–19Fenton, James 71Ferguson, Charles 460, 536Fernando, Chitra 553Fields, Linda 334Filppula, Markku 3, 9, 90, 95, 98, 342Finkenstaedt, Thomas 148Fischer, David 69, 183Fisher, John Hurt 588, 590Fishman, Joshua 536Fisiak, Jacek 124, 645Foley, Joseph 566–7Forby, Robert 140, 144Foster, Roy 103Foster, Stephen 130Foulkes, Paul 590Fremantle, Charles 635Fries, Charles Carpenter 147Fuller, Janet 48, 158, 160, 206, 210–11, 217,

268

Galenson, David 128Geikie, The Rev. A. Constable 230Gilbert, Sir Humphrey 621, 627Giles, Howard 16Gimson, Alexander C. 665Gisborne, Nikolas 573–4Gladstone, William 34Glassie, Henry 315Glauser, Beat 62Godfrey, Elisabeth 203, 209–10, 216Goldsmith, Oliver 347Goldswain, Jeremiah 365, 374, 381Gonzalez, Andrew 512, 576, 579Gopinathan, S. 567Gordon, Elizabeth 12, 17–19, 43–4, 53, 264,

302, 410–12, 414, 430–1, 446, 451, 453, 506,636, 651, 660–2, 664

Gorlach, Manfred 9, 36, 121, 123–5, 262, 284,292, 366, 509, 528, 547

Gosse, Paul 396–7Gough, David 530Grabe, Esther 568Graddol, David 399Graham, Jeanine 440, 442, 445, 447Gramley, Stephan 552, 570Grant, James 463Grant, William 293Green, Elaine W. 126Green, Lisa 172, 175, 181, 195, 345, 590, 607,

612Greene, David 98

Gregg, Robert 60, 64–7, 69–70, 72, 74, 87, 108,410

Gregory, Lady Augusta 348Grenoble, Lenore A. 175Greven, Philip 130Grund, Peter 134Guilfoyle, Eithne 329Gumperz, John J. 536Gupta, Anthea Fraser 503, 505, 542, 559, 567–8Guy, Gregory 21, 189, 192, 512Guy, J. B. M. 414, 472

Hackenberg, R. G. 205Halimah, Mohd Said 564Hall, Joan Houston 288–9Hall, Joseph 60Hall, Robert 481Halpert, Herbert 247–9, 252, 254–6Hamilton, Anne Marie 60Hancock, Ian 44, 109, 265, 331, 333–5, 397–9,

516, 528, 629Handcock, W. Gordon 242, 245Handler, Jerome S. 332–3, 335Hannah, Jean 399Haque, Anjum Riyazul 536Harlowe, Thomas V. 332Harrington, Virginia D. 126Harris, John 22, 52, 68, 95, 326, 328, 337,

346–7, 351, 590–1, 593, 595–6, 601–3,606–7, 609–13

Harris, Martin B. 251Hart, John 367Hartford, Beverly S. 536Hartley, Sue 16Harvie, Dawn 4, 609Haslerud, Vibecke 431Hatch, Charles E. 161Hazen, Kirk 158, 172, 175, 178, 195Head, Richard 347Heisler, Troy 224Hempl, George 311, 614Henretta, James A. 130Henry II, King 84Henry VIII, King 85Henry, Alison 205, 608Henry, P. L. 89, 95Herzog, Mervin 302Heslinga, M. W. 88Heugh, Kathleen 530Heuser, Wilhelm 88–9Hewlett, Nigel 68Hibbert, Christopher 160






696 Index of names

Hickey, Raymond 2, 5–8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 22–3,33, 38, 40, 43, 45–6, 48, 50, 52–3, 66, 82, 86,88–90, 92–8, 102, 107–8, 110, 138, 158, 248,251, 252–3, 255, 257–8, 275, 284, 327, 329,337, 340, 343, 347–8, 350–2, 418, 426, 428,429, 431, 491, 544, 587, 589, 591, 594 ,597–9,601, 604–5, 607–8, 610, 612, 615, 632, 639,641, 643, 649–50, 654, 657–9, 661, 663,665–70

Hill, Archibald 328, 509Hilliard, D. 485Hiltunen, Risto 134Hirst, John B. 422Hiscock, Philip 242Ho, Mian Lian 25, 503, 511–12, 515–27, 559,

564, 567, 569–70, 577–8Ho, Wah Kam 567Hoar, G. F. 125Hogan, James Jeremiah 90, 95Hollett, Robert 242, 251Holm, John 60, 109, 326–30, 332, 335–6,

338–40, 345, 349, 590, 609, 613–14Holmes, Janet 449Holmqvist, Erik 204Hopkins, A. G. 542Hopwood, D. 371Horvath, Barbara 368, 408, 413, 421, 426, 428,

431–2Horvath, Ronald 413, 432Hosali, P. 546House, J. W. 102Houston, Ann Celeste 422, 426Howay, F. W. 488Howe, Darin M. 4Hsia, Carmel 565Huber, Magnus 326–8, 333, 340, 352, 462,

509, 528Hughes, Arthur 3, 76, 204, 398Hume, Robert 162Hundt, Marianne 448Hung, Joseph 573–4Hyland, Ken 572

Ihalainen, Ossi 4, 23, 38, 44, 46–7, 133, 205,330, 602–4

Ireland, Robert 230Irwin, P. J. 89

James I, King 625James II, King 87James, Lawrence 553Jeans, Peter 489, 491

Jeremiah, Milford Astor 204Jernegan, Marcus Wilson 137Jespersen, Otto 204, 591, 596, 599Jibril, Munzali 517, 529Johnson, Ellen 51, 315Johnson, Mark 475Johnson, Robert 161–2Johnston, Paul 62–3, 68, 71Jones, Charles 61Jones, Daniel 665Jones, Malcolm 249–50Jonson, Ben 100, 347Jourdan, Christine 471–2, 482, 493Jowitt, David 515, 528Joyce, Patrick Weston 95

Kachru, Braj 25, 503–5, 507, 523, 536, 540–8,554, 639

Kachru, Yamuna 505, 547Kahane, Henry 505Kaldor, Susan 432Kallen, Jeffrey 89, 97, 186, 191, 254Kandiah, Thiru 506, 536, 554, 567Karat, Prakash 536Kashoki, Mubanga E. 528Kaufman, Terence 21, 95Kautzsch, Alexander 265, 341Kay, Marvin L. 194Keesing, Roger 460–2, 470, 476, 480, 491Kennedy, Audrey E. H. 552Kerswill, Paul 407, 420–1Khanna, A. L. 543Kiernan, T. J. 422Kiesling, Scott 110, 418, 422, 431, 457, 635,

667King, Jeanette 449Kirk, John 23, 71, 109, 318, 345–6, 350,

612Kirwin, William 108, 246, 251–2Klemola, Juhani 140, 344, 346, 602Klerk, Vivian de 12, 508, 633Knick, Stanley 172, 175, 181Kniezsa, Veronika 428Knowles, Gerry 73, 101Kohler, Klaus 74Krapp, George 41, 125, 138–9, 144, 264, 273,

312Kretzschmar, William 49, 84Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju 544, 549, 639–40Krishnaswamy, N. 536Kuiper, Koeraad 453Kuo, Eddie C. Y. 567






Index of names 697

Kurath, Hans 52, 84, 124–6, 130, 136, 183, 265,266, 269–70, 272, 275–8, 292, 297, 310–23,592–4, 614

Kwan-Terry, Anna 570Kwok, Helen 573Kyto, Merja 17, 41–2, 46, 122, 124, 130,

138–40, 146–7, 149, 158–9, 205, 215, 493,662

Labov, William 19, 52, 187, 192, 204, 214, 265,269–70, 273–5, 302, 322, 329, 343, 387, 418,422, 426, 430, 593, 606, 611–12, 667

Laferriere, Martha 106Lakoff, George 475Lanari, Catherine 247, 252, 256, 258Lanham, Len 11–12, 373, 408, 429, 633Lass, Roger 12, 19, 24, 35, 37, 40, 95, 244, 263,

267, 365, 369, 373–5, 379–81, 383, 408, 527,594–5, 598, 600, 603, 605, 607, 613, 656, 659,661, 668

Lavarello-Schreier, Karen 390–1Lawrence, Peter 487Lawson, Philip 34, 537, 542Laycock, Donald C. 468Layton, C. N. T. 481Le Page, Robert 60, 210, 329, 331, 472,

477Lee, Jackie F. K. 505Lee, W. Storrs 462, 481, 490Leer, J. 365Leith, Dick 399Lewis, Gillian 12, 18, 447Lewis, Ivor 547Leyburn, James G. 317Li, David 572Lick, Ho Chee 505Ligon, Richard 331Lim, Choon Yeoh 570Ling, Low Ee 567–8Lippi-Green, Rosina 177Lipski, John 265, 284Littlefield, Daniel 109Llamzon, Teodoro 559, 576–7Lloyd, T. 34Lockridge, Kenneth 130, 137Long, Daniel 21, 399, 591Louis, William Roger 33Lowenberg, Peter 507, 564–5Lowth, Bishop Robert 665Lucas, Angela 86Luke, Kwang-Kwong 572Lydon, James 86

Macafee, Caroline 3, 33, 40, 59, 61–5, 72–3,314, 317–18, 621, 666

Macaulay, Thomas B. 540MacCallum, T. M. 462MacCurtain, M. 86Macdonald, Christine 373, 408, 447Mackaness, George 485Maclagan, David 451Maclagan, Margaret 12, 18, 412, 414, 453MacRaild, Donald 100Mæhlum, Brit 407Majewicz, Elubieta 8Malcolm, Ian 21, 432–6Mannion, John 12, 107, 242, 245–6Marckwardt, Albert, 121, 140, 262, 271, 292,

614Marshall, Dorothy 486Marshall, P. J. 33Martin, F. O. 160Martin, Francis X. 83–7Martin, Stefan 605, 608–9Martinec, Mateo 403Masica, Colin 536, 544, 548, 640Mather, James 66Matiki, Alfred 505Matisoff, James 642Matthews, William 43, 50, 133, 135, 330, 481Maynor, Natalie 159–60, 168, 175, 185, 194,

265, 268, 290McArthur, Tom 504, 507, 510–11, 537, 540,

542–6, 550–3, 559, 561, 563, 564–5, 567–8,570, 574, 578–9, 610

McCafferty, Kevin 246, 594, 607, 609, 612–13McClive, Thomas 176McClure, J. Derrick 43, 47, 75, 589, 591–3,

595, 597, 600, 605, 647McCormick, K. 374McDavid, Raven 52, 138, 231, 263–4, 266, 269,

271, 272, 274, 293, 317, 592–4McGrath, Patrick 11McGregor, William 69McIntosh, Angus 89, 205McKinnon, Malcolm 444–5McMillan, James B. 262, 264, 284McWhorter, John 332–3Medeiros, Regina del Negri 268, 270Mehrotra, Raja Ram 536Melo, Cecil Ataide 6, 263, 268, 270–4, 298Melville, Herman 462, 485Mencken, Henry L. 146–7, 493Mesthrie, Rajend 14, 47, 285, 374, 505, 509,

513, 539, 601, 604, 606, 610–11, 634






698 Index of names

Meurman-Solin, Anneli 204Michelbourne, John 347Mihalic, Frank 470, 474, 480Millar, Georgina 71Millar, Martin 61, 76Miller, Jim 47, 600–1, 605, 608Miller, Kirby 103–4Miller, Liam 8Milroy, Jim 11, 16, 51, 72, 76, 124, 132, 205,

284, 320, 589, 593, 608–9, 664, 667Milroy, Lesley 16, 132, 174, 284, 589, 608–9,

664, 667Minkova, Donka 426Mishoe, Margaret 50, 71, 185, 285, 290, 321Mitchell, A. G. 11, 373, 432Montgomery, Michael 2–3, 6–8, 12, 23, 33, 38,

41, 47–50, 52, 59–61, 66, 68–9, 71, 76, 82,84, 87, 90, 103–9, 121–3, 126, 132, 136, 140,158–60, 177, 183–5, 196, 205–6, 210–11,217–18, 263, 266, 268, 270–4, 284–6,289–90, 293, 297–8, 310, 315–23, 345–6,350, 388, 586, 590–2, 594, 596, 601–3,605–9, 612, 631, 647, 662, 666

Moodie, Susanna 229Moody,Theodore W. 83–7Moore, Desmond 84Moore, Gloria Jean 543Moorehead, Alan 467Morais, Elaine 564Morgan, Edmund S. 131Morison, Fynes 3Morris, E. E. 478Morton, Harry 481Mosel, Ulrike 470, 473Mosse, Ferdinand 204–5Moverley, A. W. 471–3, 477Moxley, Louise Armstrong 268Mufwene, Salikoko 12, 121, 158, 163, 182, 320,

326, 332–4, 392–3, 405, 441, 587, 589, 604,606–8

Muhlhausler, Peter 433–4, 457, 468, 471,474–5, 482–4, 489

Mulder, Jean 432Munch, Peter 390, 396Murison, David 293Murray, James A. H. 205, 318Murray, Lindley 493Murray, Thomas 76, 320Mustanoja, Tauno F. 205Myhill, John 47

Nabahon, P. W. J. 559Nagle, Stephen 51, 285–6, 319

Nelson, Cecil L. 504–5, 573–4Nemec, Thomas 245Nevalainen, Terttu 90, 132, 138, 159, 163, 204Newbrook, Mark 427, 521, 564, 567Newlin, Claude 59Ngeow, Karen Yeok-Hwa 563Nihalani, P. 546Nissenbaum, Stephen 135Nist, John 147Noseworthy, Ronald 247–9, 251–2, 257

O’Brien, John 422O’Callaghan, Sean 331O’Casey, Sean 47, 348O’Connell, Daniel 92, 106O’Connor, Kevin 100Odlin, Terence 92–3O Donaill, Niall 51O’Donovan, John 350O’Farrell, Patrick 422O’Gallagher, Marianna 11Ogura, Mieko 158Ohannessian, Sirarpi 528O’Leary, Paul 100Oliver, Douglas 462, 483O Muirithe, Diarmuid 3, 90Ooi, Vincent 567, 641Orbeck, Anders 124–5, 133, 136Orkin, Mark M. 226Orton, Harold 184, 269, 399Osakwe, Mabel I. 506O Se, Diarmuid 98Oxendine, Linda 172, 175, 181

Paddock, Harold 247, 250–1, 253, 255Padolsky, Enoch 107Page, I. W. 442Pakir, Anne 505, 507, 559, 566–7Palethorpe, Sallyanne 596Pandit, Prabodh Bechardas 536Parakrama, Arjuna 536Parkvall, Mikael 327, 331, 335, 629Parnell, Charles 92Parry, David 293Pascasio, Emy 577Pattanayak, D. P. 536Pederson, Lee 44, 183, 264, 291–3, 588, 592–3,

599Peikola, Matti 134Peitsara, Kirsti, 133, 140–1, 143–6, 150Peng, Long 568, 573Penn, William 622Pennycook, Alastair 571






Index of names 699

Perceval-Maxwell, Maxwell 69, 316Percy, C. E. 493Percy, Carol 158Phillips, Betty S. 272Pitts, Walter 204, 216Platt, John 25, 503, 511–12, 515–27, 559,

562–4, 567–73, 577–8Polome, Edgar C. 509Polson, James 234Pomfret, John E. 130Poole, Jacob 3, 90Poplack, Shana 6, 9, 48, 158, 160, 173–4,

203–11, 215–17, 242, 249, 263, 265, 631, 656,658, 660, 665, 668, 670

Porter, Frances 445, 447Poussa, Patricia 330Power, Eileen 8Poyer, Linette A. 466Pratt, T. K. 60Prest, W. R. 130Preston, Dennis 10, 262Pride, John 25, 503Pringle, Ian 107, 237Prinsep, H. T. 540Puppel, Stanislaw 536Purves, David 68Puttenham, George 36, 367

Quinn, Heidi 448

Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford 566, 623Rahman, Tariq 536, 551Rai, A. 548Ralegh, Sir Walter 621Ramisch, Heinrich 205, 216Ramson, William 60, 433, 477–9Rand, David 214Randolph, Thomas 347Raumolin-Brunberg, Helena 90, 132, 138, 159,

163, 204Rawick, George P. 204Ray, John 44Raychaudhuri, Tapan 541Read, Allen Walker 317Reformation Parliament 85Reid, Gerald 247, 252Reinecke, John 335, 468, 474Rey, M. 4Riaz, Hassan 566Richard II, King 84Richards, Jack 567, 570, 572Rickford, John 23, 47, 109, 265, 326, 329–35,

337–8, 343–5, 351–2, 612

Risk, Henry 86Rissanen, Matti 134, 164–5Roberts, Julian 216Roberts, Peter A. 329Roberts, Sarah Julianne 457, 461–2, 469Robinson, Mairi 60, 318Robinson, Philip 59, 70, 104, 318Robson, Leslie L. 420, 422Rochecouste, Judith 436Rogers, Norman 252, 255Romaine, Suzanne 4, 146–7, 334, 341, 456, 462,

471–8, 484, 486–7, 491–3, 630, 668Romilly, Hugh H. 463Rooy, Bertus van 508Rose, David 434Ross, A. S. C. 471–3, 477Ross, Garry 159–60, 168, 206, 210, 263, 274,

285–7, 289Roy, John 329Roy, Rammohan 540–1Rumsey, Alan 433Rushton, Dorgan 489Rutman, Darrett B. 130–1Ryden, Mats 130, 186

Sabban, Annette 186, 191Saghal, Anju 536Salerno, Anthony 128Samimy, Keiko K. 507Samuels, Michael L. 89, 124Sand, Lori 181, 272, 274, 277–9Sandefur, John 434Sanderson, Stewart 269, 399Sandved, Arthur O. 124Sankoff, David 173, 192, 209, 214Sapir, Edward 174Saravanan, Vanithamani 567Sato, Charlene J. 473Schendl, Herbert 205Schilling-Estes, Natalie 4–7, 15–16, 20, 23,

121, 136, 172, 175, 177–8, 181, 184, 187, 193,244, 258, 275, 387, 422, 588–92, 594,596–600, 603–4, 606–14, 655, 659, 662, 666

Schmied, Josef 14, 503, 509, 512, 516, 518–19,523, 526, 528–30

Schneider, Edgar 16, 25, 48, 121, 158, 160, 204,215, 262, 264–5, 268, 284, 288–9, 292, 298,301, 326–8, 330, 333, 335–6, 339, 503, 512,527, 530, 547, 559, 567, 569, 576, 586

Schreier, Daniel 20, 390–2, 396, 398–9, 428,506, 514, 591, 638, 660, 662, 668

Schumann, J. 351Scobbie, James 68






700 Index of names

Scott, Francis R. 232Selby, Marjorie T. 175Sellers, Jason 184Setter, Jane 573Shadwell, Thomas 347Shakespeare, William 8, 46, 100, 262, 347,

491–3, 605Shamin, Fauzia 552Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 347Sheridan, Thomas 3, 39, 43, 90, 93, 288, 588Shilling, Alison 60Shnukal, Anna 434Shores, David L. 185Shorrocks, Graham 205, 216Sibayan, Bonifacio P. 576Siegel, Jeff 457, 467, 470Siew, Ng Keat 564Simmons, R. C. 130Simon, Beth Lee 59, 76Simpson, Jane 426, 434Simpson, Tony 443, 446Singh, Kumar Suresh 536Singh, Rajendra 536Singler, John 6–7, 160, 173, 207–11, 215–16,

219, 528, 631Sledd, James 278Smith, A. J. M. 232Smith, Clyde 268, 271–2, 274, 284, 287, 293Smith, Geoff 484Smith, Jennifer 68Sommer, Elizabeth, 158, 160Sommerfelt, Alf 82, 86Soo, Keon-Soon 563Souden, David 128Spears, Arthur 4Spencer, R. S. 175Spitzbardt, H. 536Spruce, Joan 417Sridhar, Kamal K. 536, 542, 547Sridhar, S. N. 536, 547Stanyhurst, Richard 8Steever, Sanford 640Stein, Dieter 158, 204, 211, 215Stevenson, Robert Louis 462–3, 472, 483Stick, David 175Story, George 60Strang, Barbara 204, 251Strange, Ian 405Stuart, H. 486Sudbury, Andrea 20, 388, 406, 410, 413, 506,

514, 637, 660, 662Sullivan, James P. 89–90

Sure, Kembo 529Sutcliffe, David 158Swann, Joan 399Sweet, Henry 205Swindell, Rebecca 175Synge, John Millington 348

Tabouret-Keller, Andree 210, 329Tagliamonte, Sali 6, 23, 48, 158, 160, 173, 186,

191–2, 203–11, 216–17, 244, 249, 263, 265,631, 656, 658, 660, 665, 668, 670

Tamburro, Jennifer Ruff 158, 195Tan, Peter 570Tay, Mary Wan Joo 567, 570Taylor, Alan 331Taylor, Brian 427–8Taylor, E. W. 158Teng, Su Ching 467Thomas, Andrew 527Thomas, Erik 24, 172, 181, 195, 265, 273, 590,

603Thomas, Mandy 433Thomason, Sarah 21, 95, 196–7Thompson, Roger 123, 130–1Thumboo, Edwin 506Tickoo, Makhan 567Tillery, Jan 181, 262, 289, 297Todd, Loreto 509, 528Tollfree, Laura 426, 431Tongue, R. K. 546, 565Torbert, Ben 195Tottie, Gunnel 4, 609Traugott, Elizabeth 345Travers, Pauric 422Trehearne, Mary 404Troike, Rudolph 4, 250, 598Troy, Jakelin 428, 434Trudgill, Peter 12, 14, 16–19, 35–6, 42–3, 45–6,

50, 53, 60–1, 64–5, 76, 121, 124, 126, 133,136, 138, 142–5, 150, 183, 184, 189, 195–6,204, 244, 253, 255, 258, 264, 281, 284, 289,301–2, 338, 395, 398–9, 407, 410–13, 422,426 ,430–1, 441, 447, 449, 450–2, 506, 590–3,596–8, 601–2, 609–10, 636, 645, 651, 660–2,664, 667

Tryon, Darrell 457, 466, 476, 479Tsuzaki, Stanley M. 474Tulloch, Graham 59, 429Tulsi, Ram 536Turk, Alice 68Turner, George W. 441, 446Turner, Lorenzo 47, 331, 601






Index of names 701

Underwood, Gary N.Upton, Clive 5, 37–8, 49, 102, 293, 587–9, 592,

596, 601

Vallancey, Charles 3, 90Vaux, James Hardy 477, 489Vennemann, Theo 82Verma, Yugeshwar 536Viereck, Wolfgang 122, 127, 133, 205, 216Vonwiller, Julia 414

Wagner, Paul 104Wakelin, Martyn 40, 44, 124, 126, 133, 138,

143, 205, 209, 249, 252, 254–6, 394, 411–12,590, 596, 600–2, 646

Wales, Gerald of 83Walker, James 206, 217Walker, John 588Walker, Terry 121, 147, 149Walpole, Horace 552Walt, Johann L. van der 508Wang, William S-Y. 158Warkentyne, Henry 234Warren, Jane 431Watermeyer, Susan 598, 604, 606, 610Watts, Richard J. 504Webelhuth, Gert 291Weber, Heidi 25, 503, 511–12, 515–27, 559,

564, 577–8Webster, Jonathan 567Webster, Noah 297, 310, 623Wee, Lionel 505, 569–70Weinreb, Ben 160Weinreich, Uriel 196, 302Wells, John 3, 6, 61, 63, 73, 101, 109, 250–1,

254–5, 270–2, 274, 276–80, 284, 338–9, 368,372, 374, 378, 398–9, 409, 410, 412, 425, 430,431, 471, 577, 587–97, 599

Weltens, Bert 284, 289, 330Wentworth, Harold 60Whaley, Lindsay J. 175Whinnom, Keith 467, 575Whiteley, Wilfried 509

Widdowson, Henry G. 5, 37–8, 49, 102, 247–9,252, 254–6, 269, 293, 399, 587–9, 592, 596,601

Wikle, Thomas 181, 272, 274, 277–9William III, King 87Williams, Ann 407, 420–1Williams, Christine 559Williams, Jeffrey P. 329–30, 346, 399, 591Williams, Jessica 25, 530Williamson, Kay 340, 510Williamson, Keith 59Wilson, James 205Winer, Lise 333Winford, Donald 24, 158, 265, 327, 334–5,

344Winslow, Ola Elizabeth 131Wissing, Daan 507Witherspoon, Reverend John 297, 310Wolf, Hans-Georg 509Wolfram, Walt 4–7, 15–16, 20–1, 23–4, 71, 121,

136, 158, 160, 172, 175, 177–8, 181, 184,186–7, 195–6, 207, 244, 247, 258, 265, 275,328, 387, 398, 422, 588–92, 594, 596–600,603–14, 632, 655, 659, 662, 666

Wolpert, Stanley 536Wong, Irene 514, 564, 569Wood, Curtis 104, 293Wright, Joseph 3, 37, 140, 142, 150, 163, 204–5,

267, 284, 288–9, 291, 293, 346Wright, Laura 121, 158, 163, 166, 206, 366,

660, 670Wright, Susan 104, 365, 374, 381, 383Wurm, Stephen A. 457Wyld, Henry 19, 45, 122, 485

Yallop, Colin 428Yano, Yasukata 505Young, Richard 189Youssef, Amani 14Youssef, Valerie 330Yule, Henry 546

Zettersten, Arne 89, 399






Index of languages and varieties

Afrikaans 363ff.American English 588–9, 591

African American English 4, 158, 194–6,203ff., 587, 590

aspectual distinctions 612copula/auxiliary deletion 604diaspora 203ff., 630; Americana settlement

(Brazil) 6, 626; Liberia 6–7, 207, 626;Samana (Dominican Republic) 6,208–10, 626; Nova Scotia 6, 207

early forms (inherited features) 218negative concord 608relative pronouns 609tense subdivisions 611use of been 47use of done 606use of genitive 607metathesis 599relationship to English dialect source

219–20verbal -s 48uninflected be 345–56unmarked genitive 600

Appalachian English 6, 590consonant epenthesis 598dative of advantage 607double modals 605durative aspect 612‘Northern Subject Rule’ 603personal pronouns as reflexives

602contrast with British English 613Delmarva region 185dialect boundaries 614dialect divisions 631early settlement

Jamestown, Virginia 621, 627

language features : adjective 146–7; nouns,plural forms 144–6; numerals 149–50;pronouns, use of thou 147–9;pronunciation 134–7; loss of /r/ 136–7;verbs, irregular 138–42

New England 121Roanoke Island 621, 627Wiltshire as source of settlers 129

Great Lakes region 13Gullah 625

Sea Islands 625second-person-plural pronouns 601

Highland South 183Hyde County 175ff.

‘Northern Subject Rule’ 196intensifying adverbs 607Lower South 596

sibilant assimilation 598Midland region 13, 310ff., 592, 594

assessment 322–3double modals 319emigration from Ulster 316–17Kurath’s analysis 312–15pin/pen merger 315positive anymore 319–20, 606possessive pronouns 601Scotch-Irish features 317ff.subdivisions 312survival of features 320–2verbal -s, conditioning of 318–39

New York 17, 622Ocracoke 175ff.Ozark Mountains 6Outer Banks (North Carolina) 172, 594

past tense be 603Pennsylvania 311–12

Ulster input 311ff.

702






Index of languages and varieties 703

Plymouth colony 621Puritans, origin of 127–8relative pronouns 609Robeson County 175ff.Smith Island 175ff.Southern shift 593Southern, traditional and new 264

assessment of variety 297, 300–3counterfactual liketa 288double modals 285–7fixin’ to 289grammatical features 299hallmarks of variety 269intrusive /r/ 279lack of rhoticity 270–2lexis, transmission and modification

292ff.; correspondences with Britishsources 296

monophthongisation of /ai/ 273–5morphology and syntax 283perfective done 287–8phonology 269ff.pin/pen merger 272recent developments 274, 277use of y’all 284verbal -s 289–91vocalisation of /l/ 280vowel realisations 275yod retention 272

Southern White Vernacular English 158Virginia, transportation to 161

Anglo-Norman 621Australian English 1, 418ff., 591, 597, 623,

626Aboriginal English 432–6assessment 432current linguistic change 430–2early social situation 420epistemic negative must 605gold rushes 424initial settlement 418–20, 635internal migration 424Irish influence 110, 425, 426–8‘melting pot’ view 428present-day features 425–6raising of short vowels 596relationship to other varieties in southern

hemisphere 429–30route to Australia 634settlement patterns 423

Austronesian languages 510, 560, 575, 579,642–3

Bantu 382–3, 510Bonin Islands (Japanese Ogasawara) 624Brazilian Portuguese 364

Canadian EnglishCanadian Dainty 232ff.‘Canadian Raising’ and Falkland Islands

English 410central Canada 224ff.colonial attitudes 229–31demise of Briticisms 233ff.Dialect Topography Survey 238f.Golden Horseshoe Survey 235historical developments 224ff.Loyalist accent 227Newfoundland English 2, 590, 614, 621–2

after perfective 252a-prefixing 248do inflection 250, 604face and goat lexical sets 254founder populations 244–7glide insertion 248internal demography 246/i/-tensing 248marked features 247north and force lexical sets 255postvocalic /l/ 251postvocalic, non-preconsonantal /t/ 251pronoun exchange 250pin/pen merger 252questions of historical continuity 256–7route to Newfoundland 632second-person ’ee 249second-person-plural pronouns 258sibilant assimilation 250status as relic variety 242–4syllable-initial /h/unrounding and fronting of vowels

255uvular /r/ 248voicing of initial fricatives 248

New France 224, 622Ottawa Valley 11, 107, 228Quebec 505, 622role of education 231Scots and Irish enclaves 228St Lawrence estuary 13

Canadian French 586Cantonese 515, 572ff.Caribbean 1–2, 587, 590, 595, 625, 628

assessment of input 351–3aspectual distinctions 612






704 Index of languages and varieties

Caribbean (cont.)Barbados 2, 625, 330ff.

Barbadian English 333Bermuda, transportation to 161borrowings 614English dialect input 326ff.

British and Irish 328from as temporal conjunction 609indentured servants and slaves 336Jamaica

syllable timing 599lexical reanalysis 614Montserrat 2, 622morphology 339

reanalysis of boundaries 339second-person-plural pronouns 340

Nicaragua, Miskito Coast 625phonology 337–9

merger of /w/ and /v/ 338stops for fricatives 338

reallocation and extensions 614second-person-plural pronouns 601settlement history 330Sranan 613, 625St Kitts 622substrate versus universalist hypotheses 335superstrate models 327, 343–5Suriname 625syntax

habitual marking 342ff.tense and aspect systems 341

Chancery Standard 365–6Chinese (Mandarin/Putonghua) 512, 567–8,

572

Dravidian languages 510, 536–7, 549–50, 560,639–40

Dutch 8, 363

East Africalocations 643

English English 1Birmingham 35Bradford 35, 598Bristol 11, 210conservative speech 3Devon 208ff.East Anglia 35, 150, 645

do as conjunction 609Fens 594zero inflection in present tense 602

East Midland 35

Gloucestershire 369Great Vowel Shift 593Kentish 35Lincolnshire 369London and Home Counties 366, 644Merseyside 35Northern forms 41, 596

‘Northern Subject Rule’ 602second-person-plural pronouns 600–1

North-West Midlands 589Received Pronunciation (RP) 14–15, 591regional formsSouthern forms 592, 595South-Midland English 365–9South-West 2, 588, 646

do inflection 604sibilant assimilation 598

spread of English 10–11Tyneside

for to infinitives 608punctual never 607reflexive pronouns 601second-person-plural pronouns 601sentence-final emphasisers 610singular verbal concord 602tag concord 610verbs of necessity 605

West Country 11, 22Yorkshire 371

English in Asia and Africa 503ff.African Englishes 527ff.

assessment 530background languages 529degree of proficiency 528life cycle of Englishes 529

autonomy, creatitivity and focusing 506characteristics of Asian Englishes 514contact with background languages 505,

509–10definining Asian English 511genesis and function 512–14interaction between Asian Englishes 514morphology 520ff.Nigerian English 517phonology 515ff.question of nativeness 507question of standards 505second-language and foreign-language

varieties 510transported English 506World Englishes and New Englishes 504

terminology 507







English in Scotland 589, 647article usage 606double modals 605epenthesis 597future negation 604Gaelic influence 524plural forms 600possessive pronouns 601reflexive pronouns 601Scots 11, 59ff., 595, 597, 621

apparent mergers 61Middle Scots 4Morningside accent 369phonology 63–8Scottish Vowel Length Rule 67source for the study of Scots 61vocabulary and grammar 60, 68–9

Scottish English 593, 596Scottish Standard English

grammar 75–6phonology 73–5

second-person-plural pronouns600

Falkland Islands 402ff.assessment 415founder principle 405Gaelic speakers 404grammatical variation 414–15initial settlement 402–6, 637intonation 414overview of features 406ff.phonology 408–14question of focusing 407–8Scottish features 414vocabulary 415

Filipino 512, 576Finland Swedish 364Flemish 83French, Old 588Frisian 363

German 8, 363, 608, 612–13Amish settlers 622loanwords in English 488position in South-West Pacific 474

Hebrew 378Hokkien 568–70

Icelandic 363, 365Indo-Aryan 548–9, 560

Indo-European languages in Africa and Asia510

Irish 586decline of language 85Gaelic (Scottish or Irish) 185language shift 91

Irish English 4–5, 587–9, 594–5, 601article usage 606aspectual distinctions 612be as auxiliary 604Belfast Englishdevelopment, historical 82–99diffusion 99–110

Irish in Australia 109; influence onAustralian English 110

Irish in Britain 100–1; Merseyside 101;Tyneside 102

Irish in Canada : central Canada 106,108–9; Newfoundland 107–8; OttawaValley 107

Irish in the Caribbean 109Irish in the United States : Catholic

emigration 104; emigration statistics105

type of emigration 99–100distinctive verb forms 603Dublin English 4, 37, 594, 596

disyllabification 597early modern period 89–90

literary parody 89other documents 90word list 90

east coast dialect region 649emigration to United States 17epenthesis 597epistemic negative must 605Forth and Bargy 3for to infinitives 608indirect questions 610intensifying adverbs 607medieval Ireland 85–98

documents for this period 88–9Kildare Poems 88

metathesis 599negative attraction 608negative features 95‘Northern Subject Rule’ 603Pale,The 84paratactic constructions 609possible sources for features 97present for present perfect 611punctual never 607







Irish English (cont.)relative pronouns 609renewed dominance of English 86–8sentence-final emphasisers 610South-East 2

do inflection 604sibilant assimilation 598

South-West 596spread of English from Ireland 650/t/ lenition 101Ulster 596, 648

sentence stress 599use of while 609verbs of necessity 605whenever for when 609

Ulster Scots 3, 368, 590–2, 622in the context of Scots 69ff.in the United States 102–4; reasons for

emigration 103phonology 71f.plural forms 600positive anymore 606vocabulary and grammar 71–3

use of on 607vernacular varieties 94, 96vowel realisations 593Waterford English 255

Khoe 382

Latin-American Spanish 364Lithuanian 379London

Bridewell and Bethlem 160Louisiana French 364Lumbee English 185–6, 189–90

Malay 512, 515, 565, 567Middle English 35, 39, 44, 88, 93, 205, 254,

284, 286–7, 515

New England 588New Englishes 599New World dialect divisions 628New York 588New Zealand English 440ff., 591, 597, 624

absence of /h/ dropping 451absence of /w/ – /w/ distinction 452assessment 453disyllabification 597early migration and settlement 440–3gold rushes 442

independent developments 452initial settlement 635nature of early anglophone population

446new-dialect formation 450origins of migrants 443present-day varieties 448regional groups from Britain and Ireland

444–5relationship to English English 449raising of short vowels 596route to New Zealand 634Southland burr 6

Norman French 10, 82North-Sea Germanic 363Norwegian 363

Old English 35, 600, 602Anglian 621Kent 367Mercian 366Northumbrian 366West Saxon 7, 366

‘Old English’ in Ireland 85Old Norse 82

Pacific pidgins and creolesAustralianisms 477–8background 456ff.Beche de Mer lingo 460Bislama 466, 474, 484Chinese Pidgin English 466contacts of English with Pacific islanders

460Cook Islands 469grammatical features 490ff.Hawai’i 461, 464, 467ff.Hawai’ian Creole English 474, 476, 490/h/-dropping 472–3Kanaka English 460Kiribati (Gilbert Islands) 461, 466lexical analysis 473ff.linguistic features 469ff.Melanesia and Polynesia 457ff.Melanesian Pidgin English 465, 469ff.Micronesia 466missionaries 483, 485New South Wales Pidgin English 465, 478,

480ff.Norfolk Islands 467–8, 470ff.Pacific Jargon English, features of 462Pacific pidgin English 461







Papua New Guinea 624phonology 470ff.

Pitcairn 467–8, 470ff.Polynesian language background 467postvocalic /r/ 473Sandalwood English 460Solomon Islands 482stable pidgins 464Tahitian 467Tangoan 474Torres Straits 479TH-fronting 471Tok Pisin 463–4, 470ff.Vanuatu 460, 463–6, 474

Portuguese 364, 537–8

‘Shakespearean English’ 262, 388Sino-Tibetan languages 510, 560South African English 4, 363ff., 597

Afrikaans English 378, 598contact features 378–9order of adverbials 606

Afrikaans loans 383Boer Wars 34diphthongs 594different types 373Coloured and Indian varieties 374, 377grammar 380–1KwaZulu-Natal 13, 370–1, 376, 623language contact 505mainland origins 370phonology 368–80Rand, the 370raising of short vowels 596range of progressive 611sentence-final tags 610South African Chain Shift 374ff.South African Indian English

clefting 610Indian emigration 633presupposed vs. specific usage 606second-person-plural pronouns 601

settlement 633stative verbs 604swamping 368tag concord 610use of busy 380, 611use of must 381use of now 380verbs with complementary meanings 604vocabulary 381–3Western Cape 376, 623

South Asian English 536ff.attitudes to English 540Indian English 537ff.

Anglo-Indian English 543areal considerations 543East India Company 537–8, 623grammar 545–6historical development 541–2indigenous languages 548phonology 544–5prosody 545style 547terminology 542–3vocabulary 546

languages in South Asia 640locations 639missionaries 539Pakistan English 550ff., 626

position of English 551linguistic levels 551–2

presupposed vs. specific usage 606spread of English in South Asia 539ff.Sri Lanka (Ceylon) 552, 623

position of English 553Lankan English and Burgher English 554

South-East Asian English 559ff.Hong Kong 514, 570ff., 624

background and history 570–1development of English 571–2grammatical features 573–4indigenous languages 572–3phonology 573vocabulary 574

locations 641Malaysia 514, 561ff.

ethnic composition 562history of British involvement 561linguistic levels 564–5position of Malay 565use of English 563–4

phonological simplification 597Philippines 574ff., 624

background 575code-switching 579development of English 575ethnic composition 575–6indigenous languages 579linguistic levels 577style in English 579varieties of English 576–7

Singapore 508, 515, 566ff., 623development of English 566–7







South-East Asian English (cont.)ethnic composition 566grammatical features 569history 566knowledge of English 567linguistic levels 564phonology 568pragmatics 570vocabulary 570

Sinhalese 553, 554Spanish 576

mestizos (in Philippines) 576loans in Philippine English 578

Tagalog 512, 515, 576, 579loans in Philippine English 578

Tamil 510, 512, 553, 554, 567Tristan da Cunha 387ff.

assessment 399characteristics 397–9variety of English 388, 392habitual with do 398

history of island population 389–91initial settlement 638input varieties 392–4languages apart from English 394–5multiple negation 398past-marked forms with used to or had to 399St Helenian English 396–7TH-sibilisation 399

Wales 83, 371West Africa

destination for freed slaves (Liberia, SierraLeone) 626

Liberian Settler English 219locations 643pidgin English 625

Xhosa 371

Yiddish 364, 378–9

Zimbabwe 370






General index

Canadian Raising 14chain migration 440creolisation 2, 24

dialects overseascontact with outside groups 189contrahierarchical diffusion 16cross-fertilisation 505dialect contact 193–7dialect features at source 38, 41dialect features lost at source 50dialect features, relative frequency of 4dialect features, selection of 388dialect features, value of 3, 36, 283dialect input 1–2, 124, 263dialect intensification 187dialect mixing 17, 265dialect survival 37

assessment 281–3folk beliefs 262topography 5

dialects, relative homogeneity 263diffusion among dialects 15–16

three types of diffusion 16documents

court depositions 134court transcriptions 132, 134–7Court Minute Books 162; Salem Trials

132–50emigrant letters 3glossaries 3literary attestations 264; A Corpus of Irish

English 347–9naive spellings 135overseers’ letters 160see also dialect documents, studies and

tools

false leads : a-V-ing 8feature realignment 38–9focusing of varieties 20folk dialectology 10formative years 13, 33homophony in dialects 52implicational relation 5independent developments 1internal ranking and patterning 4, 20new dialect formation 18

founder principle 13, 182open vs. closed communities 177origins in British Isles 35relationship to standard 14remnant dialects 5–6, 172ff.

defining remnant communities174

dialect traits 178group identity 177historical continuity 176relation to present 174time depth 175

retentions 253‘colonial lag’ 8, 9, 262donor regions 265present-tense inflections 204settler input 125transatlantic relationships 266unshifted MEAT vowel 254

shared features 11Ship English 50social setting overseas 11, 126

hierarchy and mobility 130–2sociolinguistic investigations 267sources 8stigma 17transportation 33ff., 161

709






710 General index

dialect documents, studies and toolsAllsopp, Richard Dictionary of Caribbean

Usage (1996) 60Authorised Version (1611) 143British National Corpus (1995)Captain Thomas Stukeley (1596/1605)Cely Letters 159Dickens, Charles The Pickwick Papers (1837)Dictionary of American Regional English

(DARE) 60, 315, 480, 489Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue, A 61Edgeworth, Maria Castle Rackrent (1801)

90Edinburgh Corpus of Older Scots 62Ellis, Alexander J. On Early English

Pronunciation (1889) 3, 37, 44, 371,412

Fenton, James The Hamely Tongue (2000[1995]) 71, 318

Gil, Alexander Logonomia Anglica (1621) 46Helsinki Corpus of English Texts 138Hickey, Raymond A Sound Atlas of Irish

English (2004) 94Hickey, Raymond A Survey of Irish English

Usage (2004) 98–9International Corpus of English 572Jonson, Ben The Irish Masque (1613/1616)

45Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English 547Kurath, Hans Word Geography of the Eastern

United States (1949) 312Kyto, Merja Early American English Corpus

133Kyto, Merja and Jonathan Culpeper Corpus

of English Dialogues 139Labov, William, Sharon Ash and Charles

Boberg Atlas of North American English(forthcoming) 423

Linguistic Atlas of Scotland, The 61Linguistic Survey of Scotland 62Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States 264Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South

Atlantic States 264Macafee, Caroline A Concise Ulster

Dictionary (1996) 60Mobile Unit Recordings and Origins of New

Zealand English project 18, 411, 440ff.,445, 447–8

Montgomery, Michael and Joseph HallDictionary of Smoky Mountain English(2004) 318

Meurman-Solin, Anneli Helsinki Corpus ofOlder Scots 62

Nevalainen, Terttu and HelenaRaumolin-Brunberg Corpus of EarlyEnglish Correspondence 132

Orton, Harold Survey of English Dialects(Linguistic Atlas of England) 37, 247, 412

Oxford English Dictionary 61, 293, 348, 477,479, 486ff.

Ray, John A Collection of English Words notGenerally Used (1674) 44

Robinson et al. Concise Scots Dictionary, A(1985)

Scottish National Dictionary, The 60Shakespeare, William Henry V (1599) 100Sheridan, Thomas Rhetorical Grammar of the

English Language (1781) 3Sheridan, Thomas Course of Lectures on

Elocution (1762) 659VABRUL analysis 190, 192, 213Walker, John Critical Pronouncing Dictionary

(1791) 659Webster, Noah Dissertations of the English

Language (1789) 43, 310Webster, Noah Grammatical Institute of the

English Language (1783) 310Wright, Joseph English Dialect Grammar

(1905) 3, 37, 44, 140, 142Wright, Joseph English Dialect Dictionary

(1898–1905) 3, 490, 493dialect structure

category and exponence 586reconstruction, demography, data,

generalisation 122variable and categorical features 587

diaspora 6African Americans in Liberia 626African Americans in Nova Scotia 626African Americans in Samana 208ff., 626comparative English data (Devon) 208ff.Confederate descendants in Brazil

(Americana settlement) 268

emigration 34–5educational system, influence of 2, 25patterns of settlement 12, 36possible role of missionaries 14

extraterritorial variety 363ff.South-East English bias 366

foreigner talk 460, 463, 468

indentured servants 336internal migration

from India to South Africa 625






General index 711

from Uganda to Britain l26in the Caribbean 625

koine 14

language acquisitionuncontrolled second 21, 92

language changeaccommodation 16, 196avoidance of homophony 18constraint hierarchies 48, 192convergence 22dissociation 16ebb and flow 7false leads 7imposition 21independent developments 186internal motivation 23ongoing change 9reanalysis of variation 23refunctionalisation 23restructuring 24shared innovations 19survival of unmarked forms 18

language contact 1, 15, 193–7contact ecology 197substrate influence 22

language shift 21lexical sets 6

morphological features 47alternative auxiliaries 604a-prefixing 183auxiliary verbs 604confusion of verbs with complementary

meanings 604copula/auxiliary deletion 604distinctive verb forms 603do as ‘pro-verb’ 605done in adverbial function 606double modals 51, 287, 605emphatic use of reflexives 601epistemic must in negative 605expression of the passive voice 604got to express possession 569fricative voicing in the plural 600future negation 47, 604historical present 165inchoative and counterfactual adverbials 606inflectional paradigms of do 604irregular plurals 600lack of inflections 524–6, 569negative forms of be 181, 603

nonstandard plurals 520order of adverbials 605past-tense be regularisation and polarity 603personal pronouns as demonstratives 601personal pronouns as reflexives 602phrasal verbs 604positive anymore 51, 606possessive pronouns 601present-tense inflections 203ff.pronominal usage 522quantifiers 521reduction in number of verb forms 603reflexive pronouns 601regularisation of past be 184remnants of nasal plurals 600residues of grammatical gender 602second-person-plural pronouns 15, 46, 600stative and ‘psych’-verbs 604strong and weak verbs 603subjunctive 164suffixation 522third-person-plural -s 181third-person-singular present-tense

inflections 163–7third-person-singular present-tense zero

158–9types of imperative 604unmarked adverbs 605unmarked genitive 522, 600unmarked plurals 600use of definite article 520use of inflectional -s 602use of modals 605use of objective forms for subject 601verbs of necessity 605verbs, stative and dynamic 526vestiges of second person singular 601weak for strong verb forms 603zero inflection in present tense 602

New Englishes 559ff.northern hemisphere type 369

phonetic featuresabsence of phonemic vowel length 591alternative word stress 599alveolarisation of velar nasals 589ambidental fricatives 517aspiration and release of stops 589choice lexical set 594cliticisation effects 598cluster simplification 519coalescence of /s/ and /ʃ/ 518






712 General index

phonetic features (cont.)coalescence of /w/ and /v/ 517, 591consonant epenthesis 598cot/caught merger 592deletion of unstressed syllables 53, 597diphthong flattening 3diphthongisation before /l/ 589distinction between w and wh 52, 591distinctions among front vowels 592disyllabic -own 414disyllabification 597epenthesis 598/f/ from former /x/ 42final consonants 519fortition of ambi-dental fricatives 590front vowels as reflexes of back vowel input

43, 595fronting of /u/ 596general raising of short vowels 596glottalisation of /t/ 589happy tensing 597high vowel variation 42–3hyper-rhoticity 588increasing loss of vowel variants 593ing variation 413interchange of /ð/ and /d/ 46intrusive /r/ 279intervocalic and final /t/ 413lack of rhoticity 270–2, 379, 412–13lack of word-initial /h/ 413, 472–3, 518, 590lexical distribution of long and short low

vowels 591loss of initial glides 590lowering of /e/ to /a/ before /r/ 42, 595low vowel realisations 517maintenance of /x/ 591metathesis 598merger of /l/ and /r/ 518merger of /w/ and /v/ 44–6, 52mid back vowels before /r/ 53, 593mid range monophthongs 594palatal glide insertion 590phonological simplification 597phonotactics 519postnasal stop deletion 4raising of short mid vowels 50, 596realisation of /ai/ and /au/ 594realisation of /r/ 588reduction of unstressed final /o�/ 597reflexes of Early Modern /u/ 595reflexes of the Great Vowel Shift 593resyllabification 519

retraction after /w/ 592rhoticity 518, 587rounding/raising before nasals 592sandhi phenomena: assimilation; final

devoicing, etc. 598semanticisation of postsonorant stop

variation 598sentence stress patterns 599shift in articulation of ambi-dental fricatives

92, 590short /ɒ/ before voiceless fricatives 596short /æ/ before voiceless fricatives 596short vowels before /r/ 53, 595short vowels in unstressed syllables 597shortnening of /u�/ before velars 592sibilant assimilation 4Southern Shift 593standard lexical sets 599stops after velar nasals 589strut lexical set 40syllable-timing 515, 599tapping of voiceless alveolar stops 589TH-fronting 414, 471umlaut, ‘shading’ 278vocalisation and deletion of /l/ 44, 280, 471,

588vowel breaking 594vowel distinctions, general 516vowel distinctiveness before /l/ 596vowel epenthesis 597vowel length 516vowel raising or palatal glides after velars 51,

595yod deletion 236–8, 590yod retention 272

pidginisation 399, 448, 528pidgins and creoles, main divisions 630prescriptivism 2

relic assumption theory 387retention vs. transfer 22, 95

settler English 383sorting of input 383–4

shipping of emigrants 441–2slave trade 336

Middle Passage 625routes (Trade Triangle) 629

sociolinguisticssetting overseas 11–12

southern hemisphere type 370, 372supraregionalisation 93–9






General index 713

syntactic featuresaspect

durative 216–17, 612habitual (do/does + be; be/bees) 5, 15, 93,

337, 342ff., 587, 612habitual (-s inflection) 215ff.perfective, immediate 613perfective, resultative 613, 569

bare coordination 569clefting 610come + V-ing 4comparative and superlative 607conversion (to and from verbs) 527copula deletion 526dative of advantage 607do as conjunction 609do support 527from as temporal conjunction 609fronting for topicalisation purposes 569infinitive constructions 608intensifying adverbs 607interrogative word order in subordinate

clauses 610inversion maintained in indirect questions

610lack of reverse concord with tags 610narrative present 611negative attraction 608negative concord 608never as simple past negative 4, 607never with punctual time reference 607on to express relevance 607parataxis instead of hypotaxis 609prepositional usage 523, 578, 608present for present perfect 611presupposed vs. specific usage 606progressive with busy 611range of the progressive 611reduplication 523relative pronoun with subject reference 609

relative pronouns 608resumptive pronouns 524, 569, 609sentence-final emphasisers 610sentence-final tags 610subject-verb agreement 578tag questions 526, 569temporal connectors 609tense subdivisions 342, 578, 611transitivity 526, 578use of articles 569, 578, 606use of conjunctions 523use of genitive 607verbal -s 48–9

adjacency of subject 214cross-dialectal study 207, 212historical antecedents 211phonetic context 214type of subject 214

word order 522would for future marking 569

swamping 368

variationcategorical 9constraints 4, 205ff.neglect of distinctions 9, 39, 41non-native varieties 25patterning of features 9variable 9

vernacularisation 15vocabulary features

archaic or regional vocabulary 613borrowings 49, 614lack of morphemic analysis; new formations

614lexical splits 50reallocation and extension 614vocabulary and dialect boundaries 614

World Englishes 504






Documents

Index of namesassets.cambridge.org/97805218/30201/index/9780521830201_index.pdfIndex of names 693 Bellich, James 440, 444, 446 Benson, Philip 505, 563, 574 Bentley, Trevor 440 Benton,