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Minerals and smart textiles in the society

Jorge Lus Clavijo y caas. Estudiantes de ing. de minas y geologa.

During the last years the traditional textile industry, that during the decades has favoured quality, has changedits strategy to support the innovation and the creation of new products and functionalities. This inversion ofsituation has allowed the consolidation of the emergence of a area like Smart Textiles, which represent thenext generation of fibres, fabrics and articles [1] produced from them. They can be described as textilematerials that think for themselves, for example through the incorporation of smart materials. Manyintelligent textiles already feature in advanced types of clothing, principally for protection and safety and foradded fashion or convenience.

Intelligent textiles provide ample

evidence of the potential and enormous

wealth of opportunities still to be realised

in the textile industry in the fashion and

clothing sector, as well as in the technical

textiles sector. Moreover, these

developments will be the result of active

collaboration between people from a

whole variety of backgrounds and

disciplines: engineering, science, design,process development, and business and

marketing.

Smart Textiles

Clothingis one of the basic human needs.

From primitive age, textile is used for

clothing which was extended to

household and domestic purpose with

progressive civilization. Thousands ofyears ago textile is used in different forms

such as sail cloth, tent, protective

garments, ropes etc, basically these were

all technical textiles and were mainly

used for their technical performance.

A smart textile are materials andstructures that sense and react to

environmental conditions or stimuli, such

as those from mechanical, thermal,

chemical, electrical, magnetic or other

sources.

According to functional activity smart

textiles can be classified in two categories

[2]:

Passive Smart Textiles: The first

generations of smart textiles, which can

only sense the environmental conditions

or stimulus, are called Passive Smart

Textiles.

Active Smart Textiles: The secondgeneration has both actuators and sensors.The actuators act upon the detected signal

either directly or from a central controlunit. Active Smart textiles are shapememory, chameleonic, water-resistantand vapour permeable (hydrophilic/nonporous), heat storage, thermo regulated,vapour absorbing, heat evolving fabricand electrically heated suits.


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Passive Smart Textiles

Materials for thermoregulation

Every material absorbs heat during a

heating process while its temperature is

rising constantly. The heat stored in the

material is released into the environment

through a reverse cooling process. During

the cooling process, the material

temperature decreases continuously. A

normal textile material absorbs about one

kilojoule per kilogram of heat while its

temperature rises by one degree Celsius,

but Normal garments do not always fulfil

this requirement. The heat generated by

the body during strenuous activity is often

not released into the environment in the

necessary amount, thus resulting in a

thermal stress situation.

With incorporation of paraffin in textiles

help to prevent these kind of discomfort,

as the paraffin allow the

thermoregulations of the garment and of

it user. In their application in textiles, the

paraffin is either in solid, it is enclosed

into small plastic spheres with diameters

of only a few micrometers. These

microscopic spheres containing PCM

(PCM: Phase changing materials) are

called PCM-microcapsules. The

microencapsulated paraffin is eitherpermanently locked in acrylic fibres and

in polyurethane foams or coated onto the

surface of a textile structure like I can see

in the picture.

Paraffin in textiles

Active Smart Textiles

Shape Memory Materials

This are Materials that react under

physical or chemical changes, changes in

electric or magnetic fields, and returning

to initial conditions regain their original

shape, able to repeat this process manytimes without deteriorate, for example

Shape memory alloys, such as nickel-

titanium, have been developed to provide

increased protection against sources of

heat. A shape memory alloy possesses

different properties below and above the

temperature at which it is activated.

Below this temperature, the alloy is easily

deformed. At the activation temperature,

the alloy exerts a force to return to apreviously adopted shape and becomes

much stiffer. The temperature of

activation can be chosen by altering the

ratio of nickel to titanium in the alloy [2-

6].


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Cuprous-zinc alloys are capable of a two-

way activation and therefore can produce

the reversible variation needed for

protection from changeable weather

conditions. They will also react to

temperature changes brought about by

variations in physical activity levels.

Methods of incorporating

smartness into textiles

Textile to behave smartly it must have a

sensor, an actuator (for active smart

textiles) and a controlling unit (for verysmart textiles). These components may be

fiber optics, phase change materials,

shape memory materials, thermo chromic

dyes, miniaturized electronic items etc.

These components form an integrated part

of the textile structure and can be

incorporated into the substrate at any of

the following levels3-4:

Fiber spinning level Yarn/fabric formation level

Finishing level

Microencapsulated

Machine nanotejidos producing

Nanotejidos

Chromic Materials

Other types of intelligent textiles are

those which change their colour

reversibly according to external

environmental conditions, for this reason

they are also called chameleon fibres [4-

10]. Chromic materials are the general

term referring to materials which radiate

the colour, erase the colour or just change

it because its induction caused by the

external stimulus, as "chromic" is a suffix

that means colour. Therefore we canclassify chromic materials depending on

the stimulus affecting them.

Photochromic: external stimulus is light.

Thermochromic: external stimulus is

heat.

Electrochromic: external stimulus is

electricity.


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Photochromic haluros de platabromargirita bromuro de plata

clorargirita cloruro de plata

yoduro de plata

Termochromic granates

piropo de cromo

Electrocromicxidos de indio y

estao

selenuro de cobre

nitruro de titanio

Luminescent Materials

The difference between chromic and

luminescent materials is that the first one

changes colour when the second one

emits light thanks to a stimulus [18].

There are several types of luminescent

effects.

Photoluminescence: external stimulus is

light.

Opticoluminescence: conduction of

light.

Termoluminescence: external stimulus is

heat.

PhotoluminescenceArenasnegras

europio

iridiofosforo

Opticoluminescence fibra ptica

termoluminescence fluorita

Conductive materials

There are two strategies to create

electrical or thermal conductive fabrics

and two types of materials, the metals and

the polymers. The same materials could

be used for the both conductivity (thermal

and electric), because the two processes

are similar and results of an electronic

agitation/conduction.

The first strategy uses high wicking

finishes (ink) with a high metallic content

that still retains the comfort required for

clothing. With the addition of nickel,

copper, silver or carbon coatings of

varying thickness, these finishes provide

a versatile combination of physical and

electrical properties for a variety of

demanding applications [5 26].

The second strategy consists in the direct

use of conductive yarns. The yarn could

constitute metal such as silver, copper.

From time, the conductive materials used

in textile applications in electromagnetic

shielding [6 28] and static [ 7 29] and

others applications for conductive

materials such as heated clothes for

extreme winter conditions or heated

diving suits to resist very cold water. In

these cases an electrical energy source is

needed in order that the material

generates energy.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorargiritahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorargirita


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Yarns and Wicking finishes

Applications of smart textiles

Smart textiles find a wide spectrum of

applications ranging from daily usage to

high-tech usage. Now we can reviewvarious important applications of such

textiles. We would consider textiles used

for the following broad categories:

Comfort wear

Heat protection

Medical applications

Military applications

Computing textiles

Fashion

Aviation

Space research

Market overview

Smart or Interactive Textiles is a new

market segment resulting from the

miniaturisation of electronics and the fall

in price of components andmanufacturing costs for both electronics

and textiles. A simultaneous trend in the

clothing industry toward manufacture of

specific products for dedicated uses i.e.

for running, skiing, golf and extreme

sports has created a niche where smart

and interactive textiles enable new

functions and features that can enhance a

garments performance and its wearers

experience.

Market drivers

Low cost fibre and textile manufacturing

in Asia and India has caused significant

cut backs in production in Western

Europe and has pressed traditional textile

companies to look to new technologies to

add value in the design phase of a

production. Such new technologies are

immature and often promoted by start-upcompanies that are spin-offs from

professional research. With limited

funding to commercialise their products,

the result is that some of the most

exciting technologies have not yet been

exploited to the full.

Market Structure and

stakeholders

While smart textile applications have

made a limited commercial impact so far,

with relatively small volumes of

commercial products launched primarily

in the high performance apparel sector

predictions for growth of the smart textile

market as a whole are huge. According to

the Venture Development Corporation the

market for electrically enabled smartfabrics and interactive textile technologies

was worth US$340.0 million in 2005. By

2008 it is expected to be worth US$642.1

million, representing a compound annual

growth rate of 28.3%. While some

predictions do not agree on the total value


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of the market, they are all agreed that the

market for smart textiles is one of the

most dynamic and fast growing sectors

and offers huge potential for companies

willing to take the plunge. Not

surprisingly, most of the smart textile

consumer products launched so far have

been introduced onto the luxury end of

the performance clothing market where

development costs can be more readily

absorbed by higher prices.

Major actors in the performance

clothing segment

Adidas, Nike, ONeill, Burton, North

Face, Rosner.

Conclusions

A few years ago, smart textiles were

presented as a non competitive market.After scientific efforts and development

phases, nowadays SFIT are an implanted

customer interest and are presented as the

future of the textile industry. A lot of

commercial products are available and, as

it was presented during this article; a lot

of scientist is developing new solutions,

ideas and concrete products. Some

approximations announce a market of 1

billion dollars by 2010 which certainlyexplains the current passion for these

news topics.

Majority of smart materials are used in

textile industry for their intrinsic

properties. Another way to profit from

smart materials in the textile area is by

using theirs capacities as sensors in

electronic devices.

On the manufacturing front, the textile

industry in the past decade or so, haschanged dramatically due to more

attention on smart textiles. The western

world today focuses extensively on

research and applications of smart textiles

compared to the classical ordinary

clothing sectors. In the next twenty years;

the smart fiber sector is expected to scale

astronomical heights so much so that they

would become indispensable to human

beings.

Referencies

Documents

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